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Journal articles on the topic 'Benefits; Social security systems'
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1
Garbiec, Roman. "Construction of a Sustainable Social Security System in Poland." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 4, no. 3 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.43.3002.
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The paper is about the construction of a sustainable social security system in Poland which is an attempt to define the types of changes that are required for the improvement of this system at the beginning of the 21st century. Optimization of the system should be understood as economic equity and obligatory application of axioms of commonship and unification. In order to construct a valid social security system, it is necessary to define the following factors: a catalog of social risks, a method of benefit funding and parameters of the benefits to be paid. Any structurally and financially sustainable system must be designed so that all its elements are compatible both with social risks that are protected in the system and with the elements of the social security system. The paper presents the Polish social protection system together with the social security system, the risks that are protected in the social insurances and a concept of changes that should be made to optimize the social security system.
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van Oorschot, Wim, and Paul Henman. "Book Reviews: Introduction to Social Security: Policies, Benefits and Poverty, E-business Utilisation in European Social Security Systems." European Journal of Social Security 2, no. 2 (June 2000): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010067308818.
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LE GARREC, GILLES. "Social security, income inequality and growth." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 11, no. 1 (May 18, 2011): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747211000229.
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AbstractIn most industrial countries, public pension systems redistribute from workers to retired people, not from high-income to low-income earners. They are close actuarial fairness. However, they are not all equivalent. In particular, some pension benefits are linked to full lifetime average earnings, while others are only linked to partial earnings history. In the latter case, we then show in this article that an actuarially fair pay-as-you-go pension system can both reduce lifetime income inequality and enhance economic growth. We also shed light on the dilemma between inequality and economic growth in retirement systems: greater progressivity results in less lifetime inequlity but also less growth.
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Cabo, Francisco, and Ana García-González. "THE ENDOGENOUS DETERMINATION OF RETIREMENT AGE AND SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 1 (July 3, 2012): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000296.
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An aging population in modern societies has put stress on public pension systems. To prevent social security deficits from increasing to unbounded levels of public debt we focus on two policies: reducing the generosity of pension benefits, determined by the government, and postponing the effective retirement age, chosen by employees. An atomistic employee would disregard the effect of his retirement decision on the public debt and would retire as soon as possible. Conversely, an ideal farsighted agency considering all current and future employees would postpone retirement, thereby alleviating the pressure on public debt and allowing a more generous long-run pension. The government may design a proper incentive strategy to induce myopic atomistic decision makers to act nonmyopically. This strategy is a two-part incentive with nonlinear dependence on the stock of public debt. It is credible if deceiving employees slightly adjust their retirement-age decisions to increments in the public debt.
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Lebedeva, L. F. "THE PROBLEMS OF PENSION SYSTEMS MODERNIZATION AT THE SECOND–THIRD DECADES (IN US)." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2020-3-5-15.
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The article examines the transformation of US social security trust funds in view of pension benefits guarantees. It is pointed out main approaches to solving the growing gap between the volume of payroll taxes and outlays for each year. According to the Social Security Board of Trustees, the asset reserves are expected to be exhausted in the fourth decade of the current century and future retirees could face problems with retirement benefits. Meanwhile, it’s an important point of each candidate’s agenda before presidential elections. One of the approaches for keeping the financial stability of the Social Security Act till the end of the current century and beyond is raise payroll taxes. But this proposal is not popular among republicans. President D. Trump's position on Social Security is not to increase payroll taxes or the age of retirement, but to stimulate economic growth which make it possible to collect more payroll taxes for Social Security system. At the same time the key priority of D. Trump’s administration in the field of strengthening retirement security in America is development of individual pension plans.
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McLaughlin, Eithne. "Work and Welfare Benefits: Social Security, Employment and Unemployment in the 1990s." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 4 (October 1991): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019772.
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ABSTRACTThis paper considers social security policy and structures in relation to the labour market of the late 1980s and 1990s. The paper begins by describing the labour market of the late 1980s and summarising projective descriptions of labour demand in the 1990s. The second section of the paper reports on recent research examining the labour supply behaviour of long term unemployed people, drawing out the role of social security policy and structures therein. The third section of the paper concludes that the role of social security policy is at present essentially reactive rather than proactive; that it does little to address the likely need for labour of certain kinds in the 1990s; and that efforts to address the problem of long term unemployment through social security policy have been largely misdirected. The final section of the paper briefly considers some of the ways in which social security systems can be more proactive and suggests a number of both short term and longer term policy changes which research indicates would be of benefit in the UK.
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Griffiths, Rita. "For better or for worse: does the UK means-tested social security system encourage partnership dissolution?" Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982719x15674459946100.
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Unemployed and low-income couples entitled to means-tested benefits are known to have higher rates of separation and divorce than couples in which one or both partners are in regular, paid work. However, how and why unemployment and benefit receipt increases the risk of partnership dissolution remains the subject of much debate. In recent policy discourse, financial differentials in benefit entitlement between lone and couple parents are said to encourage intact couples to separate. Based on in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a group of low-income mothers who had been partnered prior to claiming lone parent benefits, this paper explores whether benefit entitlement or receipt influenced the decision to separate or divorce. The research found that more salient to partnership dissolution than the amount of benefits a couple may have been entitled to, was who had access to the money, how it was managed and how it was spent. To the extent that welfare systems influence which member of a couple has access to household income, the design and administration of benefits was having an important contributory effect. Policy implications of paying Universal Credit to couples in the form of a single monthly household award into one bank account are discussed.
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SKINNER, CHRISTINE, DANIEL R. MEYER, KAY COOK, and MICHAEL FLETCHER. "Child Maintenance and Social Security Interactions: the Poverty Reduction Effects in Model Lone Parent Families across Four Countries." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000763.
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AbstractIn most developed countries, children in lone parent families face a high risk of poverty. A partial solution commonly sought in English-speaking nations is to increase the amounts of private child maintenance paid by the other parent. However, where lone parent families are in receipt of social assistance benefits, some countries hold back a portion of the child maintenance to reduce public expenditures. This partial ‘pass-through’ treats child maintenance as a substitute for cash benefits which conceivably neutralises its poverty reduction potential. Such neutralising effects are not well understood and can be obscured further when more subtle interactions between child maintenance systems and social security systems operate. This research makes a unique contribution to knowledge by exposing the hidden interaction effects operating in similar child maintenance systems across four countries: the United Kingdom, United States (Wisconsin), Australia and New Zealand. We found that when child maintenance is counted as income in calculating benefit entitlements, it can reduce the value of cash benefits. Using model lone parent families with ten different employment and income scenarios, we show how the poverty reduction potential of child maintenance is affected by whether it is treated as a substitute for, or a complement to, cash benefits.
