Journal articles: 'Bereavement in children Study and teaching'

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Woolley, Richard. "Tackling Controversial Issues in Primary Education: Perceptions and Experiences of Student Teachers." Religions 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2020): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11040184.

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This paper considers the nature and definition of controversial issues in primary education, exploring how they may be deemed controversial in different ways according to context. Drawing on research undertaken with student teachers in their final year of study at universities in England, it explores the issues that they feel apprehensive about facing in their first teaching post and those that they feel it is important to explore with children. It identifies issues relating to relationships, religion and belief and bereavement as being of significant concern, suggesting priorities for teacher training courses and contrasting these with research undertaken a decade earlier.

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Harrison, Julianne, Elana Evan, Amy Hughes, Shahram Yazdani, Myke Federman, and Rick Harrison. "Understanding communication among health care professionals regarding death and dying in pediatrics." Palliative and Supportive Care 12, no. 5 (August 6, 2013): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1478951513000229.

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AbstractObjective:Effective communication regarding death and dying in pediatrics is a vital component of any quality palliative care service. The goal of the current study is to understand communication among health care professionals regarding death and dying in children. The three hypotheses tested were: (1) hospital staff (physicians of all disciplines, nurses, and psychosocial clinicians) that utilize consultation services are more comfortable communicating about death and dying than those who do not use such services, (2) different disciplines of health care providers demonstrate varying levels of comfort communicating about a range of areas pertaining to death and dying, and (3) health care staff that have had some type of formal training in death and dying are more comfortable communicating about these issues.Methods:A primary analysis of a survey conducted in a tertiary care teaching children's hospital.Results:Health care professionals who felt comfortable discussing options for end of life care with colleagues also felt more comfortable: initiating a discussion regarding a child's impending death with his/her family (r = 0.42), discussing options for terminal care with a family (r = 0.58), discussing death with families from a variety of ethnic/cultural backgrounds (r = 0.51), guiding parents in developmentally age-appropriate discussions of death with their children (r = 0.43), identifying and seeking advice from a professional role model regarding management concerns (r = 0.40), or interacting with a family following the death of a child (r = 0.51). Among all three disciplines, physicians were more likely to initiate discussions with regards to a child's impending death (F = 13.07; p = 0.007). Health care professionals that received formal grief and bereavement training were more comfortable discussing death.Significance of the results:The results demonstrated that consultation practices are associated with a higher level of comfort in discussing death and dying in pediatrics.

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Lysecki, David, Daryl Bainbridge, Tracy Akitt, Georgia Georgiou, Ralph M. Meyer, and Jonathan Sussman. "Feasibility of a child life specialist program for oncology patients with minor children at home: Demand and implementation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2021): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.39.28_suppl.28.

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28 Background: Up to 24% of adult oncology patients have minor children at home. Children may experience emotional problems, somatic complaints, social isolation, depression, and post-traumatic stress as a result. Typical support networks often fail to meet the needs of these families. To address this gap, an innovative Child Life Specialist (CLS) program for patients with minor children at home was offered at a tertiary oncology center. Methods: To understand the feasibility of this program, we examined the demand for and implementation of the CLS program over its initial 10 months. Demand was characterized using administrative data (referred patient/family demographics, referral details, and disease/treatment characteristics). Implementation was described through encounter data (audience, type of visit, interventions provided, time for preparation, and time of direct interaction for each encounter). Results: The program received 100 referrals, 93 of whom accessed the program. Patients were most often female (66%) with a median age of 45 years (range: 19 to 72). 81% were parents of minor children, 10% grandparents, and 9% other. Families predominantly had multiple children (98%), most commonly school-aged (ages 5-9, 39%; 10-14, 37%). 53% of families had two birth parents co-parenting in the same household; the remainder had alternate parent/living scenarios. Most referrals came from social work (57%). Median time from diagnosis to referral was 79 days (range: 9d-6.5y). Breast cancer (26%) was the most common diagnosis, followed by gastrointestinal (19%) and hematologic (16%). Cancer phase at referral was defined as at new diagnosis (within 30d, 18%), undergoing treatment with curative intent (20%), undergoing treatment with palliative intent (39%), at end of life (within 30d, 16%) and after death/bereavement (5%). 1 patient (1%) did not have cancer. The CLS recorded 257 unique encounters. 55% of encounters included patients, 40% non-patient parents, 21% children, and 21% others. 75% were individual encounters, while 25% were group encounters. 95% of encounters that included children also included an adult. Phone calls were the most frequent encounter type (43%), but hospital visits consumed the largest proportion of recorded CLS time (38%). Mean encounter time (all visit types) included 20min for preparation and 51min of direct interaction. CLS interventions included: guidance on talking with children (67% of encounters), providing resources (37%), diagnostic teaching (21%), end-of-life support (18%), discussing change in status (10%), grief (8%), and emotional expression (4%). Conclusions: This study characterized the demand for this program and described its implementation over the pilot period. This period occurred during the Covid-19 pandemic, which dramatically altered healthcare and family visitation, likely influencing the results of this study.

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LaFreniere, Lucas, and Albert Cain. "Parentally Bereaved Children and Adolescents." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 71, no. 3 (March 6, 2015): 245–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815575503.

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This study investigates peer interaction and peer support for parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Using data from an extensive bereavement study, transcribed semistructured interviews on peer relationships from a sample of 35 parentally bereaved children aged 6 to 15 were systematically coded. Exploratory dimensions of inquiry included incidence counts of teasing, peer interaction regarding bereavement, and preference for interaction, among 12 other dimensions. Hypotheses related to age, gender, and parental death type (anticipated vs. sudden) differences on peer support reception were also tested. Major findings included the following: 71.4% of the sample received support from peers, although 71.4% preferred not to have bereavement-related peer interaction. A significantly greater percentage of females versus males experienced peer support and a positive emotional response, and a significantly greater percentage of children bereaved by anticipated deaths versus sudden deaths had received bereavement-related peer interaction and support. No significant differences were found between younger and older children.

