Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bent wood

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Bent wood'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Bent wood"

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Demitrova, I., and O. Saveleva. "Production of bent furniture from massive wood." Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 3, no. 5 (December 2, 2015): 456–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/16300.

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Wilson, Brayton F. "Response to stem bending in forest shrubs: stem or shoot reorientation and shoot release." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 10 (October 1, 1997): 1643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-876.

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Shrubs in the forest understory may be bent by their own weight or by overstory debris. To maintain height growth they must respond to bending by vertical growth of new shoots, reorientation of older axes, or by releasing preventitious buds to form epicormic shoots. I tested for these responses in Ilex verticillata L., Cornus amomum Mill., Gaylussacia baccata (Wang.) K. Koch, Viburnum cassinoides L., Hamamelis virginiana L., and Kalmia latifolia L. For each species, I removed potentially supporting vegetation adjacent to 20 stems, left 10 stems untreated to test for bending by self weight, and bent the remaining 10 stems to 45° to simulate effects of fallen debris. Stem angles and curvatures were measured from before leaf out until just before leaf fall to detect either sagging from self weight or upward bending from tension wood action. Control stems initially leaned out of vertical and five of six species sagged further into a cantilever form. Several control stems failed and bent to the ground. Stems of H. virginiana, I. verticillata, and C. amomum formed tension wood, but only the first two species bent upward. Viburnum cassinoides, G. baccata, and K. latifolia formed no tension wood and sagged further down after being bent. Epicormic shoots formed with varying frequencies in all species except K. latifolia. Epicormic shoots were the major response in C. amomum, V. cassinoides, and G. baccata. New terminal shoots on bent stems recovered toward vertical in I. verticillata and K. latifolia. Negative gravitropic response of shoots was the only recovery mechanism for K. latifolia. Key words: forest shrubs, tension wood, epicormic shoots, bending, stem architecture.
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Lachaud, Suzanne. "Xylogénèse chez les Dicotylédones arborescentes. V. Formation du bois de tension et transport de l'acide indole acétique tritié chez le Hêtre." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 1253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-174.

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Upper stems of young beeches (Fagus silvatica L.) were bent into Jaccard loops in May. If they stayed on the tree, they produced a wide arc of extreme tension wood on the upper side of the loop, which contained numerous gelatinous fibers, few vessels, and little axial parenchyma. On the lower side of these loops, xylogenesis was nearly stopped. If bent stems were removed from the tree, xylogenesis was far less asymmetric: the wood formed on the upper side contained normal vessels and axial parenchyma, but also gelatinous fibers; on the lower side, the wood was normal. Transport and metabolism of 3H-labelled indole acetic acid was studied in both models. In intact loops left on the trees, lateral auxin transport took place mainly towards the lower half of the stem. In isolated loops, no preferential direction could be detected for lateral auxin transport. Extreme tension wood differentiation on the upper side of a bent stem requires the intervention of correlative factors, not only from buds, but also from the base of the tree, which particularly influence lateral downward transport of auxin.
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Yeh, Ting-Feng, Jennifer L. Braun, Barry Goldfarb, Hou-min Chang, and John F. Kadla. "Morphological and chemical variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)." Holzforschung 60, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.001.

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Abstract To better understand the within-tree variations between juvenile wood, mature wood, and compression wood, wood from a 35-year-old mature bent loblolly pine was separated into seven groups by different positions in the tree. Morphological and chemical structure analyses, including fiber quality, X-ray diffraction, sugar and lignin content analysis, as well as nitrobenzene oxidation, ozonation, and advanced NMR spectroscopy, were performed. Fiber properties were significantly different for tree-top juvenile normal wood and tree-bottom juvenile normal wood, juvenile normal and mature normal wood, juvenile compression and mature compression wood. However, differences in the chemical structure and composition were less significant within the specific tissues indicated above.
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Boymatov, Fakhridin, and Nikolay Nazarenko. "Working capability of composite wood-rubcon (rubber concrete) reinforced bridge beams under static loads." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 08025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016408025.

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The results of experimental studies of the performance of bent composite wood-rubcon reinforced bridge beams under static loads are presented and the bearing capacity of composite wood-rubcon reinforced bridge beams is determined. A method for calculating wood-rubcon reinforced composite bridge beams is proposed.
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Abedini, Raoufeh, Bruno Clair, Kambiz Pourtahmasi, Françoise Laurans, and Olivier Arnould. "Cell wall thickening in developing tension wood of artificially bent poplar trees." IAWA Journal 36, no. 1 (March 18, 2015): 44–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000084.

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Trees can control their shape and resist gravity thanks to their ability to produce wood under tensile stress. This stress is known to be produced during the maturation of wood fibres but the mechanism of its generation remains unclear. This study focuses on the formation of the secondary wall in tension wood produced in artificially tilted poplar saplings. Thickness of secondary wall layer (SL) and gelatinous layer (GL) were measured from cambium to mature wood in several trees sampled at different times after tilting. Measurements on wood fibres produced before tilting show the progressive increase of secondary wall thickness during the growing season. After the tilting date, SL thickness decreased markedly from normal wood to tension wood while the total thickness increased compared to normal wood, with the development of a thick GL. However, even after GL formation, SL thickness continues to increase during the growing season. GL thickening was observed to be faster than SL thickening. The development of the unlignified GL is proposed to be a low cost, efficient strategy for a fast generation of tensile stress in broadleaved trees.
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Jourez, B., A. Riboux, and A. Leclercq. "Comparison of basic density and longitudinal shrinkage in tension wood and opposite wood in young stems of Populus euramericana cv. Ghoy when subjected to a gravitational stimulus." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 10 (October 1, 2001): 1676–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-096.

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In a greenhouse, under controlled conditions, young shoots, taken from poplar cuttings (Populus euramericana (Dole) Guinier cv. Ghoy), were artificially bent to quantify the modifications of physical properties induced by a gravitational stimulus. At the end of the growing season, basic density and longitudinal shrinkage were measured on very small samples taken from pure tension wood tissue observed on the upper face of the inclined axis and compared with opposite wood tissue, free of gelatinous fibers, developed on the opposite lower face. In a second step, shoots bent at two different lean intensities were analyzed. In young poplar wood, gravitational stimulus was found to have a significant effect on physical properties. Relations between basic density and longitudinal shrinkage are different depending on the types of wood considered. Shrinkage appears more sensitive to lean intensity in the range considered here.
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Li, Xinguo, Robert Evans, Washington Gapare, Xiaohui Yang, and Harry X. Wu. "Characterizing compression wood formed in radiata pine branches." IAWA Journal 35, no. 4 (December 6, 2014): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-00000073.

