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Journal articles on the topic 'Bet Shean'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Kronfeld, J., J. C. Vogel, E. Rosenthal, and M. Weinstein-Evron. "Age and Paleoclimatic Implications of the Bet Shean Travertines." Quaternary Research 30, no. 3 (November 1988): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90005-1.

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From 41,000 to over 22,000 yr B.P., a massive and areally extensive spring travertine was deposited in the Bet Shean Valley, Israel. This travertine is coeval with the Ami'az Member of the Lisan Formation which represents a high lake stand. The travertine deposition is contemporaneous with a more active hydrologic regime associated with wetter conditions in the arid zones of the southern Levant adjacent to southern Israel. These wetter conditions facilitated formation of a widespread spring tufa and also enhanced the water levels of Lake Lisan.
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2

Tsafrir, Yoram, and Gideon Foerster. "Urbanism at Scythopolis-Bet Shean in the Fourth to Seventh Centuries." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1291763.

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3

Khamis, Elias. "A Bronze Weight of Saʿîd b. ʿAbd al-Malik from Bet Shean/Baysân." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland 12, no. 2 (July 2002): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186302000214.

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AbstractThis paper presents a unique bronze weight manufactured by the order of a little-known son of [ain]Abd al-Malik, who was governor of Jund Filastîn for a short period. The weight, of the Byzantine disc type, but bearing Arabic inscriptions, was found in the excavations carried out by the Institute of Archaeology of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1990. It is discussed here in the context of other metal weights of the period which bear Arabic inscriptions but are of Byzantine form, and which sometimes also bear Byzantine symbols and Greek inscriptions.
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4

KHAMIS, ELIAS. "Two wall mosaic inscriptions from the Umayyad market place in Bet Shean/Baysān." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 64, no. 2 (June 2001): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x0100009x.

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This article reports the discovery by the Hebrew University Expedition to Bet Shean of two unique wall mosaics with Arabic inscriptions under the ruins of the entrance gate to the Umayyad market in the south-eastern part of the excavated city centre. This gate consisted of two stone piers; on the front of each of these was a rectangular decorated stone frame and a mosaic inscription in square Kufic script executed in gilded tesserae on a deep blue background. The first inscription contains four lines of prayer, including the Basmallah and the testimony of al-Shahāda. The lower part of the inscription was not found and it is suggested that the three missing lines contained the quranic verse (IX, 33), most frequently quoted in the Umayyad period. The second inscription consists of seven lines, again starting with the Basmallah formula, and followed by the order given by the Caliph Hishām b. ‘Abd al-Malik (reigned 105–125 A.H./724–743 C.E.) to the governor of jund al-Urdunn Ishāq b. Qabisa to erect this building. The market structure is believed to have been completed in the year 120 A.H./738 C.E. It collapsed eleven years later in the earthquake of 749.
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5

Hadad, Shulamit. "Oil Lamps from the Abbasid through the Mamluk Periods at Bet Shean, Israel." Levant 31, no. 1 (January 1999): 203–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.1999.31.1.203.

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6

Hadad, Shulamit. "Marvered Glass Vessels from the Umayyad through Mamluk Periods at Bet Shean, Israel." Levant 34, no. 1 (January 2002): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/lev.2002.34.1.151.

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7

Hadad, Shulamit. "Incised Glass Vessels from the Umayyad and Abbasid-Fatimid Periods at Bet Shean, Israel." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 317 (February 2000): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1357484.

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8

Hadad, Shulamit. "Oil Lamps from the Third to the Eighth Century C. E. at Scythopolis-Bet Shean." Dumbarton Oaks Papers 51 (1997): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1291764.

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9

Rosenthal, Eliahu. "Hydrochemistry of groundwater at unique outlets of the Bet Shean-Harod multiple-aquifer system, Israel." Journal of Hydrology 97, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 75–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90067-4.

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10

Rosenthal, Eliahu. "Ca-chloride brines at common outlets of the Bet Shean-Harod multiple-aquifer system, Israel." Journal of Hydrology 97, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 89–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90068-6.

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11

Tsafrir, Yoram, and Gideon Foerster. "The dating of the ‘Earthquake of the Sabbatical Year’ of 749 C.E. in Palestine." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 55, no. 2 (June 1992): 231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00004584.

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In the mid eighth century, towards the end of the Umayyad regime, a major earthquake occurred in Palestine and the East, of which we know from Christian, Jewish and Muslim sources. Archaeologists relate to destruction by this earthquake layers in several sites, such as Jerusalem, Gerasa in Arabia, and sites mostly along the Jordan valley, among them Kh. Mefjer near Jericho, Pella, Capernaum, Sussita-Hippos, and recently, Bet Shean-Scythopolis (see below).The exact date of this earthquake is controversial; some scholars date it to 746, others to 747 or 748, In 1960, M. Margaliot suggested that the earthquake took place in 749. In this article we present new archaeological and numismatic evidence in support of this later date (see below p. 234, and pl.II).
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12

ROSENTHAL, E. "Chemical composition of rainfall and groundwater in recharge areas of the Bet Shean-Harod multiple aquifer system, Israel." Journal of Hydrology 89, no. 3-4 (January 30, 1987): 329–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(87)90185-5.

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13

Merom, Kobi, Yoram Yom-Tov, and Robin McClery. "Philopatry to Stopover Site and Body Condition of Transient Reed Warblers During Autumn Migration Through Israel." Condor 102, no. 2 (May 1, 2000): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/102.2.441.