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Mahon, Margaret M. "Secondary Losses in Bereaved Children when Both Parents have Died: A Case Study." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 39, no. 4 (December 1999): 297–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pqqv-vjje-pu56-lv26.

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The death of a child's parent engenders many primary and secondary losses. In this article, a case study is used to examine secondary losses for two children following the sudden deaths of their parents. Childhood bereavement is described as comprised of prolonged pain, gradual acclimation, and tainted experiences. The framework is used to understand primary and secondary losses, as well as the effects of secondary losses and lack of control on the process of childhood bereavement. In this case, secondary losses, especially isolation, exacerbated the bereavement processes of these children. It is proposed that anticipating secondary losses, and minimizing them when possible, perhaps by providing bereaved children more control, is an appropriate framework for intervening with parentally bereaved children.

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Schilling, Robert F., Nina Koh, Robert Abramovitz, and Louisa Gilbert. "Bereavement Groups for Inner-City Children." Research on Social Work Practice 2, no. 3 (July 1992): 405–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973159200200315.

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Guided by theory, empirical research, and clinical experience, this demonstration tested a 12-session group intervention for 38 inner-city children who had lost a caregiver. The design of the group intervention was guided by the psychodynamic tradition of the sponsoring agency, themes from the bereavement literature, and findings from intervention research on bereaved children and adults. Attendance for the group intervention was high among those 29 children who completed posttests. The loss of the parent figure often had an impact on caregiving and living arrangements. Children rated themselves as significantly more depressed at pretest than their caregivers rated them, but at posttest this difference diminished. However, the majority of children remained depressed throughout the study. Pretest and posttest comparisons suggest that the treatment intervention may have enabled children to develop a more mature concept of death. Mixed outcomes and the methodological limitations of the study allow for multiple interpretations. Nevertheless, modest results reported here may encourage other clinical researchers to build on this early effort. Better understanding of how to treat bereaved children must await controlled, longitudinal research.

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Tonkins, Sue Anne Morrison, and Michael J. Lambert. "A treatment outcome study of bereavement groups for children." Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 13, no. 1 (February 1996): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01876592.

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Middleton, Warwick, Beverley Raphael, Nada Martinek, and Paul Burnett. "A Longitudinal Study Comparing Bereavement Phenomena in Recently Bereaved Spouses, Adult Children and Parents." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 2 (April 1998): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809062734.

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Objective: The study investigated previous research findings and clinical impressions which indicated that the intensity of grief for parents who had lost a child was likely to be higher than that for widows/widowers, who in turn were likely to have more intense reactions than adult children losing a parent. Method: In order to compare the intensities of the bereavement reactions among representative community samples of bereaved spouses (n = 44), adult children (n = 40) and parents (n = 36), and to follow the course of such phenomena, a detailed Bereavement Questionnaire was administered at four time points over a 13–month period following the loss. Results: Measures based on items central to the construct of bereavement showed significant time and group differences in accordance with the proposed hypothesis. More global items associated with the construct of resolution showed a significant time effect, but without significant group differences. Conclusions: Evidence from this study supports the hypothesis that in non-clinical, community-based populations the frequency with which core bereavement phenomena are experienced is in the order: bereaved parents bereaved spouses bereaved adult children.

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Tay, Djin, Lau Thygesen, and Katherine Ornstein. "SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS EXACERBATION POST-BEREAVEMENT: A POPULATION-BASED STUDY OF PARTNERS AND ADULT CHILDREN." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 358–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1418.

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Abstract The death of a family member may trigger exacerbations among individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). We hypothesized that bereavement would be associated with SMI exacerbations among bereaved partners and adult children diagnosed with SMI. Using linked population-based registries in Denmark, we identified partners and adult children diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, and major depression in the five years preceding the family member’s death. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the odds of SMI exacerbation two years after decedent death. Partners had increased odds of SMI exacerbation at 3 months into bereavement compared to 9-12 months prior to partners’ death (AOR=1.43, [1.13-1.81]). Children with a history of SMI had lower odds of SMI exacerbation in the second year of bereavement. Sociodemographic characteristics and co-occurring alcohol and substance abuse disorders were associated with higher odds of SMI exacerbations. These findings have implications for targeted bereavement support.

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Aleem, Sadia. "Experience of Childhood Bereavement and Current Attachment Style." American Journal of Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 6, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajp.1222.

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Purpose: Previous research supports the idea that attachment style is closely associated to experience of bereavement, but the research investigating current attachment style and childhood experience of bereavement is lacking. This study aims to explore how experience of bereavement in childhood relates to current attachment style in adulthood and to utilize attachment theory in understanding the experience of bereavement during childhood. Methodology: Mixed method design was used to address the research objectives. This study was based on qualitative interview and a quantitative questionnaire. Twenty-four students from University of Bedfordshire were employed through purposive sampling to conduct semi-structured interviews. Experience in Close Relationships (ECR) questionnaire was used for quantitative assessment. Findings: The results of thematic analysis showed people with various attachment styles offered various accounts of their bereavement experience as children. This study offered proof that this was the case. Recommendations: It is suggested that this research can help us understand how children experience bereavement by illustrating how attachment theory might be used. This study may aid mental health practitioners in identifying some practical methods for assisting grieving individuals. The parent-child attachment bond approach among bereaved families may involve the appropriate bereavement counsellors and professionals. Bereavement experience during childhood links to adulthood attachment style. This study will contribute in developing the understanding of bereavement in children with attachment theory perspective.

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Musambira, George W., Sally O. Hastings, and Judith D. Hoover. "Bereavement, Gender, and Cyberspace: A Content Analysis of Parents' Memorials to Their Children." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 54, no. 4 (June 2007): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r865-85x7-15j0-0713.