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The formation of reaction wood is an adaptive feature of trees in response to various mechanical forces. In gymnosperms, reaction wood consists of compression wood (CW) and opposite wood (OW) that are formed on the underside and upperside of bent trunks and branches. Although reaction wood formed in bent trunks has been extensively investigated, relatively little has been reported from conifer branches. In this study SilviScan® technology was used to characterize radiata pine branches at high resolution. Compared to OW formed in the branches, CW showed greater growth, darker colour, thicker tracheid walls, higher coarseness, larger microfibril angle (MFA), higher wood density, lower extensional stiffness and smaller internal specific surface area. However, tracheids of CW were similar to those of OW in their radial and tangential diameters. These results indicated that gravity influenced tracheid cell division and secondary wall formation but had limited impact on primary wall expansion. Furthermore, seasonal patterns of CW formation were not observed in the branches from cambial age 4 while earlywood and latewood were clearly separated in all rings of OW. The marked change of MFA during reaction wood formation suggested that branches could be ideal materials for further study of cellulose microfibril orientation.
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Fredericksen, T. S., R. L. Hedden, and S. A. Williams. "Effect of stem bending on hydraulic conductivity and wood strength of loblolly pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 442–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-060.

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Stems of 30-year-old loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) trees were bent with a winch to determine the effect of bending, which might occur from severe wind stress, on the hydraulic conductivity and wood strength of tree stems. Stems were bent to a point of imminent stem failure and then released. After release, stems leaned an average of 6.25° from their original vertical position. Measurements of sapwood permeability and viable conducting area were made on stem sections cut from bent trees and were compared with sections taken from unstressed (control) trees. Dye was used to determine the percentage of functional conducting elements. An average loss of approximately 30% in conducting sapwood area was attributed to the bending treatment. Loss of functional conducting area was greater along the axis of bending than on the lateral sides of the stem perpendicular to the direction of bending. Damage was greatest on the compression side of the stem. Despite this damage, no difference was observed in sapwood permeability due to treatment. Modulus of elasticity and modulus of rupture were reduced by 19% and 34%, respectively, on the compression side of bent stems compared with control stems. Loblolly pine appears to be capable of sustaining significant damage to its water conducting system without compromising its hydraulic conductivity. However, reduced wood strength due to bending may result in increased susceptibility to wind breakage and (or) decreased commercial value.
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Storodubtseva, Tamara, I. Andreyscheva, and A. Shatalova. "COLOR RANGE OF WOOD AND HUMAN PRODUCTS." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 8, no. 1 (October 26, 2020): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2020-8-1-149-152.

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The article considers the psycho-emotional state of a person, which depends on the surrounding furniture, in this case, on its color scheme. Wood surrounds us everywhere and always, how does it affect us? Which wood is better in structure, in ease of production? What are the qualities of wood? And the main question is, what effect does wood furniture of different species have on us and how does it affect our health? We tried to find out these questions in our article. For the manufacture of furniture, it is necessary to use wood of a thin structure, which can be subjected to processing and apply a beautiful finish. Oak wood is suitable for the manufacture of bent furniture. It has large vessels and is well bent due to large vessels, while the wood fibers are not destroyed. At the end of the first year, students of the Forestry Faculty with a profile in furniture design and woodworking technology undergo practical training in the Vosmodrev workshop, gaining maximum knowledge about wood as a material for the manufacture of various types of products, processing and processing - production technologies. A very important factor is the color scheme, which is selected by the creators of the latest examples of the furniture industry for the emotional state of a person. It is important to consider which color causes which emotion - positive or negative.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bent wood"

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Porto, Aline Lopes Gonçalves. "Questões de preservação de bens culturais = a madeira como objeto de estudo." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258019.

