Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bereavement Social aspects

Academic literature on the topic 'Bereavement Social aspects'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bereavement Social aspects"

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Field, David, and Sheila Payne. "Social aspects of bereavement." Cancer Nursing Practice 2, no. 8 (October 2003): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp2003.10.2.8.21.c7555.

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Kelly, Brian, Beverley Raphael, Dixie Statham, Michael Ross, Heather Eastwood, Susan McLean, Bill O'Loughlin, and Kim Brittain. "A Comparison of the Psychosocial Aspects of AIDS and Cancer-Related Bereavement." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 26, no. 1 (March 1996): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/puwy-n3al-kk3t-b89l.

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Objective: This study compares the psychological symptoms and bereavement distress of individuals bereaved by AIDS with a group bereaved by a cancer death, and addresses the question of whether an AIDS death is associated with a higher rate of adverse psychosocial factors that may increase risk of psychological morbidity in the bereaved individuals. Method: AIDS ( n = 28) and cancer ( n = 30) bereaved individuals (all within 3 months of the bereavement) completed measures of psychological morbidity and measures addressing a range of other adverse factors, e.g., number of losses, levels of social support and stigma. Results: The cancer and AIDS bereaved were essentially similar on all psychological symptom measures. The AIDS group reported lower levels of social support in response to the bereavement than cancer bereaved individuals; a greater number of bereavements, were more likely to conceal the cause of death from significant others including their own family and perceived, in some instances, a greater level of rejection from others. The AIDS group reported higher levels of social support from friends than from family. Conclusions: At three months following bereavement, AIDS and cancer bereaved were similar in levels of distress. While this may change with the progress of grief over time, it suggests essentially similar early bereavement responses. Those bereaved by AIDS reported a range of other adverse factors such as a greater number of losses, lower social support, stigma, and less open disclosure of the cause of death.
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Frantz, Thomas T., Barbara C. Trolley, and Michael P. Johll. "Religious aspects of bereavement." Pastoral Psychology 44, no. 3 (January 1996): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02251401.

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Castle, Jason, and William L. Phillips. "Grief Rituals: Aspects That Facilitate Adjustment to Bereavement." Journal of Loss and Trauma 8, no. 1 (January 2003): 41–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15325020305876.

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McKiernan, Fionnuala, John Spreadbury, Tony Carr, and Glenn Waller. "Psychological Aspects of Bereavement in Adults: Preliminary Development of the Bereavement Experiences Index." Journal of Social Work in End-Of-Life & Palliative Care 9, no. 1 (January 2013): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15524256.2012.758603.

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Marshall, Ronald, and Patsy Sutherland. "The Social Relations of Bereavement in the Caribbean." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 57, no. 1 (August 2008): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.57.1.b.

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The objectives of this article are to discuss the various types of behaviors associated with grief and bereavement, and to examine the relationships, consequences, and outcomes of bereavement practices among the various religious and ethnic groups in the English-speaking Caribbean Islands of Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, and Barbados. The rituals associated with death and grief differs across cultures and is greatly influenced by religious beliefs and traditions. How these rituals are played out depend on the culture of origin and level of acculturation of the various groups into mainstream society. In the Caribbean region, expressions of grief represent religious and cultural traditions that may have a significant impact on social relations, particularly in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. In the English-speaking Caribbean Islands of Jamaica, Trinidad, Grenada, and Barbados, mourning follows the patterns of traditional religious practices which have remained consistent over time. While families and friends may offer social support before and after burial or cremation, the social aspects of bereavement may also have implications for inter-group relations. Insights into bereavement practices and what it holds for ethnic and religious groups in contemporary Caribbean are presented.
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Calhoun, Lawrence G., and Richard G. Tedeschi. "Positive Aspects of Critical Life Problems: Recollections of Grief." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 20, no. 4 (June 1990): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/qdy6-6pqc-kqwv-5u7k.