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Mikulincer, Mario, and Phillip R. Shaver. "An attachment and behavioral systems perspective on social support." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26, no. 1 (February 2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105518.
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In this article we explain how attachment theory characterizes the seeking, receipt, and provision of social support. In the first section, we explain attachment theory's perspective on support-seeking (or attachment behavior) and support-provision (or caregiving behavior). In the second section, we discuss what has been learned about attachment-style differences in perceived support, seeking support, and providing support. In the third section, we consider the empirically documented psychological benefits of receiving support, which we summarize in terms of a broaden-and-build cycle of attachment security. Throughout the article we offer several avenues for future research that can advance our understanding of the cognitive-affective and neural mechanisms underlying social support and the psychological benefits of supportive experiences.
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Lacko, Miloš. "Cross-border Coordination in the Field of Family Benefits." Societas et Iurisprudentia 9, no. 2 (July 2021): 86–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/86-113.
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The exercise of freedom of movement within the European Union Member States also requires interventions in the national social security systems, the organization and exercise of which fall within the exclusive competence of the Member States. In order to fully exercise, in particular, the freedom of movement of persons, in particular persons engaged in gainful employment, it is necessary to lay down in the Union law procedures for resolving conflicts in the provision of family benefits. Collisions in the granting of family benefits generally arise when a person enjoying the free movement of persons moves to another Member State, while another family member (in particular the second parent or the dependent child) remains in the home Member State or moves to another Member State. In such situations, the Union legislation must provide the migrant with the same conditions for family benefits as a national of the Member State in which the migrant is present, so the Union legislation seeks to ensure an equal treatment of a person enjoying this freedom in the event of such a conflict with national social security systems. The subject of the paper is an analysis of the European Union coordination regulation determining the relevant social security system of an European Union Member State for the provision of family benefits so as not to disadvantage the migrant as a family member in acquiring and providing these benefits and, conversely, that this person does not get into unjustified social advantage in the provision of family benefits, i.e. that there is no unjustified overlapping of the provision of a family benefit for the same purpose to the same family member.
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Haberman, S. "Long-term sickness and invalidity benefits: Forecasting and other actuarial problems." Journal of the Institute of Actuaries 114, no. 3 (December 1987): 467–550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020268100019181.
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It is proposed to discuss the actuarial problems associated with the management of long-term sickness and invalidity benefits. The emphasis is on benefits provided by social security schemes (with particular reference to National Insurance benefit in the UK), but the main points are relevant to private sector benefits including permanent health insurance (PHI).The plan of the paper is as follows. We describe in Section 2 the nature of long-term invalidity benefit provided by the British social security system and then consider in Section 3 the problems associated with defining disability. A discussion of the differences between the incidence of morbidity and the making of an insurance claim leads to consideration of selection and moral hazard (Section 4). We then examine in Section 5 the methodology for analysing costs and estimating future costs with particular reference to the development within the Government Actuary's Department (GAD) of a model based on an incidence and survivorship approach to invalidity benefit and the debate aroused by CMI Report No. 7 on the same topic5. The paper then presents an analysis of recent trends in disability claim rates (Section 6) and incidence and termination rates (Sections 7 and 8) based on invalidity benefit within the British social security system, as well as PHI and the experience of other countries. Attempts are then made in Section 9 to explain these trends and the upward trend in financial costs for disability benefits experienced by many social security systems. The paper concludes with an examination of two areas of current interest, viz. sex differences in morbidity rates and claim rates (Section 10) and the relationship between claim rates and the prevailing level of unemployment (Section 11).
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Verschueren, Herwig. "The role and limits of European social security coordination in guaranteeing migrants social benefits." European Journal of Social Security 22, no. 4 (November 4, 2020): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262720967938.
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This article examines whether the EU social security coordination Regulations 883/2004 and 987/2009 contribute or fail to contribute to the EU policy objective of guaranteeing adequate social protection and fighting against poverty as set by Article 9 TFEU. Even if this coordination system does not directly interfere with the social protection systems of the Member States, it plays an important role in preventing persons who use the right to free movement within the EU from ending up in a situation in which they would lose entitlement to social benefits because of their migration. In analysing this issue I will concentrate on the role of the underlying general principles of this coordination, more specifically, on the rules for the determination of the applicable legislation, the principle of equal treatment, the export of benefits and the aggregation of periods. I will also elaborate on a number of examples where this coordination system fails to prevent the loss of entitlement to social benefits, such as the position of workers in non-standard forms of work, the limited rights of economically inactive migrants, the recent introduction of waiting periods for newcomers, and situations in which the migrants risk falling between two stools. I will conclude with the notion of fairness.
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Shkreli Axhemi, Arlinda, and Gert Dragoshi. "The Problem of Social Protection in Albania." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 16, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2013-0003.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the social protection system in Albania during the last two decades. It highlights some of the problems and issues which are closely associated with elements of social security, as a phenomenon that focuses on finding solutions or solving the problems in social security systems in Albania. Of great importance are the changes in the social security legislation in recent years, which led to a new structure of the social insurance market in Albanian society. Also discussed are the types of benefits offered by our social insurance system. Our country occupies a special place in relation to the problems it has encountered with social protection and the social security law.
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Knell, Markus. "THE RETURN ON SOCIAL SECURITY WITH INCREASING LONGEVITY." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 2 (January 7, 2016): 462–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515000589.
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In this paper I study the impact of increasing longevity on pay-as-you-go pension systems. First, I show that increasing longevity increases the internal rate of return. The size of the effect differs for different policy regimes. It is higher for the case where the retirement age is increased to keep the system in balance than for the case where the necessary adjustment is achieved by reducing pension benefits. Second, I study optimally chosen retirement decisions and I show that the socially optimal policy involves a shorter working life than the private optimum. The social optimum can be implemented by the use of a PAYG system that combines an actuarial and a flat pension.
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Botelho, Vinícius, Raquel Maria Soares Freitas, and Alberto Beltrame. "Economizando mais de R$ 85 bilhões ao Regime Geral de Previdência Social do Brasil: o caso do PRBI." Revista de Administração Pública 54, no. 6 (December 2020): 1729–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0034-761220190093.
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Abstract Since 2016, the number of recipients of incapacity allowance in Brazil has been continuously falling. This article presents the program of incapacity benefits assessment (PRBI) to help understand the dynamics around incapacity allowance and similar benefits. The study shows that the PRBI can save more than R$ 85 billion of the budget allocated to social security in the country.
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MANDZHIEVA, SVETLANA. "ON SOME PRINCIPLES DEFINING INTERNATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY STANDARDS." Gaps in Russian Legislation 14, no. 3 (May 30, 2021): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2072-3164-2021-14-3-313-319.
