Journal articles: 'BHJ solar cell'

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Fujii, Shunjiro. "Fabrication of Flexible and Semitransparent PTB7:PC₇₁BM Organic Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 916 (March 2018): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.916.212.

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Semitransparent bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells have attracted a strong attention due to the possible use in new photovoltaic applications. However, semitransparent BHJ solar cells on flexible substrates have not yet been developed. In this work, flexible BHJ solar cells were fabricated on an ITO/PET substrate using an inverted PET/ITO/PFN/PTB7:PC71BM/MoO3/Au device structure. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device was 3.4 %. Fabrication of semitransparent solar cells was further demonstrated utilizing a MoO3/Au/MoO3 transparent anode. The semitransparent solar cell showed bifacial energy generation when illuminated from both front and backside. The PCEs with illumination from the ITO or Au/MoO3 side were 2.7 % and 2.1 %, respectively. These results showed that a semitransparent PTB7:PC71BM solar cell was successfully fabricated on flexible PET substrates.

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Ali, Muhammad, Ahmed Shuja, Ahsan Baig, Erum Jamil, and Muhammad Amjad. "Design, Electrical, and Optical Modelling of Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Solar Cell." International Journal of Photoenergy 2018 (December 19, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9465262.

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The energy scenario today is focused on the development and usage of solar cells, especially in the paradigm of clean energy. To readily create electron and hole pairs, solar cells utilize either photoactive or photosensitive components. A bulk heterojunction (BHJ) is a nanolayer consisting of donor and acceptor components with a large interpenetrated acceptor and donor contact area. In this context, a mix of P3HT and PCBM offers novelty for its use as an acceptor as well as a donor. In the work presented here, we address the mechanism of modelling and characterization of a BHJ-based polymer solar cell. Here, a new design of BHJ polymer solar cells have been designed, modelled, using Silvaco TCAD in the Organic Solar module, and matched with an already assembled device having similar features. Using this model, we have been able to estimate key parameters for the modelled devices, such as the short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor with less than 0.25 error index compared to the fabricated counterpart, paving the way for fabless polymer solar cell design and optimization.

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Chiew, E. K., Muhammad Yahaya, and A. P. Othman. "Investigation of Recombination Process of P3HT: PCBM Organic Solar Cell." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1147.

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We applied an effective medium model for a computational study and investigated a recombination mechanism in a P3HT:PCBM bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells where the main assumption is the p-n nanostructure is treated as one single effective semiconductor layer, and parameters in this configuration are fed into a standard solar cell device simulator, called a Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS). Using SCAPS, the electrical performances of organic solar cells and the intensity-dependent current density -voltage (J-V) were simulated and compared with the actual experimental result. The results show that they are in good agreement with each other and monomolecular recombination mechanism is the dominant mechanism in the BHJ organic solar cells.

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Hong, Soonil, and Jinho Lee. "Recent Advances and Challenges toward Efficient Perovskite/Organic Integrated Solar Cells." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010266.

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Recently, emerging third-generation photovoltaic technologies have shown rapid progress in device performance; the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are now surpassing 19% and 25%, respectively. Despite this dramatic enhancement, their efficiencies are theoretically limited based on the detailed balance model which accounts for inevitable loss mechanisms under operational conditions. Integrated solar cells, formed by monolithically integrating two photoactive layers of perovskite and BHJ with complementary absorption, provide a promising platform for further improvement in solar cell efficiency. In perovskite/BHJ integrated solar cells (POISCs), high bandgap perovskite offers high open-circuit voltage with minimal losses while low bandgap organic BHJ extends absorption bandwidth by covering the near-infrared region, resulting in additional photocurrent gain. Different from conventional tandem solar cells, integrated solar cells contain merged photoactive layers without the need for complicated recombination layers, which greatly simplifies fabrication processes. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in POISCs, including operational mechanism and structural development, and remaining challenges on the road toward efficient devices.

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Song, Peng, Yuanzuo Li, Fengcai Ma, and Mengtao Sun. "Insight into external electric field dependent photoinduced intermolecular charge transport in BHJ solar cell materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 18 (2015): 4810–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc00920k.

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Ratha, Radhakrishna, Mohammad Adil Afroz, Ritesh Kant Gupta, and Parameswar Krishnan Iyer. "Functionalizing benzothiadiazole with non-conjugating ester groups as side chains in a donor–acceptor polymer improves solar cell performance." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 10 (2019): 4242–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj05850d.

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Side chain ester substitution on donor–acceptor based conjugated polymers used as solar harvesters in a bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cell (PSC) can improve harvesting properties, phase separation in the active layer and PSC performance.

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Duan, Tainan, Maxime Babics, Akmaral Seitkhan, Yuliar Firdaus, Ru-Ze Liang, Federico Cruciani, Shengjian Liu, Sergei Lopatin, and Pierre M. Beaujuge. "F-Substituted oligothiophenes serve as nonfullerene acceptors in polymer solar cells with open-circuit voltages >1 V." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 20 (2018): 9368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta02781a.

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F-Substituted oligothiophenes were designed and used as nonfullerene acceptors in BHJ solar cells. With low-bandgap polymer donors, the solar cell devices reach PCEs of up to 4.5% and open-circuit voltages >1 V.

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Su, Lijun, Maria Méndez Màlaga, Miaoli Zhu, Yaoming Xiao, and Emilio Palomares Gil. "Use of organic bulk-heterojunction solar cells as selective contacts in wide band-gap perovskite solar cells: advantages and limitations." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 24 (2021): 13979–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03156b.

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In this work, we demonstrate that modifying the I/Br ratio in perovskite composition, the OPV layer in integrated perovskite/OPV (BHJ) system shows different functionality–hole transporting layer or independent solar cell.