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Abstract Philopatry to stopover site and changes in body condition of migrating Reed Warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus were studied in Bet Shean Valley, Israel, where warblers were netted throughout the year. Although the majority of birds were seen only once, the proportion of transients seen twice or more in different years is comparable to the figure for summer residents returning between years, indicating a high degree of philopatry among transients. Transients get heavier with longer duration of stay, up to about 15 days, after which body mass increase appears to level off at about 3 g. Change in body condition, taken to be body mass divided by wing length, also was noted, albeit of less significance. The mean date of arrival in the autumn of birds in their first year was about 20 days later than that of older birds. Reed Warblers use their time effectively to replenish their body mass and improve their condition before starting the dangerous crossing of the Sahara Desert.
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14

Rosenthal, Eliahu. "Hydrochemical changes induced by overexploitation of groundwater at common outlets of the Bet Shean-Harod multiple-aquifer system, Israel." Journal of Hydrology 97, no. 1-2 (January 1988): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(88)90069-8.

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15

Rosenthal, E., and S. Mandel. "Hydrological and hydrogeochemical methods for the delineation of complex groundwater flow systems as evidenced in the Bet-Shean Valley, Israel." Journal of Hydrology 79, no. 3-4 (July 1985): 231–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(85)90057-5.

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16

Gera, A., J. Cohen, R. Salomon, and B. Raccah. "Iris Yellow Spot Tospovirus Detected in Onion (Allium cepa) in Israel." Plant Disease 82, no. 1 (January 1998): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.1.127b.

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During March 1997, 20 to 30% of field-grown onion (Allium cepa), observed in Bet Shean Valley, Israel, had unusual viral symptoms of straw-colored ringspots on leaves and flower stalks. Leaf samples were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (EM) of leaf dip preparations. Typical tospovirus-like particles were observed only with samples taken from symptomatic plants. Crude sap from symptomatic tissue was mechanically transmitted to Nicotiana benthamiana, Chenopodium quinoa, and Gomphrena globosa. On inoculated plants of N. benthamiana, chlorotic spots developed on inoculated leaves, followed by systemic necrosis, 4 and 7 days post inoculation (DPI), respectively. On inoculated plants of C. quinoa and G. globosa, necrotic local lesions developed by 4 to 5 DPI. EM studies with ultrathin sections of infected onion and N. benthamiana leaves revealed the presence of tospovirus-like particles. Virus was purified from mechanically infected N. benthamiana and identified as Iris yellow spot tospovirus (IYSV) by Western blots (immunoblots) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (anti-IYSV antiserum was provided by D. Peters, Wageningen, the Netherlands). A high incidence of the disease observed in the surrounding fields and in other onion-growing areas in Israel was associated with large populations of the onion thrips (Thrips tabaci). Although characteristic symptoms have been noted on a frequent basis, effects on yield have yet to be determined. IYSV is known to occur in the Netherlands, where it has been occasionally detected in Iris (1) and leek (A. Porrum) (J. Verhoeven, personal communication). The detection of IYSV in Israel and the wide distribution of thrips in the natural vegetation may be an important constraint on onion and other bulb-crop production in Israel. Reference: (1) A. F. L. M. Derks and M. E. C. Lemmers. Acta Hortic. 432:132, 1996.
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17

Lati, R., R. Aly, H. Eizenberg, and T. Lande. "First Report of the Parasitic Plant Phelipanche aegyptiaca Infecting Kenaf in Israel." Plant Disease 97, no. 5 (May 2013): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-1001-pdn.

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Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.; Malvaceae) is an annual fiber crop that has recently been introduced as a niche crop in Israel, and grown mainly at areas with high summer temperatures. It is advantageous in crop rotation in these areas since it can rapidly accumulate biomass under high temperatures when other crops (e.g., tomato, sunflower, corn, and sorghum) cannot be cultivated. Additionally, the fact that it can be irrigated with waste water makes it attractive under these climatic conditions. Broomrapes (Phelipanche and Orobanche spp.) are chlorophyll-lacking obligatory root-parasitic plants that parasitize the root system of many field crops and vegetables (1). Parasitism by P. aegyptiaca has economic impacts on various crops belonging to several botanical families (e.g., Solanaceae, Apiaceae, Fabaceae, and Asteraceae). This parasitic weed is common in most agricultural areas in Israel including the coastal plain, Yisre'el Valley, the Jordan Valley, and the Negev Desert. High infection levels by P. aegyptiaca have result in a severe yield losses and quality reduction in these crops. Parasitism of P. aegyptiaca on kenaf was observed in September 2012 in a field located in Bet-Shean Valley (Latitude 32° 30' N; Longitude 35° 30' E; 105 m), with an average density of 0.7 plant/m2, in a total area of 0.3 ha. This crop was planted on May 2012 in plots that were previously affected. Infection did not lead to visible symptoms or damage to kenaf, but allowed seed production by the parasite. In order to verify that kenaf was a host of P. aegyptiaca, 10 samples of kenaf plants infected with P. aegyptiaca were taken to the lab and the root systems of the plant and the parasite were carefully washed. Cross-sections of the connection between kenaf and the parasite were taken and inspected for xylem connections under a compound microscope (BX61, Olympus) equipped with high-resolution digital camera (DP-70, Olympus), under 40× magnification. A clear xylem connection between the weed's tubercles and kenaf roots was observed, confirming the development of functional Phelipanche haustoria. To our knowledge, this is the first report of kenaf as a host for P. aegyptiaca. Kenaf has been reported to induce the germination of O. cernua in India (3). Cotton, another member of the Malvaceae, has also been reported to stimulate seed germination of O. minor (4) and P. aegyptiaca (2). However, to the best of our knowledge, this finding reports the first occurrence of a Malvaceae crop as a host for P. aegyptiaca. References: (1) H. Eizenberg et al. Weed Sci. 55:152, 2007. (2) M. Ghotbi et al. Int. J. Agri. Sci. 2:62, 2012. (3) G. V. G. Krishnamurthy et al. Indian J. Weed Sci. 9:95, 1977. (4) Y. Ma et al. Agron. J. 104:569, 2012.
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18