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The purpose of the research. In the legal literature, there is no unified approach to the concept and content of the principles that determine the essence of international norms of social security. This article analyzes various international social security standards with a view to identifying the basic principles that underlie them. Results. Analysis of the main international standards in the field of social security made it possible to highlight such principles in international social security law as the principle of general responsibility of the state for the establishment, functioning and accessibility of national social security systems; the principle of universal coverage of the population by the national social security system; the principle of the adequacy of the level and duration of the provision of benefits and social and medical services; and the principle of social solidarity between generations and social partners.
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Zolotarova, Nataliia, Hennadii Shevchuk, and Andrii Shevarikhin. "FOREIGN EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMS FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 4 (September 2018): 116–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-4-116-119.
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The aim of the article is to analyse the foreign experience of the social security system of law enforcement personnel, to distinguish the features of establishing the rates and types of remuneration for law enforcement personnel in foreign countries, to determine the interrelation between the standard of social security and work experience and professional competencies. The subject of the study is the foreign experience of the social security system for law enforcement officials. Methodology. The study is based on a comparison of the social security system for law enforcement officials in Ukraine and in foreign countries. The analysis of the features of social security for law enforcement officers enabled to determine the advantages and disadvantages of different social security systems. A comparative legal study of certain provisions of Ukrainian legislation enabled to reveal the possibilities and limits of the application of positive foreign experience in this sphere. The results of the study revealed that in Ukraine the solution of problems on the performance improvement of law enforcement is interrelated with the issues of social security for personnel at work. Therefore, nowadays one of the main objectives is the development of a clear system of social security for law enforcement officers, including police officers, formation of an effective system of remuneration, based on performance indicators. Practical implications. In developed countries, the practice of social policy has formed several areas of its implementation. These include wage policy, social insurance, including medical, pension insurance, housing policy, as well as allowances and social benefits. Some aspects of social security for employees should be studied as a positive example for Ukraine in the course of social reforms. However, the application of foreign experience does not mean a mechanical transfer of certain forms of social security of foreign countries to Ukrainian reality. It should be considered that some aspects of reforming social security for law enforcement officers are universal; other aspects can be applied only under certain conditions related to the political situation in the country, the level of economic development, traditions, as well as the level of crime and criminalization of society. Relevance/originality. A comparative analysis of the ratio of social security systems for law enforcement officers is the basis for developing the most promising areas of domestic legislation in this sphere.
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Moore, Kyle, Teresa Ghilarducci, and Anthony Webb. "The Inequitable Effects of Raising the Retirement Age on Blacks and Low-Wage Workers." Review of Black Political Economy 46, no. 1 (March 2019): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034644619843529.
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Increasing the Social Security Full Retirement Age (FRA) adversely affects all workers because an increase is equivalent to an across-the-board cut in benefits. Raising the FRA leaves workers with two bad choices: working longer or living on reduced monthly benefits for the rest of their lives. Working longer further penalizes Blacks and low-wage workers because they are unlikely to live long enough to recoup payments foregone as a result of delayed claiming. Instead of cutting Social Security benefits, retirement policy makers should update and modernize the 401(k) and IRA systems to provide workers with better options.
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KAWIŃSKI, MARCIN, DARIUSZ STAŃKO, and JOANNA RUTECKA. "Protection mechanisms in the old-age pension systems of the CEE countries." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 11, no. 4 (July 9, 2012): 581–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147474721200008x.
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AbstractSince 1990s, substantial changes in the role of the state in the social security schemes can be observed in the countries of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). While the general framework of social benefits in the CEE countries is still defined by the state, more and more often the task of provision of social security is transferred to the private entities. Such privatization of social policy makes the need for protection mechanism and some state guarantees even stronger. It is still the state that is responsible for the final outcome of social security systems so that is why governments are directly providing or indirectly creating safety mechanisms built-in the private market mechanism used for social purposes. The paper surveys various types of the protection mechanisms in selected CEE countries that exist in the important and already most privatized element of the social security system – the pension system. While describing the safety measures and possible guarantees, special attention is paid to the new forms that have been built up recently. The paper covers both mandatory and voluntary pension markets and identifies present and possible threats in the existing frameworks that can harm the social security. The paper concludes with general assessment and policy recommendations.
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Essers, Ger, and Frans Pennings. "Gaps in social security protection of mobile persons: Options for filling these gaps." European Journal of Social Security 22, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262720925279.
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The effects of crossing borders can be advantageous or disadvantageous for the persons concerned; these are all part of the game and cannot be challenged on the basis of EU law. After all, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) does not provide powers for harmonisation, but only for coordination. However, the coordination rules themselves may make a person worse off when he or she makes use of the right to free movement. More precisely, such an effect may occur in combination with differences between national systems to which coordination rules are applied. One example is that the coordination rules provide that a person is subject to unemployment benefits in the country of residence and, as a result, if that person becomes ill, also to sickness benefit in that country. If the duration of sickness benefit in the country of residence is 52 weeks, but the waiting period for disability benefit (supposing, for instance, that this is (mainly) due from the country of employment) is 104 weeks, there is a gap of 52 weeks in protection. The relevance of such gaps is not to solve particular cases as such; after all, these are closely linked to particular national systems. The relevance lies in the more general approach that is now being developed by the Court of Justice to address such gaps. This will be useful in cases other than those discussed here and may be further developed in order to be codified in the Coordination Regulation.
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Gashami, Jean Pierre Guy, Christian Fernando Libaque-Saenz, and Younghoon Chang. "Social-media-based risk communication for data co-security on the cloud." Industrial Management & Data Systems 120, no. 3 (December 11, 2019): 442–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/imds-03-2019-0131.
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Purpose Cloud computing has disrupted the information technology (IT) industry. Associated benefits such as flexibility, payment on an on-demand basis and the lack of no need for IT staff are among the reasons for its adoption. However, these services represent not only benefits to users but also threats, with cybersecurity issues being the biggest roadblock to cloud computing success. Although ensuring data security on the cloud has been the responsibility of providers, these threats seem to be unavoidable. In such circumstances, both providers and users have to coordinate efforts to minimize negative consequences that might occur from these events. The purpose of this paper is to assess how providers and users can rely on social media to communicate risky events. Design/methodology/approach Based on the Situational Theory of Publics and trust, the authors developed three research questions to analyze stakeholders’ communication patterns after a security breach. By gathering Twitter data, the authors analyzed the data security breach faced by the Premera Blue Cross’ Web application. Findings The results indicate that Premera acted as the main source of information for Twitter users, while trustworthy actors such as IT security firms, specialists and local news media acted as intermediaries, creating small communities around them. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed. Originality/value Social media could be used for diffusing information of potential threats; no research has assessed its usage in a cloud-based security breach context. The study aims to fill this gap and propose a framework to engage cloud users in co-securing their data along with cloud providers when they face similar situations.