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Fifty-two adults were interviewed about their bereavement, with specific focus on the ways in which the experience led to positive psychological changes in their lives. Most respondents described themselves as stronger or more competent in several ways, for example, being more mature, more independent, and better able to face other crises. A large number also reported that bereavement had led to positive experiences with their social support systems. These results are discussed in terms of their generalizability to other life crises and populations, and the degree to which they represent accurate insight and psychological health.
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Boerner, Kathrin, Richard Schulz, and Amy Horowitz. "Positive Aspects of Caregiving and Adaptation to Bereavement." Psychology and Aging 19, no. 4 (December 2004): 668–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.19.4.668.

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Roberts, Amanda, and Sinead McGilloway. "Methodological and ethical aspects of evaluation research in bereavement." Bereavement Care 30, no. 1 (April 2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02682621.2011.555243.

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Riches, Gordon. "Seventh Annual Symposium on Social Aspects of Death, Dying and Bereavement." Mortality 3, no. 2 (January 1998): 200–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713685905.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bereavement Social aspects"

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Kellas, Marlen Joyce, and Lynette Christine Wheeler. "Bereavement support groups for elementary school-aged children: The impact on grief related problematic behaviors." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1997. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1538.

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Wilhite, Thomas R. (Thomas Ray). "Interpersonal Reactions to Bereaved Parents: An Exploration of Attachment and Interpersonal Theories." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331156/.

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The experiment examined negative social reactions to bereaved parents from unrelated others. Both the behavior displayed by the parent and attachment style of the perceiver were expected to influence reactions to bereaved parents. Undergraduates at a southern university (N = 239) completed both attachment measures and measures of reactions to videotapes of bereaved parents. Results indicated that bereaved parents do indeed receive negative evaluations from unrelated others, in the form of decreased willingness to interact in various roles. However, a nonbereaved parent displaying depressive symptoms also received negative evaluations. Depressed targets in the present study did receive negative evaluations, supporting the predictions of Coyne's interpersonal-process theory of reactions to depressed individuals. Contrary to the predictions of interpersonal-process theory, a bereaved parent displaying loss content without depressive symptoms also elicited negative evaluations. Coyne's hypothesis that the amount of induced negative affect in the perceiver leads to negative evaluations was not supported by the data. Subjects appear to react to a complex set of factors when forming these evaluations, including both personal and situational information. Two factors may have undermined the present study s ability to adequately test this theory. Subjects may have perceived depressive symptoms in loss content in the present study. Further, subjects may not have identified with the parent in the present study as anticipated. Research is necessary to identify the amount and focus of subjects' identifications with depressed and bereaved targets. Only minor support was found for the prediction that attachment style would be related to reactions to bereaved parents. Continuous measures of attachment style were related to amount of induced negative affect. However, grouping subjects by attachment patterns was not related to either induced negative affect or evaluations. The present study and previous research suggest the possibility that conceptually attachment may contain several components which relate to behavior in varying degrees and ways. Further study of the components of attachment is necessary to clarify what behaviors are related to attachment disturbance.
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Malenkovich, Ilona Yurivna. "Grief Lives Online: An Empirical Study of Kübler-Ross' Categories of Bereavement on MySpace Profiles." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1441.

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With the widespread use of the Internet, grief has been extended in its representation. Specifically, social networking sites, like MySpace, have turned grief presentation from private expressions into public displays of mourning. This study utilizes the theoretical foundations of the grief presentation process of Kübler-Ross' (1969) five categories of bereavement (denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance) to determine whether the grief presentation process is present in an online setting. In this study, the researcher conducted an empirical investigation of 4,931 comments, resulting in 22,263 bereavement themes outlined by Kübler-Ross, which were condensed into 2,288 time-point comparisons posted to 140 MySpace profiles of users who have passed-on. Results revealed noteworthy practices surrounding grief presentation on the MySpace profiles of the deceased. Specifically, bereaved commenters post a significantly greater number of bereavement narratives in the first three months post-mortem as opposed to months four through six. Additionally, race and sex of the deceased, as well as sex of the bereaved, did not prove to be mitigating factors in online grief presentation. Moreover, across observed races and sexes, the bereavement category of acceptance was found most often, followed by depression, denial, anger, and bargaining. Findings suggest that post-mortem commenting behavior blends current memorializing practices while also extending the space for communication and grief presentation. Additional implications for understanding grief communication on MySpace and future directions for research conclude this study.
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Rodger, Martin L. "Living beyond the unanticipated sudden death of a partner : A phenomenological study." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/647.