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Yin, Hang, Song Chen, Sin Hang Cheung, Ho Wa Li, Yuemin Xie, Sai Wing Tsang, Xunjin Zhu, and Shu Kong So. "Porphyrin-based thick-film bulk-heterojunction solar cells for indoor light harvesting." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 34 (2018): 9111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02838a.

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10

Chang, Chun-Yu, Chieh-Ping Wang, Rathinam Raja, Leeyih Wang, Cheng-Si Tsao, and Wei-Fang Su. "High-efficiency bulk heterojunction perovskite solar cell fabricated by one-step solution process using single solvent: synthesis and characterization of material and film formation mechanism." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 9 (2018): 4179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta07939g.

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11

Nho, Sungho, Gyoelim Baek, Sujung Park, Bo Ram Lee, Myung Joo Cha, Dong Chan Lim, Jung Hwa Seo, Seung-Hwan Oh, Myoung Hoon Song, and Shinuk Cho. "Highly efficient inverted bulk-heterojunction solar cells with a gradiently-doped ZnO layer." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 1 (2016): 240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03045e.

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Highly efficient inverted BHJ solar cells were demonstrated using a wet-chemically prepared doped ZnO layer with a self-organized ripple nanostructure. The solar cell based on PTB7 and PC₇₁BM with Li₂CO₃-doped ZnO layer yielded a maximum efficiency of 10.08%.

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12

Thomas, Ajith, R. Vinayakan, and V. V. Ison. "An inverted ZnO/P3HT:PbS bulk-heterojunction hybrid solar cell with a CdSe quantum dot interface buffer layer." RSC Advances 10, no. 28 (2020): 16693–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02740e.

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An inverted bulk-heterojunction hybrid solar cell with the structure ITO/ZnO/P3HT:PbS/Au was prepared. The device performance was enhanced by inserting an interface buffer layer of CdSe quantum dots between the ZnO and the P3HT:PbS BHJ active layer.

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Wu, Chun-Guey, Chien-Hung Chiang, and Hsieh-Cheng Han. "Manipulating the horizontal morphology and vertical distribution of the active layer in BHJ-PSC with a multi-functional solid organic additive." J. Mater. Chem. A 2, no. 15 (2014): 5295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ta15378a.

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A new type of simple organic solid additive, 2,3-pyridinediol, was added into the active layer of a Bulk Hetero-Junction Polymer Solar Cell (BHJ-PSC) to improve the processing and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the device.

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Mohammed, K. A., A. J. Alrubaie, K. M. Ziadan, A. S. Al-Kabbi, and R. S. Zabibah. "Effect of CdSe loading on bulk heterojunction solar cell parameters." Journal of Ovonic Research 18, no. 5 (October 25, 2022): 669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15251/jor.2022.185.669.

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Hybrid solar cells based on conductive polymer poly(o-toludine) (POT) with Cadmium Selenide nanoparticles (CdSe NPs) bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) were prepared by the direct mixing method and then the optical properties of the prepared materials were analyzed. The photovoltaic response of a hybrid film is studied by I –V measurements under simulated one-sun AM 1.5 illumination (100 mW cm-2). Three different CdSe load was tested to study the effect of CdSe loading on optical properties and efficiency of solar cell. Best ratio was 1:1 were gave 0.28 % efficiency. Also no photovoltaic effect for device with 75% CdSe load.

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15

Li, Tian-yi, Toni Meyer, Rico Meerheim, Marco Höppner, Christian Körner, Koen Vandewal, Olaf Zeika, and Karl Leo. "Aza-BODIPY dyes with heterocyclic substituents and their derivatives bearing a cyanide co-ligand: NIR donor materials for vacuum-processed solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 21 (2017): 10696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta02133j.

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Aza-BODIPY dyes with heterocyclic substituents and their derivatives with an asymmetric BF(CN) moiety were synthesized via a modified route using organolithium reagents. As strong NIR absorbers, the vacuum processed BHJ solar cell with an aza-BODIPY donor and a C₆₀ acceptor achieved a PCE of 3%.

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Manninen, V. M., J. P. Heiskanen, D. Pankov, T. Kastinen, T. I. Hukka, O. E. O. Hormi, and H. J. Lemmetyinen. "The effect of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) group inclusion in p-cyanophenyl end-capped oligothiophene used as a dopant in P3HT:PCBM BHJ solar cells." Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 13, no. 10 (2014): 1456–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4pp00207e.

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17

Alkhalayfeh, Muheeb Ahmad, Azlan Abdul Aziz, Mohd Zamir Pakhuruddin, and Khadijah Mohammedsaleh M. Katubi. "Plasmonic Effects of Au@Ag Nanoparticles in Buffer and Active Layers of Polymer Solar Cells for Efficiency Enhancement." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 9, 2022): 5472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165472.

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Embedding nanoparticles (NPs) in the buffer layer of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells (BHJ PSCs) excites the surface plasmonic polaritons and enhances the pathlength of the light in the solar cells. On the other hand, embedding NPs in the active layer significantly improves absorption and increases the production of electron-hole (e-h) pairs in BHJ PSCs. Increasing the volume ratio of NPs embedded in BHJ PSCs enables the direct interfacing of the NPs with the active layer, which then serves as a charge recombination center. Therefore, this study integrates the aforementioned phenomena by exploiting the effects of embedding plasmonic Au@Ag NPs in the buffer and active layers of PSC and then determining the optimum volume ratio of Au@Ag NPs. The results show the absorption is increased across the 350–750 nm wavelength region, and the PCE of the device with embedded Au@Ag in two locations is enhanced from 2.50 to 4.24%, which implies a 69.6% improvement in the PCE in comparison to the reference cell. This improvement is contributed by the combined localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects of multi-positional Au@Ag NPs, spiky durian-shaped morphology of Au@Ag NPs, and optimized volume ratio of Au@Ag NPs embedded in the PEDOT: PSS and PTB7:PC71BM layers.