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Orientador: Mauro Augusto Demarzo
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Ubanismo
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Resumo: A preservacao engloba todas as acoes que beneficiam a manutencao de um bem cultural, o que inclui a criacao de leis, realizacao de projetos de conservacao, restauracao, intervencoes no entorno do patrimonio, etc, e tem como objetivo principal manter a autenticidade historica e integridade do patrimonio cultural, para que as geracoes futuras possam desfrutar desse bem. A melhor maneira de entender como tratar o patrimonio cultural e compreender a natureza dos materiais que fazem parte da sua constituicao, como, por exemplo, a madeira. Com foco neste material, serão analisadas a sua anatomia, e a maneira como ela se comporta diante de agentes deterioradores, apresentando tambem metodos de combate. No caso de objetos de propriedade cultural, o emprego de determinados tipos de produtos e preocupante, pois, podem alterar alguns componentes destas pecas. A partir desta preocupacao, pesquisadores de todo o mundo vem se empenhando em desenvolver métodos atoxicos para o controle de pragas. Assim, em um primeiro momento, neste trabalho, serao apresentados os conceitos sobre patrimonio historico, e sua representatividade no cenario brasileiro; em um segundo momento, apresentar-se-a a biologia da madeira, para que, desta forma, se compreenda o material a ser trabalhado; em um terceiro momento, serao listados os agentes causadores da degradacao na madeira, e, em seguida, os metodos preservativos e curativos para esses danos. Por fim, serão analisados dois casos de intervencao em patrimonio historico em madeira em condicoes diferentes, ou seja, em duas regioes do país: a) Cobertura do ginásio poliesportivo do Pacaembu, localizado na cidade de São Paulo, no Estado de São Paulo, região Sudeste; b) Catedral da Se, localizada na cidade de Belém, no Estado do Para, região Norte
Abstract: Preservation includes every action that benefits the maintenance of a cultural heritage,including the creation of laws, realization of conservation's projects, restoration and interventions in the surrounding areas, among others. Its main goal is to keep the historical authenticity of the cultural heritage and its integrity, so that future generations be able to appreciate it. The most fitting way to learn how to deal with a historical heritage is by understanding the nature of the materials that compose its arrangement; in the present case, the wood. Therefore, we will analyze wood's anatomy, the way it behave against aggressive agents and also show some ways to fight these pathologies. However, in the particular case of objects of cultural value, the adoption of such compounds is source of concern as they can modify the nature of these pieces. To address such a concern, researchers from around the world are spending efforts in the development of non-toxic methods for plague control. Regarding the Brazilian scenario some of these methods have not yet been adapted to the local reality as weather, plague species and constructive techniques are different from other countries. This way is interesting to retrieve as much information as possible about Brazilian wood's historical heritage. Therefore, this work will first present concepts regarding historical heritage and its representativeness of the Brazilian scenario; in a second moment the wood's biology will be shown, in order to fully understand the material we are dealing with. After that, agents that cause wood's degeneration will be listed and in what follows some methods for the preservation and healing of such damage will be presented. At the end, this work evaluates two cases of intervention in a wood's historical heritage. Always keeping in sight the fact that Brazil is a country of continental dimensions, we chose cases of distinct nature. That is it, cases from two different regions of the country: a) Cover of the Pacaembu Gymnasium, located in the city of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo state, southeast region, and the; b) Cathedral of the Se, located in the city of Belem, Para state, north region
Mestrado
Arquitetura e Construção
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
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Cardoso, Juliane Cristina Helanski. "Contextualismo social na prática: a interpretação da teoria política de Bento Espinosa feita por Ellen Meiksins Wood." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/3209.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The return to democratic theory of Benedict Espinosa by the Marxists Antonio Negri and Marilena Chauí has raised many controversies. Ellen Meiksins Wood, who is also a Marxist, strongly disagrees with the conclusions that Negri and Chauí arrived at by stating that Spinoza's democratic theory is revolutionary and emancipatory. Ellen Wood believes that Spinoza's democratic theory was, in fact, an oligarchic republican theory that in practice corresponded to the political and social interests of the Dutch trading elites. How can we explain such divergent and even contradictory interpretations by intellectuals of the same political orientation (all of them admittedly Marxist)? What is more curious is that Ellen Wood's conclusions are closer to the neoconservative Leo Strauss's reading of Spinoza, by methodological means and with a very different political bias, which led him to conclude that Bento Espinosa's democratic theory is about A liberal democracy of religious origin. We believe that the answer can be search in the analysis of how each of them considered the relationship between political ideas and the social context. In this sense, the main objective of this paper is to discuss the methodological assumptions of Neal Wood's social contextualism based on the "renewal" of Marxian historical materialism and the application made by Ellen Wood in the interpretation of Bento Espinosa's political theory.
O retorno a teoria democrática de Bento Espinosa pelos marxistas Antonio Negri e Marilena Chauí tem levantado muitas polêmicas. Ellen Wood, que também é marxista, discorda totalmente das conclusões que Negri e Chauí chegaram ao afirmar que a teoria democrática de Espinosa é revolucionária e emancipatória. Ellen Wood acredita que a teoria democrática de Espinosa era, de fato, uma teoria republicana oligárquica que na prática correspondia aos interesses políticos e sociais das elites comerciais holandesas. Como explicar interpretações tão divergentes e até mesmo contraditórias feitas por intelectuais de uma mesma orientação política (todos assumidamente marxistas)? O mais curioso é que as conclusões de Ellen Wood se aproximam mais da leitura que o neoconservador Leo Strauss fez de Espinosa, por vias metodológicas e com um viés político bem diferente, que o levou a concluir que a teoria democrática de Bento Espinosa se trata de uma democracia liberal de origem religiosa. Acreditamos que a resposta pode ser buscada na análise do modo como cada um deles considerou a relação entre as ideias políticas e o contexto social. Neste sentido, o objetivo central deste trabalho é discutir os pressupostos metodológicos do contextualismo social desenvolvido por Neal Wood a partir da “renovação” do materialismo histórico marxiano e a aplicação feita por Ellen Wood na interpretação da teoria política de Bento Espinosa.
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Brenes, Bastos Melissa. "Assessing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Use in Marketing Applications: A Case of Study in the Wood Products Industry." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49692.

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Geographical Information Systems (GIS) is a worldwide growing technology, however it is not yet completely accepted. Of all of the business processes in an organization, marketing is perhaps one of the natural fitting-processes to apply GIS. Even though there is recent research regarding applications of GIS in the wood products industry, those applications are mostly related to biomass mapping and logistics issues. Little research has been conducted on the utilization of GIS as part of the marketing strategic plan in this industry. Thus, the main goal of this project is to understand GIS uses on marketing application in the wood products industry, specifically in the marketing mix strategic plan. The approach of this project consisted of the collection and analysis of data from secondary wood products industries in the state of Virginia. In addition, a case of study on current users of GIS applications was conducted. Once the data from the survey and the case study were collected, validated, and analyzed; applications and guidelines for the use of GIS in marketing activities were developed. The first application was the creation of a relational database to organize the information and to create an industry directory for secondary wood products industries. Secondly, clustering techniques were used to test if wood products companies cluster around certain geographical regions. Confirmation of the clustering led to the construction of an online map. Finally, guidelines were developed to describe how to use GIS in the marketing process of wood products firms. By increasing the knowledge and developing guidelines on GIS uses on marketing mix applications this study will help the wood products industry, other practitioners and the academic community, by providing insight of the industry, possible uses to simplify the strategic process and gain understanding of the environment among other.
Master of Science
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Zouari, Hend. "French AXA Insurance Word Embeddings : Effects of Fine-tuning BERT and Camembert on AXA France’s data." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284108.