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Erhag, Thomas. "Legal Aspects of Cross-Border Rehabilitation to Work." European Journal of Social Security 7, no. 2 (June 2005): 139–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270500700203.
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This paper describes the legal situation of European migrant workers who are in need of rehabilitation. For the sick or disabled migrant worker, living in one country and having his/her workplace in another, rehabilitation often raises complicated issues which have to be solved by an equally complex framework of legal rules. In this article, Sweden-Norway is used as a cross-border example to illustrate the problems faced by an insured person and by the social security administration during rehabilitation. The legal problems are basically attributable to differences between social security systems within the EU. Rehabilitation cases are complicated by the fact that the support an individual needs is often not a single benefit. Instead rehabilitation involves a variety of different benefits regulated by different legal instruments. EC Reg. 1408/71 aims to co-ordinate and safeguard the social security rights of migrant workers. However, legal rehabilitation tools, such as sickness and health care benefits, are co-ordinated according to different criteria and special rules covering rehabilitation are not found in the regulation. This leads to a situation where a migrant worker can have the right to cash benefits from one country and health care benefits from another. The result is sometimes confusing, both for the individual and for the administration. The article explores and analyses this confusing situation, paying special attention to the question of legal certainty for the migrant worker.
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Chakuzira, Wellington, and Armstrong Kadyamatimba. "The perceived benefits and barriers to the application of mobile and social networking technologies in Higher Learning Institutions." Problems and Perspectives in Management 15, no. 3 (December 4, 2017): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.15(3-2).2017.04.
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This research investigated on the perceived benefits and barriers to the application of mobile and social networking technologies in South African Higher Learning Institutions (HLIs). A quantitative orientation was used in carrying out the study through self-administered questionnaires and a descriptive quantitative method of analysis was applied. The research population consisted of some students and lecturers from University of Venda (Univen) and University of Limpopo (UL). The research results showed that indeed HLIs in South Africa enjoy some benefits using mobile and social networking technologies which makes students and lecturers participate in virtual learning. The results also confirmed that HLIs in South Africa are faced with various barriers affecting mobile and social networking technology adaptations. Five noteworthy barriers identified were connectivity, security problems, small screens, lack of equipment and technology and lack of training among users. Benefits which were identified included, improved participation, improved communication between students and lecturers and enhancement of teaching and learning processes in HLIs. The research recommended HLIs to be aware of the major Learning Management Systems (LMS) which they should use together with social networking platforms to successfully gain full benefits of using mobile and social networking technologies in the education sector.
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Fetzer, Stefan, and Stefan Moog. "Indicators for Measuring Intergenerational Fairness of Social Security Systems—The Case of the German Social Health Insurance." Sustainability 13, no. 10 (May 20, 2021): 5743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105743.
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The issue of fiscal sustainability is often labelled as a synonym for intergenerational fairness; however, pay-as-you-go schemes such as the German Social Health Insurance (SHI) involve a “natural” amount of intergenerational redistribution from younger net payers to older net beneficiaries. We calculate intertemporal balance sheets of SHI and compare two generational accounting approaches (GAC and GAIB) with an alternative measure of intergenerational fairness, SM, which we derive from Settergren and Mikula (2005). Our results indicate that the SM concept leads to similar implications concerning the amount of intergenerational redistribution as classical measures of fiscal sustainability. For the SM approach, the balance sheet of SHI shows a rate of unfunded benefits of 25 percent. Closing this gap requires an increase of the contribution rate by 30 to 40 percent. This total effect can be separated into an effect due to the current population structure (10 p.p.), the increase in life expectancy (10 p.p.), and medical technical progress (about 10 to 20 p.p.).
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Zuanazzi, Pedro Tonon, Adelar Fochezatto, and Marcos Vinicio Wink Junior. "Social Security Reform and Personal Saving: Evidence from Brazil." International Journal of Economics and Finance 10, no. 9 (August 12, 2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v10n9p26.
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The population aging process has caused a financial imbalance in the social security systems of countries based on pay as you go system, as is the case in Brazil. To face this challenge, the Brazilian governments have undertaken several reforms since the 1988 Constitution. Confronting the life cycle hypothesis, the aim of this paper is to estimate the causal effects of Social Security Reforms on the Likelihood of Saving in Brazil by exploring two exogenous events, the 41th (of 2003) and 47th (of 2005) Constitutional Amendments, that reduced the expectations of benefits only for public servants. Using data from the House Budget Surveys, the results of differences-in-differences models show that the reform increased in a range of 2.1 to 2.9 percentage points in the probability of saving of the treated group. The results are in line with the recent literature indicating that reforms contribute to an increase in personal savings.
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Millar, Jane, and Peter Whiteford. "Timing it right or timing it wrong: how should income-tested benefits deal with changes in circumstances? : Winner ‐ 2019 Best Paper Prize of the Foundation for International Studies on Social Security (FISS) sponsored by the Journal of Poverty and Social Justice." Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982719x15723525915871.
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This article examines the challenges in designing income-tested benefits for people of working age. This is particularly difficult in the context of changing patterns of work and volatility in earnings and income. Matching benefits to needs requires timely assessment and payment. We compare the treatment of timing issues in the working-age welfare systems of the United Kingdom and Australia. The article discusses how these different but similar systems deal with the timing of income receipt and benefit adjustment, problems of overpayment and debt, and draws out some lessons for the design of income-tested provisions.
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Corujo, Borja Suárez. "The ‘Gig’ Economy and its Impact on Social Security." European Journal of Social Security 19, no. 4 (December 2017): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262717745751.
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This article aims to shed light on one crucial aspect of the ‘gig’ economy: the extent to which the new forms of work in this field undermine the pillars upon which traditional Bismarckian systems of social security have been built. Focusing on Spain, three main issues are analysed. First, after considering the legal classification of this type of service provision and its implications, the scheme within the social security system that corresponds to the registration of the service providers is identified. Second, how registration and subsequent social security contributions affect the generosity of social benefits is clarified. In particular, attention is paid to both the risk of partial, or total, lack of, protection due to the absence of compulsory contributions and the low-level of contributions made by the self-employed. And third, the impact the development of the platform economy may have on the financing of social security and its future sustainability – given the current difficulties confronting the Spanish economy – is examined. Some recommendations relating to these three issues are outlined as concluding remarks.
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Sydorchuk, Orystlava. "MULTILATERALITY OF UKRAINE'S SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM." Economic discourse, no. 1 (March 2020): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.36742/2410-0919-2020-1-10.