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This research project used a Husserlian phenomenologlcal approach to explore grief and Its Impact upon men and women who have experienced the sudden and unanticipated death of his or her partner. The use of Husserllan phenomenologlcal research Into thanatologlcal study Is a valuable method of exposing the experiences of bereaved people In a vibrant and deep manner. Husserlian phenomenology allowed the surviving partner to reveal every aspect of his or her everyday life and experlencas. It Included what grief meant to them, how It was manifested In their everyday lives and how their partner's death had Impacted upon his or her relationship with themselves, with others and the world. The stories told by the surviving partner were unique, however shared common themes.
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Shahbaz, Amy Renee. "Spiritual experience: The relationship with the grief process." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2118.

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There were four major purposes of this study: (1) to evaluate the level of grief experience by bereaved individuals who attend either a grief support group or grief psycho-educational group in the Inland Empire, (2) to evaluate the level of spirtuality experienced by bereaved individuals who attend either a grief support or grief psycho-educational group in the Inland Empire, (3) to correlate the level of grief reactions with the level of spiritual experience within bereaved individuals, and (4) to describe demongraphic and grief/spiritual-related factors that may influence a bereaved individual's spiritual experience and grief process.
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Van, Heerden Gary Paul. "Holding on or letting go?: the resolution of grief in relation to two Xhosa rituals in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016055.

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The dominant emphasis in Western models of bereavement is on the breaking of bonds with the deceased in order for healing to occur. Failure to let go often leads to a diagnosis of 'pathological grief'. This paper challenges the assumption that death invariably means that the bonds with the deceased have to be severed. Situating Western models of bereavement in a modernist context not only challenges the 'truth' claims of these models, but also facilitates a deconstruction of the elements that contribute to the emphasis on letting go. In contrast to these theories, two Xhosa rituals (umkhapho and umbuyiso) that seek to sustain the bond with the deceased person will be examined. Such rituals demonstrate that it is possible to both maintain the bond and for the bereaved person to move on with their lives. Despite different contexts, it will be argued that these Xhosa bereavement rituals have a contribution to make to Western models of bereavement and some implications for therapy will be explored.
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Răzman, Diana Cristina. "Press ‘F’ to pay respects : Grief and memorialization in video games." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-20098.

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This paper aims to present, discuss, and analyze the potential role of digital games within practices of memory, bereavement, and inheritance. The paper examines how users inhabit game environments, how their in-game memories and identities extend into the real world, and what kind of digital legacy players may be leaving behind. A study based on theoretical frameworks relating to memorialization and grief processing is conducted to look at how games can become part of mourning and memorialization practices.
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Sacks, William Andrew. "Healthcare providers' experience of chronic grief in a pediatric subacute facility." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2001. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2034.

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The purpose of this study was: (1) to evaluate the level of grief experienced by healthcare providers in a pediatric subacute facility, (2) to compare the levels of grief between different groups of healthcare providers (Certified Nurses' Aides, Licensed Nurses, and Respiratory Care Practitioners), and (3) to describe the personality/demographic factors that influence a healthcare provider's ability to cope effectively with compound grief.
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Mailula, Gaefele Simon. "Listening to the unheard stories of children affected by HIV and AIDS in a bereavement process in the Mamelodi Township of Tshwane a narrative research study /." Thesis, Pretoria [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/avaialble/etd-09252009-011209/.

