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1
Nugroho, Aprilian Adi, Sri Sumarsih, and Bambang Sulistiyanto. "Kandungan Total Bakteri dan Total Fungi pada Pellet Limbah Penetasan yang Dibuat dengan Penambahan Bentonit." Jurnal Agripet 16, no. 2 (October 1, 2016): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v16i2.3192.
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ABSTRAK. Penelitian efek penambahan bentonit dalam proses pelleting terhadap total bakteri dan total fungi dari produk pellet limbah penetasan sebagai bahan pakan alternatif, telah dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Teknologi Pakan, Fakultas Peternakan dan Pertanian, Universitas Diponegoro. Penambahan bentonit pada proses pelleting diharapkan mengurangi total bakteri dan total fungi pada pellet olahan limbah penetasan, sehingga aman digunakan sebagai bahan pakan alternatif. Pada penelitian ini limbah penetasan yang berupa cangkang telur, telur infertile, telur gagal menetas, serta DOC afkir dan mati dihancurkan, dicampur dengan bentonit dan dibuat pellet, untuk kemudian dianalisis kandungan total bakteri dan total fungi pada produk pellet. Perlakuan bentonit dilakukan dengan aras 0, 2, 4 dan 6% (B/B). Penelitian dilakukan dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Data dianalisis dengan analisis ragam dan dilanjutkan dengan uji wilayah ganda Duncan untuk mengetahui perbedaan antar perlakuan. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian bentonit dari berbagai level berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01). Pemberian bentonit pada tingkat tertinggi (6%) mampu menekan total bakteri dan total fungi pada kisaran 105 cfu/g. Disimpulkan bahwa bentonit mampu menekan kandungan total bakteri dan total fungi pada produk pellet limbah penetasan. (Numbers of total bacteria and total fungi of hatchery waste pellets that made by adding bentonite) ABSTRACT. A Research about the effect of bentonite addition in the pelletizing process on total bacteria and total fungi of pellet product of hatchery waste as an alternative feedstuff, was done at Feed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal and Agricultural Sciences, Diponegoro University. The addition of bentonite was expected to reduce the number of bacteria and fungi in the pellet product of hatchery waste, therefore, it could be used safely as an alternative feedstuff. In this experiment, the hatchery waste in the forms of eggshell, infertile eggs, un-hatched eggs, dead and culled DOC were blended, mixed with bentonite and pelleted,and then the number of total bacteria and total fungi of pellet was analyzed. The treatment was carried out with the level of bentonite i.e. 0, 2, 4 and 6% (w/w). Completely randomized design (CRD)was applied by 4 treatments and 5 replications of each. Data analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and followed by Duncan multiple range test (DMRT) to determine differences among the treatments. The results showed that administration of bentonite at various levels significantly affect the number of bacteria and fungi in the hatchery waste pellets (P <0.01). Administration of bentonite at the level of 6% shows the highest value on suppressing the content of total bacteria as well as fungi up to the range of total content 105cfu/g. In conclusion, the bentonite was able to suppress the total amount of bacteria and total fungi in the hatchery waste pellets.
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Liu, Hao, Bing Xie, and Yue-lin Qin. "Effect of Bentonite on the Pelleting Properties of Iron Concentrate." Journal of Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7639326.
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The physical and chemical properties such as particle size, montmorillonite content, swelling degree, water absorption, and blue absorption of A, B, and C bentonites were studied under laboratory conditions. The effects of adding different quality and different proportion of bentonite on falling strength, compression strength, and shock temperature of green pellet were investigated. The experimental results show that the montmorillonite content, water absorption, and methylene blue absorption of bentonite-B are the highest. And the quality of bentonite-B is the best, followed by bentonite-C and bentonite-A poor quality. When the amount of bentonite-B reduced from 1.5% to 1.0%, the strength of green pellets and the shock temperature both decrease. As the same proportion of A, B, and C bentonites, the green-ball strength and shock temperature are as follows: bentonite-A > bentonite-B > bentonite-C.
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Sivrikaya, Osman, and A. I. Arol. "ALTERNATIVE BINDERS TO BENTONITE FOR IRON ORE PELLETIZING: PART I: EFFECTS ON PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES." HOLOS 3 (July 3, 2014): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2014.1758.
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The use of conventional bentonite binder is favorable in terms of mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, however, because of its acid constituents bentonite is considered as impurity especially for iron ores with high acidic content. Therefore, alternative binders to bentonite have been tested. Organic binders are the most studied binders and they yield pellets with good wet strength; they fail in terms of preheated and fired pellet strengths. This study was conducted to investigate how insufficient pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a low-melting temperature and slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into iron oxide pellet was tested. Wet and thermally treated pellet physical-mechanical qualities (balling - moisture content - size - shape - drop number - compressive strengths - porosity - dustiness) were determined. The results showed that good quality wet, dry, preheated and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets. While organic binders provided sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, the boron compounds provided the required preheated and fired pellet strengths at even lower firing temperature. Especially, the contribution of boron compound addition is most pronounced for hematite pellets which do not have strengthening mechanism through oxidation like magnetite pellets during firing. Therefore, addition of boron compound is beneficial to recover the low physical-mechanical qualities of pellets produced with organic binders through slag bonding mechanism. Furthermore, lowering the firing temperature thanks to low-melting boron compounds will be cost-effective for firing part of the pelletizing plants.
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Sivrikaya, Osman, and A. I. Arol. "ALTERNATIVE BINDERS TO BENTONITE FOR IRON ORE PELLETIZING : PART II : EFFECTS ON METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES." HOLOS 3 (July 3, 2014): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15628/holos.2014.1759.
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This study was started to find alternative binders to bentonite and to recover the low preheated and fired pellet mechanical strengths of organic binders-bonded pellets. Bentonite is considered as a chemical impurity for pellet chemistry due to acid constituents (SiO2 and Al2O3). Especially addition of silica-alumina bearing binders is detrimental for iron ore concentrate with high acidic content. Organic binders are the most studied binders since they are free in silica. Although they yield pellets with good wet strength; they have found limited application in industry since they fail to give sufficient physical and mechanical strength to preheated and fired pellets. It is investigated that how insufficient preheated and fired pellet strengths can be improved when organic binders are used as binder. The addition of a slag bonding/strength increasing constituent (free in acidic contents) into pellet feed to provide pellet strength with the use of organic binders was proposed. Addition of boron compounds such as colemanite, tincal, borax pentahydrate, boric acid together with organic binders such as CMC, starch, dextrin and some organic based binders, into magnetite and hematite pellet mixture was tested. After determining the addition of boron compounds is beneficial to recover the low pellet physical and mechanical qualities in the first part of this study, in this second part, metallurgical and chemical properties (reducibility - swelling index – microstructure – mineralogy - chemical content) of pellets produced with combined binders (an organic binder plus a boron compound) were presented. The metallurgical and chemical tests results showed that good quality product pellets can be produced with combined binders when compared with the bentonite-bonded pellets. Hence, the suggested combined binders can be used as binder in place of bentonite in iron ore pelletizing without compromising the pellet chemistry.
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Yan, Haoli, Xiaolei Zhou, Lei Gao, Haoyu Fang, Yunpeng Wang, Haohang Ji, and Shangrui Liu. "Prediction of Compressive Strength of Biomass–Humic Acid Limonite Pellets Using Artificial Neural Network Model." Materials 16, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 5184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16145184.