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Introduction. Ensuring social security at the level of an individual, society or state is a central concept of activity of all branches of government in Ukraine, as it is a guarantee of public perception of the activities of public institutions and successful implementation of reforms. The lack of stability in Ukrainian society is particularly relevant to the task of ensuring multi-level social security and encourages the deepening and development of organizational and managerial principles of its regulation. Methods. The dialectical method of scientific cognition, complex, systematic, logical approaches, as well as a sociological survey were used to identify the state, problems and directions of providing social security, the sample size of which was 2515 respondents in 110 settlements of Ukraine, statistical error (probability 0,95, design effect 1,5) did not exceed 3,2% for metrics close to 50% and not less than 0,7% for metrics close to 1% and 99%. Results. Based on the hierarchy of the construction and functioning of social systems, there is reason to argue that the social security system is a complex multilevel system, which is formed and operates in the plane of objective and subjective processes from the influence of many factors of internal and external origin. A high level of social security is achieved by creating favourable conditions for ensuring a sufficient standard of living for the population and is characterized by the size of real incomes and the volume of economic benefits. Social security management is a purposeful activity of social security entities that develop and implement governmental, regulatory, coordinating, controlling, regulatory and organizational-managerial influences on social security objects for the purpose of forecasting, timely detection, prevention and neutralizing threats. Discussion. Further research should be carried out in the direction of developing the scientific basis of state regulation of social security, aimed at timely response to and elimination of social threats, formation of targeted mechanisms for achieving social security, coordination and interaction of authorities. Keywords: social progress, public administration, social security system, national security, social risks, social and economic interests.
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Clasen, Jochen, and Wim Van Oorschot. "Changing Principles in European Social Security." European Journal of Social Security 4, no. 2 (June 2002): 89–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020520321533.
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The provision of social security benefits rests on normative principles of social justice. Most strongly manifest in earnings-related social insurance, the principle of reciprocity has been increasingly questioned on grounds of equity, adequacy and fiscal viability, in the wake of socio-economic changes (e.g. post-industralisation, globalisation) and political developments (e.g. Europeanisation). Universalist programmes seem extraordinarily expensive under tight public budgets, and could be criticised as inequitable at a time when middle classes increasingly rely on individual and occupational forms of income security. The principle of need appears to have become more prominent within modern European social security systems keen on targeting resources. Is there empirical evidence which would reflect these alleged trends? Concentrating on three principles inherent in social security transfers (need, universalism and reciprocity) the major concerns of this article are conceptual and empirical. First, it addresses the problem of operationalising social security principles and delineating indicators of change over time. Second, it applies two of these indicators in order to identify and compare the extent to which the three principles have gained or lost prominence since the early 1980s, with empirical evidence taken from the Netherlands, United Kingdom, Germany and Scandinavia. The article argues first that, applying either indicator, there is no cross-national trend towards squeezing reciprocity-based social insurance, but that a convergence between erstwhile strong (Bismarckian) and weak (Beveridgean) principled programmes can be identified. Second, a clear trend towards needs-based social security can be identified within the ‘legal’ but not within the ‘volume’ perspective, at least in some programmes and some claimant groups. This is due to both policy changes and favourable labour market conditions. Third, two countries indicate very diverse trends. British social security is distinctive in terms of the erosion of Beveridgean reciprocity, as well as the growing strength of the needs principle. In the Netherlands, there have been considerable shifts in principles underlying certain programmes, but no general trend in either direction can be observed. On the whole, Dutch social security continues to exhibit a strong mix of principles.
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Bieback, Karl-Jurgen. "Protection of Atypical Work and Family Benefits: Comparison of the Australian, German and British Social Security Systems." Review of Policy Research 12, no. 1-2 (March 1993): 182–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1993.tb00516.x.
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Akinola, Racheal, Laura Maureen Pereira, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Francia-Marié de Bruin, and Loubie Rusch. "A Review of Indigenous Food Crops in Africa and the Implications for more Sustainable and Healthy Food Systems." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 24, 2020): 3493. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083493.
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Indigenous and traditional foods crops (ITFCs) have multiple uses within society, and most notably have an important role to play in the attempt to diversify the food in order to enhance food and nutrition security. However, research suggests that the benefits and value of indigenous foods within the South African and the African context have not been fully understood and synthesized. Their potential value to the African food system could be enhanced if their benefits were explored more comprehensively. This synthesis presents a literature review relating to underutilized indigenous crop species and foods in Africa. It organizes the findings into four main contributions, nutritional, environmental, economic, and social-cultural, in line with key themes of a sustainable food system framework. It also goes on to unpack the benefits and challenges associated with ITFCs under these themes. A major obstacle is that people are not valuing indigenous foods and the potential benefit that can be derived from using them is thus neglected. Furthermore, knowledge is being lost from one generation to the next, with potentially dire implications for long-term sustainable food security. The results show the need to recognize and enable indigenous foods as a key resource in ensuring healthy food systems in the African continent.
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Yusuf, Marwah, Paulus Tangke, and Grace T. Pontoh. "Differences in Information Technology Systems in Public and Private Sector." Information Management and Business Review 9, no. 6 (February 9, 2018): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v9i6.2041.
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This study aims to examine differences in information technology acceptance in the public sector and private sector in Indonesia. This study explores previous research on the subject, especially with regard to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Acceptance of technology according to theory can be influenced by several aspects, such as: behavior, satisfaction, benefits, convenience, social as well as security and privacy. Of the various aspects of this most influential generally considered to differences in acceptance of the technology on "every individual" in the public sector and the private sector there are two namely: aspects of behavior and benefits.
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Ventura-Marco, Manuel, and Carlos Vidal-Meliá. "AN ACTUARIAL BALANCE SHEET MODEL FOR DEFINED BENEFIT PAY-AS-YOU-GO PENSION SYSTEMS WITH DISABILITY AND RETIREMENT CONTINGENCIES." ASTIN Bulletin 44, no. 2 (February 13, 2014): 367–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/asb.2014.5.
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AbstractIn this paper, we develop a theoretical basis for drawing up a “Swedish” type actuarial balance sheet for a defined benefit pay-as-you-go (DB PAYG) scheme with retirement and disability benefits. Our model enables us to obtain the system's expected average turnover duration, measure the scheme's solvency and explore the phenomenon identified as “pension reclassification”, a widespread practice that masks the system's real status unless further pension information becomes available. The model is clearly linked to actuarial practice in social security and gives partial support to the practical adaptation of Swedish methodology carried out by OSFI (2012) in applying the concept of the contribution asset to the Canadian Pension Plan (CPP) balance sheet, which includes disability and survivor benefits.
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Guerrero Padrón, Thais. "INGRESO MÍNIMO VITAL Y NACIONALES BRITÁNICOS EN ESPAÑA EN TIEMPOS DEL BREXIT." E-REVISTA INTERNACIONAL DE LA PROTECCION SOCIAL 5, no. 2 (2020): 60–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/e-rips.2020.i02.04.