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Yonezawa, Kouhei, Minato Ito, Hayato Kamioka, Takeshi Yasuda, Liyuan Han, and Yutaka Moritomo. "Carrier Formation Dynamics of Organic Photovoltaics as Investigated by Time-Resolved Spectroscopy." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (June 27, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/316045.

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Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) based on a donor (D) polymer and an acceptor (A) fullerene derivative is a promising organic photovoltaics (OPV). In order to improve the incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of the BHJ solar cell, a comprehensive understanding of the ultrafast dynamics of excited species, such as singlet exciton (D*), interfacial charge-transfer (CT) state, and carrier (D+), is indispensable. Here, we performed femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy of two prototypical BHJ blend films: poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend film and poly(9,9′-dioctylfluorene-co-bithiophene) (F8T2)/[6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC70BM) blend film. We decomposed differential absorption spectra into fast, slow, and constant components via two-exponential fitting at respective probe photon energies. The decomposition procedure clearly distinguished photoinduced absorptions (PIAs) due to D*, CT, and D+. Based on these assignments, we will compare the charge dynamics between the F8T2/PC70BM and P3HT/PCBM blend films.

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Itoh, Eiji, Yoshinori Goto, Yusuke Saka, and Katsutoshi Fukuda. "Interfacial Energy Alignment at the ITO/Ultra-Thin Electron Selective Dielectric Layer Interface and Its Effect on the Efficiency of Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12277.

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We have investigated the photovoltaic properties of an inverted bulk heterojunction (BHJ) cell in a device with an indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/electron selective layer (ESL)/P3HT:PCBM active layer/MoOx/Ag multilayered structure. The insertion of only single layer of poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) cationic polymer film (or poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) polymeric interfacial dipole layer) and titanium oxide nanosheet (TN) films as an ESL effectively improved cell performance. Abnormal S-shaped curves were observed in the inverted BHJ cells owing to the contact resistance across the ITO/active layer interface and the ITO/PDDA/TN/active layer interface. The series resistance across the ITO/ESL interface in the inverted BHJ cell was successfully reduced using an interfacial layer with a positively charged surface potential with respect to ITO base electrode. The positive dipole in PEI and the electronic charge phenomena at the electrophoretic deposited TN (ED-TN) films on ITO contributed to the reduction of the contact resistance at the electrode interface. The surface potential measurement revealed that the energy alignment by the transfer of electronic charges from the ED-TN to the base electrodes. The insertion of the ESL with a large positive surface potential reduced the potential barrier for the electron injection at ITO/TN interface and it improved the photovoltaic properties of the inverted cell with an ITO/TN/active layer/MoOx/Ag structure.

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Anagnostou, Katerina, Minas M. Stylianakis, Konstantinos Petridis, and Emmanuel Kymakis. "Building an Organic Solar Cell: Fundamental Procedures for Device Fabrication." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 8, 2019): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112188.

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This laboratory experiment is designed to train undergraduate students in the fundamental steps followed in engineering solution-processed organic solar cells and to offer insight on the operating principles of said device. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells represent a photovoltaic architecture which has attracted a lot of attention due to its promising properties; moreover, this architecture, due to its low cost and potential, is continuously being investigated and improved. This paper is intended as a useful step-by-step guide for students and researchers to learn how to construct such a device. Another primary objective of this article is to highlight the importance of optimizing device performance through enhancing the optical, electrical, and morphological properties of the materials selected as building blocks. Once a completed organic solar cell is made, students will also learn how to investigate and assess its performance through a series of spectroscopic, electrical, and morphological characterization measurements.

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Mukherjee, Subhrangsu, Xuechen Jiao, and Harald Ade. "Charge Creation and Recombination in Multi-Length Scale Polymer:Fullerene BHJ Solar Cell Morphologies." Advanced Energy Materials 6, no. 18 (June 16, 2016): 1600699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600699.

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Kästner, Christian, Christoph Ulbricht, Daniel A. M. Egbe, and Harald Hoppe. "Polymer BHJ solar cell performance tuning by C60fullerene derivative alkyl side-chain length." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 50, no. 22 (September 14, 2012): 1562–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.23141.

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Wang, Ji Gang, Yong Sheng Wang, Da Wei He, Hong Peng Wu, Hai Teng Wang, Pan Zhou, Yong Na Zhang, and Ming Fu. "Performance of Co-Donor Photovoltaic Devices Based on Graphene-Accceptor System." Advanced Materials Research 396-398 (November 2011): 2471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.396-398.2471.

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The poly (2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyl oxy)-1, 4-phenylenevin- ylene) (MEH-PPV) was used as a secondary electron donor material in the poly (3-octylthiophene) (P3OT): graphene bulk-heterojunction photovoltaic cell. The XRD investigation of the active layer showed a well-organized intraplane structure with lamellae oriented normal to the substrate. The mechanism of charge transfer in the multi-donor PV cell was investigated; it shows that efficient energy transfer takes place from MEH-PPV to P3OT. The reason for the increase in the open-circuit voltage which dues to the band structure of BHJ where the energy level change of the highest occupied molecular orbital of the MEH-PPV: P3OT as multi-donor. The hybrid devices showed the energy conversion efficiency of the multi-donor BHJ solar devices with moderate amount of MEH-PPV. The surface roughness investigation indicated the morphology of the hybrid active layer film.