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Due to the detrimental impact of steel industry emissions on the environment, countries worldwide prioritize green development. Replacing sintered iron ore with pellets holds promise for emission reduction and environmental protection. As high-grade iron ore resources decline, research on limonite pellet technology becomes crucial. However, pellets undergo rigorous mechanical actions during production and use. This study prepared a series of limonite pellet samples with varying ratios and measured their compressive strength. The influence of humic acid on the compressive strength of green and indurated pellets was explored. The results indicate that humic acid enhances the strength of green pellets but reduces that of indurated limonite pellets, which exhibit lower compressive strength compared to bentonite-based pellets. Furthermore, artificial neural networks (ANN) predicted the compressive strength of humic acid and bentonite-based pellets, establishing the relationship between input variables (binder content, pellet diameter, and weight) and output response (compressive strength). Integrating pellet technology and machine learning drives limonite pellet advancement, contributing to emission reduction and environmental preservation.
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Liu, Shuo, Yuanbo Zhang, Zijian Su, and Tao Jiang. "Improving the Properties of Magnetite Green Pellets with a Novel Organic Composite Binder." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 9, 2022): 6999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196999.
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A novel composite binder (humic acid modified bentonite, HAMB) and two other binders (bentonite and Modified humic acid, MHA) were used to explore the effects of binders on the properties of magnetite green pellets in this study. The results of green pellet properties and drying tests show that the low doses of a humic substance-based binder can achieve the same effect as high doses of bentonite binder. A humic substance-based binder could be a promising organic binder to replace bentonite. Meanwhile, the influence mechanism of adding different binders on the strength of green pellet was discussed, and the relationship between moisture content in the pellet and the compression strength of three binders was determined. A TG-DSC analysis found that the novel composite binder (HAMB) was not a simple mix of humic acid and bentonite, in which a humic substance could change the structure of bentonite and reduce the thermal stability of bentonite, causing the HAMB composite binder to have a high decomposition temperature.
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Zhao, Hongxing, Fengshan Zhou, Hongyang Zhao, Cunfa Ma, and Yi Zhou. "A Review on the Effect of the Mechanism of Organic Polymers on Pellet Properties for Iron Ore Beneficiation." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 12, 2022): 4874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224874.
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Iron ore pellets not only have excellent metallurgical and mechanical properties but are also essential raw materials for improving iron and steel smelting in the context of the increasing global depletion of high-grade iron ore resources. Organic polymers, as important additive components for the production of high-quality pellets, have a significant impact on the formation as well as the properties of pellets. In this review, the mechanisms of organic polymers on the pelletizing properties, bursting temperature, and pellet strength at low and high temperatures, as well as the existing measures and mechanisms to improve the high-temperature strength of the organic binder pellets are systematically summarized. Compared with traditional bentonite additives, the organic polymers greatly improve the pelletizing rate and pellet strength at low temperatures, and significantly reduces metallurgical pollution. However, organic binders often lead to a decrease in pellet bursting temperature and pellet strength at high temperatures, which can be significantly improved by compounding with a small amount of low-cost inorganic minerals, such as bentonite, boron-containing compounds, sodium salts, and copper slag. At the same time, some industrial solid wastes can be rationally used to reduce the cost of pellet binders.
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Zhao, Hongxing, Fengshan Zhou, Cunfa Ma, Zhongjin Wei, and Wenjun Long. "Bonding Mechanism and Process Characteristics of Special Polymers Applied in Pelletizing Binders." Coatings 12, no. 11 (October 26, 2022): 1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12111618.
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Pellet ore not only has excellent metallurgical and mechanical properties, but is also an important metallurgical raw material used to solve the problem of increasing depletion of global high-grade iron ore resources. Bentonite has long been widely used in pellet ore production, which is not only expensive but also causes serious metallurgical pollution. Organic binders can form stronger adhesion and cohesion with mineral particles inside the green pellets than capillary forces, which greatly improves the pelletizing rate and significantly increases the strength of green and dry pellets, and it becomes an indispensable alternative to bentonite because it volatilizes pyrolytically at high temperatures, leaving almost no inorganic contaminants inside the pellet ore. In order to let more pellet researchers fully understand the research status and pelletizing theory of organic binders, this review systematically summarizes seven common organic binders, and elaborates on their adhesion mechanism and process characteristics, so as to provide references for pellet researchers and readers to further prepare cost-effective pellet binders and improve advanced pelletizing technology.
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Ghiadistri, Giulia M., Lidija Zdravkovic, David M. Potts, and Aikaterini Tsiampousi. "Overview and conceptual constitutive framework for pellet-based buffer materials." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502013.
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Buffer materials for nuclear waste disposal applications generally consist of blocks made of highly expansive compacted clay. However, high-density pellets of bentonite are being evaluated as an alternative buffer material for waste isolation. The material response of pellet-based buffers may be quite different from that of compacted buffers, because of the peculiar discontinuous porosity presented. An overview of the literature available on pellet-based buffers is presented and, in particular, two main topics are discussed: firstly, the characteristics of the fabric of the pellets that can be observed through techniques of micro-structural investigation, secondly, the most important behavioural features that can be seen during material testing. Additionally, the constitutive frameworks that have already been developed specifically for pellets are also reviewed. The overall objective of the paper is to highlight the differences between compacted and pellet-based bentonite buffers, in order to propose suitable assumptions to start developing a constitutive model for the latter.
10
Chen, Peng, and Xiaolei Zhou. "A Study on the Influence of Drying and Preheating Parameters on the Roasting Properties of Limonite Pellets." Minerals 14, no. 2 (February 4, 2024): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14020166.
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In this experiment, a pellet preparation method was investigated to study the drying, preheating, and roasting properties of limonitic iron ore from a plant in Yunnan. The aim was to improve the subsequent iron-making process of limonitic iron ore and make it a substitute for sintered ore. This substitution would reduce the amount of blast furnace slag in the iron-making process. Bentonite is commonly used as a primary binder in many pelletizing plant operations. However, its excessive usage leads to a higher risk of slagging and coking in the furnace. In this paper, we aim to decrease the quantity of bentonite added, enhance the iron content in the pellets, and reduce impurities to improve the grade of limonite pellets. The results show that the optimal drying, preheating, and roasting temperatures of limonite pellets are 200 °C, 700 °C, and 1250 °C, respectively, and the optimal roasting time is 20 min, when the diameter of the pellets is 8–13 mm. The compressive strength of limonite pellets with the addition of 1.5% bentonite was the highest, meeting the demands of a general blast furnace, based on which the iron grade of limonite pellet ore was increased by 10.63%.
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Svyrydenko, Zh V., M. V. Yagolnik, and V. M. Zakharchenko. "The transition to the production of non-bentonite highly basic iron ore pellets on a flux bond is a real solution to the complex problems of raw material preparation and the blast furnace process." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, no. 1 (2019): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s001-11019.
