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Reyes, Carlos. "European portability rules for social security benefits and their effects on the national social security systems." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1726/1/document.pdf.
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Timonen, Virpi. "In defence of the welfare state? : social policy restructuring in Finland and Sweden in the 1990s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368128.
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Bredenkamp, Caryn. "Falling through the cracks : income security and the South African social security system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52269.
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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the extent to which the South African social security system succeeds in providing protection in the vulnerable periods of the life-cycle and against the major contingencies of unemployment, disability and disease. Through a detailed examination of the different social insurance and assistance programmes, it isolates which particular population segments (by occupation, income quintile and race group) "fall through the cracks" in the provision of income security. It does not look only at the articulation between different social insurance and social assistance programmes, but also acknowledges how social security complements other governmental interventions, such as social services, and non-state sources of income security, such as those provided by the private insurance market and the family and community. Part One of the thesis is devoted to an examination of social insurance in South Africa, in other words, to those programmes that seek to compensate for a loss of income in the event of particular contingencies and that are funded by contributions from employers and employees. In addition, theoretical perspectives on social security, and social insurance in particular, are provided, with a discussion of the various economic arguments in favour of and against the provision of social security. Part Two of the thesis examines the range of non-contributory social assistance - cash benefits paid form general revenue - that are available to South Africans who qualify in terms of the means tests. Each chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which the social assistance programme under analysis provides a safety net for the relevant category of vulnerable people. It does this by examining the appropriateness of the programme structure, take-up rates and the fiscal sustainability of the programmes. In addition, the budgetary process by which revenue is allocated to social assistance programmes and expenditure trends are examined. The thesis concludes that although the South African social security system has achieved a fairly advanced level of development and covers a fairly wide range of risks, there are a number of constraints facing its further expansion. Social insurance schemes provide generous benefits, but their membership is restricted to the employed. Expanding coverage by social insurance would require substantial growth in remunerative employment which, given prevailing labour market conditions, seems unlikely. The provision of more generous social assistance programmes catering for a broader range of contingencies is severely curtailed by already high fiscal expenditure on welfare and macroeconomic constraints. Moreover, changing demography, household structures and dependency burdens, especially as the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads, seem likely to increase demands on social assistance programmes. Consequently, until employment can be expanded so that more people can contribute to their own income security, the informal social security provided by the family and/or community will remain the first line of support for many.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word gefokus op die mate waartoe die Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiligingstelsel daarin slaag om ondersteuning tydens kwesbare periodes in die lewensiklus en beskerming teen groot gebeurlikhede soos werkloosheid, ongeskiktheid of langdurige siekte te bied. Daardie bevolkingsegmente (volgens beroep, inkomstegroep of ras) wat nie volledig toegang tot inkomstesekuriteit het nie, word uitgesonder deur 'n gedetaileerde ondersoek van die verskillende maatskaplike versekerings- en bystandsprogramme. Daar word ook gekyk na die artikulasie tussen die verskillende programme sowel as na hoe ander regeringsintervensies (bv. verskaffing van maatskaplike dienste) en private bronne van inkomstesekuriteit - verskaf deur die privaat versekeringsmark, die gemeenskap en die familie - deur maatskaplike bystand aangevul word. Deel Een word gewyaan 'n ondersoek van maatskaplike versekering in Suid-Afrika - daardie programme wat vir inkomsteverlies weens spesifieke gebeurlikhede probeer kompenseer en wat tipies deur bydraes van werkgewers en werknemers befonds word. Teoretiese perspektiewe op bestaansbeveiliging in die algemeen en maatskaplike versekering in besonder word ook verskaf en argumente vir en teen die verskaffing van bestaansbeveiliging word bespreek. Deel Twee ondersoek die reeks nie-bydraende bestaansbeveiligingsprogramme wat uit algemene owerheidsinkomste befonds word, asook bestedingstendense in maatskaplike bystand. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiliging 'n redelik gevorderde vlak van ontwikkeling bereik het en 'n wye reeks risiko's dek, daar 'n aantal beperkinge op verdere uitbreiding is. Maatskaplike versekeringskemas bied uitgebreide voordele, maar lidmaatskap is tot indiensgeneemdes beperk. Uitbreiding van dekking vereis beduidende groei in formele indiensneming, wat onwaarskynlik lyk, gegewe huidige arbeidsmarktendense. Die verskaffing van gunstiger maatskaplike bystandsprogramme gemik op meer gebeurlikhede word ernstig deur reeds hoë fiskale uitgawes op welsyn en deur makroekonomiese oorweginge beperk. Verder sal veranderende demografiese strukture, huishoudingstrukture en afhanklikheidslaste, veral teen die agtergrond van die toename in HIVNIGS, aansprake op maatskaplike bystandsprogramme vergroot. Gevolglik sal die informele inkomstesekuriteit gebied deur die familie en/of gemeenskap die eerste of enigste ondersteuning vir groot dele van die bevolking bly, totdat indiensneming genoeg uitgebrei kan word sodat meer mense tot hul eie inkomstesekuriteit kan bydra.
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Barcelón, Cobedo Susana. "The Compatibility Between Salary and Benefits of the Social Security System. The Projection of Compatibility with the so-called Basic Income." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118716.
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The following article aims to give an overview about the compatibility between the social security benefits provided by the State, which are free and are not conditional to the development of an activity, with the salary, which has its Foundation, inescapably, in the development of an activity, either of labour, civil service or professional nature. To do this, the author will attempt to make a transition between the radical incompatibility that seems to exist between the two concepts towards a possible compatibility through certain mechanisms of adjustment.El presente artículo pretende brindar una visión sobre la compatibilidad que existe entre las prestaciones de seguridad social que brinda el Estado, que son gratuitas y no se encuentran condicionadas al desarrollo de una actividad, con el salario, el cual tiene su fundamento, ineludiblemente, en el desarrollo de una actividad ya sea de naturaleza laboral, funcionarial o profesional. Para ello, el autor se intentará realizar una transición entre la incompatibilidad radical que parece existir entre ambos conceptos hacia una posible compatibilidad a través de ciertos mecanismos de ajuste.
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Wiid, Yvette. "An evaluation of the parametric amendments of legislation relating to the distribution of retirement benefits upon divorce." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7286_1363774406.
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This thesis will examine the effects of divorce on the benefit payable to a member of a retirement fund, where divorce has occurred before the member has reached retirement age. In
particular, parametric (that is, piecemeal) amendments to the relevant legislation will be analysed in order to outline the development of the legislation relating to divorce and the consequent distribution of
assets (including retirement savings). The previous and current legal position in South Africa relating to divorce and retirement savings will be set out and critically analysed to determine whether the current position can be regarded as an improvement upon the previous legal position, or whether other and/or new problems in this area have been created. Parametric amendments to
relevant legislation have thus far been the subject of many cases in our courts and adjudicative tribunals. A systemic overhaul of a particular area of law is a useful tool in providing legal certainty
and clarifying the laws applicable to that area. This thesis will therefore argue in favour of a systemic overhaul of the legislation applicable to the allocation of retirement benefits at divorce, as opposed to the ineffectual parametric (i.e. piecemeal) amendments that have been implemented thus far. An essential aspect of this study is a comparative study of South African legal principles
relating to retirement benefits and divorce with the legal principles of this subject in the United Kingdom (UK).
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Vágnerová, Pavlína. "Daňové a pojistné systémy ve vybraných státech EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262363.
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The aim of this master thesis is the comparison of selected elements of the tax and social security systems in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Germany, which are related to employees and employers and it is counted with them in model examples, then evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of employees´ migration under the structure of posting between the Czech Republic and other countries and finally the comparison of employees´ incomes after receiving benefits from social security system of each country (especially old age pension and parental allowance). In the first part of the thesis there is explained problematics of double tax treaties and EU coordination of social security. Then there is the comparison of above mentioned elements of the tax and social security systems in each country. In the last part I apply findings on model employees and I make a conclusion from amount of their net incomes. Migration to another EU member country is the most profitable for employee who is subjected to taxation in other EU countries but he remains under the Czech social security system. In terms of social benefits, retired people are supported the most in Austria and families with children in Germany.
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Teles, Graciele Pinheiro. "O princípio da irredutibilidade do valor dos benefícios no regime geral de previdência social." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8097.
