Relevant bibliographies by topics / Benzene

Academic literature on the topic 'Benzene'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Benzene"

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Laelasari, Eva, Dewi Kristanti, and Basuki Rahmat. "PENGGUNAAN LEM SEPATU DAN GANGGUAN KESEHATAN PEKERJA INDUSTRI SEPATU DI CIOMAS, BOGOR." JURNAL EKOLOGI KESEHATAN 17, no. 2 (October 16, 2018): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.22435/jek.17.2.150.85-95.

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ABSTRACT The use of glue in shoe manufactures may cause health impacts among workers due to hazardous chemical exposure in glue such as benzene and toluene. The government has issued policies to prevent the workers from occupational illness by reducing the hazardous chemical exposure in the workplace. This study was conducted to find out health impacts due to benzenae and toluene exposure from the use of glue in the workplace of shoe manufactures in Ciomas, Bogor in 2017. Design of the study was cross sectional with variables of benzene and toluene content in indoor workspace, consentration of urinary S-PMA, and perceived health symptoms of workers. Samples of 34 respondents were obtained from 5 selected workshop. Analysis of the data was carried out descriptively. It was found that the content of benzene and toluene in glue are 0.1% and 55% respectively, indoor benzene vapor was below detection limit of the instrument (undetected), and concentration of urinary S-PMA was 0.24 µg/g creatinine. There was no benzene exposure to the workers in this study. High percentage of worker risk behavior were smoking, the use of PPE, and hand washing. Perceived symptoms of workers (more than 60%) were fatigue, headache, tingling. It is necessary to improve workplace with healthier and more conducive environment, and educate workers to use the PPE. Keywords: Shoe glue, benzene, toluene, exposure, small scale shoe manufacture ABSTRAK Penggunaan lem pada industri sepatu kemungkinan memberikan dampak kesehatan terhadap pekerja karena lem biasanya mengandung bahan berbahaya, seperti benzena dan toluena. Pemerintah sudah berupaya membuat kebijakan untuk mengendalikan penyakit akibat kerja, salah satunya adalah mengurangi pajanan bahan kimia berbahaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak kesehatan akibat pajanan benzena dan toluena yang berasal dari penggunaan lem di tempat kerja di sentra industri sepatu Ciomas, Bogor pada tahun 2017. Desain penelitian adalah potong lintang dengan variabel kandungan benzena dan toluena di udara ruang kerja, kandungan S-PMA dalam urin, dan gangguan kesehatan yang dialami oleh pekerja. Jumlah sampel pekerja sebanyak 34 orang yang berasal dari 5 bengkel kerja. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar benzena dan toluena dalam lem masing-masing adalah 0,1% dan 55%, kadar uap benzena di udara ruang kerja berada di bawah limit deteksi alat (tidak terdeteksi), dan rerata kandungan S-PMA dalam urin adalah 0,24 µg/g kreatinin. Tidak terjadi pajanan benzena terhadap pekerja industri sepatu di lokasi penelitian. Perilaku berisiko pekerja dengan persentase cukup tinggi adalah merokok, penggunaan APD, dan cuci tangan. Keluhan/gangguan kesehatan yang dirasakan (lebih dari 60%) adalah cepat lelah, sakit kepala, kesemutan. Perlu perbaikan lingkungan kerja yang lebih sehat dan nyaman, dan mengedukasi pekerja untuk menggunakan APD. Kata kunci: Lem sepatu, benzena, toluena, pajanan, industri sepatu rumahan
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HUFF, J. E., W. EASTIN, J. ROYCROFT, S. L. EUSTIS, and J. K. HASEMAN. "Carcinogenesis Studies of Benzene, Methyl Benzene, and Dimethyl Benzenes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 534, no. 1 Living in a C (June 1988): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb30132.x.

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Maraval, Valérie, Remi Chauvin, Kévin Cocq, Cécile Barthes, and Arnaud Rives. "Synthesis of Functional Carbo-benzenes with Functional Properties: The C2 Tether Key." Synlett 30, no. 01 (October 12, 2018): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610269.

