Journal articles: 'Berry ripening'

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Winston, EC, M. Hoult, CJ Howitt, and RK Shepherd. "Ethylene-induced fruit ripening in arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.)." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 3 (1992): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920401.

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The effects of ethephon on arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) were tested in experiments conducted over 2 years in North Queensland. Rates tested were 0, 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mgkg, applied when 15-20% (early treatment) or 45-50% (late treatment) of fruit were coloured. Measurements were made on the degree of leaf and fruit abscission, berry ripening, and berry weight. Ethephon did not cause significant fruit abscission, but rates >500 mg/kg caused unacceptable leaf abscission. Rates of 250 mg/kg were marginally acceptable in terms of leaf abscission. Excessive defoliation led to dieback, which resulted in a reduced crop the following season. Ethephon concentrated berry ripening, significantly increased the number of red (mature) berries, and decreased the number of green (immature) berries. Rates of >500 mg/kg were effective in accelerating berry ripening, while 125 mg/kg had a limited effect. Maturity stage of the bean at time of application helped to determine the ethephon response; early application of ethephon had a more pronounced effect on berry ripening than late application. Ethephon applied early at rates of 1500 and 2000 mg/kg decreased fresh berry weight compared with all other treatments but parchment weight was unaffected. Selection of a suitable rate of ethephon from these data is difficult because berry ripening is offset by leaf drop. Variability of response was also observed.

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Stevens, R. M., G. Harvey, D. L. Partington, and B. G. Coombe. "Irrigation of grapevines with saline water at different growth stages. 1. Effects on soil, vegetative growth, and yield." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 3 (1999): 343. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a98077.

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Mature field-grown grapevines, Colombard on Ramsey rootstock, grown in a semi-arid climate were irrigated with saline water during any one of 4 growth stages within the season: pre-flowering, during berry development, during berry ripening, and post-harvest. At other times, plots were irrigated with river water (EC 0.5 dS/m) as was the control throughout the season. Saline water (EC 3.5 dS/m) with a high sodium absorption ratio was produced by addition of sodium chloride brine. Soil cation exchange capacity was 14 cmolc/kg, and at the end of the trial, the soil exchangeable sodium percentage in the control was 6%, in the treatment salinised pre-flowering 13%, during berry development 20%, during berry ripening 20%, and post-harvest 19%. Treatments were applied for 6 consecutive seasons. Vines were highly productive, with the average yield in the control equal to 62 t/ha of grapes. Saline irrigation caused significant, but small, declines in yield in 3 seasons, in pruning weights in 2 seasons, and in berry weights in 4 seasons. Effects on growth, once established, often persisted unchanged through one or more subsequent seasons of saline irrigation. The growth stage shown to be most sensitive to saline irrigation was berry development; saline irrigation during berry development reduced the yield by 7% and during berry ripening by 3%, and pre-flowering it reduced the berry weight by 1%, during berry development by 6%, and during berry ripening by 4%. The amounts of irrigation applied in each of the 4 growth stages were not equal, and hence, treatments did not receive equal additions of salt. Normalising data to remove this effect showed that the rate of yield decline per unit dS/m increase in the seasonal average salinity during berry development, 7%/dS.m, was 3-fold greater than the 2%/dS.m during berry ripening. We conclude that this scion/rootstock combination, grown under these conditions, can maintain high productivity despite ‘slugs’ of saline irrigation.

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Böttcher, Christine, Katie E. Harvey, Paul K. Boss, and Christopher Davies. "Ripening of grape berries can be advanced or delayed by reagents that either reduce or increase ethylene levels." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 6 (2013): 566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12347.

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Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berries are considered to be nonclimacteric fruit as they do not exhibit a large rise in ethylene production or respiration rate at the onset of ripening (veraison). However, ethylene may still play a role in berry development and in ripening in particular. (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (CEPA), an ethylene-releasing reagent, delayed ripening when applied early in berry development. In agreement with a role for ethylene in controlling the timing of ripening, the application of an inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), advanced ripening, as did abscisic acid, when applied during the preveraison period. Applications of CEPA nearer to the time of veraison enhanced berry colouration. Changes in the expression of ethylene biosynthesis and receptor genes were observed throughout berry development. Transcript levels of some of these genes were increased by CEPA and decreased by AVG, suggesting changes in ethylene synthesis and perception during the preveraison period that might contribute to the biphasic response to CEPA (ethylene). The significant delay of ripening in field-grown grapes through the application of CEPA also indicates that this may be useful in controlling the timing of veraison, and therefore harvest date, in warmer climates.

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Böttcher, Christine, Paul K. Boss, and Christopher Davies. "Delaying Riesling grape berry ripening with a synthetic auxin affects malic acid metabolism and sugar accumulation, and alters wine sensory characters." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 9 (2012): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12132.

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An improved understanding of the hormonal control of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry ripening and the ability to manipulate it are of interest scientifically and commercially. Grapes are nonclimacteric fruit with ethylene unlikely to have a principal role in berry ripening but there are several other hormones thought to be involved. In this work, a significant delay in Riesling berry ripening was achieved through preripening treatments with the synthetic auxin 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The initiation of sugar accumulation was delayed and the rate of sugar accumulation was lower in NAA-treated fruit, resulting in a 15-day delay in harvest. NAA treatments also reduced the rate of decline in malic acid levels that occurs during ripening, and increased the synchronicity of malic acid and berry sugar accumulation. Sensory panel assessment revealed a significant difference between wine made from control and NAA-treated fruit. Analysis of the volatile composition of the wines’ headspace showed that the concentration of several compounds was altered significantly by the NAA treatment. These data provide further support for the involvement of auxins in inhibiting ripening and suggest that auxin treatments may be useful in controlling both winery intake, and fruit and wine composition.

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ROBINSON, SIMON P., and CHRIS DAVIES. "Molecular biology of grape berry ripening." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 6, no. 2 (July 2000): 175–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2000.tb00177.x.

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Antalick, Guillaume, Katja Šuklje, John W. Blackman, Leigh M. Schmidtke, and Alain Deloire. "Performing sequential harvests based on berry sugar accumulation (mg/berry) to obtain specific wine sensory profiles." OENO One 55, no. 2 (April 21, 2021): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4527.

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This study aimed to investigate the possible existence of reproducible aromatic red wine styles, focusing on fresh fruit aromas and mature fruit aromas (i.e., with dark, jammy fruit characteristics) and taking into account both vintage and vineyard.The study was performed on Australian Shiraz and Cabernet‑Sauvignon from three different meso-climate areas and two consecutive vintages. Sequential harvests were carried out based on the plateau of the physiological indicator berry sugar accumulation (mg/berry) in order to obtain fresh fruit and mature fruit wine sensory profiles. There was a predictable aromatic sequence during grape ripening at each of these two distinct maturity stages regardless of grape genotype (variety) and environment (vineyard and vintage). The post-plateau period of berry sugar accumulation was found to be crucial for the evolution of wine aromatic profiles. During this period, wine aromatic and phenolic maturity were uncoupled from technological maturity (i.e., berry sugar concentration). Dimethyl sulfide was found to be the most relevant wine aromatic marker for differentiating the fresh fruit and mature fruit stages irrespective of the variety. Specific cultivar markers with potential sensory contribution were also identified; for example, (Z)‐3‐hexenol, a possible contributor to the aromatic freshness of Shiraz wines from the fresh fruit stage. The evolution of terpenoids appeared to be separate from the dynamics of berry ripening post plateau of fruit sugar accumulation. On the other hand, ester composition was significantly altered during the same ripening period in Shiraz and Cabernet‑Sauvignon wines with a marked grape genotype effect. The results showed that yeast metabolism was also affected by berry ripening evolution from the plateau of berry sugar accumulation onwards.