Gabryś, Katarzyna, Emil Soból, Wojciech Sas, Raimondas Šadzevičius, and Rytis Skominas. "Warsaw Glacial Quartz Sand with Different Grain-Size Characteristics and Its Shear Wave Velocity from Various Interpretation Methods of BET." Materials 14, no. 3 (January 23, 2021): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030544.

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After obtaining the value of shear wave velocity (VS) from the bender elements test (BET), the shear modulus of soils at small strains (Gmax) can be estimated. Shear wave velocity is an important parameter in the design of geo-structures subjected to static and dynamic loading. While bender elements are increasingly used in both academic and commercial laboratory test systems, there remains a lack of agreement when interpreting the shear wave travel time from these tests. Based on the test data of 12 Warsaw glacial quartz samples of sand, primarily two different approaches were examined for determining VS. They are both related to the observation of the source and received BE signal, namely, the first time of arrival and the peak-to-peak method. These methods were performed through visual analysis of BET data by the authors, so that subjective travel time estimates were produced. Subsequently, automated analysis methods from the GDS Bender Element Analysis Tool (BEAT) were applied. Here, three techniques in the time-domain (TD) were selected, namely, the peak-to-peak, the zero-crossing, and the cross-correlation function. Additionally, a cross-power spectrum calculation of the signals was completed, viewed as a frequency-domain (FD) method. Final comparisons between subjective observational analyses and automated interpretations of BET results showed good agreement. There is compatibility especially between the two methods: the first time of arrival and the cross-correlation, which the authors considered the best interpreting techniques for their soils. Moreover, the laboratory tests were performed on compact, medium, and well-grained sand samples with different curvature coefficient and mean grain size. Investigation of the influence of the grain-size characteristics of quartz sand on shear wave velocity demonstrated that VS is larger for higher values of the uniformity coefficient, while it is rather independent of the curvature coefficient and the mean grain size.
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19

Schönfeldt, Hans-Jürgen. "On the aeolian saltation bed shear stress and saltation roughness length." Meteorologische Zeitschrift 15, no. 3 (July 10, 2006): 307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0126.

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20

Huizenga, Jan M., and Jacques L. R. Touret. "Fluid inclusions in shear zones: The case of the Umwindsi shear zone in the Harare-Shamva-Bindura greenstone belt, NE Zimbabwe." European Journal of Mineralogy 11, no. 6 (November 29, 1999): 1079–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/11/6/1079.

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21

Artzy, Michal. "From Akko/Acco to Beit She’an/Beth Shan in the Late Bronze Age." Ägypten und Levante 28 (2018): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/aeundl28s85.

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22

SORGE, Francesco. "BCD-01 JOINT INFLUENCE OF TRANSVERSE COMPRESSION AND SHEAR-FLEXURAL STIFFNESS ON RUBBER V-BELT MECHANICS(BELT AND CHAIN DRIVES)." Proceedings of the JSME international conference on motion and power transmissions 2009 (2009): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmeimpt.2009.603.

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23

Liu, Chun Rong, and Dao Lin Xu. "Bed Load Transport under Complex Flow." Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (May 2011): 3589–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.3589.

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In this paper, the backward-facing step flow and the sediment transport downstream step were studied experimentally. The critical incipient bed shear velocity is obtained by the results of bed shear velocity and sediment incipient probability. It was found that the critical incipient bed shear velocity depends on the flow structures under the complex flow. By using the new critical incipient bed shear obtained in this paper and calculating the Shields parameter based on instantaneous bed shear velocity, the bed load sediment transport rate downstream step was given. The time history of the bed profile downstream step was calculated by bed load sediment transport rate and compared that obtained by the digital images. Good agreement was observed.
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24

Papa, M., S. Egashira, and T. Itoh. "Critical conditions of bed sediment entrainment due to debris flow." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 2, 2004): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-4-469-2004.

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Abstract. The present study describes entrainment characteristics of bed material into debris flow, based on flume tests, numerical and dimensional analyses. Flume tests are conducted to investigate influences of bed sediment size on erosion rate by supplying debris flows having unsaturated sediment concentration over erodible beds. Experimental results show that the erosion rate decreases monotonically with increase of sediment size, although erosion rate changes with sediment concentration of debris flow body. In order to evaluate critical condition of bed sediment entrainment, a length scale which measures an effective bed shear stress is introduced. The effective bed shear stress is defined as total shear stress minus yield stress on the bed surface. The results show that critical entrainment conditions can be evaluated well in terms of Shields curve using the effective bed shear stress instead of a usual bed shear stress.
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25

Seelam, Jaya Kumar, and Tom E. Baldock. "MEASUREMENT AND MODELING OF SOLITARY WAVE INDUCED BED SHEAR STRESS OVER A ROUGH BED." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 33 (October 11, 2012): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.21.