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Beyond demonstration of conceptual relevance and synthetic feasibility of aryl/alkyl-substituted representatives, carbo-benzene molecules started to gain prospects of broader impact through the emergence of alkynyl derivatives. This is first illustrated by examples of di- and hexaalkynyl-carbo-benzenes, a carbo-naphthalene, a carbo-biphenyl, and two carbo-terphenyls. A focus is then given to dialkynyl derivatives by reference to the peripherally C2-extruded parents. In the centro­symmetric quadrupolar series, the C2 expansion or ethynylogation effect is more particularly considered for 9H-fluoren-2-yl, tris(O-n-­alkyl)pyrogallyl, indol-3-yl, 4-anilinyl, and tetraphenyl-carbo-phenyl substituents on the following respective properties: two-photon absorption, chemical stability, columnar mesogenicity, on-surface photo­induced charge separation vs single-molecule conductance, and reduction potential. Topical results and prospects of application are discussed on the basis of crystallographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical analyses vs DFT-calculated nuclear and electronic structures. For the sake of the discussion consistency, complementary experimental and computational results are disclosed in the dianilinyl series. Overall, it is shown that combined advances in strategy, protocols, and substrate scope of acetylenic synthesis remain crucial for the development of yet poorly explored but promising types of molecular materials.1 Introduction2 Hexaalkynyl-carbo-benzene3 ortho-Dialkynyl-carbo-benzene4 para-Dialkynyl-carbo-benzenes4.1 Bistrimethylsilylethynyl-carbo-benzene4.2 Bisfluorenylethynyl-carbo-benzene4.3 Bistrialkoxyarylethynyl-carbo-benzenes4.4 Bisindolylethynyl-carbo-benzene4.5 Bisanilinylethynyl-carbo-benzene5 Carbo-oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s6 Conclusions
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Li, Jiayue. "Overview of benzene and exploration of benzene structure." Theoretical and Natural Science 21, no. 1 (December 20, 2023): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/21/20230889.

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Benzene is a hydrocarbon the simplest aromatics. But the search for benzenes structure has been tortuous. This article mainly introduces the basic properties of benzene. From the physical properties of benzene to the chemical properties of benzene to the uses of benzene. In this work, we also summarize the process of scientists exploration of benzene structure and introduce the background of benzene. Of all the structures of benzene, the Kekule structure is the most recognized structure. We have proved the correctness of the Kekule structure by the product of the ozonation decomposition reaction of o-xylene. However, the Kekule structure has some limitations, the search for benzene structure is still ongoing, and we are still trying to find ways to better describe the structure of benzene. So we also sum up some modern theories about the structure of benzene. In addition, benzene is a very common chemical raw material. The article also lists some chemical products made from benzene.
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Holle, Rizky B., Audy D. Wuntu, and Meiske S. Sangi. "Kinetika Adsorpsi Gas Benzena Pada Karbon Aktif Tempurung Kelapa." Jurnal MIPA 2, no. 2 (July 8, 2013): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.2.2.2013.2997.

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Telah diteliti kinetika adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa yang diaktivasi dengan NaCl dengan tujuan menentukan model kinetika yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa. Data adsorpsi dianalisis dengan menggunakan empat model persamaan laju adsorpsi yaitu (1) persamaan laju order pertama pseudo Lagergren, (2) persamaan laju order kedua pseudo Ho, (3) persamaan Elovich, dan (4) persamaan Ritchie. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika dengan persamaan laju order ke-2 pseudo Ho adalah yang paling sesuai diaplikasikan untuk adsorpsi gas benzena pada karbon aktif tempurung kelapa. Dari model kinetika order ke-2 pseudo Ho diperoleh konstanta adsorpsi benzena sebesar 1,63x10-4 g mg-1 min-1. Nilai energi adsorpsi menunjukkan bahwa benzena teradsorpsi secara fisik pada adsorben.Kinetics of gaseous benzene adsorption on coconut shell NaCl-activated carbon had been studied. The research was aimed to determine the appropriate kinetic model applied to gaseous benzene adsorption on the adsorbent. Adsorption data was analyzed using four kinetic models of adsorption rate equation, which were (1) Lagergren’s pseudo first order rate equation, (2) Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation, (3) Elovich‘s equation, and (4) Ritchie’s equation. The results showed that the Ho’s pseudo second order rate equation was best applied to gaseous benzene adsorption on coconut shell activated carbon. The second order rate constant for benzene adsorption was 1.63x10-4 g mg-1 min-1. The value of adsorption energy showed that benzene was physically adsorbed on the adsorbent.
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Cao, Chuan-Wang, Fang Niu, Xiao-Peng Li, Shi-Lin Ge, and Zhi-Ying Wang. "Acute and joint toxicity of twelve substituted benzene compounds to Propsilocerus akamusi Tokunaga." Open Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-014-0289-y.