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He, Lei, Zhi-Yuan Ren, Yu Wang, Ya-Qun Fu, Yue Li, Nan Meng, and Qiu-Hong Pan. "Variation of Growth-to-Ripening Time Interval Induced by Abscisic Acid and Synthetic Auxin affecting Transcriptome and Flavor Compounds in Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Berry." Plants 9, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9050630.

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Abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin are important hormones controlling the ripening progression of grape berry, and both the initiation and duration of ripening can dramatically affect the berry quality. However, the responses of flavor compounds to the hormones are inadequately understood. In this study, ABA and synthetic auxin α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) were sprayed on Cabernet Sauvignon berries before véraison, and comparative transcriptomic and metabolic analysis were conducted to investigate the influence on berry quality-related metabolites. The 1000 mg/L ABA (ABA1000) and 200 mg/L NAA (NAA200) treated grapes exhibited shorter and longer phenological intervals compared to the control, respectively. The transcriptomic comparison between pre-véraison and véraison revealed that the varied ripening initiation and duration significantly affected the expression of genes related to specific metabolism, particularly in the biosynthetic metabolism of anthocyanin and volatile compounds. The up-regulated VviF3’H in both ABA1000-treated and NAA200-treated berries increased the proportion of 3′-substituted anthocyanins, and the 3′5′-substituted anthocyanins were largely reduced in the NAA200-treated berries. Concurrently, VviCCD4a and VviCCD4b were up-regulated, and the norisoprenoids were correspondingly elevated in the NAA200-treated berries. These data suggest that ABA and NAA applications may be useful in controlling the ripening and improving the flavor of the grape berry.

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Wang, Zhen-Guang, Li-Li Guo, Xiao-Ru Ji, Yi-He Yu, Guo-Hai Zhang, and Da-Long Guo. "Transcriptional Analysis of the Early Ripening of ‘Kyoho’ Grape in Response to the Treatment of Riboflavin." Genes 10, no. 7 (July 6, 2019): 514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070514.

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Previous study has demonstrated that the riboflavin treatment promoted the early ripening of the ‘Kyoho’ grape berry. However, the molecular mechanism causing this was unclear. In order to reveal the regulation mechanism of riboflavin treatment on grape berry development and ripening, the different berry developmental stages of the ‘Kyoho’ berry treated with 0.5 mmol/L of riboflavin was sampled for transcriptome profiling. RNA-seq revealed that 1526 and 430 genes were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, for the comparisons of the treatment to the control. TCseq analysis showed that the expression patterns of most of the genes were similar between the treatment and the control, except for some genes that were related to the chlorophyll metabolism, photosynthesis–antenna proteins, and photosynthesis, which were revealed by the enrichment analysis of Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). The differentially expressed genes and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) analysis identified some significantly differentially expressed genes and some hub genes, including up-regulation of the photosynthesis-related ELIP1 and growth and development-related GDSL; and down-regulation of the oxidative stress-related ATHSP22 and berry softening-related XTH32 and GH9B15. The results suggested that the riboflavin treatment resulted in the variations of the expression levels of these genes, and then led to the early ripening of the ‘Kyoho’ berry.

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Gupton, Creighton L. "BREEDING FOR RESISTANCE TO ROSETTE (DOUBLE BLOSSOM) DISEASE IN BLACKBERRY." HortScience 27, no. 11 (November 1992): 1178b—1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1178b.

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Crosses between `Humble' and five other blackberry cultivars were made to determine the efficacy of `Humble' as a source of resistance to rosette (incited by Cercosporella rubi). Seven cultivars and three selections were planted at a disease free location and at a location where rosette is known to occur to determine the effect of double blossom on yield, berry weight, and ripening date. `Cheyenne' X `Humble,' `Humble' X `Brazos,' and `Navaho' X (`Humble' X `Brazos') produced progenies with various levels of resistance. Promising selections were made from the latter two crosses. Genotype X location interaction was significant for yield and not significant for either Julian date of 50% ripe fruit or weight per berry. These results suggest that rosette reduces yield but has little if any effect on weight per berry or ripening date. `Shawnee' and `Choctaw' were the highest yielding cultivars under disease free conditions; however, their yields were low in the test where they were infected with rosette. `Brazos,' `Choctaw,' and `Rosborough' were the earliest ripening and `Navaho' was the latest ripening cultivar.

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Greer, Dennis H., and Chris Weston. "Heat stress affects flowering, berry growth, sugar accumulation and photosynthesis of Vitis vinifera cv. Semillon grapevines grown in a controlled environment." Functional Plant Biology 37, no. 3 (2010): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09209.

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High temperatures during the growing season characterise many grape growing regions in Australia and elsewhere in the world, and impact on many processes including growth and berry development. To quantify the impact of heat on the Vitis vinifera L. cv. Semillon, potted vines were grown in controlled environments and exposed to a temperature regime of 40/25°C at flowering, fruit set, veraison and mid-ripening stages. Vegetative and reproductive development was measured throughout and leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance tracked during heat exposures. Accumulation of soluble solids was determined during ripening. Leaf growth and stem extension were unaffected by heat whereas flowers completely abscised. Berries treated at fruit set developed normally and those treated at veraison and mid-ripening stopped expanding and sugar content stopped increasing. Photosynthesis was also affected on each occasion, with rates declining by 35% and taking 12 days to recover. Up to 10 mg carbon g (berry dry weight)–1 day–1 was required for ripening after veraison. For vines heat treated at veraison and mid-ripening, net carbon acquisition rates fell to below 4 mg carbon g (leaf dry weight)–1 day–1, which is inadequate to supply berry carbon requirements. This suggests that the impacts of heat on the ripening process can be traced back to the supply of carbon.

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Kuhn, Nathalie, Le Guan, Zhan Wu Dai, Ben-Hong Wu, Virginie Lauvergeat, Eric Gomès, Shao-Hua Li, Francisca Godoy, Patricio Arce-Johnson, and Serge Delrot. "Berry ripening: recently heard through the grapevine." Journal of Experimental Botany 65, no. 16 (August 2013): 4543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert395.

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Waters, Daniel L. E., Timothy A. Holton, Effie M. Ablett, L. Slade Lee, and Robert J. Henry. "The ripening wine grape berry skin transcriptome." Plant Science 171, no. 1 (July 2006): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2006.03.002.

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Padgett, Merilark, and Janice C. Morrison. "Changes in Grape Berry Exudates during Fruit Development and Their Effect on Mycelial Growth of Botrytis cinerea." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 115, no. 2 (March 1990): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.115.2.269.