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Khalil, Asma, Zubair Ahmad, Farid Touati, and Mohamed Masmoudi. "Optical Absorption Enhancement in Polymer BHJ thin Film Using Ag Nanostructures: A Simulation Study." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 556–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190125163438.

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Background: The photo-absorption and light trapping through the different layers of the organic solar cell structures are a growing concern now-a-days as it affects dramatically the overall efficiency of the cells. In fact, selecting the right material combination is a key factor in increasing the efficiency in the layers. In addition to good absorption properties, insertion of nanostructures has been proved in recent researches to affect significantly the light trapping inside the organic solar cell. All these factors are determined to expand the absorption spectrum and tailor it to a wider spectrum. Objective: The purpose of this investigation is to explore the consequence of the incorporation of the Ag nanostructures, with different sizes and structures, on the photo absorption of the organic BHJ thin films. Methods: Through a three-dimensional Maxwell solver software, Lumerical FDTD, a simulation and comparison of the optical absorption of the three famous organic materials blends poly(3- hexylthiophene): phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM), poly[N-9″-heptadecanyl-2,7- carbazole-alt-5,5-(4′,7′-di-2-thienyl-2′,1′,3′-benzothiadiazole)]: phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCDTBT:PCBM) and poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene)-alt- 4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]: phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester (PCDPDTBT:PCBM) has been conducted. Furthermore, FDTD simulation study of the incorporation of nanoparticles structures with different sizes, in different locations and concentrations through a bulk heterojunction organic solar cell structure has also been performed. Results: It has been demonstrated that embedding nanostructures in different locations of the cell, specifically in the active layer and the hole transporting layer had a considerable effect of widening the absorption spectrum and increasing the short circuit current. The effect of incorporation the nanostructures in the active layer has been proved to be greater than in the HTL. Furthermore, the comparison results showed that, PCDTBT:PCBM is no more advantageous over P3HT:PCBM and PCPDTBT:PCBM, and P3HT:PCBM took the lead and showed better performance in terms of absorption spectrum and short circuit current value. Conclusion: This work revealed the significant effect of size, location and concentration of the Ag nanostructures while incorporated in the organic solar cell. In fact, embedding nanostructures in the solar cell widen the absorption spectrum and increases the short circuit current, this result has been proven to be significant only when the nanostructures are inserted in the active layer following specific dimensions and structures.

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Dongre, Yogesh Kumar, and Sanjay Tiwari. "Inverted Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Polymer (PCDTBT-PC70BM) Solar Photovoltaic Technology." Journal of Ravishankar University (PART-B) 35, no. 1 (March 8, 2022): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/jrub.2022-35-1-3.

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Inverted Bulk heterojunctions (Ag/MoO3/PCDTBT-PC70BM/ZnO/ITO) Organic Solar cells, based on Organic (Polymer) materials is fabricated and characterized in this work. PCDTBT-PC70BM was synthesized by chloroform, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene (organic solvent). Surface morphology of ZnO and PCDTBT-PC70BM were studied. Bulk heterojunctions of active material are formed by the mixture of PCDTBT donor and PC70BM an acceptor in a random manner. For Sufficient transportation of charge carrier (electron and hole), hole transport (HT) and electron transport (ET) layers was deposited. ZnO is used as an ETM and synthesized by using Sol-Gel technique. MoO3 thin film deposited over the active material, enhances hole transformation because of band gap tuning with Ag and active materials. Absorbance and Photoluminescence spectra of polymer material with different organic solvents were studied and results were discussed in this work. o-dichlorobenzene enhance the absorption of PCDTBT/PC70BM. At 400 nm, 90% of sun light is absorbed, and 70% absorption is figure out in 500- 550nm wavelength. The Photo-luminescence of PCDTBT/PC70BM thin film in different organic solvents is ranging from 650nm to 750nm. At 700nm, 20% is shown for chloroform, 40% for chlorobenzene and highest 80% is achieved by o-dichlorobenzene. J-V value is obtained from a solar simulator which irradiates the sun spectrum 1.5 AM, for all the devices having cell area 0.045 cm2. For concentration (1:1) ratio in different organic solvents like chloroform, chlorobenzene and o-dichlorobenzene, (3.5, 4.2, and 5.8) %, PCE were obtained respectively.

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Seeponkai, Narumon, Jatuphorn Woothikanokkhan, and Chanchana Thanachayanont. "Effects of PPV-g-PSFu Graft Copolymer on Morphology and Power Conversion Efficiency of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell Base on P3HT/C₆₀ Blends." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.357.

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This research work concerns a study on the effect of donor-acceptor graft copolymer, namely poly-p-phenylene vinylene grafted with polystyrene fullerene (PPV-g-PSFu), on morphology and power conversion efficiency of bulk heterojunction solar cells (BHJ) based on P3HT/C60. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of the graft copolymers content (10, 20 and 40 pph) on morphology and efficiency of the solar cells. The copolymer was mixed with P3HT and C60, by using a solution blending technique. The blend film was fabricated by using a spin coating technique. Power conversion efficiency of the cells was determined by using current density-voltage (J-V) measurements. From the results, it was found that power conversion efficiency (PCE) of various BHJ cells increased from 0.07 x10-4 % to 1.45 x10-4 % after the copolymer (20 pph) was added. The above change was discussed in the light of some changes in morphology of the P3HT/C60 blend. Atomic force micrographs (AFM) the various blends showed that, by adding the graft copolymer, the domain size decreased and finer dispersed particle morphology was obtained.

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Madsuha, Alfian F., Akhmad H. Yuwono, Nofrijon Sofyan, and Michael Krueger. "Enhanced Device Performance of Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Colloidal CdSe Quantum Dots (QDs) via Optimized Hexanoic Acid-Assisted Washing Treatment." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7516890.