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AbstractThis study investigated the toxic effects of 12 substituted benzenes exposed to Propsilocerus akamusi larvae singly and as mixtures. Their toxicities were quantified in terms of median effective concentration (EC50) killing 50% of the larvae. For individual substituted benzenes to 4th-instar P. akamusi larvae, the toxicity was in decreasing order of p-chlorophenol > nitrobenzene > phenol > 1,2-dimethylbenzene > 1,3-dimethylbenzene > chlorobenzene > p-phenylenediamine > 1,4-dimethylbenzene > m-phenylenediamine > methylbenzene > benzene > aniline. The order of toxicity among three isomers of dimethylbenzene was 1,2-dimethylbenzene > 1,3-dimethylbenzene > 1,4-dimethylbenzene while p-phenylenediamine > m-phenylenediamine. The binary substituted benzene compounds’ toxicities were evaluated by toxic unit (TU), additive index (AI), mixture toxicity index (MTI) and similarity parameter index (λ). The evaluation results of TU and MTI for 9 substituted benzene compounds were completely consistent while the results of AI were the same as the results of λ based on 24 h EC50 of binary substituted benzenes. The evaluation results of 10 substituted benzene compounds were consistent using TU, MTI, AI and λ evaluation methods. 52.63% and 47.37% of binary substituted benzene tests on P. akamusi larvae showed synergism and partial addition/antagonism, respectively, under mixtures of equal proportions. These results suggest that substituted benzenes indicate acute and binary joint toxicity to P. akamusi.
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Ajenjo, Javier, Martin Greenhall, Camillo Zarantonello, and Petr Beier. "Synthesis and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 12 (February 3, 2016): 192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.12.21.

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3-Fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene was prepared by three different ways: as a byproduct of direct fluorination of 1,2-bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfane, by direct fluorination of 4-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene, and by fluorodenitration of 3,5-dinitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene. The title compound was subjected to a nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the fluorine atom with oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen nucleophiles affording novel (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes with 3,5-disubstitution pattern. Vicarious nucleophilic substitution of the title compound with carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen nucleophiles provided 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes substituted in position four.
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Hocek, Michal, Irena G. Stará, Ivo Starý, and Hana Dvořáková. "Covalent Analogues of DNA Base-Pairs and Triplets IV. Synthesis of Trisubstituted Benzenes Bearing Purine and/or Pyrimidine Rings by Cyclotrimerization of 6-Ethynylpurines and/or 5-Ethynyl-1,3-dimethyluracil." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 67, no. 8 (2002): 1223–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20021223.

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Ni-Catalyzed cyclotrimerizations of 6-ethynylpurines 3 or 5-ethynyl-1,3-dimethyluracil (4) afforded the 1,2,4-tris(purin-6-yl)benzenes 7 or 1,2,4-tris(1,3-dimetyhyluracil-5-yl)benzene (9), respectively. The symmetrical 1,3,5-tris(purin-6-yl)benzenes 8 were also formed as minor products in very low yields. Co-cyclotrimerization of 9-benzyl-6-ethynylpurine (3a) with 4 afforded the tris(purinyl)benzene 7a as a major product along with 1,2-bis(9-benzylpurin-6-yl)-4-(1,3-dimethyluracil-5-yl)benzene (10) and a complex mixture of other derivatives and isomers. Compounds 7-10 are analogues of Hoogsteen base-triplets.
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Streitwieser, Andrew, and Erich R. Vorpagel. "Electron density analysis of substituent effects in substituted benzenes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 53, no. 9 (1988): 1961–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19881961.

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Electron projection functions and the corresponding difference functions relative to benzene are computed for π and σ electronic systems of several substituted benzenes, fluorobenzene, toluene and anilinium cation, and idealized model substituents, benzene with an external point positive charge and benzene with an external dipole. The results are plotted and integrated difference populations are compared with Mulliken populations. The later give good agreement, especially for π-systems, but obscure the underlying polarization especially evident in σ systems.
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Aroney, MJ, E. Patsalides, and RK Pierens. "Malononitrile in Aromatic Solvents—Geometry of Solvation." Australian Journal of Chemistry 38, no. 3 (1985): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9850507.

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Polarization and electric birefringence measurements are reported for malononitrile in dioxan , benzene and hexafluorobenzene solutions. These data, together with 1H n.m.r .shifts, are used to explore solute-solvent interactions. Changes in the proton shifts of CH2(CN)2 are studied with replacement of benzene solvent by fluorinated benzenes.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Benzene"

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Bílková, Karolina. "Benzen v benzinech z hlediska ochrany zdraví." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-216417.