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We explore in this study the different Natural Language Processing state-of-the art technologies that allow transforming textual data into numerical representation. We go through the theory of the existing traditional methods as well as the most recent ones. This thesis focuses on the recent advances in Natural Language processing being developed upon the Transfer model. One of the most relevant innovations was the release of a deep bidirectional encoder called BERT that broke several state of the art results. BERT utilises Transfer Learning to improve modelling language dependencies in text. BERT is used for several different languages, other specialized model were released like the french BERT: Camembert. This thesis compares the language models of these different pre-trained models and compares their capability to insure a domain adaptation. Using the multilingual and the french pre-trained version of BERT and a dataset from AXA France’s emails, clients’ messages, legal documents, insurance documents containing over 60 million words. We fine-tuned the language models in order to adapt them on the Axa insurance’s french context to create a French AXAInsurance BERT model. We evaluate the performance of this model on the capability of the language model of predicting a masked token based on the context. BERT proves to perform better : modelling better the french AXA’s insurance text without finetuning than Camembert. However, with this small amount of data, Camembert is more capable of adaptation to this specific domain of insurance.
I denna studie undersöker vi de senaste teknologierna för Natural Language Processing, som gör det möjligt att omvandla textdata till numerisk representation. Vi går igenom teorin om befintliga traditionella metoder såväl som de senaste. Denna avhandling fokuserar på de senaste framstegen inom bearbetning av naturliga språk som utvecklats med hjälp av överföringsmodellen. En av de mest relevanta innovationerna var lanseringen av en djup dubbelriktad kodare som heter BERT som bröt flera toppmoderna resultat. BERT använder Transfer Learning för att förbättra modelleringsspråkberoenden i text. BERT används för flera olika språk, andra specialmodeller släpptes som den franska BERT: Camembert. Denna avhandling jämför språkmodellerna för dessa olika förutbildade modeller och jämför deras förmåga att säkerställa en domänanpassning. Med den flerspråkiga och franska förutbildade versionen av BERT och en dataset från AXA Frankrikes epostmeddelanden, kundmeddelanden, juridiska dokument, försäkringsdokument som innehåller över 60 miljoner ord. Vi finjusterade språkmodellerna för att anpassa dem till Axas försäkrings franska sammanhang för att skapa en fransk AXAInsurance BERT-modell. Vi utvärderar prestandan för denna modell på förmågan hos språkmodellen att förutsäga en maskerad token baserat på sammanhanget. BERTpresterar bättre: modellerar bättre den franska AXA-försäkringstexten utan finjustering än Camembert. Men med denna lilla mängd data är Camembert mer kapabel att anpassa sig till denna specifika försäkringsdomän.
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Hesse, Marc 1976. "Absarokites from the Western Mexican Volcanic Belt : constraints on mantle wedge conditions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54446.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Joint Program in Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 22-28).
We have investigated the near liquidus phase relations of a primitive absarokite from the Mascota region in Western Mexico. Sample M. 102 was chosen because it has high MgO contents, a high Mg# and Fo90 olivine phenocrysts, indicating it is primitive mantle melt. Highpressure experiments on a synthetic analogue of the absarokite composition with a H20 content of either -1.7 wt% or -5.1 wt% were carried out in a piston cylinder apparatus. The composition with -1.7 wt% H20 is multiply saturated with olivine and orthopyroxene as liquidus phases at 1.6 GPa and 14000C. At the same pressure clinopyroxene appears 300C below the liquidus. With a H20 content of -5.1 wt% composition M.102 is multiply saturated with olivine and orthopyroxene on the liquidus at 1.7 GPa and 13000 C. Assuming batch melting, we suggest that absarokite M. 102 segregated from a depleted lherzolite or harzburgite residue at depth -50 km depth in the mantle wedge. Unlike most lavas in the region, the absarokite has not ponded and fractionated at the crust mantle interface (-35-40 km), and the temperatures of multiple saturation indicate that the mantle wedge beneath the Jalisco block is hotter than previously thought. The low degree batch melting of an original metasomatised harzburgite source, can produce the observed trace element abundances. The liquidus phase relations are not consistent with the presence of non-peridotitic veins at the depth of last equilibration. Therefore, we propose that the Mascota absarokites segregated at an apparent melt fraction of less than 5% from a depleted peridotitic source. They initially formed by a small degree of melting of a metasomatised original source at greater depth.
by Marc Hesse.
S.M.
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Ayer, John Albert. "Petrogenesis and tectonic evolution of the Lake of the Woods greenstone belt, western Wabigoon Subprovince, Ontario, Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0018/NQ45168.pdf.

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Holmer, Daniel. "Context matters : Classifying Swedish texts using BERT's deep bidirectional word embeddings." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-166304.

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When classifying texts using a linear classifier, the texts are commonly represented as feature vectors. Previous methods to represent features as vectors have been unable to capture the context of individual words in the texts, in theory leading to a poor representation of natural language. Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT), uses a multi-headed self-attention mechanism to create deep bidirectional feature representations, able to model the whole context of all words in a sequence. A BERT model uses a transfer learning approach, where it is pre-trained on a large amount of data and can be further fine-tuned for several down-stream tasks. This thesis uses one multilingual, and two dedicated Swedish BERT models, for the task of classifying Swedish texts as of either easy-to-read or standard complexity in their respective domains. The performance on the text classification task using the different models is then compared both with feature representation methods used in earlier studies, as well as with the other BERT models. The results show that all models performed better on the classification task than the previous methods of feature representation. Furthermore, the dedicated Swedish models show better performance than the multilingual model, with the Swedish model pre-trained on more diverse data outperforming the other.
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Luong, Ngoc Quang. "Word Confidence Estimation and Its Applications in Statistical Machine Translation." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENM051/document.