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Previous issue date: 2008-05-16This study discusses the irreducibility principle of the value of social security benefits. The steep and long historical process of acknowledgement and spread of human rights ends up providing a constitutional status to them. Social rights are fundamental and require the State intervention to support individual and social needs. Social security is a basic right which aims at safeguarding the dignity of the human being. According to the Brazilian Federal Constitution, health and social welfare comprises the Social Security System which, in turn, settles social order. Thus, the aims of the Social Security System and those of the social order are the same. Social welfare and social justice are reached through the primacy of work. The general regulation of the Social Security System brings together workers of the private sector and excludes civil servants. To calculate and guarantee the benefits of any insured person, his monthly earnings must be subjected to the irreducibility principle. According to this principle, the benefit granted must assure that the insured keeps the buying power he had during his working years. The benefits are also subjected to a criterion of readjustment that preserves the value of money, as measured by the quantity and quality of products and services it can buy. Eligibility for benefits and their maintenance are two distinct and important stages for the insured. These two moments guarantee the pension and they are estimated in diverse ways. However, none of the benefits can have an amount below the minimum wage; actual earnings have to be incorporated; a minimum and maximum value must be fixed; monetary changes must be considered and an update of the value of contribution salary paid are used for estimating the benefits
Este estudo tem por objeto o princípio da irredutibilidade do valor dos benefícios no regime geral de previdência social. A evolução histórica dos direitos humanos conduz até o ponto em que estes assumem status constitucional. Os direitos sociais são categorias de direitos fundamentais que exigem a atividade Estatal em prol da eliminação das necessidades individuais e sociais. A proteção previdenciária é direito social e, portanto, direito fundamental destinado à preservação da dignidade da pessoa humana. A saúde, a assistência e a previdência social integram o Sistema de Seguridade Social, segundo o instrumental definido pela Constituição Federal ao estabelecimento da Ordem Social. Os objetivos da Seguridade Social se confundem com os da Ordem Social. O bem-estar e justiça sociais são os objetivos a ser alcançados com esteio no primado do trabalho. O regime geral de previdência social congrega os trabalhadores da iniciativa privada, exclui os servidores públicos e garante prestações pecuniárias que têm sua renda mensal submetida, dentre outros, ao princípio constitucional da irredutibilidade. Os benefícios concedidos devem guardar o mesmo poder de compra que possuía quando seu titular estava em atividade. Os critérios de reajustamento devem preservar o valor real e o valor nominal das prestações. A preocupação com a preservação da renda dos benefícios justifica-se porque é aspecto vital à subsistência digna de aposentados e pensionistas. A pesquisa bibliográfica em comparação com os critérios legais de cálculo e recomposição das prestações leva a constatação de que o princípio da irredutibilidade vem sendo vulnerado de modo reiterado. A análise desse problema deve ser feita no momento da concessão e no momento da manutenção do benefício. Nessas etapas são observados variados critérios de preservação e atualização, entre os quais se encontram a garantia de que nenhum benefício de prestação continuada terá valor inferior ao salário-mínimo; a incorporação dos ganhos habituais aos salários de contribuição e atualização de todos os salários-de-contribuição utilizados no cálculo da renda do benefício. A interpretação sistemática das normas que regem os critérios de atualização e reajustamento aponta para o embate entre o princípio da irredutibilidade do valor dos benefícios e o equilíbrio financeiro do sistema de proteção
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Carvalho, Maria de Lourdes Nunes. "Benefícios previdenciários e desenvolvimento socioeconômico: a experiência dos municípios do Maranhão a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1486.
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The pension benefits of pensions of the General Welfare, paid according to the precepts of the Constitution of 1988 the population residing in the counties of Maranhão point to their significant participation in the local economy. To understand the experience of social security benefits in the municipalities of Maranhão, is essential to look back on the origins of Social Security, as well as its deployment and evolution in Brazil as a public policy of the State and Society. The reflections of the presence of social security benefits on the local economy maranhenses observed either in the composition of the municipal GDP, as in the composition of household income, both calculated by the IBGE. Social indicators HDI and Gini Index from 1991 to 2000 and the Municipal Development Index also reflect the importance of social security benefits for the welfare of the municipal population. The adoption of a policy of regional economic development in the territory Maranhão, combined with the globalized world economy, it is salutary for the municipal economy and Social Security. Maintaining the By-laws of Public Welfare in the Constitution is an important tool in achieving the development and achievement of welfare and social justice for millions of Brazilians.
Os benefícios previdenciários de aposentadorias e pensões do Regime Geral de Previdência Social, pagos conforme os preceitos da Constituição Federal de 1988 à população residente nos municípios do Maranhão, apontam para a sua significativa participação na economia local. Para entender a experiência dos benefícios previdenciários nos municípios do Maranhão é indispensável um olhar retrospectivo sobre a origem da Previdência Social, assim como a sua implantação e evolução no Brasil como uma política pública do Estado e da Sociedade. Os reflexos da presença dos benefícios previdenciárias na economia dos municípios maranhenses podem ser observados tanto na composição do Produto Interno Bruto municipal, como na composição da Renda das famílias, ambos calculados pelo IBGE. Os indicadores sociais como IDH, Índice de Gini e Índice de Desenvolvimento Municipal também refletem a importância dos benefícios previdenciários para o bem estar da população municipal. A adoção de uma política regional de desenvolvimento econômico no território maranhense, articulada com o mundo econômico globalizado, é salutar para a economia municipal e para a Previdência Social. A manutenção dos regramentos da Previdência Social Pública no texto constitucional é uma ferramenta relevante no alcance do desenvolvimento e na conquista do bem-estar e da justiça social para milhões de brasileiros.
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Gepp, John Neville. "A pensão por morte no regime geral da previdência social e o ordenamento jurídico comparado." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8552.
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Previous issue date: 2009-05-14The scope of this dissertation is to study the social security pension for death benefits within the Brazilian Social Security s General Regime in comparison with the foreign system. For a better comprehension of the subject, we approached the concept of social security and its historical evaluation. After this preliminary examination, we made a few considerations about the social security under the Brazilian law. When we dealt with the pension for death benefits within the Social Security s General Regime of the national law, we analyzed all the criteria that integrate its hypothesis (material, space and time criteria) and its consequent ruling (personal and quantitative criteria). As a critical argument related to the approached matter, we tried to demonstrate situations in which the survivors benefits in Brazil should not be granted because the social necessity requisite is not present. In the final part of this dissertation, as an attempt to reach conclusions and suggestions for the improvement of the pension for death benefits under the Brazilian Social Security s General Regime, we discoursed upon the pension for death benefits in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Chile and the United States of America
O escopo desta dissertação é estudar o benefício previdenciário pensão por morte no Regime Geral da Previdência Social brasileiro em cotejo com o ordenamento alienígena. Para melhor entendimento do tema, abordamos o conceito de seguridade social e sua evolução histórica. Após este exame preliminar, tecemos algumas considerações sobre a previdência social no direito brasileiro. Ao tratarmos do benefício previdenciário pensão por morte, no Regime Geral da Previdência Social do direito pátrio, analisamos cada um dos critérios que integram a sua hipótese (critérios material, espacial e temporal) e seu conseqüente normativo (critério pessoal e quantitativo). Como argumento crítico ao tema abordado procuramos demonstrar situações em que o benefício pensão por morte no Brasil não deveria ser concedido, pois não estaria presente o requisito da necessidade social. Na parte final desta dissertação, buscando conclusões e sugestões para o aprimoramento da pensão por morte, no Regime Geral da Previdência Social brasileiro, discorremos sobre a pensão por morte de Portugal, Espanha, Itália, Chile e Estados Unidos
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Daza, Aramayo Lourdes Gabriela. "Sociální zabezpečení v některých státech Latinské ameriky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4472.
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This thesis has aims to acquaint the reader with Latin American Social Security systems. For this end, 7 Latin American countries have been chosen. Henceforth, the different Social Security systems operating in these countries are described. It is a comparative analysis, describing the similarities and differences among them. Is necessary to emphasize that this paper does not only provide current information of the different Social Security systems, but also statistical information, which is considered as essential to the context of the economic, demographic and social environments in which are these Social Security systems function. The systems described are: the Pension System, Heath Insurance, Sickness Benefits, Unemployment Insurance, Family Entitlements and last Maternity Benefits. The countries that have been chosen are the following: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay. In addition to the comparative analysis in this paper, the level of development in the chosen Latin American countries as well as the latest trends concerning the Social Security systems are determined and explained.
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Grover, Chris. "In-work benefits : social security, social regulation and capital accumulation 1988-1997." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287248.
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Stitt, Sean G. "Supplementary benefits : a test of adequacy by disaggregation." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.279904.
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Olofsson, Louise. "Les changements de la politique de santé en Suède : Comparés avec la politique de santé en France, avec l'exemple de l'indemnité journalière." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-5341.