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As from 1 January 2021, after the end of the transitional period imposed by the EU-UK Withdrawal Agreement, the UK will be for all purposes a third State and its nationals considered as “foreigners”. The change of status of the UK raises interesting questions regarding the social security rights of EU citizens and UK nationals. This paper deals with the possibility of access to the Minimum Living Income benefit for British nationals residing in Spain, either under the Spanish immigration laws or within the framework of the EU Regulations on the Coordination of Social Security systems. As a core issue, the identification of the Minimum Life Income benefit with the special non-contributory benefits of Article 70 of Regulation 883/2004 is argued. To this respect, the lack of inclusion of the Spanish benefit in Annex X can be considered as a serious oversight, possibly rectifiable by regulation and very necessary to avoid the conflict that this lack of clarification could generate
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Lehmann, Caitlyn, Jennifer Lehmann, and Rachael Sanders. "Missing out: The intergenerational ramifications of current social security arrangements." Children Australia 43, no. 3 (August 30, 2018): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.35.
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Neoliberal reforms and ring-wing ideologies have seen the ideal of the social security ‘safety net’ take a hammering in the UK, USA and Australia. While the gap between rich and poor has widened, and demand for welfare payments increased, politicians, certainly in Australia, have generally neglected low income families, preferring to twiddle the economic dials affecting middle and upper income earners instead. Of course, tussling over who pays tax, how much, what constitutes useful expenditure, and who receives welfare services and benefits is not new – these questions have attended the modern welfare state from its inception. But the welfare safety net that most of us, grudgingly or otherwise, concede to be necessary for collective social harmony is no longer proving as effective as we would wish. Even with a battered and frayed, but still ostensibly functional systems of welfare payment and support offered in Australia, the number of people experiencing perpetual disadvantage is rising, with intergenerational poverty – its increase and impacts on children – of particular concern.
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Freedman, Judith. "Policy Forum: Tax, Social Security, and Employment Status—Removing the Distortions in the United Kingdom." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 69, no. 2 (August 2021): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2021.69.2.pf.freedman.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has strained tax and social security systems. Cracks that have existed for some time have been opened up further and are unlikely to close without structural repair. New insights into the shifting nature of work, combined with the development of technologies that can provide modern, practical solutions to old problems, offer the opportunity to rethink the way we tax gig workers and other non-standard providers of labour. This article argues that we need to free ourselves from the employment status classifications developed in other areas of law, for other purposes, when we consider the design of tax and social security provisions. We should aim to harmonize the tax and social security treatment of all those who provide labour as far as is practically possible in order to increase equity and remove distortions. Where that cannot be achieved, despite the benefits of new technologies, dividing lines should be dictated by tax and benefits policy objectives rather than linkages to case law that has evolved in other areas.
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Finney Rutten, Lila, Amy Lazarus Yaroch, Heather Patrick, and Mary Story. "Obesity Prevention and National Food Security: A Food Systems Approach." ISRN Public Health 2012 (November 29, 2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/539764.
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Interventions that cultivate sustainable food systems to promote health, prevent obesity, and improve food security have the potential for many large-scale and long-lasting benefits including improvements in social, environmental, health, and economic outcomes. We briefly summarize findings from previous research examining associations between obesity and food insecurity and discuss the need for greater synergy between food insecurity initiatives and national obesity prevention public health goals in the United States. The common ground between these two nutrition-related public health issues is explored, and the transformation needed in research and advocacy communities around the shared goal of improving population health through individual, environmental, and policy level changes to promote healthy sustainable food systems is discussed. We propose an ecological framework to simultaneously consider food insecurity and obesity that identifies levers for change to promote sustainable food systems to improve food security and prevent obesity.
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Karokola, Geoffrey, Louise Yngström, and Stewart Kowalski. "Secure e-Government Services." International Journal of Electronic Government Research 8, no. 1 (January 2012): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jegr.2012010101.
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E-Government offers many benefits to government agencies, citizens and the business community. However, e-Government services are prone to current and emerging security challenges posing potential threats to critical information assets. Securing it appears to be a major challenge facing governments globally. Based on the international security standards – the paper thoroughly investigates and analyzes eleven e-government maturity models (eGMMs) for security services. Further, it attempts to establish a common frame of reference for eGMM critical stages. The study utilizes the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) of scientific inquiry/ learning cycle adopted from Checkland and Scholes. The findings show that security services (technical and non-technical) are lacking in eGMMs – implying that eGMMs were designed to measure more quantity of offered e-government services than the quality of security services. Therefore, as a step towards achieving secure e-government services the paper proposes a common frame of reference for eGMM with five critical stages. These stages will later be extended to include the required security services.
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Bennett, John McLean, Alex McBratney, Damien Field, Darren Kidd, Uta Stockmann, Craig Liddicoat, and Samantha Grover. "Soil Security for Australia." Sustainability 11, no. 12 (June 21, 2019): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11123416.
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Soil Security is an emerging sustainability science concept with global application for guiding integrated approaches to land management, while balancing ecosystem services, environmental, social, cultural, and economic imperatives. This discussion paper sets the scene for an Australian Soil Security framework as an example of how it might be developed for any country, defining the key issues and justification for Soil Security, as well as detailing implementation requirements and benefits; two examples of beneficial outcomes are provided in terms of facilitating decommoditization of agricultural products and the impact of urban encroachment on productive land. We highlight research gaps, where new knowledge will contribute to well-rounded approaches that reflect differing stakeholder perspectives. We also provide key nomenclature associated with a potential Soil Security framework so that future discussions may use a common language. Through this work we invite scientific and policy discourse with the aim of developing more informed responses to the myriad of competing demands placed on our soil systems.
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Ahmad, Zauwiyah, Thian Song Ong, Tze Hui Liew, and Mariati Norhashim. "Security monitoring and information security assurance behaviour among employees." Information & Computer Security 27, no. 2 (June 12, 2019): 165–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ics-10-2017-0073.