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Les systèmes de traduction automatique (TA), qui génèrent automatiquement la phrase de la langue cible pour chaque entrée de la langue source, ont obtenu plusieurs réalisations convaincantes pendant les dernières décennies et deviennent les aides linguistiques efficaces pour la communauté entière dans un monde globalisé. Néanmoins, en raison de différents facteurs, sa qualité en général est encore loin de la perfection, constituant le désir des utilisateurs de savoir le niveau de confiance qu'ils peuvent mettre sur une traduction spécifique. La construction d'une méthode qui est capable d'indiquer des bonnes parties ainsi que d'identifier des erreurs de la traduction est absolument une bénéfice pour non seulement les utilisateurs, mais aussi les traducteurs, post-éditeurs, et les systèmes de TA eux-mêmes. Nous appelons cette méthode les mesures de confiance (MC). Cette thèse se porte principalement sur les méthodes des MC au niveau des mots (MCM). Le système de MCM assigne à chaque mot de la phrase cible un étiquette de qualité. Aujourd'hui, les MCM jouent un rôle croissant dans nombreux aspects de TA. Tout d'abord, elles aident les post-éditeurs d'identifier rapidement les erreurs dans la traduction et donc d'améliorer leur productivité de travail. De plus, elles informent les lecteurs des portions qui ne sont pas fiables pour éviter leur malentendu sur le contenu de la phrase. Troisièmement, elles sélectionnent la meilleure traduction parmi les sorties de plusieurs systèmes de TA. Finalement, et ce qui n'est pas le moins important, les scores MCM peuvent aider à perfectionner la qualité de TA via certains scénarios: ré-ordonnance des listes N-best, ré-décodage du graphique de la recherche, etc. Dans cette thèse, nous visons à renforcer et optimiser notre système de MCM, puis à l'exploiter pour améliorer TA ainsi que les mesures de confiance au niveau des phrases (MCP). Comparer avec les approches précédentes, nos nouvelles contributions étalent sur les points principaux comme suivants. Tout d'abord, nous intégrons différents types des paramètres: ceux qui sont extraits du système TA, avec des caractéristiques lexicales, syntaxiques et sémantiques pour construire le système MCM de base. L'application de différents méthodes d'apprentissage nous permet d'identifier la meilleure (méthode: "Champs conditionnels aléatoires") qui convient le plus nos donnés. En suite, l'efficacité de touts les paramètres est plus profond examinée en utilisant un algorithme heuristique de sélection des paramètres. Troisièmement, nous exploitons l'algorithme Boosting comme notre méthode d'apprentissage afin de renforcer la contribution des sous-ensembles des paramètres dominants du système MCM, et en conséquence d'améliorer la capacité de prédiction du système MCM. En outre, nous enquérons les contributions des MCM vers l'amélioration de la qualité de TA via différents scénarios. Dans le re-ordonnance des liste N-best, nous synthétisons les scores à partir des sorties du système MCM et puis les intégrons avec les autres scores du décodeur afin de recalculer la valeur de la fonction objective, qui nous permet d'obtenir un mieux candidat. D'ailleurs, dans le ré-décodage du graphique de la recherche, nous appliquons des scores de MCM directement aux noeuds contenant chaque mot pour mettre à jour leurs coûts. Une fois la mise à jour se termine, la recherche pour meilleur chemin sur le nouveau graphique nous donne la nouvelle hypothèse de TA. Finalement, les scores de MCM sont aussi utilisés pour renforcer les performances des systèmes de MCP. Au total, notre travail apporte une image perspicace et multidimensionnelle sur des MCM et leurs impacts positifs sur différents secteurs de la TA. Les résultats très prometteurs ouvrent une grande avenue où MCM peuvent exprimer leur rôle, comme: MCM pour la reconnaissance automatique de la parole (RAP), pour la sélection parmi plusieurs systèmes de TA, et pour les systèmes de TA auto-apprentissage
Machine Translation (MT) systems, which generate automatically the translation of a target language for each source sentence, have achieved impressive gains during the recent decades and are now becoming the effective language assistances for the entire community in a globalized world. Nonetheless, due to various factors, MT quality is still not perfect in general, and the end users therefore expect to know how much should they trust a specific translation. Building a method that is capable of pointing out the correct parts, detecting the translation errors and concluding the overall quality of each MT hypothesis is definitely beneficial for not only the end users, but also for the translators, post-editors, and MT systems themselves. Such method is widely known under the name Confidence Estimation (CE) or Quality Estimation (QE). The motivations of building such automatic estimation methods originate from the actual drawbacks of assessing manually the MT quality: this task is time consuming, effort costly, and sometimes impossible in case where the readers have little or no knowledge of the source language. This thesis mostly focuses on the CE methods at word level (WCE). The WCE classifier tags each word in the MT output a quality label. The WCE working mechanism is straightforward: a classifier trained beforehand by a number of features using ML methods computes the confidence score of each label for each MT output word, then tag this word with highest score label. Nowadays, WCE shows an increasing importance in many aspects of MT. Firstly, it assists the post-editors to quickly identify the translation errors, hence improve their productivity. Secondly, it informs readers of portions of sentence that are not reliable to avoid the misunderstanding about the sentence's content. Thirdly, it selects the best translation among options from multiple MT systems. Last but not least, WCE scores can help to improve the MT quality via some scenarios: N-best list re-ranking, Search Graph Re-decoding, etc. In this thesis, we aim at building and optimizing our baseline WCE system, then exploiting it to improve MT and Sentence Confidence Estimation (SCE). Compare to the previous approaches, our novel contributions spread of these following main points. Firstly, we integrate various types of prediction indicators: system-based features extracted from the MT system, together with lexical, syntactic and semantic features to build the baseline WCE systems. We also apply multiple Machine Learning (ML) models on the entire feature set and then compare their performances to select the optimal one to optimize. Secondly, the usefulness of all features is deeper investigated using a greedy feature selection algorithm. Thirdly, we propose a solution that exploits Boosting algorithm as a learning method in order to strengthen the contribution of dominant feature subsets to the system, thus improve of the system's prediction capability. Lastly, we explore the contributions of WCE in improving MT quality via some scenarios. In N-best list re-ranking, we synthesize scores from WCE outputs and integrate them with decoder scores to calculate again the objective function value, then to re-order the N-best list to choose a better candidate. In the decoder's search graph re-decoding, the proposition is to apply WCE score directly to the nodes containing each word to update its cost regarding on the word quality. Furthermore, WCE scores are used to build useful features, which can enhance the performance of the Sentence Confidence Estimation system. In total, our work brings the insightful and multidimensional picture of word quality prediction and its positive impact on various sectors for Machine Translation. The promising results open up a big avenue where WCE can play its role, such as WCE for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) System, WCE for multiple MT selection, and WCE for re-trainable and self-learning MT systems
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Clark, Chase. "THE IMPACTS OF LOGGING WITH CURRENT AND MODIFIED BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON WATERSHED CHARACTERISTICS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/forestry_etds/25.

