Relevant bibliographies by topics / Benefits; Social security systems

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Benefits; Social security systems'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Benefits; Social security systems"

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Garbiec, Roman. "Construction of a Sustainable Social Security System in Poland." JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH AND MARKETING 4, no. 3 (2019): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/jibrm.1849-8558.2015.43.3002.

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The paper is about the construction of a sustainable social security system in Poland which is an attempt to define the types of changes that are required for the improvement of this system at the beginning of the 21st century. Optimization of the system should be understood as economic equity and obligatory application of axioms of commonship and unification. In order to construct a valid social security system, it is necessary to define the following factors: a catalog of social risks, a method of benefit funding and parameters of the benefits to be paid. Any structurally and financially sustainable system must be designed so that all its elements are compatible both with social risks that are protected in the system and with the elements of the social security system. The paper presents the Polish social protection system together with the social security system, the risks that are protected in the social insurances and a concept of changes that should be made to optimize the social security system.
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van Oorschot, Wim, and Paul Henman. "Book Reviews: Introduction to Social Security: Policies, Benefits and Poverty, E-business Utilisation in European Social Security Systems." European Journal of Social Security 2, no. 2 (June 2000): 221–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1010067308818.

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LE GARREC, GILLES. "Social security, income inequality and growth." Journal of Pension Economics and Finance 11, no. 1 (May 18, 2011): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474747211000229.

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AbstractIn most industrial countries, public pension systems redistribute from workers to retired people, not from high-income to low-income earners. They are close actuarial fairness. However, they are not all equivalent. In particular, some pension benefits are linked to full lifetime average earnings, while others are only linked to partial earnings history. In the latter case, we then show in this article that an actuarially fair pay-as-you-go pension system can both reduce lifetime income inequality and enhance economic growth. We also shed light on the dilemma between inequality and economic growth in retirement systems: greater progressivity results in less lifetime inequlity but also less growth.
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Cabo, Francisco, and Ana García-González. "THE ENDOGENOUS DETERMINATION OF RETIREMENT AGE AND SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS." Macroeconomic Dynamics 18, no. 1 (July 3, 2012): 93–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100512000296.

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An aging population in modern societies has put stress on public pension systems. To prevent social security deficits from increasing to unbounded levels of public debt we focus on two policies: reducing the generosity of pension benefits, determined by the government, and postponing the effective retirement age, chosen by employees. An atomistic employee would disregard the effect of his retirement decision on the public debt and would retire as soon as possible. Conversely, an ideal farsighted agency considering all current and future employees would postpone retirement, thereby alleviating the pressure on public debt and allowing a more generous long-run pension. The government may design a proper incentive strategy to induce myopic atomistic decision makers to act nonmyopically. This strategy is a two-part incentive with nonlinear dependence on the stock of public debt. It is credible if deceiving employees slightly adjust their retirement-age decisions to increments in the public debt.
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Lebedeva, L. F. "THE PROBLEMS OF PENSION SYSTEMS MODERNIZATION AT THE SECOND–THIRD DECADES (IN US)." International Trade and Trade Policy, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21686/2410-7395-2020-3-5-15.

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The article examines the transformation of US social security trust funds in view of pension benefits guarantees. It is pointed out main approaches to solving the growing gap between the volume of payroll taxes and outlays for each year. According to the Social Security Board of Trustees, the asset reserves are expected to be exhausted in the fourth decade of the current century and future retirees could face problems with retirement benefits. Meanwhile, it’s an important point of each candidate’s agenda before presidential elections. One of the approaches for keeping the financial stability of the Social Security Act till the end of the current century and beyond is raise payroll taxes. But this proposal is not popular among republicans. President D. Trump's position on Social Security is not to increase payroll taxes or the age of retirement, but to stimulate economic growth which make it possible to collect more payroll taxes for Social Security system. At the same time the key priority of D. Trump’s administration in the field of strengthening retirement security in America is development of individual pension plans.
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McLaughlin, Eithne. "Work and Welfare Benefits: Social Security, Employment and Unemployment in the 1990s." Journal of Social Policy 20, no. 4 (October 1991): 485–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019772.