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The study investigated how two distinct perspectives apply to the role of gender in parents' memorials on The Compassionate Friends (TCF) electronic bulletin board; cyberspace as merely a mirror of societal gendered patterns of bereavement, and cyberspace as a medium or context in which societal gendered patterns of bereavement are neutralized. Data were evaluated to determine to what extent gender differences exist concerning instrumental versus intuitive styles of bereavement. Analytic categories used in assessing gender differences in parental bereavement style included the following: invoking spirituality, directing messages to the deceased, artistic expressions, and special powers accorded to the deceased. With some exceptions, the findings supported the perspective emphasizing the gender neutralizing aspects of cyberspace parental bereavement for the population studied.

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Paul, Sally, and Nina Vaswani. "The prevalence of childhood bereavement in Scotland and its relationship with disadvantage: the significance of a public health approach to death, dying and bereavement." Palliative Care and Social Practice 14 (January 2020): 263235242097504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2632352420975043.

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Background and Method: There is an absence of research on the prevalence of bereavement during early childhood and the relationship between childhood bereavement and socioeconomic status (SES) and this poses a challenge in both understanding and supporting children’s bereavement experiences. Using longitudinal data from the Growing Up in Scotland study, which tracks the lives of three nationally representative cohorts of children, this paper aimed to address these gaps in research. It specifically drew on data from Birth Cohort 1 to document the recorded bereavements of 2,815 children who completed all 8 sweeps of data collection, from age 10 months to 10 years. Findings: The study found that 50.8% of all children are bereaved of a parent, sibling, grandparent or other close family member by age 8 and this rises to 62% by age 10. The most common death experienced was that of a grandparent or other close relative. The study also found that children born into the lowest income households are at greater risk of being bereaved of a parent or sibling than those born into the highest income households. Discussion and Conclusion: Given the prevalence of childhood bereavement and its relationship with disadvantage, this paper argues that there is an important need to understand bereavement as a universal issue that is affected by the social conditions in which a child becomes bereaved, as well as an individual experience potentially requiring specialist support. This paper thus seeks to position childhood bereavement more firmly within the public health approach to palliative and bereavement care discourse and contends that doing so provides a unique and comprehensive opportunity to better understand and holistically respond to the experience of bereavement during childhood.

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Porterfield, Katherine, Albert Cain, and Amy Saldinger. "The Impact of Early Loss History on Parenting of Bereaved Children: A Qualitative Study." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 47, no. 3 (November 2003): 203–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/fl59-q4e3-3nbe-2xgj.

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The current report is a qualitative exploration of the ways in which an adult's childhood experiences with death subsequently influence their parenting of their own parentally-bereaved children. Findings stem from semi-structured interviews with a community sample of 41 bereaved spouses, interviews that are part of a broader, longitudinal investigation of the determinants of the impact upon children of parent death. While some researchers have examined how childhood loss globally affects parenting, none has looked at the unique experience of the impact of such early experiences on parenting during bereavement. Moreover, in contrast to most studies of childhood loss which operate exclusively from an impairment-focused stance, this study also documents the long-term competency-building that may result from the experience of bereavement during childhood.

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Nam, Su-kyong, and Myeung-chan Kim. "A Autoethnography on experiences of bereavement and delayed mourning of fathers in childhood." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 23 (December 15, 2022): 1027–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.23.1027.

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Objectives In the study the researcher's personal experiences of childhood bereavement and delayed mourning were described. The purpose of this study is to explore what the children experienced at the time of the bereavement and to examine in depth the inner world and its meaning experienced by the children in the process of suppressing mourning for the bereavement and delaying mourning. Methods In this study a research method called autoethnography was applied, which is a field of self-study. The data were collected and analyzed in cooperation with the collaborator, focusing on the data recorded by the researcher's personal experiences, such as the researcher's self-reflection diary, memory recall data, psychotherapy verbatim, and family interview data. In order to secure the reliability and validity of this study, catalytic validity was used, and it received professional review by two Ph. Results First, children with insecure attachment suppress and avoid mourning feelings when they experience parental bereavement, and mourning may be delayed. Second, for children who have experienced bereavement of their parents, the bereavement experience can become complex trauma if they lack or lack the care and attention of surrounding adults, including one living parent. Third, the primary emotion can be mainly experienced at the time of the bereavement experience and the secondary emotion can be mainly experienced from the experience following the delayed mourning process, and it can be seen that the secondary emotion is related to complicated grief. Fourth, in order to adopt the self-cultural descriptive paper as a research method, it is necessary to look at the researcher's own emotions objectively. Fourth, in order to adopt autoethnography as a research method, it is necessary to look at the researcher's own emotions objectively. Conclusions When mourning for the death of a parent was delayed, it was a complex trauma, and as a result, secondary emotions rather than primary emotions had a profound effect on the individual as a whole.

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LaFreniere, Lucas, and Albert Cain. "Peer Interactions of Parentally Bereaved Children and Adolescents." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 72, no. 2 (March 12, 2015): 91–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815574829.

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This study investigates peer interaction and peer support for parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Using data from an extensive study of bereaved families in southeastern Michigan, previously transcribed semistructured interviews on peer relationships from a sample of 35 parentally bereaved children aged 6 to 15 were qualitatively analyzed using the constant comparative method. This analysis explores peer interaction in the context of parental loss, revealing the nearly ubiquitous desire of bereaved children to be perceived as “normal” and maintain their social life as it was before the death, the avoidance of bereavement-related peer interaction, the nature of and possible reasons for the relative lack of peer support, deliberately hurtful peer behavior, the multiple functions of peer support, and the value of close friends in bereavement.

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Kratochvil, Marianne Spain, and Sally Ann Devereux. "Counseling Needs of Parents of Handicapped Children." Social Casework 69, no. 7 (September 1988): 420–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438948806900702.