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Purpose. Show the possibility of producing bentonitic iron ore pellets with basicity of 0.6-1.2 on a flux bond. Methodology. Testing the properties of the flux binder in the production of pellets at different stages of technology. Analysis of the properties of the obtained pellets and technical and economic indicators of the operation of the firing conveyor machine during the periods of pellet production using bentonite clay and using a flux bond. Results. The advantages of the flux ligament compared to the bentonite are shown. The characteristics of the experimental pellets are given and the economic efficiency of using this technology is proved (bentonite output, increase in iron content, as well as the productivity of roasting machines up to 10%). The scientific novelty of the work lies in the fact that the formation mechanism and the rate of hydration of the flux bond as well as the time of formation of the colloidal binder solution have been clarified. A method of preparing a binder flux has been developed, which allows taking into account all the features of the raw materials and the existing products in the agglomeration factories. The practical significance lies in the possibility of introducing a technology for the production of pellets on a flux bundle in the conditions of any mining plant, which allows: to get rid of the use of bentonite clay, to increase the productivity of kiln machines, to reduce the consumption of limestone and coke in blast furnaces, to increase the productivity of blast furnaces. Il 3. Tab. 3. Bibliogr .: 3 titles. Keywords: non-bentonitic pellets, flux binder, efficiency.
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Bhuiyan, Iftekhar U., Johanne Mouzon, Birgit Schröppel, Andres Kaech, Illia Dobryden, Seija P. E. Forsmo, and Jonas Hedlund. "Microstructure of Bentonite in Iron Ore Green Pellets." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927613013950.
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AbstractSodium-activated calcium bentonite is used as a binder in iron ore pellets and is known to increase strength of both wet and dry iron ore green pellets. In this article, the microstructure of bentonite in magnetite pellets is revealed for the first time using scanning electron microscopy. The microstructure of bentonite in wet and dry iron ore pellets, as well as in distilled water, was imaged by various imaging techniques (e.g., imaging at low voltage with monochromatic and decelerated beam or low loss backscattered electrons) and cryogenic methods (i.e., high pressure freezing and plunge freezing in liquid ethane). In wet iron ore green pellets, clay tactoids (stacks of parallel primary clay platelets) were very well dispersed and formed a voluminous network occupying the space available between mineral particles. When the pellet was dried, bentonite was drawn to the contact points between the particles and formed solid bridges, which impart strength to the solid compact.
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Gopar, R. A., S. Maulana, H. A. Parastiwi, W. Negara, P. S. Negoro, and M. N. Rofiq. "Effect of Organic Pellet Binders on Physic and Nutrient Quality as an Eco Feed Product." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1114, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1114/1/012068.
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Abstract Environmentally friendly products are currently a concern for the community to consume. The increase in livestock products is also in line with the increasing need for feed. Some chemicals materials are used in producing feed have been prohibited from being used. Organic binder for pellet feed is one of the solutions to replace these non-organic materials. In this study, two dosages of molasses and bentonite as organic pellet binders were tested on the quality of pellet feed with factorial arrangement. The parameter was physic quality pellet such as hardness, durability, friction and density. Chemical component of pellet product such as dry matter, ash, protein, fat and fibre. Organic binder of 5% molasses and 5% bentonite were optimum to obtain better physical pellet condition. In addition, 5% of molasses binder resulted in highest pellet durability index (93.40%). As conclusion, molasses and bentonite are suggested as organic binders for producing good quality pellet feed.
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E, Chuprinov, Lyalyuk V, Zhuravlev F, Kassim D, and Lyakhova I. "Study of the influence of different types of bentonite clays on the quality indicators of pellets." 2,2020 (125) 2,2020, no. 2,2020 (125) (March 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.34185/tpm.2.2020.05.
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Objective: to analyze and determine the influence of bentonite clays of different deposits and exchange ionic complexes on the metallurgical properties of iron ore pellets. Methods: performing rheological studies of bentonite clay samples and their chemical analysis, electron microscopic studies of samples. To assess the metallurgical characteristics of the pellets obtained, the moisture of the pellets, the compressive strength of the wet and dry pellets, the number of dumpings without destroying the wet pellets, and the temperature of the «shock» have been determined. Results: laboratory tests were conducted to determine the suitability of bentonite clays of different mineralogical composition and exchange ion complex for the production of pellets. Tests have shown that the impact resistance and compression resistance of raw pellets at a slightly increased specific consumption of bentonite Cherkasy alkaline-earth bentonite does not concede to the same properties of pellets with the use as a binder alkaline Saryugyhsky bentonite. It is demonstrated that to ensure good quality of raw pellets, an auspicious variety of clays of the Cherkasy deposit are clays of the IV layer, which are a natural mixture of alkaline-earth bentonite of the II layer and palygorskite (III layer). Tests of composite mixtures of clays IV with II and II with III layers showed that the quality of raw pellets with Cherkassky bentonite is slightly worse than with Sarygyuhsky, however, the absolute values of their indicators satisfy the industry requirements. Comparative tests of pelletizing of charges with different humidity and with the addition of 0.5% alkaline bentonite and a mixture of clays of the IV and II layers of the Cherkassky deposit have been carried out. It is shown that with increasing humidity in granules with both types of binders, the dynamic strength, porosity and temperature of the “impact” of granules increase with a minimum difference in the absolute values of indicators with different binders. To objectively confirm the possibility of using alkaline-earth bentonite of the Cherkassky deposit (II-III-IV layers) in the production of pellets, it is necessary to conduct comparative industrial tests at a pelletizing plant (for example, SevGOK), using a concentrate with the in-creased hardness of industrial water. Scientific novelty: the influence of alkaline bentonite replacement in charge for pellet production with alkaline earth, paligorskite clays and mixtures of their forms has been studied. The comparative influence of moisture content of raw pellets on their porosity and strength characteristics with alkaline and alkaline earth bentonites in the charge was studied. Practical significance: using the properties of raw, dry and calcined pellets as an example, the possibility of using less scarce and expensive local bentonite clays instead of expensive exported alkaline clays without impairing the production technology and characteristics of the pellets is shown.
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Medved, Igor, Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec, Borivoje Pašić, and Petar Mijić. "Green Approach in Water-Based Drilling Mud Design to Increase Wellbore Stability." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 5348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115348.
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Wellbore instability is one of the most serious problems that can occur during drilling, mainly during drilling oil or gas wells through rocks that contain a higher proportion of clay, such as shales. To prevent wellbore instability, oil companies apply different approaches to strengthen wellbore walls, and use different shale swelling inhibitors. The aim of this research was to apply a green approach and the concept of the circular economy in mud design, and to determine whether mandarin peel powder, which is a waste material, can be used as an inhibitor of shale swelling. For that purpose, pellets consisting of bentonite and quartz in a 50:50 ratio were prepared using a compactor, and bentonite-based drilling mud (BM) with and without mandarin peel powder in concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% by volume of water. The swelling of quartz–bentonite pellets after 2 and 24 h in each drilling-mud sample was determined at room temperature and 90 °C using a linear swell meter. On the basis of laboratory research, we concluded that increasing the concentration of mandarin peel powder reduces pellet swelling. By adding mandarin peel powder particles between 0.1 and 0.16 mm to the base mud at a concentration of 2% by volume of water, the following was achieved: 44% reduction in API filtration, 61.54% reduction in PPT filtration, 45% reduction in pellet swelling after 24 h at room temperature, and 48.6% reduction of pellet swelling after 24 h at 90 °C.