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Grape berries (Vitis vinifera L., `Thompson Seedless') exuded a variety of compounds through the cuticle and epicuticular wax layer onto the berry surface. The composition of the exudate changed through the course of the growing season. Phenolic compounds and malic acid were in relatively high concentrations in grape berry exudates after bloom, but were low in exudates from mature fruit. The rate of decrease of phenols and malic acid was more rapid during the early stage of berry growth than during the ripening period. Sugar and potassium concentrations in the berry exudates were low at bloom, but increased rapidly in the later stages of ripening. Water extracts of berry exudates contained sugars, malic acid, potassium, and sodium. The water extracts promoted mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ethanol and ether extracts contained phenols and lipids. These fractions from fruit sampled in the first 3 weeks after bloom strongly inhibited mycelial growth. The inhibitory effect of these fractions decreased later in the season.

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Bigard, Antoine, Charles Romieu, Hernán Ojeda, and Laurent Jean-Marie Torregrosa. "The sugarless grape trait characterised by single berry phenotyping." OENO One 56, no. 3 (July 11, 2022): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2022.56.3.5495.

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In grape production, the selection of varieties well-adapted to climate fluctuations, especially warming, is based on achieving a balance between fruit sugars and acidity. In recent decades, temperature has been constantly rising during ripening causing excessive sugar concentrations and insufficient acidity in wine grapes in the warmest regions. There is thus an increasing interest in breeding new cultivars able to ripen at lower sugar concentration while preserving fruit acidity. However, the phenotyping of berry composition challenges both methodological and conceptual issues. Indeed, most authors predetermine either average harvest date, ripening duration, thermal time or even the hexoses concentration threshold itself to compare accessions at a hopefully similar ripe stage. In this study, we phenotyped the fruit development and composition of 6 genotypes, including 3 new disease-tolerant varieties known to produce wines with low alcoholic contents. The study was performed at single berry level from the end of the green growth stage to the end of phloem unloading, when water and solute contents reach a maximum per berry. The results confirm that sugarless genotypes achieve fruit ripening with 20-30 % less hexoses than the classical varieties, Grenache N and Merlot N, without impacting berry growth, total acidity or cation accumulation. The sugarless genotypes displayed a higher malic acid/tartaric acid balance than the other genotypes, but similar sucrose/H+ exchanges at the onset of ripening. Data suggest that the sugarless phenotype results from a specific plasticity in the relationship between growth and the turgor imposed by organic acid accumulation and sugar loading. This opens interesting perspectives for the understanding of the mechanism of grapevine berry growth and for breeding varieties that will cope better with climate warming.

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Zhang, Y., J. C. Perez, and M. Keller. "Grape berry transpiration: determinant factors, developmental changes, and influences on berry ripening." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1188 (November 2017): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1188.7.

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Robin, Jean-Pierre, Philippe Abbal, and Jean-Michel Salmon. "Firmness and grape berry maturation. Definition of different rheological parameters during the ripening." OENO One 31, no. 3 (September 30, 1997): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1997.31.3.1083.

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Mechanical properties of Shiraz and Gamay grape berries were studied in relation with their maturity state using the PenelaupTM rheometer. The analysis of the constrains registered during berry crushing with the flat tool of the device, up to the pellicular tearing, allowed the definition of different rheological parameters and the characterisation of mechanical behaviour of grape and its evolution with the degree of ripening. The analysis of the deformability curves shows, independently of the cultivar, that berry behaviour is not elastical except for some berries at the beginning and at the end of the ripening. This behaviour can be characterised by two indexes expressing the curvature sense of deformability curves, the curvature degree in a way reflecting the turgescence state of the grape. Berry firmness was also considered in two different ways: the initial firmness which represents the elasticity coefficient of the fruit at the beginning of the deformation, and the bursting firmness which can be considered as the pellicular elasticity coefficient. Others parameters, as the pellicular strength which can be expressed from the value of the displacement at berry bursting and the energy used for the deformation were also defined. The evolution of these different parameters during ripening confirms that berry softening at the véraison time depends on the cultivar and on environmental conditions as the vintage. The analysis of the evolutions also indicates that pellicular strength is maximum at this crucial period of berry development.

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Glissant, David, Fabienne Dédaldéchamp, and Serge Delrot. "Transcriptomic analysis of grape berry softening during ripening." OENO One 42, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2008.42.1.830.

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Aims: The aim of this paper was to use recent transcriptomic tools available for grape in order to understand berry softening.Methods and results: A microarray bearing specific 50 mer oligonucleotide for 3,200 genes was used to study gene expression along 8 stages of berry development in Chardonnay and Shiraz berries. Transcripts corresponding to aquaporin genes and to genes involved in cell wall metabolism were studied in detail and ranked according to their pattern of expression.Conclusion: Several structural and regulatory genes whose expression pattern correlated with the late phases of ripening were identified. Significance and impact of study: This study provides a preliminary molecular basis to identify molecular markers of berry ripening.

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Hendgen, Maximilian, Stefan Günther, Sven Schubert, and Otmar Löhnertz. "Ethephon Activates the Transcription of Senescence-Associated Genes and Nitrogen Mobilization in Grapevine Leaves (Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling)." Plants 10, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10020333.

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Nitrogen (N) remobilization in the context of leaf senescence is of considerable importance for the viability of perennial plants. In late-ripening crops, such as Vitis vinifera, it may also affect berry ripening and fruit quality. Numerous studies on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana have confirmed an involvement of the plant hormone ethylene in the regulation of senescence. However, ethylene research on grapevine was mostly focused on its involvement in berry ripening and stress tolerance until now. To investigate the effect of ethylene on the initiation, regulation, and progress of senescence-dependent N mobilization in grapevine leaves, we treated field-grown Vitis vinifera cv. Riesling vines with 25 mM ethephon at the end of berry ripening. Ethephon induced premature chlorophyll degradation and caused a shift of the leaf transcriptome equivalent to developmental leaf senescence. The upregulated metabolic processes covered the entire N remobilization process chain, altered the amino acid composition in the leaves, and resulted in an average 60% decrease in leaf N. Our findings increase the fundamental knowledge about the initiation and manipulation of leaf N remobilization in perennial woody plants by ethephon. This offers a methodological approach to the targeted induction of senescence and thus to an improvement in the N supply of grapes.

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Xie, Zhenqiang, Ziwen Su, Wenran Wang, Le Guan, Yunhe Bai, Xudong Zhu, Xicheng Wang, Haifeng Jia, Jinggui Fang, and Chen Wang. "Characterization of VvSPL18 and Its Expression in Response to Exogenous Hormones during Grape Berry Development and Ripening." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 159, no. 2 (2019): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000503912.