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Bed shear stresses generated by solitary waves were measured using a shear cell apparatus over a rough bed in laminar and transitional flow regimes (~7600 < Re < ~60200). Modeling of bed shear stress was carried out using analytical models employing convolution integration methods forced with the free stream velocity and three eddy viscosity models. The measured wave height to water depth (h/d) ratio varied between 0.13 and 0.65; maximum near- bed velocity varied between 0.16 and 0.47 m/s and the maximum total shear stress (sum of form drag and bed shear) varied between 0.565 and 3.29 Pa. Wave friction factors estimated from the bed shear stresses at the maximum bed shear stress using both maximum and instantaneous velocities showed that there is an increase in friction factors estimated using instantaneous velocities, for non-breaking waves. Maximum positive total stress was approximately 2.2 times larger than maximum negative total stress for non-breaking waves. Modeled and measured positive total stresses are well correlated using the convolution model with an eddy viscosity model analogous to steady flow conditions (nu_t=0.45u* z1; where nu_t is eddy viscosity, u* is shear velocity and z1 is the elevation parameter related to relative roughness). The bed shear stress leads the free stream fluid velocity by approximately 30° for non-breaking waves and by 48° for breaking waves, which is under-predicted by 27% by the convolution model with above mentioned eddy viscosity model.
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26

Meiler, Miki, Haim Shulman, Akiva Flexer, Moshe Reshef, and Anat Yellin-Dror. "A seismic interpretation of the Bet She'an basin." Israel Journal of Earth Sciences 57, no. 1 (December 1, 2008): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/ijes.57.1.1.

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27

Kolerski, Tomasz, and Hung Tao Shen. "Possible effects of the 1984 St. Clair River ice jam on bed changes." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 42, no. 9 (September 2015): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2014-0275.

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This study examines the possible effect of the record ice jam of 1984 in the St. Clair River on river bed changes and conveyance. Numerical simulations were made to examine the flow and bed shear stresses during the jam formation and release periods. Simulation results indicate that the ice jam in the river did not cause a significant increase in bed shear stress compared to pre- and post-jam open water conditions. The insignificant change on bed shear stress during the ice jam period is the result of the large flow depth and the limited jam thickness. The bed shear stresses are much less than the critical shear stress for bed particle movement. This implies that the jam may not have had a significant impact on the channel conveyance.
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28

Zhang, Liyuan, Faxing Zhang, Ailing Cai, Zhaoming Song, and Shilin Tong. "Comparison of Methods for Bed Shear Stress Estimation in Complex Flow Field of Bend." Water 12, no. 10 (October 2, 2020): 2753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102753.

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Bed shear stress is closely related to sediment transport in rivers. Bed shear stress estimation is very difficult, especially for complex flow fields. In this study, complex flow field measurement experiments in a 60° bend with a groyne were performed. The feasibility and reliability of bed shear stress estimations using the log-law method in a complex flow field were analyzed and compared with those associated with the Reynolds, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE), and TKE-w′ methods. The results show that the TKE, Reynolds, and log-law methods produced similar bed shear stress estimates, while the TKE-w′ method produced larger estimates than the other methods. The TKE-w′ method was found to be more suitable for bed shear stress estimation than the TKE method, but the value of its constant C2 needed to be re-estimated. In a complex, strong, three-dimensional flow field, the height of the measurement point (relative or absolute) should be re-estimated when a single point measurement is used to estimate the bed shear stress. The results of this study provide guidance for experimental measurement of bed shear stress in a complex flow field.
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29

Randl, Norbert. "Load Bearing Behaviour of Cast-in Shear Dowels." Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 102, S1 (September 2007): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/best.200710103.

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30

Iverson, Neal R., Robert W. Baker, Roger LeB Hooke, Brian Hanson, and Peter Jansson. "Coupling between a glacier and a soft bed: I. A relation between effective pressure and local shear stress determined from till elasticity." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 149 (1999): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000003014.

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AbstractTo predict the distribution of motion beneath glaciers on soft beds, the strength of the coupling between the ice and the bed and its variation with effective pressure must be known. A record of shear strain, acquired with a tiltmeter emplaced in till beneath Storglaciären, Sweden, indicates that fluctuations in water pressure cause variations in the local shear stress on the bed and that the bed deforms elastically in response to these variations. To estimate the shear stress from the elastic component of the total shear strain, the shear modulus of the till was measured in relaxation tests conducted in the laboratory with a ring-shear device. After accounting for the elastic compliance of the device, these tests yielded shear moduli of about 1000 and 1800 kPa at confining pressures of 85 and 280 kPa, respectively. These values are comparable to those of other granular materials undergoing recoverable shear strains of the same magnitude. The local shear stress on the till, calculated by applying the measured shear moduli to the tilt record, scales withPe1.7, wherePeis the effective pressure. This relation implies that asPedecreases at the ice/till interface, shear stresses on the till are reduced and concentrated elsewhere on the bed, perhaps where the till is absent or the glacier is frozen to the bed. When compared with the strength of the till determined from ring-shear tests, this relation also accounts for the lack of permanent deformation at depth in the bed during periods of lowPeand indicates that most basal motion was by sliding or ploughing.
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31

Golpira, Amir, Fengbin Huang, and Abul B. M. Baki. "The Effect of Habitat Structure Boulder Spacing on Near-Bed Shear Stress and Turbulent Events in a Gravel Bed Channel." Water 12, no. 5 (May 16, 2020): 1423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12051423.