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Nguru, Janet. "Grief care to children ophaned by HIV and AIDS within Nairobi province Kenya : towards a pastoral strategy for identity formation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96123.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with pastoral grief care for children orphaned through HIV and AIDS in Nairobi City County in Kenya (formerly Nairobi Province in Kenya). This concern developed as a result of realising that children’s grief is rarely attended to before, during and after burial in most Kenyan communities. The research question that guided the research was: What theoretical, theological and contextual pastoral intervention strategy can the church use to provide grief care to children orphaned through HIV and AIDS? To respond to this question, the research had four objectives, which helped the researcher to remain focused on the key problem. An empirical research design was adopted to establish the impact the death of parents has on children and to examine how their grief has been responded to, particularly by the church. It was clear that children do experience grief that manifests in various forms including emotional, behavioural, cognitive, spiritual and physical responses. Grief is also heightened by the events that transpire after the death of parents plus the status of the children as double orphans, paternal orphans or maternal orphans. Despite the fact that children are overwhelmed by grief and grief-related issues when their parents die, the family and community as well as the church, rarely provide children with grief care. Through a literature study the research engaged with other disciplines in order to broaden the understanding of children’s grief. The study revealed that children’s development in general is affected by their grief and their stage of development, in turn, has an effect on their grief. However, it should be noted that African cultures have great impact on the development of African children and their grief. It was also noted that African people have their own way of grieving and mourning when a family loses a person through death. Various rituals that are calculated to help the mourning family work to through the grief process are performed. Interestingly, children rarely participate in the performance of such rituals. It was very clear that, in order to provide pastoral grief care to children orphaned through HIV and AIDS, it is of utmost importance to understand the nature of human beings in relation to God. Such an understanding could determine how the church responds to the grieving children’s situation. It is suggested that the church should work closely with the family, community and institutions in order to provide meaningful pastoral grief care within an African setting. It was argued that various rituals performed during funeral ceremonies are of help in grieving and the mourning process; hence it is suggested that children should also be given the opportunity to participate in performing the rituals. It is noted that the Christian and cultural rituals that are relevant to grief care could be employed. Given the above understanding, a pastoral intervention strategy for grief care to children orphaned through HIV and AIDS is proposed. Different interventions that respond to children’s grief and grief-related issues before, during, and after burial are discussed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis ondersoek die pastorale vertroosting van kinders wat in die Nairobi City County in Kenya (die voormalige Nairobi Provinsie) as gevolg van MIV en vigs wees gelaat is. Dit bied 'n pastorale ingrypingstrategie in reaksie tot die verdriet van kinders wat as gevolg van MIV en vigs as wese atergelaat is. Kommer hieroor het ontstaan by die besef dat die bedroefdheid van kinders in die meeste Keniaanse gemeenskappe selde vóór, tydens of ná ‘n begrafnis aandag kry. Die navorsingsvraag wat die navorsing gerig het, was: Watter teoretiese, teologiese en kontekstuele pastorale intervensiestrategie kan deur die kerk gebruik word om vertroosting vir treurende kinders wat vanweë MIV en vigs wese geword het, te bied? Vier doelstellings is vir die beantwoording van hierdie vraag opgestel om te verseker dat die navorser se fokus op die kernprobleem ingestel bly. ‘n Empiriese navorsingontwerp is gekies om die impak van die dood van ouers op kinders te bepaal en uit te vind hoe hul bedroefdheid, veral deur die kerk, hanteer is. Dit was duidelik dat kinders wel treur, en dat hul droefheid in die vorm van emosionele, gedrags-, kognitiewe, geestelike en fisiese reaksies geopenbaar word. Die intensiteit van kinders se droefheid word ook verhoog deur gebeure wat op die dood van die ouers volg, sowel as die kinders se status as dubbele weeskinders of as vaderlose of moederlose weeskinders. Ten spyte van die feit dat kinders deur hartseer en verdriet-verwante aangeleenthede oorweldig word wanneer hul ouers sterf, bied die familie en die gemeenskap, sowel as die kerk, selde vertroostende sorg aan sulke kinders. Die navorser het ander dissiplines deur middel van ‘n literatuurstudie betrek om begrip van kinderdroefheid te verbreed. Die studie het onthul dat kinders se ontwikkeling in die algemeen deur hul bedroefdheid geaffekteer word en dat hul fase van ontwikkeling weer hul droefheid beïnvloed. Daar moet egter in ag geneem word dat Afrika-kulture ’n groot impak op die ontwikkeling van kinders van Afrika en hul verdriet het. Dat mense van Afrika droefheid en rou op ‘n eie manier bedryf wanneer ‘n familielid te sterwe kom, moet ook in ag geneem word. Daar is ‘n verskeidenheid rituele wat daarop gemik is om die roubeklaers in staat te stel om die rouproses te deurwerk. Kinders neem selde hieraan deel. Dit was duidelik dat dit van uiterste belang is om die natuur van die mens in verhouding tot God te verstaan om vertroostende pastorale sorg aan kinders wat vanweë MIV en vigs wees geword het, te bied. Die verstaan hiervan kan bepaal hoe die kerk op die situasie van kinders wat treur, reageer. Die voorstel is dat die kerk noue samewerking met die familie, die gemeenskap en instellings moet handhaaf om betekenisvolle vertroostende pastorale sorg binne die Afrika-opset te bied. Daar word aangevoer dat die verskillende rituele wat gedurende begrafnis seremonies uitgevoer word, van hulp is in rou en die rouproses, dus word voorgetel dat kinders ‘n geleentheid moet kry om aan die rituele deel te neem. Christelike en kulturele rituele wat van toepassing is kan gebruik word. 'n Pastorale intervensiestrategie vir vertroostende sorg aan kinders wat as gevolg van MIV en vigs wees gelaat is, word aan die hand van die bogenoemde insig voorgestel. Verskillende ingrypings wat op die kind se hartseer en rou-verwante kwessies vóór, gedurende en ná die begrafnis betrekking het, word bespreek.
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Books on the topic "Bereavement Social aspects"