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After the elections in 2006 there was a change of government in Sweden, when the Moderate Party with the right block took over the power from the Social democrats. The politics of the new government is more liberal than the politics of the Social democrats, which implied several changes of the Swedish social security system, in particular some important changes of the sickness benefit.
The objective of this essay has been to examinate the changes of the system, as well as the reasons for the changes, and also to compare the system in Sweden to the one in France, who has another structure.
The methods used are archive and corpus crossings in terms of collecting information from literature and websites of the social insurance offices in Sweden and in France. Further a qualitative method has been carried out in shape of an interview with the administrative official responsible of the sickness benefit at the social insurance office in Växjö.
The result has shown that there are several reasons for the changes in the Swedish system. It seems as if the most important reason is the big number of individuals on the sick-list which causes economical problems, since the employment rate is too low compared to the retired quotient of the population. The economical crises might have an influence on the changes of the systems, but not the present recession. Despite the rather big changes from a social system towards a more liberal one, the Swedish scheme has still kept its basic characteristics.
En 2006, la Suède a eu un changement de gouvernement. Les sociaux-démocrates ont été remplacés par l'alliance entre les partis à droite. Le nouveau gouvernement mène une politique plus libérale que les sociaux-démocrates, et ils ont introduit plusieurs changements dans le système de santé et particulièrement dans le règlement de l'indemnité journalière.
Ce mémoire a pour but d'examiner les changements dans le système, ainsi que les raisons de ces changements.
Les méthodes appliquées sont l'archive et le corpus, puisque j'ai étudié les ouvrages relatifs à la santé ainsi que les sites Internet des institutions responsables de l'indemnité journalière en Suède et en France. J'ai aussi eu un entretien avec un employé de la Caisse de Sécurité sociale à Växjö qui s'occupe particulièrement de l'indemnité journalière.
Les résultats de cette étude montrent qu'il y a plusieurs raisons à l'origine des changements dans le système suédois. Il semble que la raison la plus importante soit le nombre croissant de personnes en arrêt maladie ce qui génère des difficultés économiques, de même la proportion de la population active par rapport aux retraités est au cœur de la problématique. Enfin, les crises économiques peuvent influencer le système, mais la crise actuelle ne semble pas avoir eu une influence importante sur les changements.
Malgré les changements assez bouleversants vers un système plus libéral en Suède, qui tend à se rapprocher légèrement du système français, le système suédois reste plus social que le système français.
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Vieira, Ester Moreno de Miranda. "A teoria da prova segundo o constructivismo lógico- semântico aplicada ao direito previdenciário." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5686.
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-18This study aims to analyze the theory of evidence that is defined by the logical-semantics constructivism applied to the pension right. Though the several conceptions of the proof word, by a methodological cut, coming from the proof concept as a legal fact in a large sense once established, this legal fact itself in its strict sense has the skills to establish or deconstruct a legal relationship of social security protection through the impact of the law rules. This ability to develop the law effects depends on the legal incidence of the laws, which the logical-semantics Constructivism, opposing to the traditional and worldwide theory of law, does not happen automatically, it depends on the work of a human being, which leads to the promotion of the movement of the standard structures. Analyzed the theory of proof from the perspective of the logical-semantics Constructivism, work combines efforts to demonstrate its applicability under the Social Security Law research field referring to the law protection status. The work inability is identified as the Social Risk and material aspect of such protection standard. Among the specific goals, the leading study seeks to brighten the concept of the "beginning of physical evidence" and analyzes the legitimacy of the so-called taxed evidence according to the General Social Security System
O presente estudo tem por objeto a análise da Teoria das Provas delimitada pelo constructivismo lógico-semântico aplicada ao Direito Previdenciário. Não obstante as diversas concepções do vocábulo prova mediante um corte metodológico, parte-se do conceito de prova como fato jurídico em sentido amplo que, uma vez provado, constitui o fato jurídico em sentido estrito que, por sua vez, tem a aptidão para constituir ou desconstituir a relação jurídica previdenciária de proteção mediante a incidência da norma jurídica. Essa aptidão para desencadear os efeitos jurídicos depende da incidência da norma que, para o Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico, em contraposição à Teoria Geral do Direito Tradicional, não se dá de forma automática, mas antes depende de um ser humano que promova a movimentação das estruturas normativas. Analisada a Teoria da Prova sob a ótica do Constructivismo lógico-semântico, o trabalho reúne esforços para demonstrar sua aplicabilidade no âmbito do Direito Previdenciário no que se refere à relação jurídica de proteção. A incapacidade laboral é identificada como o Risco Social e como aspecto material da norma de proteção. Dentre os objetivos específicos, o presente estudo busca clarificar o conceito de início de prova material e analisar a legalidade das chamadas provas tarifadas em relação ao Regime Geral de Previdência Social
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Resende, Tiago Simões. "Bosch security systems : impacto cultural e social." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/22127.
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Mestrado em Línguas e Relações EmpresariaisA cultura organizacional é algo imaterial, intangível mas percetível através dos seus efeitos e consequências. Uma organização pode ser comparada a um indivíduo como possuidor de uma identidade, única e irrepetível. Com este trabalho pretende-se estudar o impacto da empresa Bosch, Security Systems no concelho de Ovar, a partir do início das suas atividades até à atualidade. Isto, com o objetivo de perceber se a implementação provocou modificações ao integrar-se no concelho. A partir das análises dos indicadores sociais e económicos, da realização de entrevistas procurou-se demonstrar que o concelho tem sofrido alterações com a implementação de empresas internacionais ao longo do tempo.
The organizational culture is something immaterial, intangible but perceptible through its effects and consequences. An organization can be compared to an individual as possessor of an identity, unique and unrepeatable. We intend to study the impact of the company Bosch, Security Systems in the Ovar municipality. From the start of its activities to the present time. This, in order to understand if the implementation has caused regarding its integration. Starting from the analyses of social and economic indicators, and the realization of interviews we intend to demonstrate that the municipality has improved positive consequences with the implementation of international companies in its area along the time.
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Oldfield, Georgina F. "The adequacy of foster care allowances." Thesis, University of York, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241079.
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Neumann, Michael [Verfasser]. "Labour Market Responses to Social Security Contributions and Social Benefits : Empirical Evidence from Germany / Michael Neumann." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1119803942/34.
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Beach, Robert R. "Essays in social security: net of benefits tax rates, labor supply, savings and welfare." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54489.
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In the standard case in which the interest rate is assumed to be greater than the rate of population growth, implementation of a social security program leads to a reduction in capital formation and a loss of welfare of the representative individual. This dissertation asks whether the parameters of a stylized social security program can be manipulated to reduce this welfare loss. By attaching weights to the earnings used in computing the average monthly earnings, an instrument is created which the social security administrator can use to manipulate the net marginal tax rates and the relative cost of leisure between years. If, as a result, aggregate savings increase, then steady-state welfare may also increase.
The effect of changing the weights in the benefit formula is considered first in a simple three-period partial equilibrium model. Individuals work for two periods and are retired in the third. It is shown, under assumptions of separability, that first-period labor supply must go up and second-period labor supply must go down in response to an increase in the earnings weight attached to the first period. Furthermore, although there is an element of ambiguity, a strong case can be made that aggregate savings must increase. It is also shown that, contrary to intuition, a zero net tax is not neutral and in fact must lead to a reduction in capital formation and welfare.
These same issues are then considered in a many-period model in which interest rates and wage rates are allowed to respond to changes in aggregate savings. It is found that alternatives to the current program that provide more weight to earnings of younger workers can reduce the welfare loss by a small amount. Because of the intractability of the many-periods case a computer simulation is used to perform the analysis.
In addition, the adjustment costs of a public savings program are considered. (Feldstein, among others, has suggested that social security be used as a vehicle for a public savings program to increase private investment in the economy.) It is shown that while such a program would adversely affect that welfare of a number of generations, these welfare losses are quite small: less than 0.05% for all the cases considered.Ph. D.
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MacCulloch, Robert. "The structure of the welfare state." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339057.
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Duffy, Shawn P. "Social Security : a present value analysis of Old Age Survivors Insurance (OASI) taxes and benefits /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA306111.
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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995.Thesis advisor(,):David R. Henderson, Katsuaki L. Terasawa. "December 1995." Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Luduvice, André Victor Doherty. "The life-cycle effects of social security in a model with housing and endogenous benefits." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11969.
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This article develops a life-cycle general equilibrium model with heterogeneous agents who make choices of nondurables consumption, investment in homeowned housing and labour supply. Agents retire from an specific age and receive Social Security benefits which are dependant on average past earnings. The model is calibrated, numerically solved and is able to match stylized U.S. aggregate statistics and to generate average life-cycle profiles of its decision variables consistent with data and literature. We also conduct an exercise of complete elimination of the Social Security system and compare its results with the benchmark economy. The results enable us to emphasize the importance of endogenous labour supply and benefits for agents' consumption-smoothing behaviour.