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Purpose The purpose of this research is to explain the influence of information security monitoring and other social learning factors on employees’ security assurance behaviour. Security assurance behaviour represents employees’ intentional and effortful actions aimed towards protecting information systems. The behaviour is highly desired as it tackles the human factor within the information security framework. The authors posited that security assurance behaviour is a learned behaviour that can be enhanced by the implementation of information security monitoring. Design/methodology/approach Theoretical framework underlying this study with six constructs, namely, subjective norm, outcome expectation, information security monitoring, information security policy, self-efficacy and perceived inconvenience, were identified as significant in determining employees’ security assurance behaviour (SAB). The influence of these constructs on SAB could be explained by social cognitive theory and is empirically supported by past studies. An online questionnaire survey as the main research instrument is adopted to elicit information on the six constructs tested in this study. Opinion from industry and academic expert panels on the relevance and face validity of the questionnaire were obtained prior to the survey administration. Findings Findings from this research indicate that organisations will benefit from information security monitoring by encouraging security behaviours that extend beyond the security policy. This study also demonstrates that employees tend to abandon security behaviour when the behaviour is perceived as inconvenient. Hence, organisations must find ways to reduce the perceived inconvenience using various security automation methods and specialised security training. Reducing perceived inconvenience is a challenge to information security practitioners. Research limitations/implications There are some limitations in the existing work that could be addressed in future studies. One of them is the possible social desirability bias due to the self-reported measure adopted in the study. Even though the authors have made every effort possible to collect representative responses via anonymous survey, it is still possible that the respondents may not reveal true behaviour as good conduct is generally desired. This may lead to a bias towards favourable behaviour. Practical implications In general, the present research provides a number of significant insights and valuable information related to security assurance behaviour among employees. The major findings could assist security experts and organisations to develop better strategies and policies for information security protection. Findings of this research also indicate that organisations will benefit from information security monitoring by encouraging security behaviours that extend beyond the security policy. Social implications In this research, the social cognitive learning theory is used to explain the influence of information security monitoring and other social learning factors on employees’ security assurance behaviour; the finding implies that monitoring emphases expected behaviours and helps to reinforce organisational norms. Monitoring may also accelerate learning when employees become strongly mindful of their behaviours. Hence, it is important for organisations to communicate the monitoring practices implemented, even more imperative whenever security monitoring employed is unobtrusive in nature. Nonetheless, care must be taken in this communication to avoid resentment and mistrust among employees. Originality/value This study is significant in a number of ways. First, this study highlights significant antecedents of security assurance behaviour, which helps organisations to assess their current practices, which may nurture or suppress information security. Second, using users’ perspective, this study provides recommendations pertaining to monitoring as a form of information security measure. Third, this study provides theoretical contribution to the existing information security literature via the application of the social cognitive learning theory.
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B., Muthusenthil, and Hyun Sung Kim. "CCTV Surveillance System, Attacks and Design Goals." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2018): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i4.pp2072-2082.
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Closed Circuit Tele-Vision surveillance systems are frequently the subject of debate. Some parties seek to promote their benefits such as their use in criminal investigations and providing a feeling of safety to the public. They have also been on the receiving end of bad press when some consider intrusiveness has outweighed the benefits. The correct design and use of such systems is paramount to ensure a CCTV surveillance system meets the needs of the user, provides a tangible benefit and provides safety and security for the wider law-abiding public. In focusing on the normative aspects of CCTV, the paper raises questions concerning the efficiency of understanding contemporary forms of ‘social ordering practices’ primarily in terms of technical rationalities while neglecting other, more material and ideological processes involved in the construction of social order. In this paper, a 360-degree view presented on the assessment of the diverse CCTV video surveillance systems (VSS) of recent past and present in accordance with technology. Further, an attempt been made to compare different VSS with their operational strengths and their attacks. Finally, the paper concludes with a number of future research directions in the design and implementation of VSS.
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HEXMOOR, HENRY, SETH WILSON, and SANDEEP BHATTARAM. "A theoretical inter-organizational trust-based security model." Knowledge Engineering Review 21, no. 2 (June 2006): 127–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888906000932.
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This work examines the interplay of inter-personal and inter-organizational trust, two distinct but related concepts, through a theoretic inter-organizational trust-based security model for a multi-agent system information-sharing community. A calculus that mathematically models trust building at the inter-organizational level is at the heart of this model. In inter-organizational or inter-firm exchange, the role of the boundary spanner, an organizational representative, is important in reducing asymmetries that may exist between the two parties. Trust is a crucial component to the dyadic interaction at the inter-personal or boundary spanner level, and the trust established at this level also affects the overall quality of the relationship at the inter-organizational level. Trust, as an aspect of social control, is thus viewed as a more effective mechanism for security in an open, distributed system, like an information-sharing community. The inter-organizational trust-based security model proposed herein represents a soft security approach. It affords several important benefits over traditional hard security mechanisms used in open systems — robustness, scalability, and adaptability. The inter-organizational trust-based model is an important contribution to the computational security community, as other open systems applications of a distributed or pervasive nature could adapt it and realize its benefits. It is also one of a few attempts to model trust building at either the inter-organizational or inter-personal level.
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Salahdine, Fatima, and Naima Kaabouch. "Social Engineering Attacks: A Survey." Future Internet 11, no. 4 (April 2, 2019): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11040089.
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The advancements in digital communication technology have made communication between humans more accessible and instant. However, personal and sensitive information may be available online through social networks and online services that lack the security measures to protect this information. Communication systems are vulnerable and can easily be penetrated by malicious users through social engineering attacks. These attacks aim at tricking individuals or enterprises into accomplishing actions that benefit attackers or providing them with sensitive data such as social security number, health records, and passwords. Social engineering is one of the biggest challenges facing network security because it exploits the natural human tendency to trust. This paper provides an in-depth survey about the social engineering attacks, their classifications, detection strategies, and prevention procedures.
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Reis, Paulo Ricardo da Costa, Suely de Fátima Ramos Silveira, Marcelo José Braga, and Thiago de Melo Teixeira da Costa. "Impact of Retirements and Pensions on the Social Welfare of the Households from Minas Gerais State." Revista Contabilidade & Finanças 26, no. 67 (April 2015): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1808-057x201511890.
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One of the main arguments for the existence of public social security systems relates to their potential use as income distribution and welfare policy tools. In this vein, several studies have sought to evaluate the effects of social security benefits on poverty and inequality. However, the evidence obtained from Brazilian studies regarding the effects of social security remains inconclusive, and studies evaluating the impact of social security on social welfare indices are scarce. The objective of this paper is to measure the impact of retirement and pensions provided by social security programs on the welfare level of households in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The methodological approach is based on propensity score matching, and microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD, 2009) are used. The results demonstrate that income from retirement and pensions represents an important portion of beneficiary households' income, especially lower-income beneficiary households. The results suggest that social security has a positive effect on the incomes, access to knowledge and living conditions of the households analyzed. The impact of retirement and pensions on households in low-income groups (Classes D and E) tends to be more significant relative to the impact on middle class households (Class C).
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YOSHIDA, KENZO. "The Stability of Social Security in the United States: The Need for a Durable Institutional Design." Journal of Social Policy 47, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279417000599.