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Benzene is very toxic compound, which has carcinogenic and mutagenic effects. Result of these effects is significant reduction of its use and also low hygienic limits in occupational environment and environment. The aim of this diploma thesis was to map out possible exposure to benzene and checking of clasification correctness of motor gasoline and benzine (cleaners, thinners etc.). Determination of benzene was carried out by gas chromatography with flame ionisation detector (GC/FID) and high performance liquid chromatography with diod array detector (HPLC/DAD). Marginally, the diploma thesis was focused on determination of toluene (in june 2007 became effective ordinance no.284/2006 Sb., which forbid to sell products that contain more than 0,1 % of toluene to small consumers). Toluene was determined by same methods as benzene.
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Kim, Kimyoung. "Biodegration of Benzene." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101184.

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This study was conducted to estimate the kinetic constants of benzene-acclimated biomass at optimum conditions and investigate the effectiveness of soil inoculation to expedite the biodegradation of benzene. A complete-mix, bench-scale, continuous-flow, activated-sludge reactor was used to develop organisms capable of utilizing benzene as a sole carbon and energy source. Settled pond water was used as seeding inocula and about 2000 mg/I of MLSS was maintained at the steady state with the MCRT of 7 days. The culture was used to inoculate the experimental bottle equipped with a sampling port. A series of different initial concentrations of benzene were established in the bottles for the batch growth tests. Samples were drawn every hour and the optical densities were measured at 540 nm in order to assess the growth rate. A nonlinear least-squares regression technique was employed to estimate the constants of the Haldane equation (an inhibition function). µm was 0.31 hr⁻¹, K₂ was 1.36 mg/I and Ki, was 1.50x10¹⁵' mg/I in the range of 14 - 491 mg/I of benzene. A small amount of the acclimated bacteria was added to the normal moist subsoil containing 100 mg/I of benzene and enough mineral nutrients. The soils were put in septum-capped glass bottles and incubated in the dark for a month. The benzene concentration in the autoclaved bottles did not decrease during the incubation period while that in the inoculated bottles was reduced to zero within 4 days and that in the uninoculated bottles was reduced to zero within 13 days.
M.S.
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Barnes, Martine Luan. "Thiol chemistry of benzene oxide and muconaldehydes pertinent to benzene toxicology." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324825.

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Bratton, Shawn Brian. "Benzene-derived quinol-thioethers induce apoptosis in hematopoietic tissue via a unique ceramide signaling pathway /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Aburto, Arturo. "Microbial diversity and factors affecting benzene degradation in a benzene-contaminated aquifer." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435557.

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Zonetti, Priscila da Costa. "Hidrogenação parcial do benzeno com catalisadores de Ru/CeO2 : efeitos do tratamento termico." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267451.

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Orientador: Antonio Jose Gomez Cobo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo estudar a influência das condições de ativação (calcinação e redução) sobre o desempenho de catalisadores Ru/Ce02, destinados à reação de hidrogenação parcial do benzeno para a obtenção de cicloexeno. Para tanto, catalisadores de RulCe02 foram preparados pelo método da impregnação a seco, partindo-se de uma solução aquosa do precursor metálico RuCl3/xH20. Após a impregnação, os sólidos foram secos a 358K, por um período aproximadamente de 24 h. A seguir, os catalisadores foram submetidos aos tratamentos de calcinação em atmosfera de ar nas temperaturas de 473K e 673K, e/ou reduzidos em atmosfera de H2 nas temperaturas de 523K, 773K e 1023K. Os sólidos obtidos foram caracterizados por meio das técnicas de análise termogravimétrica, medida de área superficial específica (método B.E.T.), difração de raios X, quimissorção de O2, RTP e XPS. O desempenho dos catalisadores foi avaliado na reação de hidrogenação do benzeno, empregando-se um reator trifásico do tipo leito de lama ("slurry"). A reação foi conduzida sob pressão constante de 5,0 MPa de H2 e à temperatura de 373K, em meio reacional trifásico, contendo água e o aditivo TiC3. Os perfis de TPR dos catalisadores preparados sugerem que uma oxidação profunda do Ru é induzida pelo tratamento de calcinação. Os resultados das análises de XPS confirmam tal suposição, mostrando que o rutênio se encontra na forma de RU02 na amostra calcinada a 673K, enquanto que no sólido reduzido a 773K tem-se Ru no estado metálico. No entanto, a etapa de calcinação, seguida ou não de redução, é fortemente prejudicial ao desempenho catalítico, provavelmente devido à forte oxidação do rutênio, a qual pode ser promovida pelo suporte Ce02. Por sua vez, a redução direta conduz a catalisadores RulCe02 mais ativos, bem como a maiores rendimentos em cicloexeno, ao longo de toda a reação
Abstract: The aim of the present work is to study the influence of the activation conditions (calcination and reduction) on the performance of Ru/CeO2 catalysts, to the benzene partial hydrogenation reaction for cyc1ohexene production. Therefore, Ru/CeO2 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method, through an aquous solution of the RuChxH20 metallic precursor. After the impregnation, the solids were dried at 358K, for a period of 24h. To follow, the catalysts were submitted to the treatments of calcination in air atmosphere at the temperatures of 473K and 673K and/or reduction in H2 atmosphere at the temperatures of 523K, 773K and 1023K. The solids obtained were characterized by means of termogravimetric analysis, measure ofn specific superficial area (BET method), x-ray diffraction, oxygen chemisorption, RTP and XPS techniques. The performance of the catalysts was evaluated in the benzene hydrogenation reaction, with a slurry three-phase reactor. The reaction was lead under constant H2 pressure of 5,OMPa at the temperature of 373K, in a three-phase reactional medium with water and TiCl3 additive. RTP profiles of the prepared catalysts suggest that a deep oxidation of the Ru is induced for the ca1cination treatment. The results of the XPS analyses confirm such assuption, showing that in the ca1cinated sample at 673K the ruthenium form is RUO2, while in the solid reduced at 773K there is Ru in its metallic state. Howerer, the ca1cination step, followed or not of reduction, is strongly harmful to the catalytic perfomance. That is probably due to strong oxidation of the ruthenium, which can be promoted by the CeO2 support. In turn, the direct reduction leads to Ru/CeO2 catalysts more actives, as well as to higher yields of cyc1ohexene, throughout all the reaction
Mestrado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Rodrigues, Michelle Fernanda Faita. "Hidrogenação parcial do benzeno em fase liquida : influencia da natureza e da morfologia dos suportes alumina e niobia no desempenho de catalisadores de rutenio." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266248.