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Experts debate whether the bereavement experienced by parents of handicapped children is relatively brief or chronic/periodic. In this study, well-adjusted parents identified periods of recurring grief and indicated the need for ongoing professional services.

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McGachy, Ben. "Dealing with bereaved children: a case study." British Paramedic Journal 5, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.29045/14784726.2021.3.5.4.54.

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<sec id="s1"> Introduction: A personal reflection on managing bereaved children (BC) following unexpected death of a parent. </sec> <sec id="s2"> Questions: What evidence is available to assist ambulance clinicians when supporting BC? </sec> <sec id="s3"> Methods: A literature search on BC in pre-hospital environments was undertaken. </sec> <sec id="s4"> Results: Paucity of literature necessitated search expansion beyond pre-hospital/ambulance focus, and use of supplementary sources of credible information from registered bereavement charities and help groups. </sec> <sec id="s5"> Conclusion: More research is needed to better support this vulnerable, unique demographic. It is hoped that this article will encourage further discussion and research into this topic. </sec>

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BURNETT, P., W. MIDDLETON, B. RAPHAEL, and N. MARTINEK. "Measuring core bereavement phenomena." Psychological Medicine 27, no. 1 (January 1997): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291796004151.

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As part of a longitudinal study of bereavement phenomena in three groups, bereaved spouses, bereaved adult children and bereaved parents, scale development was carried out using a pool of bereavement phenomenology questions administered prospectively. The items were derived from the literature, in particular studies dealing with the measurement of grief/bereavement, as well as from clinical experience. Factor analysis of theoretically grouped items produced seven subscales, three of which tapped frequently experienced phenomena in the bereaved. These three subscales formed the basis of a single measure, labelled the Core Bereavement Items (CBI), which demonstrated high reliability and sound face and discriminant validity. Preliminary analysis suggested that the CBI will prove to be a reliable and valid instrument with respect to the measure of core bereavement phenomena in commonly bereaved groups in Western society.

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McClatchey, Irene Searles, and Jane S. Wimmer. "Healing Components of a Bereavement Camp: Children and Adolescents Give Voice to Their Experiences." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 65, no. 1 (August 2012): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.65.1.b.

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This qualitative study is the follow-up to a quantitative controlled study which showed a decrease in childhood traumatic grief and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in parentally bereaved children participating in a bereavement camp. The purpose of this study was to identify the healing components of this camp model. Semi-structured interviews with 19 children and 13 parents/guardians were conducted 3 to 9 months after participation in the bereavement camp. Therapeutic Interventions and Traditional Camp Activities emerged as themes. The themes are discussed in relation to previous research as are limitations of the study and the implications for theory, practice, and future research.

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Yu, Y., S. Cnattingius, J. Olsen, E. T. Parner, M. Vestergaard, Z. Liew, N. Zhao, and J. Li. "Prenatal maternal bereavement and mortality in the first decades of life: a nationwide cohort study from Denmark and Sweden." Psychological Medicine 47, no. 3 (October 20, 2016): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003329171600266x.

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BackgroundThe loss of a close relative is one of the most stressful life events. In pregnancy, this experience has been associated with a higher risk of fetal death and under-five mortality, but little is known about potential effects on long-term mortality in offspring. We examined the association between prenatal maternal bereavement and mortality in a cohort of 5.3 million children followed until up to 37 years of age.MethodThe population-based cohort study included 5 253 508 live singleton births in Denmark (1973–2004) and Sweden (1973–2006). Children born to mothers who lost a child, spouse, sibling, or parent during or 1 year before pregnancy were categorized as exposed.ResultsPrenatal maternal bereavement was associated with a 10% increased all-cause mortality risk in offspring [mortality rate ratio (MRR) 1.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.18]. The association was the most pronounced for children of mothers who lost a child/spouse (MRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.14–1.44) and was stronger during the first 10 years of life. Prenatal maternal bereavement may have stronger effects on natural causes of death in offspring, including infectious/parasitic disease (MRR 1.86, 95% CI 1.07–3.23), endocrine/nutritional/metabolic diseases (MRR 3.23, 95% CI 2.02–5.17), diseases of nervous system (MRR 3.36, 95% CI 2.47–4.58), and congenital malformations (MRR 1.39, 95% CI 1.08–1.80). No excess mortality risk in offspring was observed for unnatural causes of death.ConclusionPrenatal maternal bereavement was associated with an increased long-term mortality risk in offspring, particularly for selected natural causes of diseases and medical conditions. Our results support the fetal programming hypothesis that prenatal stress may contribute to ill health from physical diseases later in life.

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Black, Dora. "Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship to USA to study trauma services for children." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 9 (September 1994): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.9.565.

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I have spent all my professional life as a child psychiatrist working in hospitals and clinics. For many years I have been interested in helping bereaved children and conducted research on how best to help them. As the result of my interest I found myself being asked to see increasing numbers of children who were traumatically bereaved because of one parent killing the other, an event that the children often witnessed. I needed to familiarise myself with the effects of witnessing or being caught up in severe trauma, as well as the effects of bereavement. As I saw more and more of these traumatically bereaved children, I realised that child psychiatric services were not well organised to help these children who often needed emergency help. I decided, with the backing of the Royal Free Hospital, to retire from my post as head of a busy department and set up a clinic for children who had been acutely psychologically traumatised. This work is now supported by a grant through Cruse-Bereavement Care from the Department of Health. I wanted to see how others had organised services for such children so I applied for and was granted a Winston Churchill Travelling Fellowship to study trauma services for children in the USA. I spent a month visiting San Francisco, Los Angeles, Boston, New Haven and New York in September 1993.

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Wong, Paul W. C., Kenny C. T. Lau, Lucia L. Liu, Gloria S. N. Yuen, and Poon Wing-Lok. "Beyond Recovery." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 75, no. 2 (October 25, 2015): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222815612603.