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Idemitsu, Kazuya, Ryota Yamada, Masayuki Hirakawa, Yuki Kakoi, Hajime Arimitsu, Yaohiro Inagaki, and Tatsumi Arima. "Effect of Carbonate on the Migration Behavior of Strontium in Compacted Bentonite." MRS Advances 4, no. 17-18 (2019): 1021–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.81.
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ABSTRACTThe apparent diffusion coefficients of strontium in compacted bentonites were investigated at various concentrations of NaHCO3. Purified sodium bentonite Kunipia-F® was compacted with a jig into cylindrical pellets 10 mm in diameter and 10 mm high with dry densities of 1.0 to 1.6 Mg/m3. Each bentonite pellet was inserted into an acrylic resin column and saturated with carbonated water containing 0.1 to 1.0 M NaHCO3 for more than 1 month. The face of the bentonite specimen was spiked with 5 μL of 1.0 M SrCl2 tracer solution. After a few weeks, the strontium diffusion profiles were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The apparent diffusion coefficients of strontium decreased slightly with increasing dry density. NaHCO3 concentrations of 0.5 M decreased the apparent diffusion coefficients of strontium by half at a dry density of 1.0 Mg/m3 and quarter at 1.6 Mg/m3. At a higher NaHCO3 concentration of 1.0 M, no strontium diffusion profile was observed, whereas white precipitate was observed on the face of the bentonite specimen where it was spiked with strontium. This white precipitate could be strontianite, which is strontium carbonate. Diffusion experiments using cesium were carried out for comparison, and the presence of carbonate had no effect on the apparent diffusion coefficient.
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Liu, Zhulin, Xuegong Bi, Zeping Gao, and Yayu Wang. "Preparation and Properties of Agricultural Residuals-Iron Concentrate Pellets." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9407259.
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In this paper, carbon-containing pellets were prepared by using crop-derived charcoal made from agricultural residuals and iron ore concentrates, and their pelletizing performance and properties were studied. Experimental results showed that the strengths of pellets were related to the particle size of concentrates and the content of moisture, bentonite, and crop-derived charcoal fines in the pelletizing mixture and the temperature of roasting and reduction. That the granularity of raw materials was fine and the bentonite content increased was beneficial to the improvement of pellet strengths. The suitable molar ratio of carbon to oxygen was 1.0 and the proper proportioning ratios of moisture and binder were 8.0% and 6.5%, respectively. The pellet strengths increased accordingly with increasing the reduction temperature, and when the temperature reached 1200°C, accompanied by the fast reduction of iron and the formation of crystal stock, the dropping strength of product pellets was 15 times and the compressive strength was 1650 N; this may be improved by grinding of the concentrate, leading to acceptable strength for the blast furnace.
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Yang, Jin-Wen, Yu-Jun Cui, and Nadia Mokni. "Investigation of water-retention and uniaxial compression behaviour of MX80 bentonite pellet at various suctions." E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 19004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338219004.
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MX80 bentonite pellet/powder mixture has been regarded as a candidate sealing material in deep geological high-level radioactive waste disposal. As single pellet plays an important role in the global hydromechanical behaviour of the mixture, a series of single pellet compression tests were conducted on cylindershape MX80 bentonite 32-mm pellet after reaching suction equilibrium. The changes in volume and water content during the suction equilibration with the vapour equilibrium technique allowed the water-retention properties to be investigated. X-ray μCT observations were also made on pellets after reaching the target suctions. Results showed that upon drying the water content, void ratio and volumetric strain decreased slightly, but increased significantly upon wetting. Moreover, upon drying the network of cracks presented insignificant change and the cracks were mainly located in the marginal areas of pellet, while on wetting, cracks substantially propagated from the marginal areas to the core of pellet. The uniaxial compression tests on single pellets showed that the axial strain εaxial contributed to the contractancy, while the lateral strain εlateral to the dilatancy. The uniaxial shear strength σa, max, the crack closure (CC) stress σcc, the crack initiation (CI) stress σci, the crack damage (CD) stress σcd and the Young’s modulus E were found to decrease with suction decreasing, evidencing the suction effect through softening and cracking. Because of the combined effect of suction and wetting-induced cracks, the Poisson’s ratios v increased until the suction decreased to 38-25 MPa, and then decreased with further suction decrease. Uniaxial loading closed the horizontal wetting-induced cracks at suctions ≤ 9 MPa, leading to a drop of εlateral before CC.
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Amal, Ichlasul, Jamila Jamila, and Jasmal A. Syamsu. "Kinerja Mesin Pellet dalam Produksi Pakan Ayam Pedaging Fase Finisher." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan Tropis 7, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.33772/jitro.v7i3.13492.
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ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kapasitas kinerja mesin dalam produksi pakan pellet ayam pedaging fase finisher dengan berbagai bahan perekat. Penelitian disusun menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dengan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan penambahan bahan perekat yaitu P0 = tanpa menggunakan bahan perekat, P1 = penambahan molases 2%, P2 = penambahan tepung tapioka 2%, P3 = penambahan bentonit 2%. Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian adalah kinerja teoritis dan kinerja aktual mesin pellet, ukuran diameter dan panjang pellet, serta kualitas organoleptik pellet. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penambahan berbagai bahan perekat tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0.05) terhadap kinerja teoritis mesin pellet, kinerja aktual mesin pellet, serta ukuran diameter dan panjang pellet. Berdasarkan uji organoleptik pellet dengan kriteria tekstur, warna, serta bau menunjukkan bahwa lebih 50% panelis memberi penilaian kategori baik pada kriteria tersebut pada pellet yang diberi bahan perekat. namun, perlakuan tanpa bahan perekat sebanyak 41,67% panelis menyatakan teskstur pellet dengan kategori jelek. Disimpulkan bahwa dengan penambahan berbagai bahan perekat tidak berpengaruh terhadap kinerja mesin pellet, dan ukuran partikel pellet, untuk uji organoleptik menunjukkan lebih 50% panelis menyatakan kategori baik pada kriteria tekstur, warna serta bau, sedangkan tanpa bahan perekat persentase tertinggi panelis menyatakan teskstur pellet dengan kategori jelek.Kata kunci: bahan perekat, kinerja mesin, kualitas fisik, organoleptik pelletABSTRACTThis research aims to determine performance capacity of the machine in production of finisher phase broiler pellet feed with various binders. The research used a completely randomized design (CRD) consist of 4 treatments with 4 replications. The treatment of adding binders are P0 = without using binders, P1 = addition 2% molasses, P2 = addition 2% tapioca flour, P3 = addition 2% bentonite. The parameters measured in the research were the theoretical performance and actual performance of the pellet machine, the diameter and length of the pellet, as well as the organoloptic quality of pellet. The results showed the addition of a variety of binders no significant effect (P>0.05) against the theoretical performance of pellet machines, the actual performance of pellet machines, as well as the size of diameter and length of pellets. Based on organoleptic test pellets with texture, color, and smell criteria showed that more than 50% of panelists gave a category rating on the criteria on pellets that were given binders. On the other hand, treatment without adhesives as much as 41,67% of panelists stated that the texture of pellets was in the bad category. It can be concluded that the addition of various binders has no effect on the performance of the machine, and the size of the pellet particles. For the organoleptic test, it showed that more than 50% of panelists stated good categories in the criteria of texture, color and smell, while without adhesive, the highest percentage of panelists stated that the pellet texture was in the bad category.Keywords: binder, machine performance, physical quality, organoleptic pellet
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Meng, Qing-min, Jia-xin Li, Tie-jun Chun, Xiao-feng He, Ru-fei Wei, Ping Wang, and Hong-ming Long. "Effects of Treated Cow Dung Addition on the Strength of Carbon-Bearing Iron Ore Pellets." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1019438.