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This study experimentally investigated the effect of boulder spacing and boulder submergence ratio on the near-bed shear stress in a single array of boulders in a gravel bed open channel flume. An acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) was used to measure the instantaneous three-dimensional velocity components. Four methods of estimating near-bed shear stress were compared. The results suggested a significant effect of boulder spacing and boulder submergence ratio on the near-bed shear stress estimations and their spatial distributions. It was found that at unsubmerged condition, the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) and modified TKE methods can be used interchangeably to estimate the near-bed shear stress. At both submerged and unsubmerged conditions, the Reynolds method performed differently from the other point-methods. Moreover, a quadrant analysis was performed to examine the turbulent events and their contribution to the near-bed Reynolds shear stress with the effect of boulder spacing. Generally, the burst events (ejections and sweeps) were reduced in the presence of boulders. This study may improve the understanding of the effect of the boulder spacing and boulder submergence ratio on the near-bed shear stress estimations of stream restoration practices.
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32

Kiraga and Popek. "Bed Shear Stress Influence on Local Scour Geometry Properties in Various Flume Development Conditions." Water 11, no. 11 (November 8, 2019): 2346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11112346.

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Numerous approaches in sediment mobility studies highlighted the key meaning of channel roughness, which results not only from bed material granulation but also from various bed forms presence, caused by continuous sediment transport. Those forms are strictly connected with the intensity of particle transport, and they eventuate from bed shear stress. The present paper comprised of local scours geometric dimensions research in three variants of lengthwise development of laboratory flume in various hydraulic properties, both in “clear-water” and “live-bed” conditions of sediment movement. Lots of measurements of the bed conformation were executed using the LiDAR device, marked by a very precise three-dimensional shape description. The influence of the bed shear stress downstream model on scours hole dimensions of water structure was investigated as one of the key factors that impact the sediment transport intensity. A significant database of 39 experimental series, lasting averagely 8 hours, was a foundation for delineating functional correlations between bed shear stress-and-critical shear stress ratio and geometry properties of local scours in various flume development cases. In the scope of mutual influence of bed shear stress and water depth, high correlation coefficients were attained, indicating very good and good functional correlations. Also, the influence of bed shear stress and the total length of the scour demonstrated a high correlation coefficient.
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33

Guard, Paul Andrew, Peter Nielsen, and Tom E. Baldock. "BED SHEAR STRESS IN UNSTEADY FLOW." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 32 (January 31, 2011): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.sediment.8.

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Standard engineering methods of estimating bed shear stress using friction factors can fail spectacularly in unsteady hydrodynamic conditions. This paper demonstrates this fact using direct measurements of bed shear stresses under irregular waves using a shear plate apparatus. The measurements are explained in terms of the influence of the horizontal pressure gradient and the shear stresses acting on the surface of the plate. The horizontal fluid velocity at the edge of the boundary layer and the water surface elevation and slope were also measured. The paper demonstrates that the water surface measurements can be used to obtain accurate estimates of the forces on the bed, by employing Fourier analysis techniques or an innovative convolution integral method. The experimental results indicate that an offshore bed shear stress may be recorded while the free stream velocity remains onshore at all times. This demonstrates the failure of the standard engineering friction factor method in this scenario, since negative friction factors would be required. Important questions are raised regarding the appropriate definition for the bed shear stress when the vertical gradient of the shear stress is large. It is shown that it is problematic to define a single value for a “bed” shear stress in the presence of a strong horizontal pressure gradient. It is also argued that the natural driver for any model used to predict bed shear stress is the pressure gradient (or its proxy the free stream acceleration), rather than the velocity. This allows for accurate calculation of both acceleration effects (more rapid acceleration leads to a thinner boundary layer and higher shear stress) and also the direct action of the horizontal pressure gradient.
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34

Iverson, Neal R., Robert W. Baker, Roger LeB Hooke, Brian Hanson, and Peter Jansson. "Coupling between a glacier and a soft bed: I. A relation between effective pressure and local shear stress determined from till elasticity." Journal of Glaciology 45, no. 149 (1999): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000003014.

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AbstractTo predict the distribution of motion beneath glaciers on soft beds, the strength of the coupling between the ice and the bed and its variation with effective pressure must be known. A record of shear strain, acquired with a tiltmeter emplaced in till beneath Storglaciären, Sweden, indicates that fluctuations in water pressure cause variations in the local shear stress on the bed and that the bed deforms elastically in response to these variations. To estimate the shear stress from the elastic component of the total shear strain, the shear modulus of the till was measured in relaxation tests conducted in the laboratory with a ring-shear device. After accounting for the elastic compliance of the device, these tests yielded shear moduli of about 1000 and 1800 kPa at confining pressures of 85 and 280 kPa, respectively. These values are comparable to those of other granular materials undergoing recoverable shear strains of the same magnitude. The local shear stress on the till, calculated by applying the measured shear moduli to the tilt record, scales with Pe1.7, where Pe is the effective pressure. This relation implies that as Pe decreases at the ice/till interface, shear stresses on the till are reduced and concentrated elsewhere on the bed, perhaps where the till is absent or the glacier is frozen to the bed. When compared with the strength of the till determined from ring-shear tests, this relation also accounts for the lack of permanent deformation at depth in the bed during periods of low Pe and indicates that most basal motion was by sliding or ploughing.
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35

Afzalimehr, Hossein, and François Anctil. "Velocity distribution and shear velocity behaviour of decelerating flows over a gravel bed." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 4 (August 1, 1999): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l99-009.