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The sequence and structure of grape SBP-box-like18 (VvSPL18) were identified and characterized to explore its regulatory roles during grape berry development and ripening. Homologous conservation across diverse plant species was observed, and its potential function and modulated roles in grapes were investigated. The results showed that VvSPL18 has an ORF sequence of 1,137 bp, encodes 378 amino acids, and is located on chromosome 14 of grapevine. VvSPL18 has the closest relationship with its homolog in soybeans. The promoter of VvSPL18 contains cis-elements responsive to gibberellins (GA) and salicylic acid (SA), indicating that this gene might respond to these hormones involved in the modulation of grape berry. VvSPL18 is mainly distributed in the nucleus. Expression profiles showed that VvSPL18 is highly expressed only at the veraison stage of the grape berry and is slightly expressed in other phases. RNA-seq data also revealed that VvSPL18 might participate in the modulation of grape berry development and ripening. Treatment with diverse hormones demonstrated that abscisic acid (ABA) had almost no effect on its expression, whereas naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) significantly upregulated its expression at the veraison stage. We also found that VvSPL18 has a GA-responsive cis-element but no NAA-responsive cis-element. GA could promote the expression of VvSPL18 with a peak at an earlier stage than NAA, suggesting that VvSPL18 responds faster to GA than to NAA. This result indicates that VvSPL18 might modulate berry development at this phase through an ABA-independent pathway, and it might directly respond to GA, but indirectly to NAA. Our findings provide insights into the functions of VvSPL18 in mediating grape berry development and ripening.

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Tiffon-Terrade, Benjamin, Thierry Simonneau, Amélia Caffarra, Romaine Boulord, Philippe Pechier, Nicolas Saurin, Charles Romieu, Damien Fumey, and Angélique Christophe. "Delayed grape ripening by intermittent shading to counter global warming depends on carry-over effects and water deficit conditions." OENO One 57, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2023.57.1.5521.

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Grapevine phenology is continuously advancing due to global warming, exposing berry ripening to increasingly drier and hotter episodes that can dramatically affect yield and berry quality. This study aimed to analyse whether intermittent shading produced by panels placed over the plants can delay berry ripening to counter the impact of global warning on phenology. A two-year outdoor trial repeated on two batches of young potted grapevine (cv. Syrah) was conducted in Montpellier (South of France). Shading was created in a row using 2 m-wide horizontal panels placed 2.4 m above the ground. A moderate water deficit was also applied at the start of veraison to half the plants in both full sun (without panels) and shaded conditions to mimic usual field conditions. Variables related to budburst, flowering, veraison and sugar at harvest were analysed in all treatments. Although intermittent shading did not significantly modify air temperature within the canopy when cumulated over the growing season, the panels substantially delayed veraison by up to more than 30 days under well-watered conditions. The most marked phenological shifts were noted in the second year of treatment between flowering and veraison when carbon demand sharply increased during berry formation, suggesting there was a carry-over effect likely due to limited carbon assimilation. This was accompanied by sharp decreases in berry diameter and sugar content per berry at harvest. Higher berry growth and sugar loading were maintained when shading was combined with water deficit. However, the trigger effect of water deficit on veraison almost halved the phenological delay caused by the panels. Overall, a cooler period for ripening could be achieved with panels over the vines but at the expense of berry size and sugar amount in berries. It can be concluded that shading intensity and duration should be adapted to evaporative and soil water conditions to benefit from the phenological delay caused by panels, without altering production in the long term.

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Boyarskikh, Irina G. "The effect of growing conditions and pollination mode on the Lonicera caerulea berry mass." BIO Web of Conferences 38 (2021): 00018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213800018.

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The berry mass of the blue honeysuckle plants of different environmental and geographical provenance was shown to be affected by the weather conditions at the time of the fruit setting and ripening. Pollination by defective pollen and by the pollen of closely-related species resulted in the decreased berry mass.

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Savoi, Stefania, Jose Carlos Herrera, Astrid Forneck, and Michaela Griesser. "Transcriptomics of the grape berry shrivel ripening disorder." Plant Molecular Biology 100, no. 3 (April 2, 2019): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11103-019-00859-1.

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Fernandes de Oliveira, Ana, Luca Mercenaro, Mario Azzena, and Giovanni Nieddu. "Effects of pre and post-veraison water deficit on Vermentino cluster microclimate and berry composition." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304015.

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The influence of light and thermal microclimate on berry quality of a Vermentino vineyard, managed with deficit irrigation strategies in north-western Sardinia, was analyzed. Two water deficit, pre- (ED) and post-veraison (LD), an irrigation (IC) and a non-irrigation (NC) control treatments were compared during berry development. Grapevine performances were evaluated by analyzing leaf gas exchange, source-sink balance, light and thermal microclimate effects on berry composition. Early and/or late deficit irrigation following a mild to moderate water stress threshold enabled high leaf physiological performances. Though with high stomatal conductance sensitivity to water deficit and anisohydric behavior, this variety exhibited high assimilation rate and quick recovery capacity after enduring moderate and severe water stress. All treatments achieved satisfactory sugar and acidic levels. Berry phenols were higher in LD due to lower canopy coverage and better light conditions compared to IC. Up to mid-ripening, cluster exposure to elevated temperatures negatively influenced phenolic accumulation, mostly in NC and to a lower extent in ED. In the last ripening weeks, total phenols was majorly influenced by light interception.

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Fasoli, Marianna, Chandra L. Richter, Sara Zenoni, Marco Sandri, Paola Zuccolotto, Silvia Dal Santo, Mario Pezzotti, Nick Dokoozlian, and Giovanni Battista Tornielli. "Towards the definition of a detailed transcriptomic map of berry development." BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191301001.

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The progress of the grapevine genomics and the development of high-throughput technologies for gene expression analysis stimulated the investigation of the physical, biochemical and physiological changes of grape berry growth and maturation at transcriptomic level. The molecular information generated in the last decade is however still fragmented since it relies upon detailed analysis of few stages and thus lacks continuity over grape development. To identify the molecular events associated with berry development at a higher temporal resolution and define a transcriptomic map, we performed RNA-seq analysis of berry samples collected every week from fruit-set to maturity in Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon for three consecutive years, resulting in 219 samples. Using the most variable portion of the transcriptome, we built a preliminary transcriptomic model of berry development based on the Cabernet Sauvignon samples. The Pinot noir samples were then aligned onto this preliminary ripening map to investigate its performance in describing the development of another grape variety. A further step for testing the model was the projection of RNA-seq samples of fruit development of five red-skin Italian cultivars. For all these surveys, the transcriptomic route allowed a precise definition of the progression of berry development during both formation and ripening phases.

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Bhutia, Pema O., Pushpa Kewlani, Aseesh Pandey, Sandeep Rawat, and Indra D. Bhatt. "Physico-chemical properties and nutritional composition of fruits of the wild Himalayan strawberry (Fragaria nubicola Lindle.) in different ripening stages." Journal of Berry Research 11, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 481–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-210742.