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It is a worldwide trend that more households are having pets or companion animals. Hence, there has been an increasing number of animal lovers experience companion animal loss bereavement. This form of bereavement has not been explored in Chinese societies. We conducted a qualitative study using in-depth interviews with 31 animal lovers and recruited through convenience and snowball sampling in Hong Kong. Companion animal loss bereavement appears to share similar features to other forms of bereavement but also has its unique features. The intensity of grief seemed to be affected by factors like the strength of the human–animal bond, lack of empathy from closed ones, being married without children, and euthanasia decision. Although the bereavement was distressful for many of our participants, many of them gradually achieved personal growth from their loss experience. We have identified seven common themes from the interview data and through self-reliance, social-supported, or professional-supported coping behaviors, people bereaved by animal loss can achieve growth from their experience. This study shows that postbereavement growth is possible from pet loss bereavement when appropriate coping strategies are adopted by the bereaved but some professional help may be needed.

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Kim, Kyungmin, Jeffrey E. Stokes, Steven H. Zarit, and Karen L. Fingerman. "MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS’ BEREAVEMENT RESPONSE TO PARENT DEATH: THE ROLE OF PRE-LOSS RELATIONSHIP QUALITY." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S604—S605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2250.

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Abstract The bereavement literature in adulthood has largely focused on spousal loss. Yet the death of a parent is an influential – and expected – loss experience in middle and later life. This study analyzed prospective data from two waves of the Family Exchanges Study (2008 and 2013) to explore adults’ (N = 192; Mage = 56.76) experience of a recent parent death in the past 5 years, including grief responses and positive memories of the deceased parent. We examined how pre-loss relationships with the deceased parent (e.g., positive and negative relationship quality, relationship importance) are associated with different bereavement responses among the bereaved children. Findings showed that the levels of grief were higher for children who placed more importance on the parent prior to that parent’s death. Positive relationship quality was associated with positive memories after a parent’s death. However, negative relationship quality was not associated with any bereavement responses.

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Becker, Todd, and John Cagle. "Bereavement Support Services in a National Sample of Hospices: A Content Analysis." Innovation in Aging 5, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2021): 569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igab046.2186.

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Abstract Although the Medicare Hospice Benefit mandates that hospices provide bereavement services to families for 1 year following death, it does not stipulate what services should be offered or how. Thus, this study aimed to explore the range of hospice bereavement services. This study stems from Cagle et al.’s (2020) prior study surveying 600 randomly selected agencies, stratified by state and profit status. Most participants (N = 76) worked as clinical supervisors or directors of patient services (41.6%) for medium-sized (53.2%), for-profit hospices (50.6%). Responses to “What types of bereavement support does your hospice provide to families?” were content analyzed. Analyst triangulation and peer debriefing enhanced trustworthiness. Four domains emerged: timing of support, providers of support, targets of support, and formats of support. Each domain reflected substantial variability. All hospices offered postdeath bereavement support. A minority described offering predeath support, often through bereavement risk assessment and supportive services targeting those at risk. Providers frequently included trained bereavement counselors, social workers, and chaplains. Less often, hospices leveraged familiar members of the decedents’ care team to encourage family participation. Although bereavement services predominantly targeted surviving adult family members of deceased hospice patients, services tailored to children and hospice-unaffiliated community members also emerged. The format of bereavement services demonstrated the widest variability. Commonly reported formats included written materials, support groups, and phone calls. Most hospices employed multiple formats. Although findings are consistent with prior research, the variability in each domain complicates rigorous investigation of which aspects offer the greatest benefit to bereaved family members.

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Yoon, Myeong Sook, Nan Zhang, and Israel Fisseha Feyissa. "Cultural Bereavement and Mental Distress: Examination of the Cultural Bereavement Framework through the Case of Ethiopian Refugees Living in South Korea." Healthcare 10, no. 2 (January 20, 2022): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020201.

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In South Korea, a mono-ethnic nation, refugees and asylum seekers from culturally distant countries are exposed to cultural bereavement, cultural identity shock, and cultural inconsistency for themselves and their children. Along with biological, psychological, and social factors, this phenomenon is hypothesized as playing a major role in an increased rate of distress among refugees. This study explored the experiences of 11 Ethiopian refugees living in South Korea, and their relevance to cultural bereavement while affirming and suggesting an update for the cultural bereavement framework. The analysis showed the refugees experiencing a slight continuation of dwelling in the past; a sense of guilt due to the fading of one’s culture; different types of anger; and anxiety with relation to the cultural identity of themselves and of their young children. Strong religious beliefs, a continuation of religious practice, informal gatherings within the Ethiopian diaspora, and organized community activities provided an antidote for cultural bereavement. The implication of the result hopes to assist and direct practitioners to identify complex manifestations of mental distress that often get wrongfully labeled as to their causation as well as methods and sources of diagnosis. Any update on the cultural bereavement framework also needs to consult the setting and peculiar circumstances of the displaced people in question.

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Yang, Sungeun, and Soyeon Park. "A Sociocultural Approach to Children’s Perceptions of Death and Loss." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 76, no. 1 (February 8, 2017): 53–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0030222817693138.

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By employing the phenomenographic approach, the present study explored children's cognitive understanding of and emotional responses to death and bereavement. Participants included 52 Korean, 16 Chinese, and 16 Chinese American children ages 5–6. Thematic analysis of children's drawings and open-ended interviews revealed that most children associated death with negative emotions such as fear, anxiety, and sadness. The majority of children used realistic expressions to narrate death. The core themes from their drawings included causes for death, attempts to stop the dying, and situations after death. This study contributes to the literature by targeting young children who have been relatively excluded in death studies and provides evidence in the usefulness of drawings as a developmentally appropriate data collection tool. The findings also enrich our knowledge about children's understanding of death and bereavement, rooted in the inductive analysis of empirical data with children from culturally diverse backgrounds.