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The behaviour of the bed shear stress in the presence of a decelerating flow over a gravel bed has been examined. The collected observations revealed that the velocity distribution in the outer region of the boundary layer may be described by a parabolic law. The results obtained by parabolic law are comparable to the bed shear stress estimated via the St-Venant method. At a specific cross section, shear velocities estimated by the parabolic and the St-Venant methods divert considerably from the estimation by zero pressure gradient method. For constant bottom slope and relative roughness, the estimated bed shear stresses based on the parabolic and the St-Venant methods are proportional to the flow discharge, whereas this tendency is not accounted for by the zero pressure gradient model.Key words: velocity distribution, shear velocity, decelerating flows, gravel bed, boundary layer.
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36

Monsalve, Angel, Catalina Segura, Nicole Hucke, and Scott Katz. "A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisited." Earth Surface Dynamics 8, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 825–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esurf-8-825-2020.

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Abstract. Bed load transport formulations for gravel-bed rivers are often based on reach-averaged shear stress values. However, the complexity of the flow field in these systems results in wide distributions of shear stress, whose effects on bed load transport are not well captured by the frequently used equations, leading to inaccurate estimates of sediment transport. Here, we modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include the complete distributions of shear stress generated by a given flow within a reach. The equation was calibrated and verified using bed load data measured at Oak Creek, OR. The spatially variable flow field characterization was obtained using a two-dimensional flow model calibrated over a wide range of flows between 0.1 and 1.0 of bankfull discharge. The shape of the distributions of shear stress was remarkably similar across different discharge levels, which allowed it to be parameterized in terms of discharge using a gamma function. When discharge is high enough to mobilize the pavement layer (1.0 m3 s−1 in Oak Creek), the proposed transport equation had a similar performance to the original formulation based on reach-averaged shear stress values. In addition, the proposed equation predicts bed load transport rates for lower flows when the pavement layer is still present because it accounts for bed load transport occurring in a small fraction of the channel bed that experiences high values of shear stress. This is an improvement over the original equation, which fails to estimate this bed load flux by relying solely on reach-average shear stress values.
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37

Block, Klaus, Friedrich Dreier, and Detlef Bigalke. "Fatigue Bearing Capacity of Anchors exposed to Shear Loading." Beton- und Stahlbetonbau 102, S1 (September 2007): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/best.200710102.

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38

Hooyer, Thomas S., and Neal R. Iverson. "Flow mechanism of the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet." Journal of Glaciology 48, no. 163 (2002): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756502781831160.

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AbstractRapid flow of the Des Moines lobe of the Laurentide ice sheet may have been related to its unlithified substrate. New reconstructions of the lobe, based on moraine elevations, sediment subsidence during moraine deposition, and flow-direction indicators, indicate that the lobe may have been ∼3 times thicker than in previous reconstructions. Nevertheless, implied basal shear stresses are <15 kPa, so internal ice deformation was not significant. Instead, the lobe likely moved by a combination of sliding, plowing of particles through the bed surface, and bed shear. Consolidation tests on basal till yield preconsolidation stresses of 125–300 kPa, so effective normal stresses on the bed were small. A model of sliding and plowing indicates that at such stresses most particles gripped by the ice may have plowed easily through the till bed, resulting in too small a shear traction on the bed to shear it at depth. Consistent with this prediction, measurements of orientations of clasts in basal till yield a weak fabric, implying pervasive bed shear strain less than ∼2, although some stronger fabrics have been reported by others. We infer, tentatively, that movement was principally at the bed surface by plowing.
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39

Agrawal, Sunil K., and Jatinder K. Bewtra. "Modifications to the design procedure for grit chambers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 2 (April 1, 1987): 216–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-033.

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A modified approach to the design of grit chambers has been suggested in this paper. This approach is based on the concept of critical shear stress at the bed rather than mean velocity as used by T. R. Camp. It is recognized that the relationship between critical bed shear stress and mean velocity in a channel is not constant, as assumed by Camp, but varies according to the flow conditions. Critical bed shear stress values, obtained in the laboratory for different particle characteristics, are given in this paper. The proposed method should provide a more rational and a better design procedure for grit chambers. Key words: grit chambers, scouring, bed shear stress, initiation of motion.
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40

Pujara, Nimish, Philip L. F. Liu, and Harry Yeh. "The swash of solitary waves on a plane beach: flow evolution, bed shear stress and run-up." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 779 (August 18, 2015): 556–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2015.435.

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The swash of solitary waves on a plane beach is studied using large-scale experiments. Ten wave cases are examined which range from non-breaking waves to plunging breakers. The focus of this study is on the influence of breaker type on flow evolution, spatiotemporal variations of bed shear stresses and run-up. Measurements are made of the local water depths, flow velocities and bed shear stresses (using a shear plate sensor) at various locations in the swash zone. The bed shear stress is significant near the tip of the swash during uprush and in the shallow flow during the later stages of downrush. In between, the flow evolution is dominated by gravity and follows an explicit solution to the nonlinear shallow water equations, i.e. the flow due to a dam break on a slope. The controlling scale of the flow evolution is the initial velocity of the shoreline immediately following waveform collapse, which can be predicted by measurements of wave height prior to breaking, but also shows an additional dependence on breaker type. The maximum onshore-directed bed shear stress increases significantly onshore of the stillwater shoreline for non-breaking waves and onshore of the waveform collapse point for breaking waves. A new normalization for the bed shear stress which uses the initial shoreline velocity is presented. Under this normalization, the variation of the maximum magnitudes of the bed shear stress with distance along the beach, which is normalized using the run-up, follows the same trend for different breaker types. For the uprush, the maximum dimensionless bed shear stress is approximately 0.01, whereas for the downrush, it is approximately 0.002.
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41

Rolfo, Franco, Roberto Compagnoni, Shutong Xu, and Laili Jiang. "First report of felsic whiteschist in the ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic belt of Dabie Shan, China." European Journal of Mineralogy 12, no. 4 (July 17, 2000): 883–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2000/0012-0883.