Esse artigo desenvolve um modelo de equilíbrio geral com gerações sobrepostas e agentes heterogêneos que realizam escolhas de consumo de bens não duráveis, investimento em imóveis para moradia e de oferta de trabalho. A partir de uma idade determinada, os agentes se aposentam e recebem benefícios da seguridade social que são dependentes dos rendimentos passados. O modelo é calibrado, solucionado numericamente e é capaz de gerar estatísticas agregadas similares às dos EUA e também de gerar perfis médios de ciclo da vida das variáveis de decisão consistentes com os dados e a literatura. É também conduzido um exercício em que se elimina completamente o sistema de seguridade social e são feitas comparações com o modelo original. Os resultados nos permitem evidenciar a importância da endogeneidade da oferta de trabalho e dos benefícios para o comportamento suavizador de consumo dos agentes.
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Knops, Andrew. "Room for reason? : an investigation of user-participation using a case study of Benefits Agency initiatives." Thesis, University of York, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311083.
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Tindley, Ruth. "Access to social security benefits for people who are unable to work because of mental illness." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9908.
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This thesis examines the difficulties which people with mental health conditions may experience in establishing and maintaining entitlement to the social security benefits which underwrite incapacity for work. Two regimes are currently operating simultaneously, the incapacity benefits regime, introduced in 1995, and employment and support allowance (ESA), introduced in October 2008. The thesis identifies the main barriers to incapacity for work benefits for people with mental health problems as the symptoms of mental illness, administrative procedures, national insurance contribution conditions, assessment, conditionality, appeals and complexity of the welfare system. It compares the two regimes and concludes that although problems arise with both incapacity benefits and ESA, problems with ESA are greater. The ESA scheme and ongoing reforms appear to have worked well for people who are at the most severe end of the spectrum of mental illness, since they receive more money and are relieved of conditionality. For claimants with lesser mental health problems the situation has worsened. The thesis makes a number of recommendations for change. It suggests that mental health teams should include welfare benefits advisers, recommends better training in mental health issues for DWP staff, and improved communication between the DWP and claimants, in particular lesser reliance on telephony. Consideration should also be given to removal of national insurance contribution conditions for incapacity for work benefits, and replacement by a universal benefit. The thesis points out that assessment of incapacity is the most significant obstacle to entitlement and suggests a return to the informal procedure used pre-1995, as well as payment for partial capacity. It also recommends voluntary, rather than mandatory participation in work-related activity by claimants with mental health problems, and questions whether it is appropriate to use the welfare system to coerce claimants, particularly those with mental health problems, into employment.
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Mohd, Saidatulakmal. "Saving, labour supply, socio-economic indicators and social security retirement benefits : a case study of Malaysia." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433627.
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Casarico, Alessandra. "An economic analysis of pension systems and reforms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324516.
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Schaefer, Gwendolin. "Evaluation of business benefits of SaaS-based integrated enterprise systems for SMEs." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2014. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/11161/.
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Decision support and business management systems are becoming increasingly important for small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). There has been very limited research on software-as-a-service-based (SaaS) systems for SMEs and the subsequent benefits of these. This study aims to gain an understanding of the benefits that may be achieved with SaaS-based integrated enterprise systems (IES). It was ascertained that IT-structure and organisational benefits may be achieved through implementing an SaaS-based IES for SMEs. Moreover, SME characteristics, critical success factors, consultant experience and risk factors appear to have an influence on the achievement of benefits. It may be determined that the benefits associated with SaaS-based IES differ from those of traditional ES and thus have to be considered independently from their on-premise counterparts. The study, conducted using mixed methods research (exploratory interviews and questionnaires), ascertained that the investigated system did not perform as expected. One of the most significant results of my research was the finding that SMEs who implemented the full range of functionalities perceived less benefits than those who only implemented parts of the functionalities. This supports the hypothesis that ES projects are not only in large enterprises, but still for SMEs complex change projects. Change takes time and thus it may not be advisable to implement a whole enterprise system within a short period of time. This study contributes to knowledge in the information systems and decision support systems area by providing new information about the potential benefits of SaaS-based IES, in addition to a variety of factors that may influence the achievement of benefits. The main findings of this thesis are summarised as a benefits framework and a benefits influence model. These models offer a starting point for future academic SaaS-based IES research, in terms of SMEs. They also provide SME practitioners with a framework of what to expect from SaaS-based IES, aiding them in evaluating and planning investments in Enterprise Systems.
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Avgerou, Chrisanthi. "Information systems in social administration : factors affecting their success." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261972.
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Tar, Nicholas L. K. "When Cyber Systems Crash: Attitudes Towards Cyber Utilization And Security." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/shss_dcar_etd/69.
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This research focused on examining attitudinal differences of Internet utilization and security with the objective of understanding the relationships that cyber usability have with cybercrime and then determine best practices needed to promote the secure use of the Internet. The research was designed as a quantitative study that used judgment sampling to survey 433 cases to explain the relationship that exists between cyber utilization and security. To achieve this objective, research questions and hypothesis were designed to guide the analysis. Cross tabulation analysis was used to compare the dependent and independent variables while Chi-square, Lambda and Gamma statistical tests were used to verify the relationship and identify statistical significance of the relationship. The findings revealed that while variables like being IT savvy, amount of financial loss, education, age, gender and residence location did not have evidence of a relationship with security, research participants had concern for secure cyber use and thought that cybersecurity awareness training and type of transaction conducted on the Internet were associated to security even though the strength of each relationship was weak. The study highlighted the damaging effects of cybercrime and recommended that cyber users should embrace best practice principles as they browse the Internet and utilize cybersecurity awareness training as an important function of secure IT utilization.
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Clasen, Jochen. "Unemployment and social security : a comparative analysis of benefits for the unemployed in Great Britain and West Germany." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19630.
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The thesis examines the development of unemployment compensation in Great Britain and West Germany between the mid 1960s and the end of the 1980s. The main objective is to identify the relative importance and interrelation of factors leading to decisions affecting the level, duration and conditions of assistance and insurance benefits for unemployed people in a comparative context. Policy decisions can only partly be explained, it is argued, with reference to political, economic and ideological factors. Benefit changes were influenced by the level of unemployment, the perception of unemployment as a social and political problem, economic developments, economic policy doctrines adopted by governments, and the composition of governments. However, outcomes were also strongly influenced by different welfare state traditions, principles and institutional arrangements. In West Germany, insurance benefit levels have traditionally been closely related to previous earnings. Income support arrangements for unemployed people are fragmented into separate administrative funding mechanisms, based on three different social security principles. In the traditional British welfare state context the principle of contributory unemployment benefits has remained less developed and inferior to the idea of modest flat-rate income support. Both insurance and assistance benefits are centrally administered and financed. The study seeks to demonstrate that these institutional variables or 'welfare legacies' acted as factors which guided, constrained or facilitated policy decisions to a considerable degree by shaping interests and narrowing the scope of seriously considered policy options.
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Munshedzi, Thivhakoni Kingsley. "An assessment of the impact of the management of the social security system on access to services in Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1574.