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Orientador: Antonio Jose Gomez Cobo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
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Resumo: No presente trabalho, tem-se por objetivo estudar os efeitos da morfologia do suporte, notadamente do diâmetro da partícula e da área específica, sobre o desempenho de catalisadores de Ru/Al2O3 e Ru/Nb2O5 destinados à reação de hidrogenação parcial do benzeno em fase líquida. Para tanto, catalisadores de Ru/Al2O3 e Ru/Nb2O5 foram preparados através de impregnação incipiente, a partir de uma solução aquosa do precursor RuCl3.xH2O, empregando-se os respectivos suportes com granulometrias e áreas específicas diversas. Após impregnação, os sólidos foram secos a 358 K, por um período de cerca de 24 h. A seguir, os sólidos foram submetidos a um tratamento de redução direta sob H2, à temperatura de 573 K. Os sólidos obtidos foram caracterizados através das técnicas Mastersizer-Distribuição do Tamanho de Partícula, Difração de Raios-X, Adsorção de N2 (método B.E.T.), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Microssonda para Análise Espectrométrica de Raios-X e Redução à Temperatura Programada. Os desempenhos catalíticos foram avaliados na reação de hidrogenação do benzeno, empregando-se um reator Parr do tipo ¿slurry¿. A reação foi conduzida sob pressão constante de 5,0 MPa de H2 e à temperatura de 373 K, em meio reacional trifásico contendo água. Para as condições empregadas neste estudo, os resultados obtidos mostram que praticamente não há influência da natureza dos suportes Al2O3 e Nb2O5 sobre a seletividade de cicloexeno. No entanto, o aumento do diâmetro de partícula ou da área específica do suporte diminui o rendimento do produto desejado
Abstract: The principal aim of the present work is to study the effects of the morphology of supports, especially the particle diameter and the specific area on the performance of catalytic Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/Nb2O5 for partial hydrogenation reaction of benzene in liquid phase. Therefore, Ru/Al2O3 and Ru/Nb2O5 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation, from an aqueous solution of RuCl3.xH2O chlorinated precursor, using supports with several granulometries and specific areas. After impregnation, the solids were dried at 358 K, for a period of 24 h. Then the solid underwent a treatment to direct reduce under H2, at the temperature of 573 K. The solid results were characterized by technical Mastersizer-Particle size Analysis, Diffraction of X-rays, adsorption of N2 (BET method), Electronic Scanning Microscopy and Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR). The performances were evaluated in the catalytic reaction of benzene hydrogenation, using a reactor Parr of the "slurry". The reaction was conducted under constant pressure of 5.0 MPa of H2 and a temperature of 373 K, in a three-phase reactional medium with water. For the conditions employed in this study, the results show that virtually no influence the nature of the Al2O3 and Nb2O5 supports on the ciclohexene selectivity. However, the increase in the diameter of particle or the specific area of support decreases the yield of the desired product
Mestrado
Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Abussaud, Basim Ahmed. "Wet air oxidation of benzene." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=103362.