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Barrera, Maru, Norma Mammone D'Agostino, Gerald Schneiderman, Susan Tallett, Lynlee Spencer, and Vesna Jovcevska. "Patterns of Parental Bereavement following the Loss of a Child and Related Factors." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 55, no. 2 (October 2007): 145–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/om.55.2.d.

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This study investigated the patterns of parental bereavement in 20 parents who have lost a child to cancer, congenital heart disease, meningitis, or drowning in the last 19 months, using semi-structured interviews and standardized questionnaires of depression and grief. Qualitative content analysis of interviews identified three bereavement patterns: The majority of parents (65%) presented uncomplicated, Integrated Grief, five mothers were Consumed by Grief, and one mother and one father expressed Minimal Grief. Quotes from parents exemplified these patterns. Parental gender, symptoms of depression, and pre-death relationship between parents and their deceased child differentially related to these patterns. Having surviving children, social support, and being active appeared to help to integrate grief into daily life. These findings illustrate differential patterns of parental bereavement and related factors, information that has important implications for identifying at-risk parents for complicated bereavement.

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Martinson, Ida M., Sandra G. Mcclowry, Betty Davies, and E. J. Kuhlenkamp. "Changes over Time: A Study of Family Bereavement following Childhood Cancer." Journal of Palliative Care 10, no. 1 (March 1994): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585979401000106.

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A longitudinal follow-up study which examined changes in 48 families over time (7-9 years) following a death of a child with cancer was conducted. The loss of a child required individual reorganization and adjustments within the family system. Changes in marital status and/or the addition of other children required adjustment in the relationships of family members. Some of the changes were developmental in nature while others, according to the informants, were directly related to the death of the child.

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Ridley, Ashley, and Sandra Frache. "Bereavement care interventions for children under the age of 18 following the death of a sibling: a systematic review." Palliative Medicine 34, no. 10 (August 17, 2020): 1340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216320947951.

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Background: Childhood bereavement after sibling death is common, but often unrecognized. The psychosomatic and socioeconomic outcomes of bereaved children can be compromised if appropriate care is unavailable during the formative years leading into adulthood. Aim: This review aims to describe the methods, structures and procedures of bereavement care for children and adolescents after the loss of a sibling, and the impact on the families benefiting from these interventions. Design: A systematic review without restriction on study design was conducted. Data sources: Four databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library) were searched for articles published from 2000 to 2019. The search was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines and the protocol is registered on PROSPERO under number CRD42019124675. Articles were assessed against eligibility criteria by both authors, and quality was appraised using CASP checklists and NHMRC grading guidelines. Results: Twenty-three studies met inclusion criteria. Bereavement care was most often accessed by children ages 6–18 who lost a sibling to cancer 6–12 months prior. The interventions were typically group sessions or weekend camps, run predominantly by unpaid staff from a variety of backgrounds. Some staff members received priori specific training. Grief education is taught through mediated discussion and bereavement-centered activities balanced with playful and relaxed activities. Several services have effectuated evaluations of their interventions, and preliminary results show a positive effect for families. Conclusion: Existing literature most likely gives an incomplete picture of appropriate childhood bereavement care, and many interventions possibly remain unpublished or published in other non-scientific sources. An effective response to childhood grief would involve collaboration between medical resources and community services, reinforced through the development of outreach and training programs.

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Paço, Arminda do, and Maria João Palinhas. "Teaching entrepreneurship to children: a case study." Journal of Vocational Education & Training 63, no. 4 (December 2011): 593–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13636820.2011.609317.

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Malkinson, Ruth, and Liora Bar-Tur. "Long Term Bereavement Processes of Older Parents: The Three Phases of Grief." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 50, no. 2 (March 2005): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/w346-up8t-rer6-bbd1.

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This study is based upon personal interviews with 47 elderly bereaved parents. These interviews provided us with detailed and extensive information on the bereavement processes that parents experience over a long period of years. From an in-depth content analysis of the interviews and the way the parents described bereavement, it seems that it is a central motif in their lives affecting their relationships with each other, with the living children, with friends, at work and with others. Although enduring grief along the life cycle is an un-patterned process with emotional and cognitive ups and downs, involving a continuous search for a meaning to life, we observed a development in this process throughout the years. As we proposed in a previous study (Malkinson & Bar-Tur, 2000) there are three main identifiable phases in the bereavement process: the immediate, acute phase; grief through the years until aging; and bereavement in old age. We propose to refer to them as the three main phases in the development of parental grieving process and name them “young grief,” “mature grief,” and “aging grief.”

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Henoch, Ingela, Christina Berg, and Inger Benkel. "The Shared Experience Help the Bereavement to Flow." American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine® 33, no. 10 (July 11, 2016): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049909115607204.

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When a family member dies, a bereavement period is taking place for all family members. The death of a parent during childhood is a highly stressful event. This study evaluates families’ experiences of family support groups when a parent has died. Families were participate in groups for children, teenagers, young adults, and parents in seven sessions. The same topic which was discussed in all groups. The support groups were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively. The participants were satisfied with the groups and experienced that the shared experience facilitated bereavement to proceed. The results indicate that families’ experiences is being more open about feelings in their own family. A support group can be one possibility to help the whole family in the bereavement.

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Tay, Djin L., Lau C. Thygesen, Elissa Kozlov, and Katherine A. Ornstein. "Serious Mental Illness Exacerbation Post-Bereavement: A Population-Based Study of Partners and Adult Children." Clinical Epidemiology Volume 14 (September 2022): 1065–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/clep.s372936.

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Rubin, Simon Shimshon. "Death of the Future?: An Outcome Study of Bereaved Parents in Israel." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 20, no. 4 (June 1990): 323–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9ajh-rbl3-ba0j-1rap.