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In Kentucky, Best Management Practices (BMPs) were developed to protect the integrity of water resources during and after silvicultural operations, but their effectiveness is largely unknown. The study objectives were to (1) quantify the extent to which current BMPs minimized logging-related changes in stream water quality, channel morphology, and the content of woody debris and (2) quantify the extent to which modified BMPs influenced these characteristics. Six watersheds in eastern Kentucky were commercially logged in 2008-2009. In each watershed, one of three treatments was implemented (each replicated once). Treatment 1 (BMP) was based on current Kentucky BMPs. In treatments 2 (BMP+) and 3 (BMP++), current BMPs were modified with additional protective measures. Before the harvest, sampling sites were established in each watershed. Channel morphology and woody debris data were collected at each site in 2006 and again 2014. Data for water chemistry were retrieved from ongoing sampling records. BMP watersheds were compared to one another and to unharvested control watersheds in each year independently. Data within each individual watershed were also compared across years. The results indicate that current BMPs were effective in minimizing changes in the watershed characteristics examined here, and the benefits of modified BMPs were highly variable.
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Severiano, Lúcio Cesar. "Estudo do efeito da radiação gama sobre algumas propriedades físico- mecânicas de madeiras usadas em patrimônios artísticos e culturais brasileiros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85131/tde-12082011-130039/.

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A madeira é considerada um compósito natural de extrema complexidade, constituído basicamente por celulose, lignina, hemicelulose (polioses) e extrativos. Sua composição favorece ataques biológicos de diferentes espécies. Neste contexto, inúmeras técnicas vêm sendo estudadas e aplicadas para desinfestar e descontaminar obras de arte e bens culturais móveis elaborados em madeira e que sofreram ataques por fungos, bactérias ou insetos. A irradiação com raios gama, emitidos por isótopos instáveis como o cobalto-60, também vem sendo estudada como uma alternativa para esta finalidade. Este processo tem-se mostrado eficiente para eliminar infestação por insetos e microorganismos em objetos de madeira. Além disso, é rápido e não exige quarentena porque não gera resíduos tóxicos. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama sobre algumas características das espécies de madeira Cedro Rosa e Imbuia. Para tanto, considerou-se que, tal como os demais métodos usualmente empregados na eliminação de microorganismos e insetos que atacam madeiras, o processamento por radiação não impede a reinfestação ou a recontaminação do objeto irradiado. Assim, foram aplicadas doses de radiação gama relativamente altas, até 100 kGy, de modo a investigar os efeitos da radiação, mesmo que as peças de madeira sejam submetidas repetidas vezes ao processo de irradiação, já que a dose absorvida é sempre cumulativa. Estudou-se a influência da radiação gama em propriedades físicas densidade aparente e retratibilidade, em propriedades mecânicas compressão paralela às fibras, flexão no módulo de elasticidade, dureza e cisalhamento e em propriedades térmicas estabilidade térmica das madeiras consideradas. Os resultados demonstraram que a radiação gama, na faixa de dose estudada, não promove alterações nas propriedades das espécies de madeiras investigadas.
Wood is considered a natural composite of extreme complexity, basically composed by cellulose, lignin, hemicelulose (polyosis) and extractives. Its composition favors biological attacks from different species. In this context, several techniques have been studied and applied for disinfecting and decontaminating wood-made works of art and cultural heritage, which have been damaged by fungi, bacteria and insects. Gamma radiation emitted by unstable isotopes, such as 60- cobalt, has also been studied as an alternative to the conventional wood preservatives. So, gamma rays treatment has been shown to be efficient to the removal of infestations by insects and microorganisms in wood-made artifacts, to be fast and not to require quarantine because it does not generate toxic waste. Similar to other techniques, this process does not prevent the irradiated material of re-infestation or recontamination. In this context, the effects of relatively high disinfestation gamma radiation doses (up to 100 kGy) on Cedro Rosa and Imbuia, two typical Brazilian wood species, are accompanied by the changes on the following attributes: apparent density, retracting, parallel compression to fibers, bending in the modulus of elasticity, hardness, shear and thermal stability. Results have shown that gamma radiation, in the studied dose range, does not promote alterations on properties of investigated wood species. In case of a re-infestation, these observations indicate that the wood species can be submitted to repeatedly irradiation processes without causing damage to their structure up to the studied dose range, in despite of radiation effects be always cumulative.
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Books on the topic "Bent wood"

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Candilis, Georges. Bugholzmöbel =: Meubles en bois courbé = Bent wood furniture. 3rd ed. Stuttgart: K. Kramer, 1997.

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1796-1871, Thonet Michael, Pauley Brigitta, and Ellenberg Peter, eds. Thonet: Classic furniture in bent wood and tubular steel. London: Hazar Pub., 1996.

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1796-1871, Thonet Michael, Pauley Brigitta, and Ellenberg Peter, eds. Thonet: Classic furniture in bent wood and tubular steel. New York: Rizzoli, 1997.

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The complete manual of wood bending: Milled, laminated, and steam-bent work. Fresno, CA: Linden, 2002.

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A splintered history of wood: Belt sander races, blind woodworkers, and baseball bats. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 2008.

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How to beat the Wheel of fortune. [S.l.]: Intercollegiate Press, 1988.

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Tom, Clark. Kerouac's last word: Jack Kerouac in Escapade. Sudbury, Mass: Water Row Press, 1986.

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Symposium on Current Research on Wood-destroying Organisms and Future Prospects for Protecting Wood in Use ( 1989 Bend, Oregon). Proceedings of the symposium on current research on wood-destroying organisms and future prospects for protecting wood in use: September 13, 1989, Bend, Oregon. [Berkeley, Calif.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1991.

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Symposium on Current Research on Wood-destroying Organisms and Future Prospects for Protecting Wood in Use ( (1989 Bend, Oregon). Proceedings of the symposium on current research on wood-destroying organisms and future prospects for protecting wood in use: September 13, 1989, Bend, Oregon. [Berkeley, Calif.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1991.

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North Carolina. Division of Highways. Statewide Planning Branch. The New Bern-Bridgeton-Trent Woods-River Bend thoroughfare plan. Raleigh, N.C.?]: The Branch, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bent wood"

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Vinden, Peter, Grigori Torgovnikov, and Anil K. Sethy. "Conveyor Belt Pressure Impregnation of Wood." In Wood is Good, 227–42. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3115-1_21.