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Processing of petrochemical compounds produces a large amount of wastewater. This wastewater consists of toxic (hazardous) materials that can not be discharged to the environment without treatment. As restrictive environmental constraints increase, new technologies are needed to treat those toxic materials before discharging them to the environment. Wet Air Oxidation (WAO) is one of these new methods.
This study casts light on the effect of initial pH on the WAO of benzene at different temperatures and pressures. It was found that at pH 6, a temperature of 260°C and a partial pressure of oxygen of 1.38 MPa around 97% degradation was achieved in one hour. When the initial pH was lowered to 4 more than 90% degradation was achieved at 220°C and PO2 of 1.38 MPa in only 15 minutes.` It was concluded that the higher the temperature the better the benzene degradation, and the faster benzene degradation has been obtained with the increasing partial pressure of oxygen. The main intermediates were acetic acid and formic acid.
Furthermore, it was found that the degradation of benzene can be further enhanced in the presence of phenol. The main reason can be attributed to the effect of the free radicals generated from the fast phenol degradation. A simplified pathway for oxidation of benzene was proposed.
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Andrejeva, Anna. "Spectroscopy of substituted benzene molecules." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34936/.

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Consistent assignment of vibrational motions across substituted benzene derivatives is a long-standing desire amongst spectroscopists. In this thesis, the S1 electronic states of monohalosubstituted benzene molecules and their deuterated isotopologues are investigated, using resonance enhanced multiphoton ionisation spectroscopy. The observed vibrational bands are assigned using the Mi nomenclature proposed by Gardner and Wright where ring localised vibrations having the same atomic motion are given the same label, allowing straightforward comparisons of vibrational motions across monosubstituted benzene molecules to be achieved. Detailed investigation showed that it would not be possible to apply the same Mi nomenclature labels to the para disubstutited benzene derivatives owing to the different vibrational motions of mono- and disubstituted benzene molecules. As a consequence a new nomenclature, Di, for labelling the vibrational motions of para disubstituted benzene molecules is proposed in this work. The Di labelling scheme is based on the vibrations of the para difluorobenzene molecule. S0 state vibrations of symmetric and asymmetric para dihalobenzene species, para fluorotoluene and para xylene are studied in detail, showing that the ring localised vibrational motions of para disubstituted benzene species are being described by the same label.
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Santos, Deodato Peixoto dos. "Determinação eletroquímica de fenóis após processo de degradação de benzeno usando sensor à base de nanotubos de carbono-ftalocianina de cobalto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75135/tde-17042012-164903/.