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Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016In attacking poverty in post-apartheid South Africa, the country’s new government adopted a multiple approach focusing on building institutions and organisations on a macro regional and local level, levels to facilitate growth, reconstruction and social upliftment. In its effort to alleviate poverty and inequality, the Government of South Africa introduced a social security system. In an endeavour to address the deficiencies surrounding this system, the government has established a number of mechanisms. In order to distribute these grants to the right people in the right place, the government formed the South African Social Security Agency (SASSA). The research problem was, therefore, to find out how the management and administration of social security by SASSA is enhancing or retarding access to the services for which the agency was established to render. The aim of this study was to assess how the management and administration of the social security system impact on the accessibility of social services by those who require them. In order to achieve the aim of this study, the following objectives were addressed: how social security is managed in the Limpopo Province; to assess the impact of the management of the system on access to services; to identify possible strategies that could enhance access to social security services; and to provide recommendations based on the literature and research findings. The findings of this study was that the administration system of the South African grant system has been somewhat cumbersome for both the applicant and the administrator because the forms used for most grants are detailed and often quite technical. Furthermore, it was established that were service delivery challenges of severe staff shortages at critical operational levels where grant applications are processed and infrastructural challenges such as insufficient office space (too many staff members in a specific office) and insufficient or no connectivity at certain service delivery points. These are all organisational challenges that SASSA is facing. This research recommend that the Limpopo regional office must not only be responsible for giving information about newly enrolled recipients to the SASSA national office but the regional office should be able to complete the whole process within its offices without passing it on to the national office The research also recommends that a Monitoring and Evaluation unit must be established in regional offices. This unit will assist the management and administration of social grants in particular with improving services. This unit will visit different SASSA offices in the local municipalities on a regular basis in order to evaluate the performance of those particular offices. This will help to monitor the service delivery to the beneficiaries. Lastly, SASSA should do more research and development in consultation academic institutions or by structure within SASSA offices
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Santos, Aline Fagundes dos. "O diálogo entre o público e o privado: a (in) efetividade dos benefícios previdenciários do Regime Geral de Previdência Social destinados à proteção das famílias na pós-modernidade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2016. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/19605.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the effectiveness of social security benefits of the Social Security System, which is designed to protect families within the current paradigm of postmodernity. It is assumed that the plan of benefits, laid down by Federal Law No. 8213 / 91, is not capable of protecting all Brazilian families, given the new social risks generated by postmodernity. With the development of the human species and the evolution of the State, an improvement of the mechanisms of social protection was observed, thus resulting in the shift of responsibility from the family circle (private) to the state one (public). However, the family, which was the initial foundation of social protection, has undergone great transformations in recent times, both with regard to the new forms of arrangement and the role played by its members. This is a point that deserves attention from the current systems of Social protection, among them the Brazilian one, which is organized under the simple distribution system, grounded under the intergenerational pact and that became a social fundamental right after 1988. These considerations will then show the legal, economic and social relevance of this study. Regarding the theoretical-methodological aspects, a bibliographical research was developed, drawing from the main contributions on the topic, as well as documentary research, based on available legal apparatus and jurisprudence. The results show that the current social security benefits of the Social Security System are unsatisfactory and don’t meet the new social risks that Brazilian families are exposed in postmodernity. This is mainly due to the phenomenon of the feminization of the labor market, a situation that can be remedied with the creation of the benefit of parental aid, according to experiences of the alien right
A presente tese de Doutorado tem como objetivo analisar a efetividade dos benefícios previdenciários do Regime Geral de Previdência Social, destinados à proteção das famílias no atual paradigma da pós-modernidade. Parte-se do pressuposto de que o plano de benefícios, previsto a partir da Lei Federal nº8.213/91 não é capaz de proteger todas as famílias brasileiras, diante dos novos riscos sociais. Com o desenvolvimento da espécie humana e a evolução do Estado foi percebido um aprimoramento dos mecanismos de proteção social, ocorrendo um deslocamento de responsabilidade da esfera familiar (privada) para a esfera estatal (pública). Ocorre que a família, que foi o núcleo inicial da proteção social, tem passado por grandes transformações nos últimos tempos, tanto no que diz respeito às novas formas de arranjo familiar como também ao papel desenvolvido pelos seus integrantes, ponto que merece atenção dos atuais sistemas de proteção social, entre eles o brasileiro, alçado à condição de direito fundamental social após 1988, e que é organizado sob o regime de repartição simples e alicerçado sob o pacto intergeracional, o que demonstra a relevância jurídica, econômica e social deste estudo. No que tange aos aspectos teórico-metodológicos, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, com respaldo nos principais aportes relacionados à temática, pesquisa documental baseada nos dados dos aparatos legais disponíveis e ainda jurisprudência. Os resultados alcançados nos reportam à conclusão de que os atuais benefícios previdenciários do Regime Geral de Previdência Social são insuficientes para atender aos novos riscos sociais a que estão expostos às famílias brasileiras na pós-modernidade, especialmente em razão do fenômeno da feminização do mercado de trabalho, situação esta que pode ser revertida com a criação do benefício de auxílio-parental, conforme experiências do direito alienígena
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Wilson, Kelly Robyn. "Do women reap the benefits? Exploring access and social exclusion among village chicken producers in Kenya." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1563200862443867.
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Rörsch, Jonatan, and Mikael Johansson. "Social Networks : Creating Organizational Benefits out of an Online Conversation." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Industriell teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-207086.
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Scania is increasing its production by improving its efficiency. The company is striving to achieve its new productivity goals without making large investments. In large organizations such as Scania there are many competent and skilled employees. However, since many of their offices are located worldwide communication is not always efficient and optimal. The purpose of this thesis is to show the potential benefits when implementing and operating online social networks within global organizations including Scania. Through empirical studies of global organizations which have utilized online social networks for a relatively long period this study intends to collect information which can help generate knowledge about the implementation and operation of online social networks. Our research revealed that important aspects of the implementation of an organization's online social network are knowledge management, dissemination, social ties and links between micro-and macro-networks. Thereby we concluded that online social networks lead to the creation of benefits for the individual as well as for the organization. Based on the theoretical framework and empirical evidence gathered in this study, we have concluded that an implemented model of an online social network fosters such benefits as improved communication channels and increased efficiency in the workplace.
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Oliveira, Carlos Henrique de. "Da tutela das informações sociais do trabalhador à garantia efetiva de acesso aos benefícios previdenciários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-09122013-152003/.
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Atualmente, para obter um benefício previdenciário o segurado da Previdência Social deve agendar seu comparecimento a uma agência munido de seu documento pessoal. Comprovado seu direito terá o benefício imediatamente concedido. Essa concessão de maneira tão célere e desburocratizada só é possível graças a informatização dos dados sociais dos trabalhadores brasileiros filiados à Previdência Social. O banco de dados que armazena as informações cadastrais, os vínculos, as remunerações e todos os demais dados necessários para a concessão de um benefício previdenciário é denominado Cadastro Nacional de Informações Sociais, CNIS. O abastecimento desses dados sociais do trabalhador é realizado principalmente pela Guia de Informações ao FGTS e à Previdência Social, GFIP, que é um documento preenchido mensalmente pela empresa do qual constam todos os dados dos trabalhadores que serão armazenados no Cadastro Nacional. A GFIP tem dupla natureza jurídica, natureza de obrigação tributária acessória e obrigação legal de cunho social. Essa, como visto acima, se consubstancia pela característica de instrumento de abastecimento dos dados sociais com vistas à implementação dos direitos previdenciários do trabalhador. Aquela, de obrigação tributária acessória, exsurge ao recordarmos que a GFIP contém todos os valores da remuneração percebida pelo trabalhador, que é base de cálculo das contribuições sociais previdenciárias devidas pela empresa e pelo próprio segurado. Em alteração promovida pela Lei nº 11.941, de 2009, a sanção pelo descumprimento do dever de preencher e enviar a GFIP foi alterada. Criou-se multa moratória de expressiva monta no caso de descumprimento das obrigações relacionadas à GFIP. Porém, o pagamento do tributo acrescido da multa aplicada não garante que as informações sociais necessárias à concessão dos benefícios previdenciários cheguem ao CNIS. Nem mesmo após a fiscalização e punição da empresa inadimplente. Não há, hoje em dia, proteção legal aos dados sociais dos trabalhadores brasileiros e nesse sentido, não há garantias de que a concessão dos benefícios previdenciários seja regularmente realizada. O presente estudo, após analisar com a profundidade necessária a questão, submete uma proposta de alteração legislativa objetivando a garantia das informações sociais do trabalhador e assim efetiva tutela de seus direitos sociais.Nowadays in order to receive the retirement plan benefit, the employee needs to go to the closest office with his /her personal documents. Once it is confirmed the worker rights, the benefits will be available to the employees. This simple transaction is only possible through all Brazilian workers social data base which is linked to Social Security. CNIS (Cadastro Nacional de Informações Sociais) is the System responsible for storing all data base information and employees paychecks. The collection of all workers social data is mainly maintained by Guia de Informações to FGTS and Previdência Social (GFIP).There is a monthly document filled by employers which contains all workers data. This data afterwards will be stored at Cadastro National. GFIP has a double juridical nature since it implies in tax and social obligation. As mentioned above, it is based as an instrument of social data storage to implement employees retirement plan rights. The tax obligation is the calculation of employees and employers contributions based on all workers received paychecks. Since the approval of the law 11.941 in 2009, the obligation of filling and sending information to GFIP changed. It was imposed a heavy penalty for those not fulfilling GFIP obligations. But still heavy penalties do not guarantee that the necessary social information gets to CNIS. Not even after the companies that are failing to do so have been inspected and punished. There is not, nowadays, legal protection to the Brazilian workers social data compromising retirement benefits. The proposal of this study, after deeply analysis of the issues mentioned above, is to request a change in the legislation in order to guarantee the workers social information as well as the employees social rights.