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Child loss has been described as the most devastating of bereavements. To explore this multidimensional phenomena, thirteen Israeli parents bereaved of young children were compared with forty-two parents who had lost sons to war. Although all parents demonstrated pronounced mourning, those bereaved of adult sons were particularly affected by the loss. This was true for the initial year as well as the current status of the bereavement response, an average of ten years post loss. These findings are discussed and implications for the family are considered.

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Rodrigues, Larissa, Daniela Danttas Lima, Juliana Vasconcelos Freitas de Jesus, Gabriel Lavorato Neto, Egberto Ribeiro Turato, and Claudinei José Gomes Campos. "Understanding bereavement experiences of mothers facing the loss of newborn infants." Revista Brasileira de Saúde Materno Infantil 20, no. 1 (March 2020): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-93042020000100005.

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Abstract Objective: to understand mothers' bereavement experiences regarding the loss of their newborn child in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a Brazilian university hospital. Methods: the study was designed by the clinical-qualitative method to understand the meaning of the emerging relationships of health scenarios. Sample consisted of six mothers. The sufficiency of the sample was verified through the saturation of the data. The data collection instrument was a semistructured interview with script of open questions, the collected material was recorded and transcribed in full. Thematic analysis was performed by two independent authors. Results: feelings and perceptions of the grieving process gave rise to three categories: 1. Guilt and fantasy of bereavement related to the death and grief for their children; 2. Relationships and ambiguities - the relationship between internal concerns and perception of external relations; 3. Fear, disbelief, abandonment and loneliness - questions about perception of the external environment. Conclusions: mothers' bereavement experience is mainly permeated by loneliness and abandonment related to feelings of guilt for not being able to keep their children alive. The difficult and definitive separation in the postpartum period, caused by death, brings fantasies of reunion with their child. Women show the need to realize grief, especially by recognizing their baby's identity.

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Ornstein, Katherine A., Melissa Aldridge, Christina Gillezeau, Marie S. Kristensen, Tatjana Gazibara, Mogens Groenvold, and Lau C. Thygesen. "New antidepressant utilization pre- and post-bereavement: a population-based study of partners and adult children." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 55, no. 10 (March 17, 2020): 1261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01857-1.

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Lohan, Janet A. "School Nurses’ Support for Bereaved Students: A Pilot Study." Journal of School Nursing 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405060220010801.

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Children may have difficulty with schoolwork because of grief over the death of an important person in their lives. School nurses provide support to these children. This pilot study consisted of a Web-based survey completed by 6 school nurses in a 3-county area in Washington state. The purpose of this pilot study was to assess the need for additional support for bereaved children and the extent to which school nurses meet the needs of these students. Results indicated that many school nurses have large caseloads that preclude spending as much time with bereaved students as the nurses feel is necessary. Bereaved students exhibit a wide variety of grief symptoms that may interfere with learning. In addition, rural areas do not have adequate community bereavement resources that nurses can use to refer students who need help beyond that offered at school. Nurses must be more active in supporting students within the school setting despite limited resources.

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Smyth, Dion. "Teaching children to be sun smart: an American study." Cancer Nursing Practice 17, no. 01 (February 8, 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/cnp.17.01.11.s8.

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Farahani, Mohsen Farmahini. "The Study on Challenges of Teaching Philosophy for Children." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 116 (February 2014): 2141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.534.

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Finucane, Niamh, and Noirin Concannon. "Supporting the Surviving Parent to Support their Bereaved Children: a psycho-educational group for parents." Groupwork 29, no. 2 (December 12, 2020): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/gpwk.v29i2.1235.

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This paper describes the rationale for developing a psycho-educational group about supporting bereaved children. The group is for surviving parents following the death of their partner. As social workers in a specialist palliative care setting, we noticed a similarity in the concerns and questions raised by the surviving parents the social work team met with. It is broadly recognised that there are distinct difficulties for children losing a parent and caregiver, as this is often the person that previously was central in the provision of love, security and daily care. It is well documented that the adjustment of the surviving caregiver and the quality of care received by the child after the loss, are substantially related to how children cope (The Harvard Child Bereavement Study, 1996). Studies revealed that when parents are supported, they can demonstrate an enhanced capacity to support their children. The group provided guidance on how to support their bereaved children. The importance of creating a support network for families by connecting them with others who have experienced similar events is well documented in the literature and was also a significant rationale for developing the programme. Keywords: parental death; childhood bereavement; surviving parent; psycho-educational group

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Burrell, Lisa Victoria, Lars Mehlum, and Ping Qin. "Educational attainment in offspring bereaved by sudden parental death from external causes: a national cohort study from birth and throughout adulthood." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 55, no. 6 (February 13, 2020): 779–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-020-01846-4.

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Abstract Purpose Previous research has linked loss of a parent during childhood to reduced educational aspirations, school performance, and educational attainment later in life. The potential effect of maternal and paternal bereavement on attainment at all educational levels is, however, unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the potential influence of parental death by external causes on completion of compulsory education, high school, vocational education, and University or College education. Methods The study was based on data from three national longitudinal registers in Norway. The study population comprised 373,104 individuals born between January 1st 1970 and December 31st 1994. Information concerning deceased parents’ cause and date of death and offspring’s education and sociodemographic data were retrieved. Data were analysed with Cox regression. Results Children who had experienced parental death by external causes had a significantly reduced hazard ratio (HR) of completing all educational levels compared to children who did not have such experiences. The largest effects were evident for completion of high school (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.65–0.71) and University or College education (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.70–0.80). No differences were evident for different causes of death, genders of deceased or ages at bereavement, and generally no significant interactions between gender of the bereaved offspring and predictor variables were evident for completion of all educational levels. Conclusion Parental death by external causes has vast and long-lasting impacts on offspring’s educational attainment at all levels. Health care interventions aimed at supporting bereaved children and adolescents should focus on challenges related to educational progress.