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42

Dey, Subhasish. "Critical bed shear for initial movement of sediments on a combined lateral and longitudinal slope." Hydrology Research 35, no. 2 (April 1, 2004): 153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2004.0011.

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An experimental study on critical bed shear-stress for initial movement of non-cohesive sediment particles under a steady-uniform stream flow on a combined lateral (across the flow direction) and longitudinal (streamwise direction) sloping bed is presented. The aim of this paper is to ascertain that the critical bed shear-stress on a combined lateral and longitudinal sloping bed is adequately represented by the product of critical bed shear-stress ratios for lateral and longitudinal sloping beds. Experiments were carried out with closed-conduit flow, in two ducts having a semicircular invert section, with three sizes of sediments. In laboratory flumes, the uniform flow is a difficult – if not impossible – proposition for a steeply sloping channel, and is impossible to obtain in an adversely sloping channel. To avoid this problem, the experiments were conducted with a closed-conduit flow. The critical bed shear-stresses for experimental runs were estimated from side-wall correction. The experimental data agree satisfactorily with the results obtained from the proposed formula.
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43

CHARRU, FRANÇOIS, and HÉLÈNE MOUILLERON-ARNOULD. "Instability of a bed of particles sheared by a viscous flow." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 452 (February 10, 2002): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001006747.

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The instability of a bed of particles sheared by a viscous fluid is investigated theoretically. The viscous flow over the wavy bed is first calculated, and the bed shear stress is derived. The particle transport rate induced by this bed shear stress is calculated from the viscous resuspension theory of Leighton & Acrivos (1986). Mass conservation of the particles then gives explicit expressions for the wave velocity and growth rate, which depend on four dimensionless parameters: the wavenumber, the fluid thickness, a viscous length and the shear stress. The mechanism of the instability is given. It appears that for high enough fluid-layer thickness, long-wave instability arises as soon as grains move, while short waves are stabilized by gravity. For smaller fluid thickness, the destabilizing effect of fluid inertia is reduced, so that the moving at bed is stable for small shear stress, and unstable for high shear stress. The most amplified wavelength scales with the viscous length, in agreement with the few available experiments for small particle Reynolds numbers. The results are also compared with related studies for turbulent flow.
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44

MacGregor, Joseph A., Ginny A. Catania, Howard Conway, Dustin M. Schroeder, Ian Joughin, Duncan A. Young, Scott D. Kempf, and Donald D. Blankenship. "Weak bed control of the eastern shear margin of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 59, no. 217 (2013): 900–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/2013jog13j050.

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AbstractRecent acceleration and thinning of Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica, motivates investigation of the controls upon, and stability of, its present ice-flow pattern. Its eastern shear margin separates Thwaites Glacier from slower-flowing ice and the southern tributaries of Pine Island Glacier. Troughs in Thwaites Glacier’s bed topography bound nearly all of its tributaries, except along this eastern shear margin, which has no clear relationship with regional bed topography along most of its length. Here we use airborne ice-penetrating radar data from the Airborne Geophysical Survey of the Amundsen Sea Embayment, Antarctica (AGASEA) to investigate the nature of the bed across this margin. Radar data reveal slightly higher and rougher bed topography on the slower-flowing side of the margin, along with lower bed reflectivity. However, the change in bed reflectivity across the margin is partially explained by a change in bed roughness. From these observations, we infer that the position of the eastern shear margin is not strongly controlled by local bed topography or other bed properties. Given the potential for future increases in ice flux farther downstream, the eastern shear margin may be vulnerable to migration. However, there is no evidence that this margin is migrating presently, despite ongoing changes farther downstream.
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45

Lockwood, Kenneth, Patrick Grover, and Ana Maria Ferreira da Silva. "Quantification of bed-load transport over dunes." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184002010.

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There is disagreement in the literature as to whether a shear stress-based approach can be used to accurately predict sediment transport over dunes. This study aims to address this disagreement. To this end, use is made of an experiment involving the study of naturally formed, fully developed dunes produced in a laboratory flume. The bed shear stress is estimated through a combination of velocity, Reynolds stress measurements, and results of a CFD RANS rough wall model. The validity of using Bagnold’s equation to predict the bed-load rate is subsequently analyzed. In contrast to what has been previously suggested by some authors, it is found from the present experiment that the bed-load rate correlates well with the bed shear stress, and that Bagnold’s equation yields realistic values of the bed-load rate over the stoss side of the dune downstream of the reattachment point. This work also highlights the difficulties in reliably estimating the bed shear stress in complex flows. Such difficulties are overcome in this paper through a combination of flow velocity measurements and modeled results.
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46

Bugod, Peter. "Escitópolis -Beit Shean- capital de la decápolis helenística." Loggia, Arquitectura & Restauración, no. 3 (September 6, 1997): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/loggia.1997.5882.