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BACKGROUND: Genus Fragaria (family - Rosaceae), popular edible berry fruits with delicious flavor and considerable health benefits has many wild relatives in the Himalayan region. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to characterize variability in morphology, physicochemical properties, phytochemicals, and antioxidant activity in wild Himalayan Strawberry, Fragaria nubicola along the ripening stages and among the genotypes. METHOD: Morphological and physicochemical properties, thiamine, carotenes, total phenolic content, phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays) were determined in four ripening stages of berry fruits. RESULTS: Morphological attributes (diameter, length, volume, and fresh weight of berries) have shown considerable variations among the genotypes and increased significantly (p < 0.05) with the ripening stages. The physicochemical properties such as juice content, pH and moisture content also increased with the ripening, however, the pomace content decreased with the ripening. Anthocyanin content increased significantly (p < 0.05) with ripening and reached at maximum level after full ripening. A successive decrease in free and bounded total phenolic, flavonoid, and flavonol contents was observed with the ripening except in total tannin content. However, a reverse trend of these phenolics was observed in juice along with the ripening. The antioxidant activity measured by three in vitro assays increased with the ripening. Phenolics were extracted higher in the acidified methanolic solvent (extracted free and bounded phenolics) as compared to methanolic solvent (extracted free phenolics). Phenolic compounds quantified by RP-HPLC analysis were extracted higher in acidified methanol as compared to methanol, except chlorogenic acid content. CONCLUSION: The results showed quantitative changes in free and bounded phenolics and morphological and functional traits along with the ripening. Also, this important genetic resource exhibited potential utility in the breeding of strawberry improvement programs and as an alternative resource of rich phytonutrients and antioxidants as a functional food.

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Gambino, Giorgio, Paolo Boccacci, Chiara Pagliarani, Irene Perrone, Danila Cuozzo, Franco Mannini, and Ivana Gribaudo. "Secondary Metabolism and Defense Responses Are Differently Regulated in Two Grapevine Cultivars during Ripening." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 3045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063045.

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Vitis vinifera ‘Nebbiolo’ is one of the most important wine grape cultivars used to produce prestigious high-quality wines known throughout the world, such as Barolo and Barbaresco. ‘Nebbiolo’ is a distinctive genotype characterized by medium/high vigor, long vegetative and ripening cycles, and limited berry skin color rich in 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins. To investigate the molecular basis of these characteristics, ‘Nebbiolo’ berries collected at three different stages of ripening (berry pea size, véraison, and harvest) were compared with V. vinifera ‘Barbera’ berries, which are rich in 3′,5′-hydroxylated anthocyanins, using transcriptomic and analytical approaches. In two consecutive seasons, the two genotypes confirmed their characteristic anthocyanin profiles associated with a different modulation of their transcriptomes during ripening. Secondary metabolism and response to stress were the functional categories that most differentially changed between ‘Nebbiolo’ and ‘Barbera’. The profile rich in 3′-hydroxylated anthocyanins of ‘Nebbiolo’ was likely linked to a transcriptional downregulation of key genes of anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, at berry pea size, the defense metabolism was more active in ‘Nebbiolo’ than ‘Barbera’ in absence of biotic attacks. Accordingly, several pathogenesis-related proteins, WRKY transcription factors, and stilbene synthase genes were overexpressed in ‘Nebbiolo’, suggesting an interesting specific regulation of defense pathways in this genotype that deserves to be further explored.

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Genovese, Alessandro, Boris Basile, Simona Antonella Lamorte, Maria Tiziana Lisanti, Giandomenico Corrado, Lucia Lecce, Daniela Strollo, Luigi Moio, and Angelita Gambuti. "Influence of Berry Ripening Stages over Phenolics and Volatile Compounds in Aged Aglianico Wine." Horticulturae 7, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7070184.

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The harvest time of grapes is a major determinant of berry composition and of the wine quality, and it is usually established through empirical testing of main biochemical parameters of the berry. In this work, we studied how the ripening stage of Aglianico grapes modulates key secondary metabolites of wines, phenolics and volatile compounds. Specifically, we analyzed and compared four berry ripening stages corresponding to total soluble solids of 18, 20, 22, and 25 °Brix and related aged wines. Wine color intensity, anthocyanins level and total trans-resveratrol (free + glycosidic form) increased with grape maturity degree. Wines obtained from late-harvested grapes significantly differed from the others for a higher content of aliphatic alcohols, esters, acetates, α-terpineol and benzyl alcohol. The content of glycosidic terpene compounds, such as nerol, geraniol and α-terpineol, was higher in wines obtained with grapes harvested at 25 °Brix compared to the earlier harvests. Our work indicated that the maturity of the grape is a determining factor in phenolic and volatile compounds of red Aglianico wines. Moreover, extending grape ripening to a sugar concentration higher than 22 °Brix improves the biochemical profile of aged wine in terms of aroma compounds and of phytochemicals with known health-related benefits.

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Hanana, M., O. Cagnac, T. Yamaguchi, S. Hamdi, A. Ghorbel, and E. Blumwald. "A Grape Berry (Vitis vinifera L.) Cation/Proton Antiporter is Associated with Berry Ripening." Plant and Cell Physiology 48, no. 6 (April 22, 2007): 804–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcm048.

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Li, Wenxin, Chang He, Hongli Wei, Jiakang Qian, Jiannan Xie, Zhiqian Li, Xianbo Zheng, et al. "VvPL11 Is a Key Member of the Pectin Lyase Gene Family Involved in Grape Softening." Horticulturae 9, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9020182.

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Fruit ripening includes several metabolic changes that lead to sweeter and softer fruit. Pectin depolymerization is one of major factors that softens developing grape berries. Pectin lyases (PLs) play important roles in pectin degradation in the grape berry. However, little is known about the temporal and spatial expression of grapevine (Vitis spp.) pectin lyase genes (VvPLs) or their function during fruit ripening and softening. In this study, 18 individual VvPL genes were identified in the grape genome. All VvPL genes were sorted into group I and group II, except VvPL12 which demonstrated higher and similar expression trends in different tissues and organs. In grape berry, VvPL1, 5, 7, 11 and 16 were highly expressed, whereas VvPL18, 15, 2, 13, 10, 14, 17, 6 and 8 showed lower expression levels at different berry developmental stages. Expression of VvPL11 firstly increased and then decreased, and the highest expression was shown at 6 weeks after full bloom (WAFB) during berry development. Over-expression of the VvPL11 gene in tomato caused higher ethylene production and lower firmness compared to wild-type fruit. Moreover, decreased propectin and increased water-soluble pectin (WSP) levels were observed in VvPL11 transgenic tomato fruit. Consistent with this result, the expression levels of SlPG2, SlEXP, and SlPME1, all of which are genes involved in fruit softening, were up-regulated in VvPL11-OE tomato fruit, which supported the idea that VvPL11 plays an important role in fruit ripening and softening. This study provided a comprehensive analysis of the grapevine PL family and advanced our knowledge of the functions of VvPLs during fruit softening.

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Feifel, Sandra, Jan-Peter Hensen, Ingrid Weilack, Fabian Weber, Pascal Wegmann-Herr, and Dominik Durner. "Impact of climate change on grape cluster structure, grape constituents, and processability." BIO Web of Conferences 56 (2023): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20235601016.