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Jarolmen, Joann. "A Comparison of the Grief Reaction of Children and Adults: Focusing on Pet Loss and Bereavement." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 37, no. 2 (January 1, 1998): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/h937-u230-x7d9-cvkh.

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Based on the fact that the human-animal bond has existed through recorded history and researchers are now beginning to explore humans' reactions to its loss, this study attempts to answer the following questions: Does human attachment to a pet vary with age/stage of development? Does grief vary by age/stage of development? Does the length and intensity of grief change if the loss was anticipated or sudden? The purpose of this study is to understand attachment and bereavement/loss in children and adolescents as compared to adults. The “Pet Attachment Survey,” the “Grief Experience Inventory,” and “Questions for Each Person in the Study” were the instruments used in this study. The participants included 106 children, 57 adolescents, and 270 adults who had lost their pets within a twelve-month interval. The findings suggest that children and adolescents have similar attachments to their pets. Children grieved more than adults in this study. Anticipated grief partially helped participants to allay the grief response.

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Brewer, Joanne, and Andrew C. Sparkes. "Parentally bereaved children and posttraumatic growth: Insights from an ethnographic study of a UK childhood bereavement service." Mortality 16, no. 3 (August 2011): 204–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2011.586164.

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Sartawi, AbdelAziz, Yaser Natour, and Jamil Smadi. "Efficacy of Reading Strategies for Female School Age Children: Typical Children Versus Children with Mental Handicap." مجلة جامعة الشارقة للعلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية 12, no. 2 (August 22, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36394/jhss/12/2/8.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the performance of typical female students and students with mental retardation on three approaches of teaching reading comprehension. These teaching approaches were a conventional teaching method, a modified version of reciprocal teaching, and a key word strategy. Two groups of Emirati students were recruited: Group 1 (24 typical female, age range= 7.8-12 years) and Group 2 (12 students with mental handicap, age range= 11-18 years). Detailed procedures were outlined beforehand and implemented by the teachers. Statistical analyses (MANOVA) revealed that there were significant differences in group 1 students’ achievement on the three teaching methods, F(2,46) = 18.37, P< .001.The Tukey (HSD) follow-up procedure revealed that there were significant- differences at the .05 level between students’ performance on method 1 (the conventional teaching method) and their performance on method 2 (the reciprocal teaching method) and method 3 (the key word strategy); however, the Tukey test did not reveal a significant difference between students’ performance on method 2 and their performance on method 3.

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Chater, Angel Marie, Neil Howlett, Gillian W. Shorter, Julia K. Zakrzewski-Fruer, and Jane Williams. "Reflections on Experiencing Parental Bereavement as a Young Person: A Retrospective Qualitative Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 2083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042083.

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Background: It is estimated that approximately 41,000 children and young people experience the death of a parent each year. Grief responses, such as anxiety and depression, can follow. This research investigated the adult reflections of experiencing parental death as a young person. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adults (N = 14; female n = 8) who experienced parental death as a young person, which occurred over 5 years ago (time since death, M = 12.9 years; age at death, M = 16.4 years; age at interview, M = 30.9 years). The data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Results: Seven themes revealed that parental bereavement can lead to (1) “Distance and isolation” and is an (2) “Emotional journey” with (3) a “Physical impact”. Many experienced (4) “Post-traumatic growth” but acknowledged that (5) “Life will never be the same”, highlighting the importance of (6) “Support and understanding” and triggers for (7) “Re-grief”. Conclusions: Parental bereavement has significant emotional and physical consequences, but can also lead to personal growth. Talking therapies were rarely accessed, often due to a lack of awareness or desire to engage, revealing a translational gap between existing support services and uptake. Enabling open conversations about grief and identifying suitable support is a public health priority. This need has been amplified since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, which may be a trigger for grief empathy and re-grief in those who have already been bereaved.

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박미현 and 최인영. "A Study on Cover Design of Children Design Teaching Materials." A Journal of Brand Design Association of Korea 14, no. 2 (June 2016): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18852/bdak.2016.14.2.69.

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Saputra, Jumadil, and Dwi Susanti. "A Study of Several Financial Literacy Teaching Methods for Children." International Journal of Ethno-Sciences and Education Research 1, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46336/ijeer.v1i2.120.

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Financial literation is very important to be applied to the child as early as possible. Financial literation will be very influential to the understanding and knowledge about finance and also the level of prosperity in the future. This paper aims to discuss several ways to teach children the functions and uses of money, and how to manage finance. The methods examined include: giving allowance to children, teach children to have savings, bring children do shopping, teach children to share, teach children that it takes effort to earn money and teach finance with a simple understanding. The results showed that the introduction of the knowledge of financial literacy in early age make children accustomed to manage their financial in the future. Therefore, parents must be able to effectively carry out financial literacy to children from an early age.

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Li, J., M. Vestergaard, C. Obel, S. Cnattingus, M. Gissler, J. Ahrensberg, and J. Olsen. "Antenatal maternal bereavement and childhood cancer in the offspring: a population-based cohort study in 6 million children." British Journal of Cancer 107, no. 3 (July 2012): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2012.288.

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Hilliard, R. E. "The Effects of Music Therapy-Based Bereavement Groups on Mood and Behavior of Grieving Children: A Pilot Study." Journal of Music Therapy 38, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmt/38.4.291.

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Gillezeau, Christina, Katherine Ornstein, Melissa Aldridge, Tatjana Gazibara, Mogens Groenvold, Lau Thygesen, and Marie Kristensen. "New Anti-Depressant Utilization Pre and Post Bereavement: A Population Based Study of Partners and Adult Children (GP736)." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 60, no. 1 (July 2020): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.163.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bereavement in children Study and teaching'

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