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As-synthesized colloidal quantum dots (QDs) are usually covered by an organic capping ligand. These ligands provide colloidal stability by preventing QDs agglomeration. However, their inherent electrical insulation properties deliver a problem for hybrid solar cell application, disrupting charge transfer, and electron transport in conjugated polymer/QDs photoactive blends. Therefore, a surface modification of QDs is crucial before QDs are integrated into solar cell fabrication. In this work, enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE) in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) hybrid solar cells based on hexadecylamine- (HDA-) capped CdSe quantum dots (QDs) has been achieved via a postsynthetic hexanoic acid washing treatment. The investigation of the surface modification was performed to find the optimum of washing time and their effect on solar cell devices performance. Variation of washing time between 16 and 30 min has been conducted, and an optimum washing time was found at 22 min, resulting in a high PCE of 2.81%. The efficiency enhancement indicates improved electron transport, contributing in an increased short-circuit current density of solar cell devices.

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Keshtov, M. L., S. A. Kuklin, N. A. Radychev, A. Y. Nikolaev, I. E. Ostapov, M. M. Krayushkin, I. O. Konstantinov, E. N. Koukaras, Abhishek Sharma, and G. D. Sharma. "New low bandgap near-IR conjugated D–A copolymers for BHJ polymer solar cell applications." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 12 (2016): 8389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cp07705b.

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Koetniyom, Wantana, Anusit Keawprajak, Kanpitcha Jiramitmongkon, and Udom Asawapirom. "The Study of Crystallization of Polyfluorene and Fullerene Derivatives in Semiconducting Layer of Organic Solar Cells." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.435.

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This research was focused on the effect of solid crystallization additive namely 1,4-dichlorobenzene (PDCB) in the 1:2 (w/w) active layer of benzothiadiazole/thiophene-based copolymers (PFTBzTT) to [6,6]-phenyl-C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) on the morphology and performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. The active layer was deposited by spin-coating with chloroform solutions by different PDCB additive concentrations from 0-52 mg/ml. The inclusion of additive into the polymer solution was able to improve the performance of BHJ solar cells. The maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.84% achieved for a cell with PDCB concentration of 36 mg/ml after annealing at 180 °C for 20 min. The XRD and TEM techniques used to analyse the crystal structure and morphology of the thin films. From these results were found that PDCB additive presented higher level of PCBM crystal structure by more aggregation of PCBM and a larger extent of phase separation than those of the films without additive. The AFM results demonstrated that the optimum PDCB concentration and annealing process helped PCBM aggregated into micron sized crystal rods.

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Moorthy, Vijai M., and Viranjay M. Srivastava. "Device Modeling of Organic Photovoltaic Cells with Traditional and Inverted Cells Using s-SWCNT:C60 as Active Layer." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162844.

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This research work presents a thorough analysis of Traditional Organic Solar Cell (TOSC) and novel designed Inverted OSC (IOSC) using Bulk Hetero-Junction (BHJ) structure. Herein, 2D photovoltaic device models were used to observe the results of the semiconducting Single Wall Carbon Nanotube (s-SWCNT):C60-based organic photovoltaic. This work has improved the BHJ photodiodes by varying the active layer thickness. The analysis has been performed at various active layer thicknesses from 50 to 300 nm using the active material s-SWCNT:C60. An analysis with various parameters to determine the most effective parameters for organic photovoltaic performance has been conducted. As a result, it has been established that IOSC has the maximum efficiency of 10.4%, which is higher than the efficiency of TOSC (9.5%). In addition, the active layer with the highest efficacy has been recorded using this material for both TOSC and IOSC Nano Photodiodes (NPDs). Furthermore, the diode structure and geometrical parameters have been optimized and compared to maximize the performance of photodiodes.

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Sutter, Alexandra, Pascal Retailleau, Wei-Ching Huang, Hao-Wu Lin, and Raymond Ziessel. "Photovoltaic performance of novel push–pull–push thienyl–Bodipy dyes in solution-processed BHJ-solar cells." New J. Chem. 38, no. 4 (2014): 1701–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3nj01436c.

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Eck, Michael, and Michael Krueger. "Correlation between CdSe QD Synthesis, Post-Synthetic Treatment, and BHJ Hybrid Solar Cell Performance." Nanomaterials 6, no. 6 (June 14, 2016): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano6060115.

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Bahtiar, A., Lusi Safriani, Annisa Aprilia, Risdiana, Harsojo, Triwikantoro, Darminto, et al. "Study of Charge Carrier Dynamics of P3HT:PCBM Blend for Active Material Solar Cell Using Muon Spin Relaxation." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.168.

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Poly (3-hexylthiohene) (P3HT) has attracted much attention due to their chemical and thermal stability as well as their potential to be used as an active material in solar cells. Recently, bulk-heterojunction BHJ solar cell has been intensively developed due to its potential for high power conversion efficiency and low cost solar cells. Many studies have been done to understand the effect of PCBM to the morphology of the P3HT:PCBM blend and to performance of its solar cells. However, the clearly explanation about the effect of PCBM to the charge carrier dynamics in P3HT is not well understood yet. We have studied charge carrier dynamics in active material of solar cell P3HT:PCBM along and perpendicular to the chain by means of longitudinal field (LF) muon-spin-relaxation (μSR) method to elucidate the intra and inter-chain charge carrier in polymer hybrid P3HT:PCBM. We found the charge carrier transport changes from intra-chain to inter-chain diffusion. One dimensional intra-chain diffusion is observed in the samples at low temperatures below 10K, while three dimensional inter-chain is observed at high temperatures above 15K. This temperature is lower than that of P3HT only.