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AbstractStability is one of the most crucial elements of social security systems. Although the United States is famous – some might say notorious – for drastic changes to its socio-economic structure (including its welfare programmes), its Social Security is the most secure and unchanged public pension programme among major Western countries. In the restructuring age of welfare states, public pensions have been reformed several times in Japan and various European countries, with an overhaul of benefits and taxes. However, Social Security in the US has not undergone such reforms in the three decades since the Social Security Act was amended in 1983, but has experienced relatively better financial conditions. This paper investigates the extent to which Social Security has remained stable during a time when welfare states are going through a crisis. The comparative analysis for stability consists of three steps: (1) a simple evaluation of the frequency of reforms among six countries; (2) a comparison of the scales of parametric adjustment and components of structural reform; and (3) confirming current financial sustainability to check for ‘false stability’ using individual government reports. This paper also studies stability factors, including an institutional design that is durable in this changing environment.
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Zacharias, Diana. "The Protection of Mothers in British and German Constitutional Law: A Comparative Analysis and a Contribution to the Implementation of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Domestic Legal Area." German Law Journal 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 27–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200006295.
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The universal and regional systems of human rights protection recognize that mothers find themselves in situations which require special protection. For instance, Article 10 para. 2 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights stipulates that special protection should be accorded to mothers during a reasonable period before and after childbirth and that during such period working mothers should be accorded paid leave or leave with adequate social security benefits.
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Feng, Bo, Qiang Li, Yuede Ji, Dong Guo, and Xiangyu Meng. "Stopping the Cyberattack in the Early Stage: Assessing the Security Risks of Social Network Users." Security and Communication Networks 2019 (July 11, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3053418.
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Online social networks have become an essential part of our daily life. While we are enjoying the benefits from the social networks, we are inevitably exposed to the security threats, especially the serious Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attack. The attackers can launch targeted cyberattacks on a user by analyzing its personal information and social behaviors. Due to the wide variety of social engineering techniques and undetectable zero-day exploits being used by attackers, the detection techniques of intrusion are increasingly difficult. Motivated by the fact that the attackers usually penetrate the social network to either propagate malwares or collect sensitive information, we propose a method to assess the security risk of the user being attacked so that we can take defensive measures such as security education, training, and awareness before users are attacked. In this paper, we propose a novel user analysis model to find potential victims by analyzing a large number of users’ personal information and social behaviors in social networks. For each user, we extract three kinds of features, i.e., statistical features, social-graph features, and semantic features. These features will become the input of our user analysis model, and the security risk score will be calculated. The users with high security risk score will be alarmed so that the risk of being attacked can be reduced. We have implemented an effective user analysis model and evaluated it on a real-world dataset collected from a social network, namely, Sina Weibo (Weibo). The results show that our model can effectively assess the risk of users’ activities in social networks with a high area under the ROC curve of 0.9607.
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WILLIAMS, EVAN. "Unemployment, sanctions and mental health: the relationship between benefit sanctions and antidepressant prescribing." Journal of Social Policy 50, no. 1 (October 25, 2019): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279419000783.
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AbstractInternational social security systems increasingly place work-related conditions on individuals claiming out-of-work benefits, and enforce requirements through the use of benefit sanctions. The literature on the impacts of benefit sanctions considers both labour market and wider social effects, which this study contributes to through a focus on mental health. It considers the period of Coalition government (2010–15) in the UK, which imposed a comparatively high number of benefit sanctions and increased their severity through the Welfare Reform Act 2012. A longitudinal dataset is constructed using quarterly local authority-level data on Jobseeker’s Allowance (JSA) sanctions and antidepressant prescriptions in England. Results from fixed effects analyses indicate that, in the post-reform period, every 10 additional sanctions are associated with 4.57 additional antidepressant prescribing items (95% CI: 2.14 to 6.99), which translates to approximately one additional person receiving treatment. Importantly, this finding indicates that sanctions are associated with both adverse mental health impacts and wider public expenditure implications, which motivates further investigation at the individual-level. In addition, punitive sanctions form a core part of the new Universal Credit (UC) and so the results suggest the need to reassess the use of sanctions within the contemporary social security system.
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Lynch, Abigail J., Lee J. Baumgartner, Craig A. Boys, John Conallin, Ian G. Cowx, C. Max Finlayson, Paul A. Franklin, et al. "Speaking the same language: can the sustainable development goals translate the needs of inland fisheries into irrigation decisions?" Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 9 (2019): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19176.
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Irrigated agriculture and inland fisheries both make important contributions to food security, nutrition, livelihoods and wellbeing. Typically, in modern irrigation systems, these components operate independently. Some practices, commonly associated with water use and intensification of crop production can be in direct conflict with and have adverse effects on fisheries. Food security objectives may be compromised if fish are not considered in the design phases of irrigation systems. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development provides a framework that can serve as a backdrop to help integrate both sectors in policy discussions and optimise their contributions to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Inland fisheries systems do play an important role in supporting many SDG objectives, but these contributions can sometimes be at odds with irrigated agriculture. Using case studies of two globally important river catchments, namely the Lower Mekong and Murray–Darling basins, we highlight the conflicts and opportunities for improved outcomes between irrigated agriculture and inland fisheries. We explore SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) as a path to advance our irrigation systems as a means to benefit both agriculture and inland fisheries, preserving biodiversity and enhancing the economic, environmental and social benefits they both provide to people.2
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ZAKHAROV, Vladimir Ya, Elena N. LUDUSHKINA, Elena V. KORNILOVA, and Marina V. KISLINSKAYA. "Security of complex economic systems: Risk management of their digital transformation." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 20, no. 4 (April 29, 2021): 592–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.20.4.592.
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Subject. The article presents an overview of recent results of foreign and domestic studies on the security of complex economic systems in the process of their digital transformation. During the deployment of Industry 4.0 technologies, the frequency, diversity and level of digital risks are growing faster than digital security tools for complex systems are evolving. This will offset the benefits of digital transformation, and can lead to large-scale failures. Objectives. The aim is to identify sources of new threats, vulnerability areas of complex systems and possible losses, assess the result of measures taken, and form a modern paradigm for ensuring the digital security of complex systems. Methods. The study employs identification, systems analysis and discussion of relationship between recent scientific results on this topic that enable to reveal methodological problems and determine the directions of their solution to ensure digital security at a qualitatively new level. Results. We unveiled the behavior patterns of complex systems, which form systemic risks, identify trends that are changing the digital risk landscape, consider classifications of weaknesses and possible losses of enterprises in the process of their digital transformation, show the gaps in organizational capabilities to meet digital security requirements. The increasingly complex digital environment forces enterprises to redesign their plans for business continuity. Conclusions. In the next decade, enterprises will need a new paradigm of security, organically combining economic and social aspects, a strategic and operational approach to the risk management of digital transformation, considering the security management as a flexible learning ecosystem.