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Anoop, E. V., C. M. Jijeesh, S. Jinu, R. Vishnu, and M. C. Anish. "Identification and Characterization of Tension Wood in Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. and Acacia mangium Willd. Grown in Kerala." In Wood is Good, 153–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3115-1_15.

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Rajeswari, V., and K. Paliwal. "Albizia Odoratissima L.F. (Benth) Micropropagation." In Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits, 201–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6352-7_19.

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Guerra, Miguel P., Vanildo Silveira, André L. W. dos Santos, Leandro V. Astarita, and Rubens O. Nodari. "Somatic Embryogenesis in Araucaria angustifolia (Bert) O. Ktze." In Somatic Embryogenesis in Woody Plants, 457–78. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3030-3_15.

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Guo, Ping, Yue Hu, and Yunpeng Li. "MG-BERT: A Multi-glosses BERT Model for Word Sense Disambiguation." In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 263–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55393-7_24.

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Tanaka, Hirotaka, Hiroyuki Shinnou, Rui Cao, Jing Bai, and Wen Ma. "Document Classification by Word Embeddings of BERT." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 145–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6168-9_13.

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Sabharwal, Navin, and Amit Agrawal. "Introduction to Word Embeddings." In Hands-on Question Answering Systems with BERT, 41–63. Berkeley, CA: Apress, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-6664-9_3.

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Wang, Fali, Zheng Lin, Zhengxiao Liu, Mingyu Zheng, Lei Wang, and Daren Zha. "MACROBERT: Maximizing Certified Region of BERT to Adversarial Word Substitutions." In Database Systems for Advanced Applications, 253–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73197-7_16.

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Weiler, Joseph H. H. "On the Power of the Word: Europe’s Constitutional Iconography." In The EU Constitution: The Best Way Forward?, 3–20. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-543-8_1.

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Meng, Fanyu, Junlan Feng, Danping Yin, and Min Hu. "A New Fine-Tuning Architecture Based on Bert for Word Relation Extraction." In Natural Language Processing and Chinese Computing, 327–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32236-6_29.

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Conference papers on the topic "Bent wood"

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Knox, Erick H., Michael P. Van Bree, Matthew T. Kenner, and John A. Wilkinson. "Structural Stepladder Failure: Analysis of Root Cause." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11551.

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It is estimated that over 100,000 people each year are injured as a result of falls from ladders. Stepladders are one of the many different types of portable ladders, and are used frequently both on the job and around the home. Many times a fall from a stepladder is accompanied by a damaged ladder. In particular, one or both front side rails are often bent inward below the lowest step, and the lowest step buckled upward. This paper investigates the root cause of these types of structural failures through multiple analytical methods, including calculations, strain gage analysis, computer modeling, specialized strength and stability testing, and analysis of the user dynamics on the ladder. Results include data collected from various ladder makes (wood, aluminum, or fiberglass), sizes, and duty ratings (200 pounds, 225 pounds, 250 pounds, and 300 pounds). Additionally, the results were compared to the requirements of the existing ladder safety standards. The results demonstrate that the above described damage patterns do not occur when the ladder is upright on all four legs under normal use circumstances. Instead, the analyses conducted herein show that the damage results from the dynamic forces of the user impacting the ladder after the ladder has already substantially tipped over.
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Van Bree, Michael P., Erick H. Knox, Kenneth M. Smith, and Joseph T. Eganhouse. "Stepladder Spreader Bar Structural Integrity and the Impact on Accidents." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-11487.

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Ladder accidents involving stepladders usually reveal damage to the spreader bars. This paper addresses the sufficiency of the present stepladder safety standards, design and testing requirements related to spreader bars. Spreader bars are the hinge members affixed to the sides of the stepladder that facilitate folding. Post-accident observation of buckled spreader bars or detachment from the side rails is frequently suggested as the cause of a user’s fall and injury. In addition to complete detachment at an end of one or both spreaders, several different bending configurations to varying degrees have been observed during accident investigations. These include bars bent into an “S” shape, bars bowed out/in, and bars with compound bending. In order to study these various post accident spreader conditions, stepladders of different size, weight ratings (i.e. types III (200 lb.), II (225 lb.), I (250 lb.), etc.) and material (wood, aluminum and fiberglass) were instrumented with strain gages in relevant locations to monitor stresses during normal use and misuse, as well as during various load tests and during live user falls from ladders. This extensive measurement experience of multiple loading configurations empirically demonstrated that spreader bar forces were minimal both in normal use, and even some circumstances of misuse. The resulting stress does not result in disconnection or deformation. Conversely, the loading of the stepladder structure that occurs in a tip over accident was observed to be more than sufficient to cause the frequently-identified post accident spreader bar damage patterns. On ladders that meet the applicable safety standards, all post accident spreader bar damage was found to be the result of the accident and not the cause.
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Vaiškūnaitė, Rasa. "Using Biofilter Packed with Different Wood Waste Charges for Purification of Air Contaminated with Benzene." In 11th International Conference “Environmental Engineering”. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2020.805.

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The main aim of this work was the analysis and assessment of benzene removal from air using bio-filter packed with a mixture of wood waste. The results of this work show that the small scale bio-filter with various coniferous and deciduous wood waste charges is capable of efficiently removing benzene from polluted air stream. The analysis of different mixtures of wood waste charge, while pH value was kept at neutral (pH = 7), determined, that the best wood waste mixture is consisted of 70% coniferous wood (45% pine trees, 25% fir trees), 30% deciduous wood (20% maple, 10% hazel) which was consisted of 10–20 mm fraction particles and had porosity value of 46%. This bio-media was best used for benzene removal from contaminated air stream (E = 93.86–74.78%).
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Solum, Kai. "The best way to climb the wood poles." In 2017 12th International Conference on Live Maintenance (ICOLIM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icolim.2017.7964111.

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Yang, Xinghao, Weifeng Liu, Dacheng Tao, and Wei Liu. "BESA: BERT-based Simulated Annealing for Adversarial Text Attacks." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/453.