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ABSTRACTThis paper considers social security policy and structures in relation to the labour market of the late 1980s and 1990s. The paper begins by describing the labour market of the late 1980s and summarising projective descriptions of labour demand in the 1990s. The second section of the paper reports on recent research examining the labour supply behaviour of long term unemployed people, drawing out the role of social security policy and structures therein. The third section of the paper concludes that the role of social security policy is at present essentially reactive rather than proactive; that it does little to address the likely need for labour of certain kinds in the 1990s; and that efforts to address the problem of long term unemployment through social security policy have been largely misdirected. The final section of the paper briefly considers some of the ways in which social security systems can be more proactive and suggests a number of both short term and longer term policy changes which research indicates would be of benefit in the UK.
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Griffiths, Rita. "For better or for worse: does the UK means-tested social security system encourage partnership dissolution?" Journal of Poverty and Social Justice 28, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175982719x15674459946100.

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Unemployed and low-income couples entitled to means-tested benefits are known to have higher rates of separation and divorce than couples in which one or both partners are in regular, paid work. However, how and why unemployment and benefit receipt increases the risk of partnership dissolution remains the subject of much debate. In recent policy discourse, financial differentials in benefit entitlement between lone and couple parents are said to encourage intact couples to separate. Based on in-depth, face-to-face interviews with a group of low-income mothers who had been partnered prior to claiming lone parent benefits, this paper explores whether benefit entitlement or receipt influenced the decision to separate or divorce. The research found that more salient to partnership dissolution than the amount of benefits a couple may have been entitled to, was who had access to the money, how it was managed and how it was spent. To the extent that welfare systems influence which member of a couple has access to household income, the design and administration of benefits was having an important contributory effect. Policy implications of paying Universal Credit to couples in the form of a single monthly household award into one bank account are discussed.
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SKINNER, CHRISTINE, DANIEL R. MEYER, KAY COOK, and MICHAEL FLETCHER. "Child Maintenance and Social Security Interactions: the Poverty Reduction Effects in Model Lone Parent Families across Four Countries." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000763.

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AbstractIn most developed countries, children in lone parent families face a high risk of poverty. A partial solution commonly sought in English-speaking nations is to increase the amounts of private child maintenance paid by the other parent. However, where lone parent families are in receipt of social assistance benefits, some countries hold back a portion of the child maintenance to reduce public expenditures. This partial ‘pass-through’ treats child maintenance as a substitute for cash benefits which conceivably neutralises its poverty reduction potential. Such neutralising effects are not well understood and can be obscured further when more subtle interactions between child maintenance systems and social security systems operate. This research makes a unique contribution to knowledge by exposing the hidden interaction effects operating in similar child maintenance systems across four countries: the United Kingdom, United States (Wisconsin), Australia and New Zealand. We found that when child maintenance is counted as income in calculating benefit entitlements, it can reduce the value of cash benefits. Using model lone parent families with ten different employment and income scenarios, we show how the poverty reduction potential of child maintenance is affected by whether it is treated as a substitute for, or a complement to, cash benefits.
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Mikulincer, Mario, and Phillip R. Shaver. "An attachment and behavioral systems perspective on social support." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 26, no. 1 (February 2009): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407509105518.

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In this article we explain how attachment theory characterizes the seeking, receipt, and provision of social support. In the first section, we explain attachment theory's perspective on support-seeking (or attachment behavior) and support-provision (or caregiving behavior). In the second section, we discuss what has been learned about attachment-style differences in perceived support, seeking support, and providing support. In the third section, we consider the empirically documented psychological benefits of receiving support, which we summarize in terms of a broaden-and-build cycle of attachment security. Throughout the article we offer several avenues for future research that can advance our understanding of the cognitive-affective and neural mechanisms underlying social support and the psychological benefits of supportive experiences.
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Lacko, Miloš. "Cross-border Coordination in the Field of Family Benefits." Societas et Iurisprudentia 9, no. 2 (July 2021): 86–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.31262/1339-5467/2021/9/2/86-113.