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Wimpenny, Peter. Bereavement and bereavement care for health and social care practitioners. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011.

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Aiken, Lewis R. Dying, death, and bereavement. 3rd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.

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Dying, death and bereavement. 3rd ed. Boston, Mass: Allyn and Bacon, 1994.

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Dying, death, and bereavement. Boston, Mass: Allyn and Bacon, 1985.

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Dying, death, and bereavement. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1991.

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Leming, Michael R. Understanding dying, death & bereavement. 4th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.

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E, Dickinson George, and Leming Michael R, eds. Understanding dying, death & bereavement. 4th ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1998.

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E, Dickinson George, ed. Understanding dying, death, and bereavement. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1985.

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E, Dickinson George, ed. Understanding dying, death, and bereavement. 2nd ed. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1990.

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E, Dickinson George, ed. Understanding dying, death, and bereavement. 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bereavement Social aspects"

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Gunckel, Vernon F. "Implications of Societal Change on the Role of the Funeral Director and Clergy." In Spiritual, Ethical and Pastoral Aspects of Death and Bereavement, 195–205. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315230948-23.

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Corless, Inge B. "Bereavement." In Social Aspects of Care, 25–50. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190244132.003.0002.

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Simon, Chantal, Hazel Everitt, Françoise van Dorp, Nazia Hussain, Emma Nash, and Danielle Peet. "Social aspects of primary care." In Oxford Handbook of General Practice, 81–110. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198808183.003.0004.

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This chapter in the Oxford Handbook of General Practice explores the social aspects of primary care, from social factors and health to multicultural medicine. It includes the general practitioner’s role in cases of domestic violence and with patients who are the victims of crime. It provides guidance on patients with occupational illness and who need time off work for illness, as well as certification of fitness to work and fitness to make decisions, drive, and other activities. It also looks at dealing with bereavement, grief, and coping with loss, and provides advice for claiming benefits for low-income and sickness and disability, as well as pensions.
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Bonanno, George A., and Anthony Papa. "The Social and Functional Aspects of Emotional Expression During Bereavement." In Nonverbal Behavior in Clinical Settings, 145–70. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195141092.003.0007.