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It is of particular interest to use biomass as an alternative source of fuel in direct-reduction ironmaking to ease the current reliance on fossil fuel energy. The influence of cow dung addition on the strength of carbon-bearing iron ore pellets composed of cow dung, iron ore, anthracite, and bentonite was investigated, the quality of green and dry pellet was evaluated based on FTIR analysis, and the mechanism of strength variation of the reduced pellets was investigated by analysing the phase composition and microstructure using XRD and SEM. The results show that cow dung addition decreased the green pellet strength due to expansion of the amorphous region of the cellulose in the cow dung; however, the dry pellet strength increased substantially. In the process of reduction roasting, it was found that cow dung addition can promote aggregation of iron crystals and increase the density of the pellets, resulting in increased strength of the reduction roasted pellets, while excessive cow dung addition resulted in lower strength.
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Fu, Xiao-Jiao, Man-Sheng Chu, Jia-Qi Zhao, Shuang-Yin Chen, Zheng-Gen Liu, and Si-Yuan Wang. "Experimental Study on Application of Boron Mud Secondary Resource to Oxidized Pellets Production." High Temperature Materials and Processes 36, no. 7 (July 26, 2017): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2016-0009.
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AbstractIn order to realize comprehensive and massive treatment of boron mud secondary resource, fundamental study on boron mud applied to oxidized pellets production as additive was carried out in the paper under laboratory conditions. The effects of boron mud on the performance of oxidized pellets were investigated systemically, and boron mud was combined with other boron-rich material innovatively. The results showed that, within certain limits, boron mud can improve properties of oxidized pellets. The bentonite content decreased to 0.3 % when adding 1.0 % boron mud additive and the pellets met blast furnace requirements. With the combination additive content 0.8 %, bentonite content can be further decreased to 0.2 %, and the pellets properties were better than base pellet. Therefore, it was an effective way to reduce environmental pollution and optimize blast furnace operation by developing boron mud secondary resource as pellets additive.
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Trpkošová, Dagmar, Petr Večerník, Jenny Gondolli, Václava Havlová, Jiří Svoboda, and Irena Hanusová. "Laboratory experiments on bentonite pellet saturation." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 443, no. 1 (November 3, 2016): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp443.22.
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Jovanovic, Vladimir, Dinko Knezevic, Zivko Sekulic, Milan Kragovic, Jovica Stojanovic, Slavica Mihajlovic, Dragana Nisic, Dragan Radulovic, Branislav Ivosevic, and Milan Petrov. "Effects of bentonite binder dosage on the properties of green limestone pellets." Chemical Industry 71, no. 2 (2017): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind160210023j.
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This paper presents the results of tests carried out to determine how the dosage of bentonite added as binder, affects the properties of green pellets made of the limestone fines that originate from Lithothamnium limestone processing. Bentonite was added to limestone in different mass fractions (1, 2.5, 5 and 10%), whereas all the other parameters of the pelletizing process remained constant. The aim of pelletizing was to consolidate limestone fines and form mechanically stable pellets, provided that all the other properties of limestone remain unchanged. The pellets formed in this way were analysed applying DTA/TG analysis and FTIR and SEM analyses. The results showed uniform distribution of bentonite in the pellets, demonstrated that the pellets are compact and there is no formation of new compounds. The pellets were tested for resistance to impact, compressive strength and abrasion resistance. Also disintegration tests were performed to determine the time required for the pellet to disintegrate completely in water. These mechanical properties are essential for transport, handling, storage and general use of pellets. The values of most of the parameters established for pellets with 5% bentonite, meet the standards required for use in agriculture for liming acid soils, however their application is limited because their impact resistance is unsatisfactory and the time required for their complete disintegration in water is extremely short. It should be noted that further increase of bentonite content (over 10%) will not improve the quality of green pellets. In view of the results obtained, it is necessary to introduce drying into the pelletizing process in order to bring the green pellets into solid state.
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Retnani, Yuli, Yanti Harmiyanti, Diah Ayu Purnawati Fibrianti, and Lidy Herawati. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Perekat Sintetis terhadap Ransum Ayam Broiler." Jurnal Agripet 9, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v9i1.393.
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The effect of using synthetic binder on physical quality of chicken rationABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was learn about the influence added lignosulfonate and bentonite by some processes production on physical characteristics of pellet form ration. The experimental design had used a Randomized Completely Design with 4 x 3 factorial and 3 replocats. Factor A were processes production, i.e : A0 = without processing, A1 = added 5% water spraying, A2 = added 5% hot water spraying and A3 = steam 45 minute on 1000C and pressure 1.7-1.8 kg/cm2. Factor R were added binder, i.e: R0 = control ration, R1 = control ration + 1.25% lignosulfonate and R2 = control ration + 2.5% bentonite. The parameters observed were water content, specific weght, specific density, packed specific density, angle of repose, particle size, water activity and durability of pellet. Result from this study showed some steam process by autoclave 45 minute and added binder lignosulfonate and bentonite was obviously influence specific weight, specific density, packed specific density, angel of repose, particle size, water activity and durability of pellet by percentage was 0.67 cm, 0.68 g/cm3, 0.75 g/cm3, 1.57 g/cm3, 26.990, even the water activity 0.81 wasn’t good. Added binder lignosulfonate and bentonite was obviously particle size was 0.67 cm and durability of pellet was 99.99%. Added lignosulfonate and bentonite by some process given the best on durability if it compared with commercials ration. The purpose of this study was to learn about the effect of using binder lignosulfonate and bentonite during six weeks period. The experimental design used a Randomized Completely Design with 3 x 4 factorial and 3 replications. Factor B was storage term (0. 2. 4 and 6 weeks). The parameters observed were water content, water activity factor higroskopic, particle size, specific density, bulk density, packed bulk density and pellet durability. The storage term very significant (P0.01) influenced the water content and increased the water activity, decreased the factor higroskopic, particle size, specific density, bulk density, packed bulk density and durability of pellet. The lowest water content was 10.82% in 6 weeks. The lowest water activity was 0.74 in 0 week. The highest particle size was 0.669 cm in 0 week. The highest durability of pellet was 99.95% in 0 week. The highest specific weight was 1.30 g/cm3 in 2 weeks. The highest specific density was 0.738 g/cm3 in 0 week. The highest packed density was 0.738 g/cm3 in 0 week and the lowest factor higroskopic was 0.79% in 2 weeks.
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Yi, Yihui, Guanghui Li, Pengxu Cao, Xin Zhang, Yongkang Zhang, Jin Zhang, and Jiahao Huang. "Effect of Humic Acid Binder on Oxidation Roasting of Vanadium–Titanium Magnetite Pellets via Straight-Grate Process." Crystals 11, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 1283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111283.