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Dianetti, Martina, Gianpaolo Susanna, Emanuele Calabrò, Giuseppina Polino, Martin Otto, Daniel Neumaier, Andrea Reale, and Francesca Brunetti. "Graphene with Ni-Grid as Semitransparent Electrode for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells (BHJ-SCs)." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2022): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051046.

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In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of bulk-heterojunction solar cells on monolayer graphene (MLG) with nickel-grids (Ni-grid) as semitransparent conductive electrode. The electrodes showed a maximum transmittance of 90% (calculated in 300–800 nm range) and a sheet resistance down to 35 Ω/□. On these new anodes, we fabricated TCO free BHJ-SCs using PTB7 blended with PC70BM fullerene derivative as active layer. The best device exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.2% in direct configuration and 3.6% in inverted configuration. The reference solar cell, realized on the ITO glass substrate, achieved a PCE of 6.1% and 6.7% in direct and inverted configuration respectively; for comparison we also tested OSCs only with simple Ni-grid as semitransparent and conductive electrode, obtaining a low PCE of 0.7%. The proposed approach to realize graphene-based electrodes could be a possible route to reduce the overall impact of the sheet resistance of this type of electrodes allowing their use in several optoelectronic devices.

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R. Murad, Ary, Ahmed Iraqi, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Sozan N. Abdullah, and Mohamad A. Brza. "Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112627.

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In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.

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Suman, Suman, Anirban Bagui, Ashish Garg, Barkha Tyagi, Vinay Gupta, and Surya Prakash Singh. "A fluorene-core-based electron acceptor for fullerene-free BHJ organic solar cells—towards power conversion efficiencies over 10%." Chemical Communications 54, no. 32 (2018): 4001–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc08440d.

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Madsuha, Alfian F., Chuyen Van Pham, Michael Eck, Martin Neukom, and Michael Krueger. "Improved Hole Injection in Bulk Heterojunction (BHJ) Hybrid Solar Cells by Applying a Thermally Reduced Graphene Oxide Buffer Layer." Journal of Nanomaterials 2019 (March 27, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6095863.

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In this work, the utilization of graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films as hole transport and electron-blocking layers in polymer/nanocrystal hybrid solar cells is demonstrated. A simple method has been used to modify the anode of hybrid solar cells by depositing these two solution-processable nanocarbon materials between poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) and transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) layers. Upon the use of an rGO interlayer, we found a substantial improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 2.5% to 3.2% due to a decrease in series resistance (Rs). This decrease has been obtained by a careful tuning of the reduction degree of rGO, inducing optimization of the energy band alignment at the solar cell anode. In addition, charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) measurements show an increase in light-induced charge extraction of ca. 50%. Finally, the utilization of rGO as replacement for PEDOT:PSS is also presented. The findings reported in this work demonstrate the excellent potential of rGO as an efficient hole transport material in hybrid solar cells.

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Handayani, Yolla Sukma, Priastuti Wulandari, and Rahmat Hidayat. "Photovoltaic Characteristics of Inverted Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with Titanium Doped ZnO as their Electron Transport Layer." Advanced Materials Research 1112 (July 2015): 251–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1112.251.

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Bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) organics solar cells based on conjugated polymers and fullerene derivatives with an inverted structure configuration have been fabricated using titanium doped ZnO (TiZO) as their electron transport layer (ETL). TiZO was prepared via sol gel route with 2-methoxyethanol as the solvent. In order to investigate photovoltaic characteristics and interfacial charge transfer properties, current–voltage (I-V) characterizations and electrochemical impedance spectroscopies (EIS) have been carried out. Among the samples, solar cell with 3-layers of TiZO exhibited relatively larger open circuit voltage (Voc) of about 0.55 V and higher short-circuited photocurrent density (Jsc) of about 11 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5 irradiation. Its filling factor is about 0.38 and its power conversion efficiency (CPE) is thus about 2.4%. The Nyquist plots obtained from the EIS measurements indicate that solar cells with TiZO have larger charge transfer resistance, which may be due to less trap states present in its TiZO layer.

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Chen, Kan Lin, D. W. Chou, Chien Jung Huang, Jhong Ciao Ke, Wen Ray Chen, and Teen Hang Meen. "Effect of Various Structures on the Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells." Applied Mechanics and Materials 311 (February 2013): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.311.419.

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Small molecule organic solar cell with an optimized structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) (10nm)/CuPc: C60mixed (20nm)/fullerene (C60) (20nm)/bathocuproine (BCP) (10nm)/Al) was fabricated. With optimizing the hybrid planar-mixed molecular heterojunction (PM-HJ) from the double layer heterojunction (HJ) and the bulk heterojunction (BHJ), the short-circuit current density (Jsc) increased from 3.09 to 5.11mA/cm2, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) increased from 0.40 to 0.47V, and the power conversion efficiency (ηp) increased from 0.66 to 1.28% under 100mW/cm2 AM1.5G illumination. These improvements were attributed to reach the optimal balance among the light absorption efficiency, the exciton dissociation efficiency and the carrier collection efficiency of the device, resulting in enhancement of Jscwithout affecting the value of fill factor (FF) and the reduction of the dark current. Furthermore a decrease of dark current is caused to the higher Voc.

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Katariya, Ayushi, Bhramadatta Mahapatra, Piyush K. Patel, and Jyoti Rani. "Optimization of ETM and HTM layer on NFA based BHJ-organic solar cell for high efficiency performance." Optik 245 (November 2021): 167717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167717.