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Over the last 20 years in the Pfalz region of Germany, GDD were highest in the vintages 2018-2020. To visualize the effect of climate change for the Pfalz region of Germany, the development of TSS and TAwere documented during Pinot noir grape ripening for the vintages 1998-2021. It was observed that climate change causes sooner and accelerated ripening, however, sooner or accelerated ripening were not connected with each other. The presented study investigated the impact of vintages on berry physiology development, ripening heterogeneity in grape clusters, changes in grape constituent concentrations and their extractability with progressing grape maturity. Pinot noir and Cabernet Sauvignon, both cultivated in the Pfalz region, were compared during three consecutive vintages. Different maturities were considered in the range of 17-25 Brix and berry size distribution was documented. The changes in grape constituent concentrations and their extractability with progressing grape maturity were analyzed using HPLC-DAD/FD, LC-QToF-MS and protein precipitation assay. It was revealed that tannin extractability differs for grape varieties and vintages and progressing maturity seemed to have only a small influence on the extractability of anthocyanins.

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Lyrene, P. M. "Pollen Source Influences Fruiting of ‘Sharpblue’ Blueberry." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 114, no. 6 (November 1989): 995–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.114.6.995.

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Abstract The effects of cross-pollination, self-pollination, and mixed (self plus cross) pollination of ‘Sharpblue’ blueberry (primarily V. corymbosum) were studied. The pollen for cross-pollination came from V. corymbosum clones ‘O’Neal’ and ‘FL 2-1’. Self-pollination resulted in 37% fruit set, compared to 74% to 91% set for the other pollination treatments. The number of well-developed seeds per matured berry averaged 3.5 for self-pollination, 13.0 for mixed pollination, and 24.4 for cross-pollination. The number of days from pollination to ripe fruit was highly and negatively correlated with berry seed number, regardless of the pollen source. Mixed pollinations delayed ripening an average of 7 days compared to cross-pollination, and self-pollination delayed ripening by an additional 13 days over mixed pollination.

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Bernardo, Sara, Lia-Tânia Dinis, Nelson Machado, Ana Barros, Marta Pitarch-Bielsa, Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas, and José Moutinho-Pereira. "Kaolin impacts on hormonal balance, polyphenolic composition and oenological parameters in red grapevine berries during ripening." Journal of Berry Research 11, no. 3 (August 27, 2021): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jbr-210737.

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BACKGROUND: Kaolin particle-film application is a well-known strategy to avoid fruit damage. However, its putative role in balancing berry ripening under a changing climate remains poorly explored. OBJECTIVE: We assessed kaolin treatment effect on several ripening berry components, hormonal balance and oenological parameters of the field-grown Touriga-Franca (TF) and Touriga–Nacional (TN) grapevine varieties at veraison (EL35) and ripening (EL38) during two growing seasons (2017 and 2018). RESULTS: Under the adverse summer conditions (two heatwave events) of 2017, kaolin application increased 211.2 %and 51.4 %the salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in TF berries at EL38, while no significant differences were observed in TN. Conversely, TF, and TN kaolin treated berries showed lower SA and ABA accumulation in 2018, respectively. Tartaric acid content increased about 17.2 %, and 24.2 %in TF and TN treated berries at stage EL35 in the 2017 growing season. Though kaolin treatment had no consistent effect on anthocyanins accumulation, flavonoids, ortho-diphenols and tannins increased in kaolin treated grapevines in 2017. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the key role of climate in triggering ripening related processes and fruit quality potential. Nevertheless, kaolin treated grapevines displayed an improved response to oxidative stress signals by increasing secondary metabolites accumulation in warm vintages. Kaolin application promoted different varietal responses, with a possible ripening delaying effect in TF, reinforcing its efficiency in alleviating severe summer stress impacts.

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NeSmith, D. Scott. "Response of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) to the Growth Regulators CPPU and Gibberellic Acid." HortScience 37, no. 4 (July 2002): 666–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.37.4.666.

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Experiments were conducted during 1999 and 2000 at Griffin, Ga., with rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) to determine how the growth regulator CPPU affected fruit set, berry size, and yield. CPPU (applied at two different timings) was used alone, and in conjunction with GA3 on mature, field-grown `Tifblue' plants. A control treatment without either growth regulator was also included. The CPPU concentration used was 10 mg·L-1 (a single application per treatment), and the GA3 concentration used was 200 mg·L-1 (two applications per treatment). Results from both years showed a positive benefit of CPPU with respect to fruit set and berry size, especially in the absence of GA3. Depending on timing, berry number per plant was increased by more than 200% in 1999 using CPPU. Berry size increases of more than 30% occurred in 2000 when CPPU alone was applied at 17 d after flowering (DAF). CPPU did not increase berry size of GA3-treated plants in either year. Total yield per plant during 2000 was 5.0, 7.1, and 8.3 kg for control, CPPU applied 7 DAF, and CPPU applied 17 DAF treatments, respectively, without GA3. While CPPU did substantially increase fruit set, berry size, and yield of `Tifblue', there was a notable delay in fruit ripening. These results suggest that CPPU may be useful for increasing yield of rabbiteye blueberries under conditions of inadequate fruit set (such as occurs in much of the Southeast), but a delay in ripening will likely result. Chemical names used: N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N′-phenylurea (CPPU); gibberellic acid (GA3).

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Fortes, Ana, Rita Teixeira, and Patricia Agudelo-Romero. "Complex Interplay of Hormonal Signals during Grape Berry Ripening." Molecules 20, no. 5 (May 21, 2015): 9326–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules20059326.

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Guido, V., L. Mercenaro, G. Nieddu, A. Sassu, and F. Gambella. "Proximal sensing to assess berry ripening in Mediterranean viticulture." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1314 (June 2021): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2021.1314.53.

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Fasoli, M., C. L. Richter, S. Zenoni, E. Bertini, N. Vitulo, S. Dal Santo, N. Dokoozlian, M. Pezzotti, and G. B. Tornielli. "Unraveling the key molecular events of grape berry ripening." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1248 (August 2019): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2019.1248.35.

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COOMBE, B. G., and M. G. McCARTHY. "Dynamics of grape berry growth and physiology of ripening." Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 6, no. 2 (July 2000): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0238.2000.tb00171.x.

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Guillaumie, Sabine, Romain Fouquet, Christian Kappel, Céline Camps, Nancy Terrier, Dominique Moncomble, Jake D. Dunlevy, Christopher Davies, Paul K. Boss, and Serge Delrot. "Transcriptional analysis of late ripening stages of grapevine berry." BMC Plant Biology 11, no. 1 (2011): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-11-165.

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McGraw, James B., Mary Ann Furedi, Kane Maiers, Chip Carroll, Gary Kauffman, Anne Lubbers, Jo Wolf, et al. "Berry Ripening and Harvest Season in Wild American Ginseng." Northeastern Naturalist 12, no. 2 (June 2005): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1656/1092-6194(2005)012[0141:brahsi]2.0.co;2.

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Coombe, B. G. "Research on Development and Ripening of the Grape Berry." American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 43, no. 1 (1992): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.1992.43.1.101.

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41

Sedov, Evgeniy Nikolaevich, Nina Glebovna Krasova, and Evgeniy Alekseevich Dolmatov. "Brief Results of pear breeding at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 10 (November 17, 2021): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i10pp53-55.

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Pear breeding has been carried out at the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (previously, Orel Fruit-Berry Experimental Station) since 1949. As a result of large-scale breeding work during this period, 3 pear cultivars with summer fruit ripening – Orlovskaya Krasavitsa, Orlovskaya Letnya and Pamyatnaya, 4 cultivars with autumn fruit ripening-Yeseninskaya, Muratovskaya, Pamyat Parshina, Tyutchevskaya and Lira with winter fruit ripening were created and included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements. The article gives brief economic and biological characteristics of 8 new pear cultivars.