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Episódios de contaminação envolvendo hidrocarbonetos de petróleo são relatados com bastante freqüência, principalmente em função dos acidentes envolvendo transporte e estocagem de combustíveis, dentre os quais se destacam o benzeno, tolueno, etilbenzeno e xileno (BTEX). Assim, não é surpreendente o grande número de trabalhos, atualmente disponíveis, relacionados à remediação de águas subterrâneas. Entretanto, é conhecido que a total mineralização de benzeno, na maioria das tecnologias utilizadas para remediação de solos e águas subterrâneas, não ocorre totalmente podendo formar compostos fenólicos altamente tóxicos. Por este motivo, este trabalho teve por finalidade a análise dos subprodutos formados a partir da degradação do benzeno, que são eles: hidroquinona, resorcinol, catecol, fenol, p-benzoquinona. Para este propósito, os compostos fenólicos formados foram medidos utilizando um eletrodo de carbono vítreo modificado com filme de nanotubos de carbono e ftalocianinas metalicas. Os compostos fenólicos também foram analisados por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência com detector espectrofotométrico, espectrometria no UV/Visível. Os sensores eletroquímicos propostos mostraram-se altamente eletrocatalíticos e sensíveis na determinação dos derivados da oxidação do benzeno, obtendo-se um limite de detecção de 4,54 μmol L-1 para a hidroquinona, de 1,63 μmol L-1 para o resorcinol, 0,14 μmol L-1 para o catecol, 4,19 μmol L-1 para o fenol e 1,78 μmol L-1 para a p-benzoquinona. Observa-se que existem algumas diferenças nos limites de detecção para cada composto fenólico estudado e que o eletrodo GC/MWCNT/CoPc apresentou menores limites de detecção para o catecol, resorcinol e p-benzoquinona podendo analisar predominantemente esses compostos fenólicos a partir da eletro-oxidação do benzeno. A metodologia proposta comparada com os métodos oficiais de análise e foi observado que os sensores atingem os limites mínimos necessários de detecção, demonstrando que sensores eletroquímicos baseados em CNTs tornam-se uma alternativa no desenvolvimento de metodologias altamente sensíveis, rápidas e de baixo custo.
Contamination episodes involving petroleum hydrocarbons are reported quite frequently, mainly because of accidents involving transportation and storage of fuels, among which stand out as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX). Thus, it is not surprising the large number of papers currently available relating to remediation of groundwater. However, it is known that the complete mineralization of benzene, most of the technologies used for remediation of soil and groundwater, it doesn\'t occur and it can form highly toxic phenolic compounds. For this reason, this paper aims to analyze the products formed from the degradation of benzene, which are: hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, phenol, p-benzoquinone. For this purpose, the phenolic compounds formed were measured using a glassy carbon electrode modified with a film of carbon nanotubes and metallic phthalocyanines. Phenolic compounds were also analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection, spectroscopy in UV / Visible. The proposed electrochemical sensors were highly sensitive and the electrocatalytic determination of the oxidation of benzene derivatives, obtaining a detection limit of 4.54 μmol L-1 for hydroquinone, 1.63 μmol L-1 for resorcinol , 0.14 μmol L-1 for catechol, 4.19 μmol L-1 for phenol and 1.78 μmol L-1 for p-benzoquinone. It is observed that there are some differences in detection limits for each phenolic compound studied and the electrode GC/MWCNT/CoPc had lower detection limits for catechol, resorcinol and p-benzoquinone can analyze these phenolic compounds predominantly from the electro- oxidation of benzene. The proposed methodology was compared with the official methods of analysis and it was observed that the sensors reach the required minimum limits of detection, demonstrating that electrochemical sensors based on CNTs become an alternative for the development of high sensitivity, rapid and low-cost. methodologies.
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Books on the topic "Benzene"

1

Muzaffer, Aksoy, ed. Benzene carcinogenicity. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1988.

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Frank, Arthur L. Benzene toxicity. Atlanta, Ga: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2000.

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E, McConnell Ernest, International Labour Organisation, International Program on Chemical Safety., United Nations Environment Programme, WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Benzene., and World Health Organization, eds. Benzene: First draft. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1993.

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Earth, Friends of the, ed. Benzene from vehicles. London: Friends of the Earth, 1990.

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A, Mehlman Myron, and Collegium Ramazzini, eds. Benzene, scientific update: Proceedings of the International Conference on Benzene. New York: A.R. Liss, 1985.

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Corporation, Syracuse Research, ed. Toxicological profile for benzene. Atlanta, Ga: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2007.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, ed. Health hazards of benzene. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1987.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration., ed. Health hazards of benzene. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1987.

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United States. Occupational Safety and Health Administration., ed. Health hazards of benzene. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1987.

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Rathbun, R. E. Volatilization of benzene and eight alkyl-substituted benzene compounds from water. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Benzene"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "benzene." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_1079.

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Ware, George W. "Benzene." In Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 9–19. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3922-2_2.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Benzene." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 73. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1206.

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Irvine, William M. "Benzene." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 254. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_1826.

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Angerer, J. "Benzene." In Analyses of Hazardous Substances in Air, 15–25. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527600191.ch2.

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Irvine, William M. "Benzene." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 153. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_1826.

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Hallenbeck, William H., and Kathleen M. Cunningham-Burns. "Benzene." In Pesticides and Human Health, 20–21. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-5054-8_12.

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Patnaik, Pradyot. "Benzene." In Handbook of Environmental Analysis, 391–92. Third edition. | Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315151946-72.

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Irvine, William M. "Benzene." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_1826-4.

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Howard, Philip H., Gloria W. Sage, William F. Jarvis, and D. Anthony Gray. "Benzene." In Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data For Organic Chemicals, Volume II, 29–39. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003418863-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Benzene"

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Muscatello, Anthony C. "Benzene Production on Mars." In SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS INTERNAT.FORUM-STAIF 2004: Conf.on Thermophys.in Microgravity; Commercial/Civil Next Gen.Space Transp.; 21st Symp.Space Nuclear Power & Propulsion; Human Space Explor.; Space Colonization; New Frontiers & Future Concepts. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1649672.

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Chou, Jen-Shen, Cheng-Chung Liu, Chu-Yug Cheng, and S. W. Chang Chien. "Benzene catalyzed by birnessite." In APPLIED PHYSICS OF CONDENSED MATTER (APCOM 2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133908.