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Jagannathan, Aarti, Srilatha Juvva, and Priya Treesa Thomas. "Palliative Care." In The Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work, edited by Terry Altilio, Shirley Otis-Green, and John G. Cagle, 489–93. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197537855.003.0049.

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In India, palliative care is a specialized care provided at the tertiary health centers. The models of palliative care that provide either a continuum of care and/or end-of-life care services in the country include (a) hospice centers, (b) mobile home care palliative teams, (c) family-based care, and (d) neighborhood network palliative care programs. The role of the social worker is mainly to coordinate between health and social care agencies, advocate for the client/family with medical professionals and voluntary agencies, and provide psychosocial counseling and bereavement support to the family. In keeping with the cultural ethos of the country, working with the family, understanding collusion, and integrating spirituality are vital aspects in providing effective palliative care services.
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Milić, Jelena. "Aging and Neuropsychiatric Disease: A General Overview of Prevalence and Trends." In Senescence [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.103102.

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The increasing trend of life-expectancy is becoming a significant demographic, societal and economic challenge. Currently, global number of people above sixty years of age is 900 million, while United Nations expect this number to rise to over 1.4 billion in 2030 and over 2.5 billion by 2050. Concordant to this trend, numerous physiological changes are associated with aging and brain-related ones are associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. The main goal of this chapter is to identify the most important neuropsychiatric diseases to assess in older patients to help to promote health and prevent diseases and complications associated with chronic illness, as these changes are progressive and require important psychological and setting-related social adjustments. Findings identify several health-aspects highly present in elderly: stroke, white matter lesions, dementia rise with age, changes in levels of neurotransmitters and hormones, depression as well as the bereavement following loss of the loved one, and the most common neurodegenerative disease—Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s. In conclusion, studying the aging process should include all developmental, circumstantial, and individual aspects of aging. This offers opportunities to improve the health of elderly by using a wide range of skills and knowledge. Thus, further studies are necessary to elucidate what can be done do to improve the aging process and health of elderly in the future.
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Gunckel, Vernon F. "Implications of Societal Change on the Role of the Funeral Director and Clergy." In Spiritual, Ethical, and Pastoral Aspects of Death and Bereavement. Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/sepc18.

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Cohen, Mary Ann, and Joseph Z. Lux. "Palliative and Spiritual Care of Persons with HIV and AIDS." In Handbook of AIDS Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372571.003.0016.

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Palliative care of persons with HIV and AIDS has changed over the course of the first three decades of the pandemic. The most radical shifts occurred in the second decade with the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy and other advances in HIV care. In the United States and throughout the world, progress in prevention of HIV transmission has not kept pace with progress in treatment, thus the population of persons living with AIDS continues to grow. Furthermore, economic, psychiatric, social, and political barriers leave many persons without access to adequate HIV care. As a result, persons who lack access to care may need palliative care for late-stage AIDS while persons with access to AIDS treatments are more likely to need palliative care for multimorbid medical illnesses such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, pulmonary disease, and renal disease. Palliative care of persons with HIV and AIDS cannot be confined to the end of life. We present palliative care on a continuum as part of an effort to alleviate suffering and attend to pain, emotional distress, and existential anxiety during the course of the illness. We will provide guidelines for psychiatric and palliative care and pain management to help persons with AIDS cope better with their illnesses and live their lives to the fullest extent, and minimize pain and suffering for them and their loved ones. This chapter reviews basic concepts and definitions of palliative and spiritual care, as well as the distinct challenges facing clinicians involved in HIV palliative care. Finally, issues such as bereavement, cultural sensitivity, communication, and psychiatric contributions to common physical symptom control are reviewed. The terms palliative care and palliative medicine are often used interchangeably. Modern palliative care has evolved from the hospice movement into a more expansive network of clinical care delivery systems with components of home care and hospital-based services (Butler et al., 1996; Stjernsward and Papallona, 1998). Palliative care must meet the needs of the “whole person,” including the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual aspects of suffering (World Health Organization, 1990).
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9

Trickey, David, and Dora Black. "Child trauma." In New Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry, 1728–31. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199696758.003.0225.