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Tarimo, Charles N. "ICT Security Readiness Checklist for Developing Countries : A Social-Technical Approach." Doctoral thesis, Kista : Department of Computer and Systems Sciences, Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-1354.
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Ball, Albert. "A Comparison of Users' Personal Information Sharing Awareness, Habits, and Practices in Social Networking Sites and E-Learning Systems." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/84.
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Although reports of identity theft continue to be widely published, users continue to post an increasing amount of personal information online, especially within social networking sites (SNS) and e-learning systems (ELS). Research has suggested that many users lack awareness of the threats that risky online personal information sharing poses to their personal information. However, even among users who claim to be aware of security threats to their personal information, actual awareness of these security threats is often found to be lacking. Although attempts to raise users' awareness about the risks of sharing their personal information have become more common, it is unclear if users are unaware of the risks, or are simply unwilling or unable to protect themselves.
Research has also shown that users' habits may also have an influence on their practices. However, user behavior is complex, and the relationship between habit and practices is not clear. Habit theory has been validated across many disciplines, including psychology, genetics, and economics, with very limited attention in IS. Thus, the main goal of this study was to assess the influence of users' personal information sharing awareness (PISA) on their personal information sharing habits (PISH) and personal information sharing practices (PISP), as well as to compare the three constructs between SNS and ELS. Although habit has been studied significantly in other disciplines, a limited number of research studies have been conducted regarding IS usage and habit. Therefore, this study also investigated the influence of users' PISH on their PISP within the contexts of SNS and ELS. An empirical survey instrument was developed based on prior literature to collect and analyze data relevant to these three constructs. Path analysis was conducted on the data to determine the influence of users' PISA on their PISH and PISP, as well as the influence of users' PISH on their PISP. This study also utilized ANCOVA to determine if, and to what extent, any differences may exist between users' PISA, PISH, and PISP within SNS and ELS.
The survey was deployed to the student body and faculty members at a small private university in the Southeast United States; a total of 390 responses was received. Prior to final data analysis, pre-analysis data screening was performed to ensure the validity and accuracy of the collected data. Cronbach's Alpha was performed on PISA, PISH, and PISP, with all three constructs demonstrating high reliability. PISH was found to be the most significant factor evaluated in this study, as users' habits were determined to have the strongest influence on their PISP within the contexts of SNS and ELS.
The main contribution of this study was to advance the understanding of users' awareness of information security threats, their personal information sharing habits, and their personal information sharing practices. Information gained from this study may help organizations in the development of better approaches to the securing of users' personal information.
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Li, Hong Ping. "Secure proximity queries in mobile geo-social services." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1551.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur. "Search Rank Fraud Prevention in Online Systems." FIU Digital Commons, 2018. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3909.
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The survival of products in online services such as Google Play, Yelp, Facebook and Amazon, is contingent on their search rank. This, along with the social impact of such services, has also turned them into a lucrative medium for fraudulently influencing public opinion. Motivated by the need to aggressively promote products, communities that specialize in social network fraud (e.g., fake opinions and reviews, likes, followers, app installs) have emerged, to create a black market for fraudulent search optimization. Fraudulent product developers exploit these communities to hire teams of workers willing and able to commit fraud collectively, emulating realistic, spontaneous activities from unrelated people. We call this behavior “search rank fraud”. In this dissertation, we argue that fraud needs to be proactively discouraged and prevented, instead of only reactively detected and filtered. We introduce two novel approaches to discourage search rank fraud in online systems. First, we detect fraud in real-time, when it is posted, and impose resource consuming penalties on the devices that post activities. We introduce and leverage several novel concepts that include (i) stateless, verifiable computational puzzles that impose minimal performance overhead, but enable the efficient verification of their authenticity, (ii) a real-time, graph based solution to assign fraud scores to user activities, and (iii) mechanisms to dynamically adjust puzzle difficulty levels based on fraud scores and the computational capabilities of devices. In a second approach, we introduce the problem of fraud de-anonymization: reveal the crowdsourcing site accounts of the people who post large amounts of fraud, thus their bank accounts, and provide compelling evidence of fraud to the users of products that they promote. We investigate the ability of our solutions to ensure that fraud does not pay off.
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Singh, Anjeli Gilbert Juan E. "The potential benefits of multi-modal social interaction on the web for senior users." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/2007.
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Zervou, Fani. "Social insurance system of Greece : a comparison with British, American and Spanish social security systems; and econometric model." Thesis, City University London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264248.
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Drake, Paul David. "Communicative action in information security systems : an application of social theory in a technical domain." Thesis, University of Hull, 2005. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5623.
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This thesis is about grounding an increasingly common practice in an established theory where no explicit theory currently exists. The common practice that is the subject of this study is information security. It is commonly held that information security means maintaining the confidentiality, integrity (accuracy) and availability of information. It seems that a whole industry has built up with tools, techniques and consultants to help organisations achieve a successful information security practice. There is even a British Standard containing around 130 controls, and a management system to guide organisations and practitioners. In the absence of many alternatives this British Standard has grown into something of a requirement for organisations who are concerned about the security of their information. The British Standard was developed almost entirely through the collaboration of some powerful blue-chip organisations. These organisations compared their practices and found some key areas of commonality. These common areas became the foundation of many information security practices today. Although there has been considerable evolutionary change the fundamentals, and not least the principles of confidentiality, integrity and availability, remain largely the same. It is argued in this thesis that the absence of a theoretical grounding has left the domain as weak and unable to cope with the rapidly developing area of information security. It is also argued that there was far too little consideration of human issues when the standard was devised and that situation has worsened recently with greater reliance on information security driven by more threats of increasing complexity, and more restrictive controls being implemented to counteract those threats. This thesis aims to pull human issues into the domain of information security: a domain which is currently dominated by non-social and practical paradigms. The key contribution of this thesis is therefore to provide a new model around which information security practices can be evaluated. This new model has a strong and established theoretical basis. The theory selected to underpin the new model is in the broad domain of critical social theory.
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Sveide, Linnéa. "Gender, Peace and Security : Examining the assumed benefits of involving men and work on transforming masculinities in the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions 1325 and 1820." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328106.
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My aim of this this thesis is to examine the assumed benefits of involving men and work on transforming masculinities when implementing the WPS (Women Peace and Security) agenda focusing on UNSCR (United Nations Security Council Resolutions) 1325 and 1820, in peacebuilding efforts and peacekeeping missions. The empirical findings derives from four semi- structured interviews with informants involved in implementing a masculinity perspective in UNSCR 1325, or informants that had conducted research of this area. A document analysis was also conducted to complement with the interviews and to dig deeper into how a focus on masculinities could be implemented. The document analysis consisted of training material from the Swedish Police force training on UNSCR 1325 for Swedish and international personnel going to UN Peacekeeping missions. The data was analysed with the theories radical feminism and R.W Connell’s masculinity theory. The thesis result indicate that the assumed benefits are multiple. The key reason to include men and to work on transforming masculinities could be that it would mean to take a holistic gender perspective, and to focus on the gendered drivers of conflict as well as the impacts of conflict.
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Olivier, David William. "The physical and social benefits of urban agriculture projects run by non-governmental organisations in Cape Town." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96907.