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Wang, Yu, Wei-Kai Chen, Xiao-Tong Gao, Lei He, Xiao-Hui Yang, Fei He, Chang-Qing Duan, and Jun Wang. "Rootstock-Mediated Effects on Cabernet Sauvignon Performance: Vine Growth, Berry Ripening, Flavonoids, and Aromatic Profiles." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20020401.

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Rootstocks are widely used in viticulture due to their resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. Additionally, rootstocks can affect vine growth and berry quality. This study evaluated the effects of eight rootstocks (101-14, 110R, 5A, 5BB, Ganzin 1, Harmony, Riparia Gloire, and SO4) on the vine growth, berry ripening, and flavonoids and aromatic profiles of Cabernet Sauvignon in two consecutive seasons (2015–2016). With few exceptions, minor differences were observed among grafted and own-rooted vines. Own-rooted vines produced the least pruning weight but the highest yield. 101-14, 5BB, and SO4 slightly reduced total soluble solids, but increased acidity, showing tendencies for retarding maturation. Ganzin 1 inhibited the accumulation of flavan-3-ols in berry skins. Furthermore, concentrations and proportions of epicatechin-3-O-galate were decreased by rootstocks, except for 110R. 5A, Harmony, and Riparia Gloire enhanced flavonol concentrations. SO4 slightly decreased most of the individual anthocyanin concentrations. With respect to volatile compounds, 110R, Riparia Gloire, and SO4 induced reductions in concentrations of total esters, whilst 101-14, Ganzin 1, 110R, and 5BB led to increases in the concentrations of C13-norisoprenoids. Therefore, with respect to the negative effects of SO4 on berry ripening and the accumulation of anthocyanin and volatile esters, SO4 is not recommended in practice.

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Choi, Kyeong-Ok, Dongjun Im, Seo Jun Park, Dong Hoon Lee, Su Jin Kim, and Youn Young Hur. "Effects of Berry Thinning on the Physicochemical, Aromatic, and Sensory Properties of Shine Muscat Grapes." Horticulturae 7, no. 11 (November 11, 2021): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7110487.

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The effects of the level of berry thinning (30% and 50% berry removal) on the quality and sensory properties of Shine Muscat grapes were investigated. As berry thinning increased, the total soluble solids content increased and titratable acidity decreased. Berry thinning increased berry size and cluster weight but caused no change in individual berry weight. Phenolic concentrations as measured by total phenolic, proanthocyanidin, and polymeric tannin concentrations tended to increase with an increase in berry thinning. Gas chromatographic analysis indicated that C6-compounds were the significant constituents of volatile alcohols and aldehydes; linalool was the most abundant monoterpene. Odor activity analysis indicated that (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-hexenal, 1-hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-β-damascenone, linalool, and (E)-linalool oxide were active odorants. Berry thinning increased the accumulation of linalool contributing to high sensory flavor scores in thinned berries. Furthermore, its oxidized derivative-linalool oxide-contributed to enhancing the Muscat flavor. In conclusion, berry thinning induced compositional changes in Shine Muscat grape berries by accelerating the ripening rate, contribution to improved sensory properties.

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Liu, Aoyi, Jingjing Wang, Xuechen Yao, Nongyu Xia, Qi Sun, Changqing Duan, and Qiuhong Pan. "Dissecting Seed Proanthocyandin Composition and Accumulation under Different Berry Ripening Process in Wine Grapes." Horticulturae 9, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9010061.

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Grape berry proanthocyandin (PA) mainly exists in the skin and seeds. Its content and composition determine the intensity of bitterness and astringency. Affected by global warming, the world’s wine-producing regions, in particular in dry-hot regions such as western China, are facing the problem of unsynchronized berry ripening and seed ripening. Therefore, it is urgent to understand the influence of berry ripening progression on the composition and accumulation of seed PA, ultimately providing strategies for grape harvest decisions. In this paper, Vitis vinfera L. cv. Cabernet sauvignon and Marselan grapes from four sub-regions with different maturation processes were used as experimental materials to study the changes of soluble and insoluble PA contents as well as differences in their composition and mean degree of polymers (mDP) in seeds. The results showed that compared with ‘Cabernet sauvignon’ seeds, the mDP of soluble and insoluble PA were higher in ‘Marselan’ seeds. Both varieties showed that the grape berry, with the fastest sugar accumulation, had relatively high soluble PA content in seeds and a high content of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (-)-epicatechin in the seed PA composition units. In contrast, the ‘Cabernet sauvignon’ grapes from the YQ vineyard exhibited the slowest sugar accumulation speed among the four studied vineyards, and their seed PA had the highest mDP and the lowest proportion of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in the composition units when commercially harvested. According to the results, it is suggested that a faster maturation process would bring about higher levels of bitterness composition, such as (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate in seed PA, which is not conducive to the formation of good-tasting tannins.

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Zhang, Zhan, Luming Zou, Chong Ren, Fengrui Ren, Yi Wang, Peige Fan, Shaohua Li, and Zhenchang Liang. "VvSWEET10 Mediates Sugar Accumulation in Grapes." Genes 10, no. 4 (March 28, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10040255.

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Sugar accumulation is a critical event during grape berry ripening that determines the grape market values. Berry cells are highly dependent on sugar transporters to mediate cross-membrane transport. However, the role of sugar transporters in improving sugar accumulation in berries is not well established in grapes. Herein we report that a Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporter (SWEET), that is, VvSWEET10, was strongly expressed at the onset of ripening (véraison) and can improve grape sugar content. VvSWEET10 encodes a plasma membrane-localized transporter, and the heterologous expression of VvSWEET10 indicates that VvSWEET10 is a hexose-affinity transporter and has a broad spectrum of sugar transport functions. VvSWEET10 overexpression in grapevine calli and tomatoes increased the glucose, fructose, and total sugar levels significantly. The RNA sequencing results of grapevine transgenic calli showed that many sugar transporter genes and invertase genes were upregulated and suggest that VvSWEET10 may mediate sugar accumulation. These findings elucidated the role of VvSWEET10 in sugar accumulation and will be beneficial for the improvement of grape berry quality in the future.

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Garrot, D. J., M. W. Kilby, and R. D. Gibson. "THE RESPONSE OF TABLE GRAPE GROWTH AND RIPENING TO WATER STRESS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1093b—1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1093b.

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Arizona is currently experiencing an explosion in the commercial cultivation and production of table grapes. Decreasing water supplies, increasing water cost, and recent groundwater legislation are forcing Arizona growers to be more water efficient if they are to remain competitive with other markets. Research was conducted to determine the effect of water stress on vine growth and berry ripening. “Flame Seedless” table grapes (4th leaf) were subjected to increasing water stress levels based upon infrared canopy temperatures and the crop water stress index (CWSI). A lower water stress level (CWSI = 0.18 units at irrigation) promoted earlier berry sizing, increased berry weight, and increased cluster weight over drier treatments. Significantly higher growth (P= 0.01), based on pruning weights, also was attained at the lower water stress level. However, highest production (grade 1 and 2 packed boxes) was attained when irrigations were scheduled at 0.30 CWSI units. Total applied water to maintain the wet, medium, and dry treatments was 1136 mm (CWSI = 0.18), 775 mm (CWSI = 0.30), and 669 mm (CWSI = 0.33), respectively.