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Milovanovic, Milan R., Jelena M. Zivković, Dragan B. Ninković, Jelena P. Blagojević, and Snežana D. Zarić. "Benzene and water – different or similar?" In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and BioInformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.035m.

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Considering the properties of water and benzene molecules, one can expect very different benzene/benzene and water/water interactions. Benzene does not have a dipole moment, while water does. Analysis of the data in the crystal structures in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) revealed the most frequent benzene/benzene and water/water geometries. The majority of the benzene/benzene interactions in the crystal structures in the CSD are stacking interactions with large horizontal displacements, and not geometries that are minima on benzene/benzene potential surface. A large number of the water/water contacts in the CSD are hydrogen bonds, 70% of all attractive water/water interactions. In addition, water/water contacts with two water forming antiparallel interactions are 20% of all attractive water/water contacts. In these contacts, the O-H bonds of water molecules are in antiparallel orientation. In benzene/benzene interactions at large horizontal displacements, two C-H bonds also are in the antiparallel orientation. This shows that although the two molecules are different, both of them form antiparallel interactions with a local O-H and C-H dipole moments.
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Forsell, K., G. Ljungkvist, R. Nordlinder, E. Andersson, and R. Nilsson. "653 Benzene and work on deck on product tankers: exposures, benzene in exhaled air and urinary biomarkers of benzene exposure." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.1114.

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Lotshaw, William T., Dale McMorrow, and Geraldine A. Kenney-Wallace. "Femtosecond laser spectroscopy studies of electronic nonlinearities in the halogen substituted benzenes." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1987.thr11.

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The femtosecond time-resolved optical Kerr effect (OKE) in room temperature polyatomic molecular liquids contains a wealth of information on the dynamics and structure of molecules through their nonlinear optical susceptibility.1 We present new femtosecond time-resolved results on the OKE of liquid benzene, nitrobenzene, and the series of monohalogenated benzenes (F, Cl, Br, I) which demonstrate the influence of the substituent (NO2 or halogen) on the purely electronic hyperpolarizability of these molecules.
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Einaga, Hisahiro, Takashi Ibusuki, and Shigeru Futamura. "Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzene in Air." In ASME 2003 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2003-44205.

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Photocatalytic oxidation of benzene in air at room temperature was studied in order to obtain the information on its reactivity on the photoirradiated TiO2 catalyst. The objective of this paper is to describe in detail the dependence of the rate for benzene photooxidation on humidity, initial benzene concentration, and incident light intensity, since they are important factors for construction of VOC control system utilizing solar energy. The reaction mechanism is also discussed to understand the decomposition behavior of benzene.
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Gilman, J. J., and R. W. Armstrong. "Shear-induced polymerization of benzene." In High-pressure science and technology—1993. AIP, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.46309.

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Ma, Y. G., H. F. Zhang, S. Y. Liu, J. C. Shen, R. G. Suns, and J. B. Peng. "Photolumnescent of plasma polymerim benzene." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.834690.

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Liang, Meis, and Haitao Zheng. "Monitoring and Analysis on Benzene and Benzene Compounds in Indoor Air by Gas Chromatography." In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5518219.

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Xu, Mo, Leilei Guo, Xiaobing Kang, Junjie Zhang, and Zilong Li. "TRANSPORT OF VOLATILE ORGANIC CHEMICALS BENZENE IN THE UNSTATURATED POROUS MEDIA：EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES FOR BENZENE." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-280513.

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Reports on the topic "Benzene"

1

Jenkins, W. J. At-line benzene monitor for measuring benzene in precipitate hydrolysis aqueous. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6678206.

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Jenkins, W. J. At-line benzene monitor for measuring benzene in precipitate hydrolysis aqueous. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134416.

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Dworjanyn, L. O., K. G. Rappe, and P. A. Gauglitz. Benzene release. status report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/568429.

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Livingston, R. R. Benzene Monitor System report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10179146.

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Dworjanyn, L. O. ITP Filtrate Benzene Removal Alternatives. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/289660.

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Swingle, R. F., R. A. Peterson, and C. L. Crawford. Apparent Benzene Solubility in Tetraphenylborate Slurries. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/587240.

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Erskine, D. J. Refractive index change in dissociating shocked benzene. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10182801.

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Eibling, R. E. The Solubility of Phenylborate Compounds in Benzene. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/664588.

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Marek, J. C. Pilot-Scale Benzene Retention and Release Demonstration. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/819038.

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Poirier, M. R. Benzene generation from phenylborate decomposition in saltstone. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/754227.

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