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Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Urban agriculture (UA) has always been practised in African urban centres. Only since the turn of the twentieth century, however, have development researchers turned their attention to its potential as a sustainable source of food security. Notwithstanding the initial optimism in this regard, many have questioned whether UA is viable and whether it does deliver the benefits that many espouse. This is because most of the benefits are evaluated in terms of their economic viability or amount of produce grown to sustain a family, and often ignore what benefits may be found beyond this. What this dissertation argues is that there are a range of physical and social benefits that accrue from UA that cannot necessarily be measured. Research on the ground suggests that the benefits of UA are more complex than supposed, as confirmed by a number of qualitative case studies on UA in Africa. Much attention is given to the food security and income dimensions of UA. There are, however, also ecological, empowerment and gender dimensions. Throughout Africa, UA is used primarily for food and economic security, through eating produce and trading it on the informal market. The economic benefits of UA, however, are least available to the poor and to women, due primarily to resource limitations, tenure insecurity and patriarchal cultures. While such findings suggest that the benefits of UA bypass those who need them most, it is found that these limitations may be overcome with support from non-governmental organisations (NGOs). NGOs play a key role in promoting sustainable livelihoods. This is achieved through injections of resources and investing in human and social capital. In Cape Town, UA has been supported by NGOs for many years. More recently, local government has supported this effort with a UA policy that legitimises public support through resource donations and the provision of land. The question this dissertation sought to investigate was to what extent UA is contributing to the livelihoods of those living in Cape Town‟s largest low-income area, the Cape Flats. As many of the UA projects in Cape Town are run by NGOs, the focus was on a selection of these projects. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were held with NGOs and cultivators throughout the Cape Flats. Four different types of cultivation feature, namely home cultivators, cultivation groups, institutional cultivators and garden centres. Home cultivators operate on a small scale on the property around their dwelling, while cultivation groups and institutional cultivators use larger tracts of land. Cultivation groups operate independently, usually on council land, while institutional cultivators cultivate on behalf of the institution whose land they use. All cultivators are supported by the NGO‟s garden centres, the administrative hub of their UA programme. The findings show that some benefits of UA relate largely to the type of UA being practised. For home cultivators, UA strengthens relationships and expands networks. Institutional plots teach children to care for the environment. The economic and food security benefits of UA are evident in formal groups, and NGO-led local garden centres play a supportive role for all cultivators. Other benefits are felt by all cultivators. For example, cultivators from all types stated that UA had taught them to eat healthily and to care for the environment, and all cultivators felt an increased sense of self-worth. Furthermore, all cultivators gave produce away to those around them. A prerequisite for these benefits, however, is successful cultivation, which is only possible with the training and support offered by the NGOs. The findings suggest that NGOs are vital both for ensuring that UA has the greatest impact in low-income areas and for avoiding the limitations of UA that are evident throughout Africa. Nevertheless, the uptake and sustainability of UA in Cape Town are limited by bureaucratic hurdles to land access, limitations of donor funding and widespread attitudes of dependency in its target areas. It is therefore likely that the expansion of UA in Cape Town will remain slow until such limitations are addressed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stedelike landbou (SL) is nog altyd in die stedelike sentrums van Afrika beoefen. Dis egter eers sedert die begin van die twintigste eeu dat ontwikkelingsnavorsers aandag geskenk het aan SL se potensiaal as ‟n volhoubare bron van voedselsekerheid. Ondanks die aanvanklike optimisme in hierdie verband, het baie bevraagteken of SL moontlik is en of dit die voordele wat baie voorstaan, oplewer. Dit is omdat die meeste van die voordele geëvalueer is in terme van hul ekonomiese potensiaal of die opbrengs om „n familie te onderhou en ignoreer dikwels watter ander voordele daar mag wees. Wat hierdie proefskrif betoog is dat SL 'n verskeidenheid fisiese en sosiale voordele inhou, wat nie noodwendig gemeet kan word nie. Navorsing op grondvlak dui daarop dat die voordele van SL meer kompleks is as wat veronderstel word, soos bevestig deur 'n aantal kwalitatiewe gevallestudies van SL in Afrika. Baie aandag word aan die voedselsekerheid en inkomste dimensies van SL gegee. Daar is egter ook ekologiese, bemagtigings- en geslagsdimensies. Regdeur Afrika word SL hoofsaaklik vir voedselsekerheid en inkomste gebruik, deurdat die produkte geëet word en op die informele mark verhandel word. Arm mense en vroue put egter die minste ekonomiese voordele uit SL, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van hulpbronbeperkings, verblyfregonsekerheid en patriargale kulture. Terwyl sulke bevindinge daarop dui dat die voordele van SL diegene omseil wat hulle die meeste nodig het, is daar gevind dat hierdie beperkings deur ondersteuning van nieregeringsorganisasies (NRO‟s) oorkom kan word. NRO‟s speel ‟n belangrike rol in die bevordering van ‟n volhoubare lewensbestaan. Dit word bereik deur middel van skenkings van hulpbronne en belegging in menslike en sosiale kapitaal. In Kaapstad is SL vir baie jare al deur NRO‟s ondersteun. Onlangs het die plaaslike regering hierdie poging ondersteun deur ‟n SL-beleid wat openbare steun deur helpbronskenkings en die voorsiening van grond legitimeer. Die vraag wat hierdie proefskrif ondersoek het, is in watter mate SL bydra tot die lewensbestaan van diegene wat in Kaapstad se grootste laeinkomstegebied, die Kaapse Vlakte, woon. Omdat baie van die SL-projekte in Kaapstad deur NRO‟s bestuur word, was die fokus op ‟n seleksie van hierdie projekte. Diepte-onderhoude en fokusgroepgesprekke is met landbouers en NRO‟s dwarsoor die Kaapse Vlakte gehou. Vier verskillende tipes landbou kom voor, naamlik tuislandbouers, landbougroepe, institusionele landbouers en tuinsentrums. Tuislandbouers werk op ‟n klein skaal op die grond rondom om hulle woning, terwyl die landbougroepe en institusionele landbouers groter stukke grond bewerk. Landbougroepe werk onafhanklik, gewoonlik op grond wat aan die standsraad behoort, terwyl institusionele landbouers namens die instansie wat se grond hulle gebruik, verbou. Alle landbouers word deur die NRO-tuinsentrums ondersteun. Hierdie tuinsentrums dien ook as die administratiewe sentra van die NRO‟s se SL-program. Die bevindinge toon dat die voordele van SL verband hou met die tipe SL wat beoefen is. Vir die tuislandbouers versterk SL verhoudings en brei dit netwerke uit. Institusionele tuine leer kinders om vir die omgewing te sorg. Die ekonomiese en voedselsekerheidsvoordele van SL was duidelik in formele groepe, en die NRO-tuinsentrums speel ‟n ondersteunende rol vir al drie tipes. Die landbouers het ook ander voordele ervaar. Byvoorbeeld, alle soorte landbouers het genoem dat SL hulle geleer het om gesond te eet en vir die omgewing te sorg en ook dat hulle ‟n verhoogde gevoel van eiewaarde ervaar. Verder het al die landbouers van hulle oes aan mense rondom hulle weggegee. ‟n Voorvereiste vir hierdie voordele was egter suksesvolle verbouing, wat net moontlik was met die opleiding en ondersteuning wat deur die NRO‟s aangebied is. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat NRO‟s noodsaaklik is om te verseker dat SL die grootste impak in lae-inkomstegebiede kan hê, en om die beperkings van SL wat dwarsdeur Afrika duidelik is, te vermy. Nogtans word die opname en volhoubaarheid van SL in Kaapstad beperk deur burokratiese prosedures met betrekking tot toegang tot grond, beperkings van donateurs op befondsing en ‟n wydverspreide staat van afhanklikheid in die teikengebiede. Dit is dus waarskynlik dat die uitbreiding van SL in Kaapstad stadig sal bly totdat sodanige beperkings aangespreek is.
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Pinotti, Paolo. "The cost and benefits of public intervention: Micro and Macro evidence." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7399.
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La tesi consisteix en quatre assaigs sobre les causes i conseqüències de la intervenció del govern en l'economia, i un assaig sobre els efectes de la immigració en el país amfitrió. El primer capítol quantifica els retorns econòmics de les connexions polítiques, i examina els canals a través dels quals aquestes afecten les empreses. El segon capítol estudia la relació entre la confiança entre els individus i les preferències d'aquests per la intervenció governamental, i utilitza aquesta relació per reinterpretar evidència existent sobre els efectes de les regulacions. El tercer capítol examina la substitució entre els mercats financers i les pensions publiques, com a dos alternatives per proveir la jubilació. El quart capítol estima els efectes de la fragmentació política sobre la velocitat de les reformes estructurals, centrant-se en el cas particular de les privatitzacions. Finalment, l'últim capítol investiga empíricament la relació entre immigració i crim.The thesis collects four essays about the causes and consequences of government intervention in the economy and one essay about the effects of immigration. The first chapter quantifies the private returns and the social costs of political connections. The second chapter studies the relationship between individual trust toward the others and preferences for government intervention, and it draws the implications of this relationship for re-interpreting previous evidence about the effects of regulation. The third chapter examines the substitutability between financial markets and public pensions as two alternative ways to provide for retirement. The fourth chapter estimates the effect of political fragmentation on the timing of structural reforms, focusing in particular on privatization. Finally, the last chapter empirically investigates the relationship between immigration and crime.
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Petrová, Kateřina. "Nemocenské a rodinné dávky ve Švédsku a Francii." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193668.
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The aim of the thesis is to evaluate selected social security systems in Sweden and France. It is conducted through comparative analysis of sickness and family benefits. Document is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is devoted to the theoretical introduction of the concept of social security and the definition of terms such as social security or social policy. The second chapter is dedicated to the Swedish social security. It contains a description of the basic characteristics of the Swedish social security and deep study of the sickness and family benefits. Chapter three uses the same structure as the previous chapter but with a focus on France. The fourth chapter compares the historical context of social systems, specifies significant differences in sickness and family benefits, the concept of family policy and gender equality in both countries.