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Kovalenko, Alexander, Jana Honová, Martin Vala, Stanislav Luňák, Ladislav Fekete, Petra Horáková, Lenka Dokládalová, Lubomír Kubáč, and Martin Weiter. "Effect of the Side Chains and Anode Material on Thermal Stability and Performance of Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Using DPP(TBFu)2Derivatives as Donor Materials." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/734917.

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An optimized fabrication of bulk-heterojunction solar cells (BHJ SCs) based on previously reported diketopyrrolopyrrole donor, ethyl-hexylated DPP(TBFu)2, as well as two new DPP(TBFu)2derivatives with ethyl-hexyl acetate and diethyl acetal solubilizing side-chains and PC60BM as an acceptor is demonstrated. Slow gradual annealing of the solar cell causing the effective donor-acceptor reorganization, and as a result higher power conversion efficiency (PCE), is described. By replacing a hole transporting layer PEDOT:PSS with MoO3we obtained higher PCE values as well as higher thermal stability of the anode contact interface. DPP(TBFu)2derivative containing ethyl-hexyl acetate solubilizing side-chains possessed the best as-cast self-assembly and high crystallinity. However, the presence of ethyl-hexyl acetate and diethyl acetal electrophilic side-chains stabilizes HOMO energy of isolated DPP(TBFu)2donors with respect to the ethyl-hexylated one, according to cyclic voltammetry.

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Erray, Meriem, Aumeur El Amrani, Mounir Hanine, Mohamed El Amraoui, and Lahcen Bejjit. "Improving photovoltaic performance of P3HT: IC₆₀BA based organic solar cell: N-type doping effect." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 97 (2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2022210294.

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In this paper we report a numerical simulation study for P3HT: IC60BA based organic solar cell with Analysis of Microelectronic and Photonic Structures the simulation one dimension software (AMPS-1D). Indeed, the N-type doping concentration (ND) effect on the organic solar cell performance is done. Moreover, a combination between the P-type doping concentration (NA) and N-type one (ND) is investigated. However, due to the relationship between doping and carriers charge mobility, the effect of ND for different electron mobilities (μn) is also studied. We showed a high efficiency of 5.88% that is achieved for particular values of NA = 1017 cm−3, ND = 2 × 1016 cm−3, μp = 3 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and μn = 7 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Thus, we noticed that the P-type doping remains more promising than N-type one for the device performance improvement. Furthermore, the validation of the obtained results by those experimentally reported in literature is realized. In addition, the doping of other BHJ OSC devices consisting of P3HT: IC70BA is studied; an optimum efficiency of about 6.32% is reached.

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Liang, Ru-Ze, Kai Wang, Jannic Wolf, Maxime Babics, Philipp Wucher, Mohammad K. Al Thehaiban, and Pierre M. Beaujuge. "Benzo[1,2-b :4,5-b ′]Dithiophene-6,7-Difluoroquinoxaline Small Molecule Donors with >8% BHJ Solar Cell Efficiency." Advanced Energy Materials 7, no. 20 (July 14, 2017): 1602804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602804.

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Szarko, Jodi M., Jianchang Guo, Yongye Liang, Byeongdu Lee, Brian S. Rolczynski, Joseph Strzalka, Tao Xu, et al. "When Function Follows Form: Effects of Donor Copolymer Side Chains on Film Morphology and BHJ Solar Cell Performance." Advanced Materials 22, no. 48 (November 18, 2010): 5468–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201002687.

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Shin, Paik-Kyun, Palanisamy Kumar, Abhirami Kumar, Santhakumar Kannappan, and Shizuyasu Ochiai. "Effects of Organic Solvents for Composite Active Layer of PCDTBT/PC71BM on Characteristics of Organic Solar Cell Devices." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/786468.

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Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) structure based active layers of PCDTBT/PC71BM were prepared by using different organic solvents for fabrication of organic solar cell (OSC) devices. Mixture of precursor solutions of PCDTBT/PC71BM in three different organic solvents was prepared to fabricate composite active layers by spin-coating process: chloroform; chlorobenzene; o-dichlorobenzene. Four different blend ratios (1 : 3–1 : 6) of PCDTBT: PC71BM were adopted for each organic solvent to clarify the effect on the resulting OSC device characteristics. Surface morphology of the active layers was distinctively affected by the blend ratio of PCDTBT/PC71BM in organic solvents. Influence of the blend ratio of PCDTBT/PC71BM on the OSC device parameters was discussed. Performance parameters of the resulting OSC devices with different composite active layers were comparatively investigated. Appropriate blend ratio and organic solvent to achieve better OSC device performance were proposed. Furthermore, from the UV-Vis spectrum of each active layer prepared using the PCDTBT/PC71BM mixed solution dissolved with different organic solvents, a possibility that the nanophase separation structure inside their active layer could appear was suggested.

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Mohammed, Endale Tsegaye, Bedasa Abdisa Gonfa, Fedlu Kedir, and Teketel Yohannes Anshebo. "Investigation on the Effects of Additive on Performance and Photostability of PCDTBT:PC71BM Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2019 (December 29, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9387406.

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In this work, the effect of DIM on the PCE and photostability of PCDTBT:PC71BM PSCs was investigated. DIM is an effective additive in a BHJ PCDTBT:PC71BM solar cell since it fulfills the requirement of a selective PC71BM dissolution. PCE of the device based on PCDTBT:PC71BM processed with DIM is higher than that of the reference device. In terms of the device stability, the PSCs processed with DIM showed poor stability at longer light exposure time. For the device without DIM especially as the light exposure time was increased, the device stability was better because the PCDTBT could be shielded from air by an aggregated PC71BM layer. For the PCDTBT:PC71BM device processed with DIM, the results obtained from J‐V measurement indicates that it has a lower recombination rate. The result from IS measurement shows that for pristine PCDTBT:PC71BM devices with 3% DIM, the active layer resistance is lower compared to the device without DIM. However, after irradiating the device for 5 hr, the resistance of the device processed with DIM is higher and it is consistent with decreased PCE of the aged device.