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Modern Natural Language Processing (NLP) models are known immensely brittle towards text adversarial examples. Recent attack algorithms usually adopt word-level substitution strategies following a pre-computed word replacement mechanism. However, their resultant adversarial examples are still imperfect in achieving grammar correctness and semantic similarities, which is largely because of their unsuitable candidate word selections and static optimization methods. In this research, we propose BESA, a BERT-based Simulated Annealing algorithm, to address these two problems. Firstly, we leverage the BERT Masked Language Model (MLM) to generate contextual-aware candidate words to produce fluent adversarial text and avoid grammar errors. Secondly, we employ Simulated Annealing (SA) to adaptively determine the word substitution order. The SA provides sufficient word replacement options via internal simulations, with an objective to obtain both a high attack success rate and a low word substitution rate. Besides, our algorithm is able to jump out of local optima with a controlled probability, making it closer to achieve the best possible attack (i.e., the global optima). Experiments on five popular datasets manifest the superiority of BESA compared with existing methods, including TextFooler, BAE, BERT-Attack, PWWS, and PSO.
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Sari, Ria Eka, Ahir Yugo Nugroho Harahap, and Abdul Meizar. "Analizing Topsis Method for Selecting the Best Wood Type." In 2018 6th International Conference on Cyber and IT Service Management (CITSM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/citsm.2018.8674263.

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Wang, Yile, Leyang Cui, and Yue Zhang. "Does Chinese BERT Encode Word Structure?" In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.254.

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Wang, Yile, Leyang Cui, and Yue Zhang. "Does Chinese BERT Encode Word Structure?" In Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: International Committee on Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.coling-main.254.

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WANG, Weixing. "ONLINE MONITORING FOR WOOD PIECES ON A MOVING CONVEYOR BELT." In 11th Joint International Computer Conference - JICC 2005. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701534_0077.

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Bolshina, A. S., and N. V. Loukachevitch. "GENERATING TRAINING DATA FOR WORD SENSE DISAMBIGUATION IN RUSSIAN." In International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intellectual Technologies "Dialogue". Russian State University for the Humanities, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2075-7182-2020-19-119-132.

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The best approaches in Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) are supervised and rely on large amounts of hand-labelled data, which is not always available and costly to create. For the Russian language there is no sense-tagged resource of the size sufficient to train supervised word sense disambiguation algorithms. In our work we describe an approach that is used to create an automatically labelled collection based on the monosemous relatives (related unambiguous entries). The main contribution of our work is that we extracted monosemous relatives that can be located at relatively long distances from a target ambiguous word and ranked them according to the similarity measure to the target sense. The selected candidates are then used to extract training samples from the news corpus. We evaluated word sense disambiguation models based on a nearest neighbor classification on BERT and ELMo embeddings. Our work relies on the Russian wordnet RuWordNet.
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Reports on the topic "Bent wood"

1

Haverty, Michael I., and W. Wayne Wilcox. Proceedings of the symposium on current research on wood-destroying organisms and future prospects for protecting wood in use; September 13, 1989; Bend, OR. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/psw-gtr-128.

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Cooper, Christopher, Jacob McDonald, and Eric Starkey. Wadeable stream habitat monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2018 baseline report. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2286621.

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The Southeast Coast Network (SECN) Wadeable Stream Habitat Monitoring Protocol collects data to give park resource managers insight into the status of and trends in stream and near-channel habitat conditions (McDonald et al. 2018a). Wadeable stream monitoring is currently implemented at the five SECN inland parks with wadeable streams. These parks include Horseshoe Bend National Military Park (HOBE), Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park (KEMO), Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park (OCMU), Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area (CHAT), and Congaree National Park (CONG). Streams at Congaree National Park chosen for monitoring were specifically targeted for management interest (e.g., upstream development and land use change, visitor use of streams as canoe trails, and potential social walking trail erosion) or to provide a context for similar-sized stream(s) within the park or network (McDonald and Starkey 2018a). The objectives of the SECN wadeable stream habitat monitoring protocol are to: Determine status of upstream watershed characteristics (basin morphology) and trends in land cover that may affect stream habitat, Determine the status of and trends in benthic and near-channel habitat in selected wadeable stream reaches (e.g., bed sediment, geomorphic channel units, and large woody debris), Determine the status of and trends in cross-sectional morphology, longitudinal gradient, and sinuosity of selected wadeable stream reaches. Between June 11 and 14, 2018, data were collected at Congaree National Park to characterize the in-stream and near-channel habitat within stream reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) and McKenzie Creek (CONG004). These data, along with the analysis of remotely sensed geographic information system (GIS) data, are presented in this report to describe and compare the watershed-, reach-, and transect-scale characteristics of these four stream reaches to each other and to selected similar-sized stream reaches at Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park, Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park, and Chattahoochee National Recreation Area. Surveyed stream reaches at Congaree NP were compared to those previously surveyed in other parks in order to provide regional context and aid in interpretation of results. edar Creek’s watershed (CONG001, CONG002, and CONG003) drains nearly 200 square kilometers (77.22 square miles [mi2]) of the Congaree River Valley Terrace complex and upper Coastal Plain to the north of the park (Shelley 2007a, 2007b). Cedar Creek’s watershed has low slope and is covered mainly by forests and grasslands. Cedar Creek is designated an “Outstanding Resource Water” by the state of South Carolina (S.C. Code Regs. 61–68 [2014] and S.C. Code Regs. 61–69 [2012]) from the boundary of the park downstream to Wise Lake. Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ (CONG001) is located just downstream (south) of the park’s Bannister Bridge canoe landing, which is located off Old Bluff Road and south of the confluence with Meyers Creek. Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ (CONG002 and CONG003, respectively) are located downstream of Cedar Creek ‘upstream’ where Cedar Creek flows into the relatively flat backswamp of the Congaree River flood plain. Based on the geomorphic and land cover characteristics of the watershed, monitored reaches on Cedar Creek are likely to flood often and drain slowly. Flooding is more likely at Cedar Creek ‘middle’ and Cedar Creek ‘downstream’ than at Cedar Creek ‘upstream.’ This is due to the higher (relative to CONG001) connectivity between the channels of the lower reaches and their out-of-channel areas. Based on bed sediment characteristics, the heterogeneity of geomorphic channel units (GCUs) within each reach, and the abundance of large woody debris (LWD), in-stream habitat within each of the surveyed reaches on Cedar Creek (CONG001–003) was classified as ‘fair to good.’ Although, there is extensive evidence of animal activity...
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NIOSH hazard controls HC4 - control of wood dust from horizontal belt sanders. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshpub96121.

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