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Las excavaciones arqueológicas en la ciudad Escitópolis (Beit Shean, Israel), capital de la decápolis griega, han descubierto un complejo urbano de gran envergadura. El arquitecto Bugod hace un recorrido por la historia de la ciudad, describe los restos que permanecieron intactos tras el terremoto que arruinó la ciudad en el año 749 d.C., y plantea los problemas filosóficos, éticos y técnicos que supone la anastilosis de los diferentes edificios del yacimiento.
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47

Zeeshan Ali, Sk, and Subhasish Dey. "Bed particle saltation in turbulent wall-shear flow: a review." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 475, no. 2223 (March 2019): 20180824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2018.0824.

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Bed particle saltation in turbulent wall-shear flow remains an intriguing phenomenon in applied hydro-dynamics. In this review, we report the current state of the art of bed particle saltation in turbulent wall-shear flow, highlighting the physical characteristics of bed particle saltation and its mathematical modelling. A critical appraisal of the mechanics of bed particle saltation is presented thorough ample experimental evidence. The salient features of bed particle saltation, encompassing the saltation height, saltation length, particle velocity, saltation duration, particle collision with the bed, particle rotation, particle resting time and particle re-entrainment, are thoroughly discussed. Both the deterministic and computational fluid dynamics approaches in modelling bed particle saltation are summarized, and the subtle role of the hydrodynamic forces is elaborated. The estimation of bedload flux in a fluvial environment, emanating from the mathematical modelling of bed particle saltation, is delineated using different modelling approaches. Finally, the challenges in modelling bed particle saltation are highlighted, and a new look at bed particle saltation is furnished.
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48

Zhong, Chun Xin. "Experimental Study on Critical Flow Conditions Causing Damage of Grass-Covered Revetment." Applied Mechanics and Materials 71-78 (July 2011): 1478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.71-78.1478.

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Flexible vegetations supply great effect on river bank protection. It is important to study the critical flow conditions, including bed shear stress, scour duration and frictional velocity etc, causing damage of grass-covered revetment. Laboratory experiments prove that, destruction of turf can be estimated by observing the variation of water head. The experimental shear stress above vegetation zone has nonlinear relation with velocity square, which agrees with theoretic derivation. Before the turf destruction occurring, shear stress above vegetation zone increases with the scour duration and then goes to stabilization. This mentioned Shear stress will change suddenly when local scour damage happens, or keep stabilization while affine damage is on-going. Under the same flow conditions, the critical bed shear stress of reinforced turf is larger than that of natural turf. As far as the same-form revetments are concerned, the bed shear stress at breaking point increases with the flow velocity.
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49

Jewel, Arif, Kazunori Fujisawa, and Akira Murakami. "Evaluation of Incipient Motion of Sand Particles by Different Indirect Methods in Erosion Function Apparatus." Water 13, no. 8 (April 19, 2021): 1118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13081118.

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An experiment was carried out in an acrylic glass-sided re-circulating closed conduit with a rectangular cross section, which is similar in construction to an erosion function apparatus. An adjustable sand box, made of acrylic glass, was attached to the bottom of the conduit as the sand zone or the test section. The hydraulics of the flow in the erosion function apparatus is complicated due to the limited part of the non-smooth and erodible soil surface attached to the closed conduit. As the bed shear stress changes with the bed roughness, even though the flow velocity does not change, establishing a method to estimate the incipient motion is an important challenge for an erosion function apparatus. The present study was conducted to explore the incipient motion of sands from bed shear stress estimated by four different indirect methods on both the sand bed and the smooth bed installed in the erosion function apparatus. In the experiment, particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to investigate flow dynamics and incipient motion in terms of dimensionless critical bed shear stress. The experimental results show that the bed shear stress estimated from the log-law profiles in the sand zone and the smooth zones are relatively higher than those of the other indirect methods. The dimensionless critical bed shear stress of threshold condition evaluated by all indirect methods was found in good agreement with those of previous results in both zones. The Manning roughness and Darcy–Weisbach friction coefficients were evaluated based on the critical shear velocity at the incipient motion. Although these coefficients were found slightly greater in the smooth zone than in the sand zone, in both zones, they showed good agreement with previous studies.
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50

Sumiadi, Sumiadi, Bambang Kironoto, Djoko Legono, and Istiarto Istiarto. "Bed-Shear Velocity Measurement in Curved Open Channel." Civil and Environmental Science 004, no. 01 (April 1, 2021): 093–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.civense.2021.00401.9.

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Generally, the condition of the rivers in Indonesia are alluvial rivers which had meanders, where the change in the river bed topography often occur. One of the parameters associated with changes in the river bed topography is bed-shear velocity, or Reynolds stress. The bed-shear velocity can be calculated by the Reynolds stress distribution method and the Clauser method which commonly used in straight channels. In fact, on natural channel there is a curve and even a meandering channel. With more complex flow conditions, the use of the Clauser method in curved channels can be questioned, is it still accurate or not. In this paper, both methods will be discussed by comparing the measurement data in the laboratory using 180 curved channel with flat bed. The results of data analysis show that the use of these two methods in curved channels produces an average difference of around 19.81%, where the Clauser method gives greater results and better tendencies. Apart from the differences in the results given, it can be said that the Clauser method as well as the Reynolds stress distribution method can still be used to calculate the bed-shear velocity in the curved channel
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