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The oxidation roasting of vanadium–titanium magnetite (VTM) pellets with a new composite binder was investigated using a pilot-scale straight-grate. The evolution of the chemical and phase composition, the compressive strength, and the metallurgical properties of the fired VTM pellets were investigated. Under a preheating temperature of 950 ∘C, a preheating time of 18 min, a firing temperature of 1300 ∘C, and a firing time of 10 min, the compressive strength of the fired pellets was as high as 2344 N per pellet. The fired pellets mainly consisted of hematite, pseudobrookite, spinel and olivine. The total iron content of the fired pellets was 0.97% higher using 0.75 wt% humic acid (HA) binder instead of 1.5 wt% bentonite binder. These properties are beneficial for the production efficiency and energy efficiency of their subsequent use in blast furnaces. Moreover, both the softening interval and the softening melting interval of the HA binder pellets were narrower than those of the bentonite binder pellets, conducive to the smooth and successful smelting of the VTM pellets in a blast furnace.
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Zhang, Wuju, Qi Zhou, Jian Pan, Deqing Zhu, and Congcong Yang. "Grinding of Australian and Brazilian Iron Ore Fines for Low-Carbon Production of High-Quality Oxidised Pellets." Minerals 14, no. 3 (February 26, 2024): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14030236.
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Oxidised pellets have become an indispensable high-quality charge for blast furnaces. Nevertheless, high-quality pellet feeds are becoming scarcer and scarcer. To broaden the range of sources of pellet feeds and reduce the production cost of pellets, more steel mills are predicted to use coarse iron ore fines with a relatively low iron grade and low impurities for the preparation of desirable pellet feeds through a typical wet grinding–settling–filtering process. In this work, the grinding, settling and filtering behaviour of Brazilian and Australian iron ore fines are studied and compared, with the aim of discovering the internal relationship between the mineralogical characteristics of different iron ore types and their grinding–settling–filtering performance. Additionally, the effects of ore blending on pellet preparation were investigated. The results show that, usually, the higher the hardness of the iron ore, the more grinding energy is required. Australian and Brazilian ore fines exhibit good grindability, with a Bond work index of about 10–15 kW·h/t. Furthermore, ore blending can reduce grinding energy consumption and improve settling and filtration rates, and the addition of finely ground Australian ores improves the balling performance of pellet mixtures. At the same bentonite content, the ball drop strength of the three blends with added Australian ore is significantly higher than that of the base blend, and the fired pellets obtained from Blend 1, Blend 2 and Blend 3 blends exhibit good metallurgical properties.
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Hoffmann, C., E. E. Alonso, and E. Romero. "Hydro-mechanical behaviour of bentonite pellet mixtures." Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 32, no. 8-14 (January 2007): 832–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.04.037.
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Moradi, Arash, Soudabeh Moradi, and M. Reza Abdollahi. "Influence of feed ingredients with pellet-binding properties on physical pellet quality, growth performance, carcass characteristics and nutrient retention in broiler chickens." Animal Production Science 59, no. 1 (2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17109.
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The influence of inclusion of pellet binder on physical pellet quality, growth performance, carcass characteristics and total tract apparent retention of nutrients was examined. Broiler starter (Days 1–21, pellet diameter: 2.5 mm) and finisher (Days 22–42, pellet diameter: 4 mm) diets were formulated and then allocated to one of the seven treatments including control diet, and diets including sodium bentonite (10 and 20 g/kg), wheat gluten (10 and 20 g/kg) and wheat (100 and 200 g/kg). All ingredients used as a pellet binder significantly (P < 0.05) increased the pellet-durability index compared with control diet. Wheat gluten and wheat at both inclusion rates were significantly (P < 0.05) more efficient than was sodium bentonite in improving pellet hardness. From Day 1 to Day 42, chickens fed 10 g/kg wheat gluten and 100 and 200 g/kg wheat gained significantly (P < 0.05) more weight than did control. During starters, birds fed 200 g/kg wheat showed the highest feed intake (P < 0.05). On Day 42, all the pellet binders resulted in a heavier heart weight than in the control (P < 0.05). At Day 21, the length of ileum was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in birds fed 10 and 20 g/kg sodium bentonite, 10 g/kg wheat gluten and 200 g/kg wheat, but at Day 42, it was greater in birds fed 20 g/kg wheat gluten and 200 g/kg wheat than in those fed the control diet. Inclusion of wheat gluten (10 and 20 g/kg) and wheat (100 and 200 g/kg) increased (P < 0.05) fat apparent retention. Birds fed 20 g/kg wheat gluten had a significantly (P < 0.05) higher total tract apparent retention of crude fibre, also calcium apparent retention improved by wheat gluten inclusion at concentrations of 10 and 20 g/kg compared with control (P < 0.05). Overall, inclusion of 10 g/kg wheat gluten, and 100 and 200 g/kg of wheat improved physical pellet quality and weight gain in broilers.
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Liu, Bailong, Zhaohui Zhang, Longxin Sun, Zhenghua Yang, and Lu Feng. "Sustainable utilization of a converter slagging agent prepared by converter precipitator dust and oxide scale." Green Processing and Synthesis 9, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gps-2020-0063.
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AbstractA converter slagging agent was prepared using converter precipitator dust and oxide scale as raw materials and bentonite, calcium oxide, and soluble glass as binders. The influence of different binders on the strength of the converter slagging agent was studied. The optimum ratio of bentonite, calcium oxide, and sodium silicate was determined by orthogonal experiments. The chemical composition, strength, moisture content, alkalinity, and other indicators of the prepared converter slagging agent met the requirements for converter smelting. The drop intensity of the green pellet was 3.7 times, and the compressive strength of the dry pellet could reach 988.72 N/m2. Therefore, the sustainable utilization of converter precipitator dust and oxide scale could be realized by the preparation of a converter slagging agent.
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Chun, Tiejun, and Deqing Zhu. "Oxidizing Roasting Performances of Coke Fines Bearing Brazilian Specularite Pellets." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2016): 615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0233.
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AbstractOxidized pellets, consisting of Brazilian specularite fines and coke fines, were prepared by disc pelletizer using bentonite as binder. The roasting process of pellets includes preheating stage and firing stage. The compressive strength of preheated pellets and fired pellets reached the peak value at 1.5% coke fines dosage. During the initial stage of preheating, some original Fe2O3 was reduced to Fe3O4 because of partial reduction atmosphere in pellet. During the later stage of preheating and firing stage, coke fines were burnt out, and the secondary Fe2O3 (new generation Fe2O3) was generated due to the re-oxidization of Fe3O4, which improved the recrystallization of Fe2O3. Compared with the fired pellets without adding coke fines, fired pellets with 1.5% coke fines exhibited the comparable RSI (reduction swelling index) and RDI+3.15 mm (reduction degradation index), and slightly lower RI (reducibility index).
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Darde, Benjamin, Anh Minh Tang, Jean-Michel Pereira, Patrick Dangla, Jean-Noël Roux, Jean Talandier, and Minh Ngoc Vu. "Modelling the hydromechanical behaviour of expansive granular mixtures upon hydration." E3S Web of Conferences 195 (2020): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202019502006.