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Deytieux-Belleau, Christelle, Séverine Gagne, Annie L'Hyvernay, Bernard Donèche, and Laurence Geny. "Possible roles of both abscisic acid and indol-acetic acid in controlling grape berry ripening process." OENO One 41, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2007.41.3.844.

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Aims: The objective was to better understand the mechanisms involved in grape ripening that brings about important changes in the physiology and chemistry of the fruit. So we focused on the involvement of two growth regulators: abscisic acid (ABA) and indol-acetic acid (IAA) in controlling grape berry ripening process.Methods and results: We described the evolution of the two plant growth regulators during the development of cv. Merlot grapes (Vitis vinifera L.). In order to better understand the role of ABA and IAA in the ripening control, these two growth regulators were applied on the grapes at the onset of veraison. The hormonal profile was established on treated berries and different physiological parameters were assayed to evaluate the effects of both applications. The partitioning of both plant growth regulators in nontreated berries showed that ABA and IAA accumulated at the onset of ripening. Moreover, it appeared that endogenous ABA decreased progressively in the flesh while accumulated in the skin from the beginning of the colour change to maturity. The hormonal treatments modified the hormonal profile and several physiological parameters: sugar, acidity, colour, and Botrytis sensibility.Conclusion: These findings suggest that both treatments have modified the ripening process. Exogenous ABA has induced advancement in grape ripening, while IAA application has delayed this process. These observations support the view that the grape ripening process may be influenced by the hormonal status.Significance and impact of study: This study gives new information about the ripening control of the non-climacteric fruits. In grape berries, it provides evidence of a possible co-involvement of ABA and IAA in controlling ripening process.

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Shahood, Rezk, Laurent Torregrosa, Stefania Savoi, and Charles Romieu. "First quantitative assessment of growth, sugar accumulation and malate breakdown in a single ripening berry." OENO One 54, no. 4 (November 20, 2020): 1077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.3787.

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Background: Most approaches to grape physiology accept that the berry and the future harvest should display identical developmental features, which obviously requires synchronised fruits.Aims: Rejecting this assumption compels to revisit the kinetic and metabolic bases of berry ripening.Methods and Results: Two to three thousand berries were individually analysed for sugar, malate and weight. The huge heterogeneity in sugar and malic acid concentrations among fruits was mostly explained by time lags in the onset of sugar storage, which proved nearly as long as the second growth phase. Individual berries from different cultivars displayed similar kinetics following the normalisation of their maximal volume. Phloem sucrose unloading started at its maximum speed at softening, but growth resumed one week later. Four hexoses accumulated per malic acid, which was oxidised during the first two weeks of ripening, and then malate breakdown stopped without affecting sugar accumulation. Sugar and water accumulation were simultaneously arrested four weeks after softening, at 0.9 M hexose, at which point sugar concentration continued through water losses.Conclusions: The accepted sequential random sampling methods representative of average fruit and future wine compositions have led to a scrambled vision of grape developmental biology, presenting serious kinetic and composition biases. Single berry composition provides first quantitative evidence for the induction of a dominant H+/sucrose exchange on the tonoplast, which is first electro-neutralised by malate breakdown, then by ATP demanding H+ recirculation, in line with functional and molecular studies.Significance of the Study: The kinetics of single berry ripening are presented for the first time. A more reliable and reproducible model of berry growth, sugar import and malate breakdown is shown here, which have definitively been improved from a quantitative point of view. It illustrates that the temporal structure of a berry population may largely contribute to future wine quality, in addition to metabolic plasticity, thereby providing another target for the impact of GxE interaction. In this respect, addressing the structure of berry cohorts may provide a new approach regarding the developmental biology/terroir nexus.

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Cugnetto, Alberto, and Giorgio Masoero. "Colored Anti-Hail Nets Modify the Ripening Parameters of Nebbiolo and a Smart NIRS can Predict the Polyphenol Features." Journal of Agronomy Research 4, no. 1 (September 30, 2021): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2639-3166.jar-21-3955.

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In the cultivation of vines the risk of hail appears to be increasing with the ongoing climate change. The use of protective plastic nets is spreading, but there is little knowledge on the additional processing costs and on the phenological and qualitative consequences, moreover, as depending on different colors of the nets. Thus, a randomized trial was carried out in Nebbiolo, a wine of great aging, testing three plastic anti-hail nets colored in green, gray and black. Results showed that 24% more-time was necessary for the canopy management practices under the nets. The black nets advanced the ripening process, with a berry weight decrease of about 13%. A significant decrease in the seed number per berry was observed under the black nets (-45%), while a rise (+102%) was observed under the green and gray nets with a parallel increase in the pH of the juice (+13%) and in malic acid (+28%) under the green nets. The berry skin did not show any significant differences in polyphenol and anthocyanin profiles, while the plants that matured in the upper part of the vineyard showed higher level in the berry skin extractable flavan-reactive to vanillin, and total polyphenol. On the other hand, in the seeds grown under green nets an increase in the extractable polyphenol compounds was observed, sign of a delay in seed ripening, with a higher tannin polymerization ratio, preserving the malic acid, and decreasing the acidity of the berry. In conclusion, the use of colored green may be a useful tool against excessive microclimatic warming and / or irradiation. The field internal variability affects much more the ripening dynamics than the nets used. A second aim was to develop a smart NIR SCiOTM model for polyphenols and the results were in line with the favorable expectations, providing R2 predictions of about 0.74 from the skin and 0.81 from the seeds.

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Park, Seong-Eun, Seung-Ho Seo, Eun-Ju Kim, Dae-Hun Park, Kyung-Mok Park, Seung-Sik Cho, and Hong-Seok Son. "Metabolomic Approach for Discrimination of Cultivation Age and Ripening Stage in Ginseng Berry Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry." Molecules 24, no. 21 (October 24, 2019): 3837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24213837.

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The purpose of this study was to analyze metabolic differences of ginseng berries according to cultivation age and ripening stage using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics method. Ginseng berries were harvested every week during five different ripening stages of three-year-old and four-year-old ginseng. Using identified metabolites, a random forest machine learning approach was applied to obtain predictive models for the classification of cultivation age or ripening stage. Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot showed a clear separation by ripening stage, indicating that continuous metabolic changes occurred until the fifth ripening stage. Three-year-old ginseng berries had higher levels of valine, glutamic acid, and tryptophan, but lower levels of lactic acid and galactose than four-year-old ginseng berries at fully ripened stage. Metabolic pathways affected by different cultivation age were involved in amino acid metabolism pathways. A random forest machine learning approach extracted some important metabolites for predicting cultivation age or ripening stage with low error rate. This study demonstrates that different cultivation ages or ripening stages of ginseng berry can be successfully discriminated using a GC-MS-based metabolomic approach together with random forest analysis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Berry ripening'

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