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This chapter will focus on the impact on children of traumatic events other than child abuse or neglect, which are covered in Chapter 9.3.3. According to the DSM-IV-TR definition of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), traumatic events involve exposure to actual or threatened death or injury, or a threat to physical integrity. The child's response generally involves an intense reaction of fear, horror, or helplessness which may be exhibited through disorganized or agitated behaviour. Terr suggested separating traumatic events into type I traumas which are single sudden events and type II traumas which are long-standing or repeated events. If the traumatic event includes bereavement, the reactions may be complicated and readers should consult Chapter 9.3.7 to address the bereavement aspects of the event. Following a traumatic event, children may react in a variety of ways (see Chapters 4.6.1 and 4.6.2 for the adult perspective on reactions to stressful and traumatic events). Many show some of the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder—re-experiencing the event (e.g. through nightmares, flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, re-enactment, or repetitive play of the event), avoidance and numbing (e.g. avoidance of conversations, thoughts, people, places, and activities associated with the traumatic event, inability to remember a part of the event, withdrawal from previously enjoyed activities, feeling different from others, restriction of emotions, sense of foreshortened future), and physiological arousal (e.g. sleep disturbance, irritability, concentration problems, being excessively alert to further danger, and being more jumpy). In young children the nightmares may become general nightmares rather than trauma-specific. Other reactions to trauma in children are: ♦ becoming tearful and upset or depressed ♦ becoming clingy to carers or having separation anxiety ♦ becoming quiet and withdrawn ♦ becoming aggressive ♦ feeling guilty ♦ acquiring low self-esteem ♦ deliberately self-harming ♦ acquiring eating problems ♦ feeling as if they knew it was going to happen ♦ developing sleep disturbances such as night-terrors or sleepwalking ♦ dissociating or appearing ‘spaced out’ ♦ losing previously acquired developmental abilities or regression ♦ developing physical symptoms such as stomach aches and headaches ♦ acquiring difficulties remembering new information ♦ developing attachment problems ♦ acquiring new fears ♦ developing problems with alcohol or drugs. Such problems may individually or in combination cause substantial difficulties at school and at home. The reactions of some children will diminish over time; however, for some they will persist, causing distress or impairment, warranting diagnosis, and/or intervention. Research predicting which children will be more likely to be distressed following a traumatic event suffers from a number of methodological flaws. However, factors which are often identified as constituting a risk for developing PTSD across a number of studies include: level of exposure, perceived level of threat and peri-traumatic fear, previous psychological problems, family difficulties, co-morbid diagnoses, subsequent life events, and lack of social support.
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10

Jans-Beken, Lilian. "Gratitude." In The Virtues in Psychiatric Practice, edited by John R. Peteet, 185–204. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197524480.003.0010.

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Gratitude has been omnipresent in religious, spiritual, and philosophical ideologies since ancient times. All these ideologies believed that gratitude contributes to the well-being of individuals, to strong relationships between people, and to societal cohesion, and it is seen as an essential part of living a meaningful life. In positive psychology, gratitude is viewed as a general tendency to recognize small to large benefits, to experience sufficiency, and to acknowledge anything in the world, both human and nonhuman, with grateful emotion; expression of this emotion promotes one’s own well-being and the well-being of others; also called mature gratitude. An important aspect of mature gratitude as a contributor to well-being is the ability to be grateful for broken belongings, hurtful people, or any other kind of adversity. Health and well-being cannot be understood merely by analysis of the individual psychopathological symptoms but by the synthesis of all domains of mental health, each of which is associated with gratitude: physical well-being, psychological well-being, and social well-being. Gratitude contributes more or less to each of these areas. In clinical practice, gratitude can play a positive role regarding several diagnoses, including burnout, addiction, chronic pain, and bereavement. This chapter illustrates the effect gratitude has on the mental health of people with these serious conditions. Mature gratitude plays a vital role in preventing people from experiencing depression, anger, and anxiety because of suffering. It teaches people a better and more adaptive way to embrace their hardship.
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