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Bentonite pellet-powder mixtures are candidate sealing materials in radioactive waste disposal concepts. The mixture is installed in galleries in dry state as a granular material. The material is progressively hydrated by the pore water of the host rock and becomes homogeneous. Before homogenisation, the granular structure controls the material behaviour. In the present work, a modelling approach able to address particular features of pellet-powder mixtures is introduced. Two domains are considered: i) granular, and ii) homogeneous. The material behaviour before homogenisation is studied through Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulations. Constitutive laws for the granular state are proposed from DEM results. The behaviour of the homogenised material is described by a modified Barcelona Basic Model (BBM). Transition from granular to homogeneous states depends on suction and relative volume fractions of pellets and powder. Swelling pressure tests performed in the laboratory are satisfactorily simulated using this approach.
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Zhang, Yuanbo, Tao Jiang, Liyong Chen, and Guanghui Li. "Study on Sodium Modification of Inferior Ca-Based Bentonite by Suspension Method." ISRN Materials Science 2011 (September 14, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/953132.
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Hunyuan Ca-based bentonite is one of large-type bentonite deposits in China, the reserve of which is more than 0.15 billion tons. However, they are not completely utilized in the pellet production. Process mineralogy investigation shows that the bentonite is a kind of typical Ca-bentonite (Ca-Bent). The sodium modification of the sample is studied by suspension method in this study. Results present the alkali coefficient K of modified Na-bentonite that is increased from 0.34 to 1.33, and the 2HWA, dilation, and colloid index are, respectively, increased to 601%, 32.4 mL/g and 87.6 mL/(3 g) under optimal conditions of Na2CO3 dosage 3.0%, pulp density 20%, sodium temperature 55°C, and sodium time 0.5 h. The XRD patterns show that d(001) of the sample bentonite is reduced from 1.5539 nm down to 1.2467 nm, and 2θ(001) of the sample bentonite is increased from 5.6875° to 7.0907°, indicating that the sample Ca-Bent is effectively modified into Na-Bent.
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Zhang, Z., W. M. Ye, and Z. R. Liu. "Investigation of swelling behaviors of GMZ bentonite pellet mixtures." Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 7, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.v07.037.
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Pašić, Borivoje, Nediljka Gaurina-Međimurec, Petar Mijić, and Igor Medved. "Experimental Research of Shale Pellet Swelling in Nano-Based Drilling Muds." Energies 13, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 6246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236246.
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The drilling of clay-rich formations, such as shale, is an extremely demanding technical and technological process. Shale consists of mixed clay minerals in different ratios and in contact with water from drilling mud. It tends to swell and cause different wellbore instability problems. Usually, the petroleum industry uses various types of salt and/or polymers as shale hydration inhibitors. The aim of this research was to determine whether nanoparticles can be used as shale swelling inhibitors because due to their small size they can enter the shale nanopores, plug them and stop further penetration of mud filtrate into the shale formation. Swelling of bentonite-calcium carbonate pellets after 2 and 24 h in water and drilling mud (water, bentonite, PAC and NaOH) without nanoparticles and with addition of TiO2 (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) and SiO2 (0.5, 1 and 1.5 wt%) nanoparticles was measured using a linear swell meter. Additionally, granulometric analyses of bentonite as well as the zeta potential of tested muds containing nanoparticles were performed. Based on the laboratory research, it can generally be concluded that the addition of SiO2 and TiO2 nanoparticles in water and base drilling mud reduces the swelling of pellets up to 40.06%.
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Zhang, Chuang, Xiaolei Zhou, Lei Gao, and Haoyu Fang. "Study on the Roasting Process of Guisha Limonite Pellets." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 11, 2022): 8845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248845.
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In this paper, a pelletizing method has been researched to enhance the subsequent iron-making process applying Guisha limonite, with advantages including large reserves and low price. The purpose is to provide an alternative for the sinter, thus reducing the greenhouse gas emission during the iron-making process. The response surface method is used to optimize the experimental design of the pelleting process. A multivariate regression model for estimating the compressive strength of pellets was developed using Box–Behnken experimental methodology, where the relevant factors were the roasting temperature, pellet diameter, and bentonite content. The maximum influencing factors of each experimental design response are determined using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Under optimum conditions, the compressive strength of pure limonite pellets is 2705 N, similar to the response goal value of 2570.3 N, with a relative error of 5.20%. Since the high-grade iron ore resources are depleted, the comprehensive utilization of ore resources is becoming increasingly important. The aim of this paper was to provide a valuable technical foundation for lignite pellet-roasting processes in the iron and steel industries, since steel companies is increasing its imports of Guisha limonite.
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Zhou, Jian-An, Jun Wang, Bao Wang, Bin Ding, Yi-Chen Dang, and Yu-Jie Li. "The bonding mechanism and effects of sodium ligninsulfonate (SL) in iron ore pelletization." Metallurgical Research & Technology 119, no. 3 (2022): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/2022027.
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Bentonite is the most commonly used binder for iron ore pellets. However, due to its high alumina and silica content, the slag volume and energy consumption are increased. The aim of the present work is to identify the CSL (sodium ligninsulfonate added CaCO3) as an alternative binder in iron ore pelletization. FTIR and zeta potential tests verified that sodium ligninsulfonate (SL) reacted with magnetite mainly through ligand exchange, hydrogen bond and electrostatic interaction. Compared with SL, CSL has more active sites and stronger adsorbability. The strength of CSL preheated and roasted pellets was determined by TG and SEM. CaCO3 as a fluxing agent develops oxide bridging and bonding between the magnetite grains, forming more slag, reducing porosity and improving the compressive strength of roasted pellets. The experimental results show that it is feasible to add CaCO3 in SL as binder in pellet production.
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Chen, Guan Jhou, Weng Sing Hwang, Shih Hsien Liu, and Jaw Min Chou. "Investigation on Properties of Bentonite Type in Cold Bonded Pelletization of Flue Dust." Advanced Materials Research 409 (November 2011): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.409.743.
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In the integrated steel mills fabrication processes, the by-product of flue dust and electrostatic precipitator dust were found to be rich with large amounts of iron and carbon content and it could be recycled as a raw material for blast furnaces. In this study, we use the “Cold-bonded Pellet; CBP” technique to prepare the recycling samples for subsequent processing. Therefore, this study investigated under a fixed amount of bentonite added, the choice of different types of bentonite on the powder granulation performance and strength of particle duration effects, bentonite used as a basis for adjustment. The results showed that Bentonite samples of the granulation efficiency increase, relative to its yield and the rate of sticky increase. In general, CBP particle compressive strength increased, duration have increased, and found that curing condition B are large than the A method. In addition, by particle size analysis results show that, bentonite average particle size of 11-12μm have better compressive strength. Comprehensive assessment of granulation and mechanical properties, of which A label in four Bentonite can be preferred.
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Chuprinov, E. V., F. M. Zhuravlev, V. P. Lyalyuk, D. О. Kassim, and І. А. Lyakhova. "Study of bentonite clay influence on indicators of pellet quality." Reporter of the Priazovskyi State Technical University. Section: Technical sciences, no. 40 (November 13, 2020): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31498/2225-6733.40.2020.216180.
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Navarro, Vicente, Laura Asensio, Gema De la Morena, Heidar Gharbieh, Juan Alonso, and Veli-Matti Pulkkanen. "From double to triple porosity modelling of bentonite pellet mixtures." Engineering Geology 274 (September 2020): 105714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105714.
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胡, 耀先. "Action Mechanism and Development Direction of Iron Ore Pellet Bentonite." Metallurgical Engineering 07, no. 03 (2020): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/meng.2020.73024.