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Mauro, Marina Pedigoni [UNESP]. "A mulher trabalhadora: questões de gênero na previdência social." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148771.
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A Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Plano de Benefícios da Previdência Social, Lei nº 8.213/1991, estabelecem as prestações do Regime Geral de Previdência Social brasileira. Em determinados benefícios, a legislação prevê requisitos como idade e tempo de contribuição mínimo para sua concessão. Porém, as prescrições acerca de salário-maternidade, aposentadoria por idade, aposentadoria por tempo de contribuição e pensão por morte trazem requisitos mais brandos às mulheres, para fazerem jus às prestações. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as razões de tal diferenciação, de modo a verificar se tais questões de gênero constituem elemento de promoção da igualdade entre os sexos, diante das características de desigualdade existentes no mercado de trabalho. Tal análise busca relacionar a trajetória das legislações brasileiras e das normas de direito internacional com o histórico social de discriminação feminina. Possui como marco teórico os conhecimentos trazidos pelas teorias de gênero, mormente o feminismo, e pela sistemática jurídica fundamentada na teoria dos princípios, de caráter pós-positivista.
The Brazilian Federal Constitution of 1988 and the Social Security Benefit Plan, Law no. 8.213/1991, set out the benefits of the General Regime of Brazilian Social Welfare. In certain benefits, the legislation provides for requirements such as age and minimum contribution period to be granted. However, the provisions concerning maternity benefit, old age pension, retirement pension, and survivors benefits bring more lenient requirements for women to concede this benefits. Thus, this study aims to investigate the reasons for such differentiation, in order to verify if that gender issues are part of the promotion of equality between women and men, given that exists inequality in the characteristics of labor market. This analysis inquires to connect the trajectory of Brazilian legislation and rules of international law with the social historical of discrimination against women. This research has as theoretical framework the knowledge brought by gender theories, especially feminism, and the legal theory grounded in the legal principles, with post-positivist character.
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Lindström, John. "Models, methodology and challenges within strategic information security for senior managements." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Datavetenskap, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17009.
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The work in this thesis is based on an interest for strategic information security, and in particular business continuity planning, in combination with own experiences from strategic management of corporations. Information security policy- and education, practice and awareness issues have also been part of my focus. Strategic information security is the part of information security that senior managements (top managements) should own and care for, like for any other strategic area in an organization. One problem is that this is often not the case as the senior management attention and awareness is focused on other areas instead. The work has mainly addressed explanatory models and methodology to explain what strategic information security including business continuity planning is to senior management teams and a training concept. It has also high-lighted challenges from current and future technology, and terminology problems affecting business continuity planning in a direct or indirect way. The purpose of the thesis was broken down into six objectives matching identified knowledge gaps. These resulted in the research question "How to improve the senior management own and care process for strategic information security, and in particular business continuity planning?" The results from the empirical studies are two models and one methodology to be used when targeting strategic information security issues like modeling and implementations of business continuity planning, security policies and security education, practice and awareness during the own and care process. A further result is a training concept for organizational crisis management. In addition, the results also indicate challenges that need to be addressed during work with security policies and business continuity planning. The thesis further contributes with a framework for business continuity planning guiding how the models and methodology, together with the training concept and challenges should be used together in the own and care process, to resolve problems and achieve organizational change. The contribution is of a general nature and is suitable to use in both private and public sector organizations.Godkänd; 2009; 20091106 (jlm); DISPUTATION Ämnesområde: Data- och systemvetenskap Opponent: Professor Per Flensburg, Högskolan Väst Ordförande: Professor Ann Hägerfors, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Fredag 18 december, 2009, klockan 10:00 Plats: Hoppesalen, Luleå tekniska universitet
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Svensson, Caroline. "Samhällets system : Långvarigt beroende av försörjningsstöd ur ett systemteoretiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-196879.
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Syftet med denna C-uppsats är att genom Pincus och Minahans resursinriktade systemteori undersöka innebörden av hur samhälleliga system tillgodoser hjälpbehov för klienter som uppbär försörjningsstöd under lång tid. Målet är att skapa en strukturerad bild av vad som är bidragande faktorer till långvarigt beroende av försörjningsstöd samt hur samhälleliga system arbetar med insatser gällande dessa faktorer. Frågeställningarna är följande: Vilka hjälpbehov framträder genom journalerna för undersökningsgruppen? Hur adresseras dessa av samhälleliga system och vilka slutsatser kan man dra av detta? Resultatet visar att hjälpbehoven som tillgodoses är av olika karaktär och att det samhälleliga resurssystemet ibland ersätter formella och informella resurssystem när dessa inte är välfungerande. Slutsatsen visar att samhälleliga system kan motarbeta varandra och att detta då blir till men för den enskilde. Slutsatsen visar också att preventivt arbete för att förhindra att långvarigt beroende av försörjningsstöd uppstår är viktigt.The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to use Pincus and Minahans resource-oriented systems theory to examine how societal systems are meeting the needs of the clients who are longterm dependant on social benefits. The aim is to create a structured image of the factors that lies behind a longterm dependance on social benefits, and also how societal systems are working with interventions concerning these factors. The questions are as follows: Which needs for support can be identified among the studied group? How are these needs addressed by the societal systems, and what conclusions can you draw from this? The result shows that needs that are met by societal systems are of different sorts. It also show that societal systems sometimes replaces private and organizational systems, when thees are malfunctioning. The conclusion shows that societal systems can work against each other and that this can become troublesome for the clients. The conclusion also shows that preventive interventions are important when working with hoe to make longterm dependance on social benefits less occurring.
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Heller, Henry B. "Teacher retirement systems: an analysis of change (1969-1984)." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49791.
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Vellani, Júnior Raymundo Lázaro. "Diagnóstico da situação previdenciária dos produtores rurais de Alfenas-MG." Universidade Jose do Rosario Vellano, 2013. http://tede2.unifenas.br:8080/jspui/handle/jspui/18.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-26The rural social security is part of the welfare system and intends to protect the citizen in times that he is hit by some of the social risks inherent to human life. The protection given by the social security is made through the so-called social security benefits. The existent benefits in Brazil, often are not cohesive with the proposal goals, or even are not cohesive with the current legislation in the country. In the country, oftentimes are created some obstacles to the granting of the social security benefits than follows that they are taken by parts of the population that are not entitled to them. Sometimes, the created benefits do not reach their social purposes and in some cases are created limitations that should not exist. According to the Statistical Yearbook of the Social Security, 2008, 99.6% of the allowed benefits to the rural clientele of the INSS is from the order of 01 (one) Minimal Salary. This work had the purpose to show how these benefits are noticed and understood by the rural producers, as well, evaluate the necessity of informations about the topic to be able to permit the improvement of the life conditions of the rural people when they found themselves in situations of productive limitations either due to age or the occurrence of diseases. After conducting research with geo-referenced Producers Rural Region Alfenas-MG, who answered a semi-structured questionnaire and presented doubts about the Social Security Scheme, it was verified that the quality of the received information is the main responsible by the advent of the Rural Producers had to undergo a small monthly income in times of social misfortunes.
A previdência social rural faz parte do sistema de seguridade social e se destina a proteger o cidadão nos momentos em ele que é atingido por algum dos riscos sociais inerentes à vida humana. A proteção dada pela previdência social é feita por meio dos chamados benefícios previdenciários. Os benefícios existentes no Brasil, muitas vezes, não são coerentes com os objetivos a que se propõem, ou mesmo, não são coerentes com a legislação vigente no País. No país, muitas vezes são criadas poucas barreiras para a concessão dos benefícios previdenciários, do que decorre que eles sejam tomados por parcelas da população que a eles não fazem jus. Por vezes, os benefícios criados não atingem seus fins sociais e, em certos casos, são criadas limitações que não deveriam existir. Segundo o Anuário Estatístico da Previdência Social, 2008, 99,6% dos benefícios concedidos à clientela Rural do INSS é da ordem de 01 (um) Salário Mínimo. Objetivou-se demonstrar por meio deste trabalho como tais benefícios são percebidos e compreendidos pelos produtores rurais, bem como, avaliar a necessidade de informação sobre assunto para poder permitir a melhoria da condição de vida das pessoas do meio rural quando se encontrarem em situações de limitações produtivas, seja pela idade ou pela ocorrência de enfermidades. Após a realização de pesquisa geo-referenciada com Produtores Rurais da Região de Alfenas-MG, que responderam a um questionário semiestruturado e apresentaram dúvidas do Regime de Previdência Social, verificou-se que a qualidade da informação recebida é a principal responsável pelo advento dos Produtores Rurais terem que se submeter a uma pequena renda mensal nos momentos de infortúnios sociais.