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Kuddus, Abdul, and Abu Bakar Md Ismail. "ZnO-CuO Based Inorganic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Influence of Thickness of the Spin-Coated Bulk-Heterojunction Film." Advanced Materials Research 1165 (July 23, 2021): 131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1165.131.

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Facile synthesis of completely inorganic Zinc oxide-Copper oxide (ZnO-CuO) based bulk heterojunction solar cells (BHJSCs) along with the impact of the film thickness on the different properties like morphological, structural, chemical, optical and electrical have been reported in this work. A simple spin-coating technique was used to fabricate the BHJSC. The elemental presence of ZnO and CuO with wurtzite and cubic phase was confirmed by EDX and XRD analysis correspondingly. The surface quality, optical transmittance and the resistivity of spin-coated BHJ films decrease with increasing the the film thickness revealed by morphological, optical and electrical study respectively. The photovoltaic parameters of FTO/ZnO-CuO/Al heterostructure SC like efficiency η, current density Jsc and fill factor also decreased conspicuously, whereas the open circuit voltage was found to increase conversly. Moreover, experimental outcomes indicate, the thickness of the film has inescapable impact on inorganic BHJSCs performances and must take in consideration during cell fabrication.

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Tran, Son Hoang Cao, Quoc Kien Quoc, Nhan Thuc Chi Ha, Top Khac Le, Thang Bach Phan, Vinh Quang Lam, Tuan Tran, and Hieu Van Le. "Elaboration of Conductive Polymer thin films (P3HT/PCBM) by spin coating method – Application for hybrid organic solar cell." Science and Technology Development Journal 17, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i3.1368.

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The nanostructured polymer-fullerene thin film is one of the most prominent materials to make the hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cell (BHJ) with high conversion efficiency. Especially when the blend of P3HT and PCBM was used as the donor and acceptor materials. The properties of P3HT and PCBM layer in solar cell has been much studied and considered as high performance systems. One of the important factors for the high performance device is the fabrication of photo active layer with the appropriate thickness and morphology. In the ideal case, the intermolecular distance between the polymer and fullerene should be approximately 10-20 nm (the exciton diffusion distance) giving an area of extensive contact between the two phases. After the dissociation of carriers, the two polymer phases should create the path way for carriers to reach electrodes. But so far, this ideal configuration has not been published. In this work, we’ve elaborated the P3HT and PCBM photo active layers by spin coating methodon glass substrates covered ITO electrode. The rotational velocity was determined to get the necessary effective thickness of the polymer film. The annealing effect on structure, optical and electrical properties of the polymer thin film with different content of PCBM were also investigated. The experiments show the best device on electrode ITO has I-V characteristic as a photodiode and short circuit current (Isc) aboutmili-Ampere. These results demonstrate convincingly that polymer layers elaborated by spin coating method can result a good performance of the device.

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Zamani-Meymian, Mohammad-Reza, Saeb Sheikholeslami, and Milad Fallah. "Stability of Non-Flexible vs. Flexible Inverted Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells with ZnO as Electron Transport Layer Prepared by a Sol-Gel Spin Coating Method." Surfaces 3, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 319–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces3030023.

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In this research, inverted bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ OSC) with poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl): (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl (P3HT:PCBM) as the active layer were fabricated by a sol-gel spin coating method using flexible PET and non-flexible glass as substrates. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) and the stability of the cells were investigated. According to the results, the non-flexible device showed higher short circuit current (Jsc) as well as open-circuit voltage (Voc) as compared to the flexible one so that 2.52% and 0.67% PCE for non-flexible and flexible cells were obtained, respectively. From the stability point of view, the non-flexible device maintained 51% of its initial efficiency after six weeks in a dark atmosphere, while it was about 19% for the flexible cell after four weeks. The most important reason for the higher PCE with the higher stability in the non-flexible cell can be attributed to its higher shunt resistance (Rsh) and better interlayer connections at the electron collector side.

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Raftani, M., T. Abram, W. Loued, R. Kacimi, A. Azaid, K. Alimi, M. N. Bennani, and M. Bouachrine. "The optoelectronic properties of π-conjugated organic molecules based on terphenyl and pyrrole for BHJ solar cells: DFT / TD-DFT theoretical study." Current Chemistry Letters 10, no. 4 (2021): 489–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2021.4.002.

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In the present paper, four π-conjugated materials, based on terphenyl and pyrrole, with A–D–A structure have been theoretically studied to propose new organic compounds to be used in the organic solar cell field. Moreover, the geometrical and optoelectronic properties of the designed molecules M1, M2, M3 and M4 have been computed after optimization in their fundamental states, using the quantum chemical method DFT / B3LYP/ 6−311G (d, p). Different parameters including HOMO and LUMO energy levels, bandgap energy, frontier molecular orbital (FMO), chemical reactivity indices, the density of states (DOS), Voc, electrostatic potential (ESP), and thermodynamic parameters at several temperatures in the range of 0-500 K have been determined. The absorption properties including the transition energy, the wavelengths (λmax), the excitation vertical energy, and the corresponding oscillator strengths of these molecules have been studied using the quantum chemical method TD−DFT / CAM–B3LYP / 6–311G (d, p). The obtained results of our studied compounds show that M3 (with 2H, 2'H-1, 1'-biisoindole moiety) as a donor group has special optoelectronic, absorption, and good photovoltaic characteristics. Thus, they can be utilized as an electron-donating in organic solar cells BHJ type.

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Journal articles on the topic 'BHJ solar cell'

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