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Mesa-Alcantara, Arisleidy, Enrique Romero, and Nadia Mokni. "Gas transport in a binary bentonite mixture used in sealing systems." E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 14004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338214004.
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Binary mixtures composed of 80% of high-density pellets and 20% of granular bentonite at hygroscopic water content are currently considered for use in vertical sealing systems for the deep and longterm disposal of radioactive wastes. By pouring the dry components without compaction, the mixturedisplays a dry density of around 1.49 Mg/m3. However, these sealing systems are subjected to long-term hydrations from the surrounding formations with the possibility of having zones with entrapped and generated gas that makes it challenging to display a homogeneous saturation of the seal. Therefore, gas transport through these bentonite-based sealing materials at different degrees of saturation is a crucial issue. Hence, several oedometer tests have been conducted to evaluate the impact of gas injection on this mixture at different degrees of saturation and constant pouring dry density. These gas injection/dissipation tests were performed at constant vertical stress or constant volume conditions. The results provided the variation of the effective gas permeability at different degrees of saturation and the gas breakthrough pressure aftersaturation. Furthermore, these gas transport results were interpreted with a microstructural study of the mixture focusing on the volumetric filling of the inter-pellet porosity.
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Darde, B., A. M. Tang, J. M. Pereira, J. N. Roux, P. Dangla, J. Talandier, and M. N. Vu. "Hydro-mechanical behaviour of high-density bentonite pellet on partial hydration." Géotechnique Letters 8, no. 4 (December 2018): 330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgele.18.00114.
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Liu, Zhang-Rong, Yu-Jun Cui, Wei-Min Ye, Bao Chen, Qiong Wang, and Yong-Gui Chen. "Investigation of the hydro-mechanical behaviour of GMZ bentonite pellet mixtures." Acta Geotechnica 15, no. 10 (May 9, 2020): 2865–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11440-020-00976-y.
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Cottle, DJ. "Effects of cottonseed meal, methionine analogues and avoparcin on the wool production of young, grazing wethers." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 28, no. 6 (1988): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9880713.
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A series of experiments were conducted which aimed to develop a feed supplement that was more cost-effective at increasing wool growth in sheep than those currently available commercially. In experiment 1, young wethers grazing cereal stubble for 1 month were offered ad lib. blocks containing sorghum, urea and sodium bentonite (buffered Goldenpro, average intake 66 g/day), ad lib. blocks containing molasses, lupins and urea (Ultrapro 30, average intake 52 g/day), or pellets containing cottonseed meal (CSM, 50 g/day) plus hydroxymethyl- methionine (MEP, 3 g/day). Changes in liveweight were similar in all sheep fed supplements but liveweight losses in unsupplemented wethers were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in supplemented wethers. In experiment 2, supplementation of Merino weaners grazing ryegrass-subterranean clover pastures with 37.5 g/day of a pellet containing CSM plus MEP (plus vitamins and minerals) for 3 months resulted in increases in wool growth (+ 7%) and liveweight gain (+38%) compared with wethers fed control (vitamins plus minerals) pellets. In experiment 3, Merino hoggets grazing a ryegrass-subterranean clover pasture were rotationally supplemented for four 6-week periods with 37.5 g/day of CSM plus methionine hydroxy analogue (MHA), CSM plus avoparcin (AV), CSM plus MHA plus AV and 12.5 g/day of control pellets. The sheep grew 11, 18 and 12% more clean wool respectively when fed CSM plus MHA, CSM plus AV and CSM plus MHA plus AV compared with control pellets. The additional wool grown in response to the CSM plus AV pellet was valued at approximately twice the cost of the pellets. Although economic responses to supplementation were obtained, the response levels were well below those obtained in post-ruminal, amino acid infusion studies and conflict with data from pen-feeding experiments.
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Allen, S. E., and J. M. Desmarchelier. "A method for determination of inorganic dust content of grain in the presence of grain dust." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 4 (1997): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea96049.
Full textAbstract:
Summary. A method was developed for the determination of insecticidal ‘inert dusts’, particularly the diatomaceous earth product Dryacide, on grain. The method was also evaluated for another physical insecticide, magnesite, and 2 standard clays, bentonite and kaolin. The method consists of isolation of dusts (both inert dust and grain dust) from grain, followed by density centrifugation and ashing of the bottom pellet. The ash content of the bottom pellet is linearly related to the percentage inorganic dust in grain dust (w/w). The method can serve 2 functions. First, it can quantify total inorganic ash. Second, it can quantify the total amount of a specific inorganic additive, for example, Dryacide, thus enabling studies on the fate of inorganic additives during grain processing.
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Thuan, Ngo Thi, Tran Tien Khoi, Nguyen Thi My Chi, and Nguyen Ngoc Vinh. "Removal of methyl orange by heterogeneous fenton process using iron dispersed on alumina pillared bentonite pellet." Science and Technology Development Journal 23, no. 2 (July 3, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v23i2.2139.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction: Heterogeneous Fenton is one of the Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) and has been proven to be effective on azo dye degradation. However, a low-cost catalyst and factors affecting the processes of this system were further investigated.
Methods: In this study, pellets of iron alumina pillared bentonite (PFeAPB) were prepared by dispersing iron ions on alumina pillared bentonite pellet. Catalyst activity and lifetime were investigated via efficiencies of Methyl Orange (MO) decolorization and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal, a typical dye type of textile wastewater. Characteristics of the PFeAPB catalyst were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF).
Results: Results of batch experiments showed that specific surface area of the PFeAPB catalyst was 111.22 m2/g higher than its precursor by 2 times (57.79 m2/g). Goethite, Hematite and Maghemite phases with approximately 11.5% of iron elements containing in the catalyst were detected via XRD and XRF. Experimental conditions of pH, initial MO solution, Hydrogen Peroxide concentration, reaction time and catalyst loading were 2.0 ± 0.1, 12.7 mmol/L, 150 min and 20 g/L, respectively, to achieve 88.68 ± 5.69% of MO decolorization and 50.27 ± 6.05% of COD removal while dissolved iron in this heterogeneous Fenton process was below standard limit (2 ppm). Catalyst activity decreased by 5.22% in decolorization efficiency after the two first reusages.
Conclusion: These primary results showed the potential of applying PFeAPB catalyst in heterogeneous Fenton process with low iron leaching into water.
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Ma, Guoliang, Huyuan Zhang, Ze Ji, and Yu Tan. "Comparison of the swelling pressure of bentonite pellet-contained materials and powder." Construction and Building Materials 281 (April 2021): 122531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122531.
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Bernachy-Barbe, Fabien, Nathalie Conil, William Guillot, and Jean Talandier. "Observed heterogeneities after hydration of MX-80 bentonite under pellet/powder form." Applied Clay Science 189 (May 2020): 105542. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105542.
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Navarro, Vicente, Laura Asensio, Heidar Gharbieh, Gema De la Morena, and Veli-Matti Pulkkanen. "A triple porosity hydro-mechanical model for MX-80 bentonite pellet mixtures." Engineering Geology 265 (February 2020): 105311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105311.
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Zhang, Zhao, Wei-Min Ye, Zhang-Rong Liu, Qiong Wang, and Yu-Jun Cui. "Mechanical behavior of GMZ bentonite pellet mixtures over a wide suction range." Engineering Geology 264 (January 2020): 105383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105383.
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