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The exercise of freedom of movement within the European Union Member States also requires interventions in the national social security systems, the organization and exercise of which fall within the exclusive competence of the Member States. In order to fully exercise, in particular, the freedom of movement of persons, in particular persons engaged in gainful employment, it is necessary to lay down in the Union law procedures for resolving conflicts in the provision of family benefits. Collisions in the granting of family benefits generally arise when a person enjoying the free movement of persons moves to another Member State, while another family member (in particular the second parent or the dependent child) remains in the home Member State or moves to another Member State. In such situations, the Union legislation must provide the migrant with the same conditions for family benefits as a national of the Member State in which the migrant is present, so the Union legislation seeks to ensure an equal treatment of a person enjoying this freedom in the event of such a conflict with national social security systems. The subject of the paper is an analysis of the European Union coordination regulation determining the relevant social security system of an European Union Member State for the provision of family benefits so as not to disadvantage the migrant as a family member in acquiring and providing these benefits and, conversely, that this person does not get into unjustified social advantage in the provision of family benefits, i.e. that there is no unjustified overlapping of the provision of a family benefit for the same purpose to the same family member.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Benefits; Social security systems"

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Reyes, Carlos. "European portability rules for social security benefits and their effects on the national social security systems." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1726/1/document.pdf.

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Timonen, Virpi. "In defence of the welfare state? : social policy restructuring in Finland and Sweden in the 1990s." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368128.

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Bredenkamp, Caryn. "Falling through the cracks : income security and the South African social security system." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52269.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis focuses on the extent to which the South African social security system succeeds in providing protection in the vulnerable periods of the life-cycle and against the major contingencies of unemployment, disability and disease. Through a detailed examination of the different social insurance and assistance programmes, it isolates which particular population segments (by occupation, income quintile and race group) "fall through the cracks" in the provision of income security. It does not look only at the articulation between different social insurance and social assistance programmes, but also acknowledges how social security complements other governmental interventions, such as social services, and non-state sources of income security, such as those provided by the private insurance market and the family and community. Part One of the thesis is devoted to an examination of social insurance in South Africa, in other words, to those programmes that seek to compensate for a loss of income in the event of particular contingencies and that are funded by contributions from employers and employees. In addition, theoretical perspectives on social security, and social insurance in particular, are provided, with a discussion of the various economic arguments in favour of and against the provision of social security. Part Two of the thesis examines the range of non-contributory social assistance - cash benefits paid form general revenue - that are available to South Africans who qualify in terms of the means tests. Each chapter provides an analysis of the extent to which the social assistance programme under analysis provides a safety net for the relevant category of vulnerable people. It does this by examining the appropriateness of the programme structure, take-up rates and the fiscal sustainability of the programmes. In addition, the budgetary process by which revenue is allocated to social assistance programmes and expenditure trends are examined. The thesis concludes that although the South African social security system has achieved a fairly advanced level of development and covers a fairly wide range of risks, there are a number of constraints facing its further expansion. Social insurance schemes provide generous benefits, but their membership is restricted to the employed. Expanding coverage by social insurance would require substantial growth in remunerative employment which, given prevailing labour market conditions, seems unlikely. The provision of more generous social assistance programmes catering for a broader range of contingencies is severely curtailed by already high fiscal expenditure on welfare and macroeconomic constraints. Moreover, changing demography, household structures and dependency burdens, especially as the HIV/AIDS epidemic spreads, seem likely to increase demands on social assistance programmes. Consequently, until employment can be expanded so that more people can contribute to their own income security, the informal social security provided by the family and/or community will remain the first line of support for many.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie tesis word gefokus op die mate waartoe die Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiligingstelsel daarin slaag om ondersteuning tydens kwesbare periodes in die lewensiklus en beskerming teen groot gebeurlikhede soos werkloosheid, ongeskiktheid of langdurige siekte te bied. Daardie bevolkingsegmente (volgens beroep, inkomstegroep of ras) wat nie volledig toegang tot inkomstesekuriteit het nie, word uitgesonder deur 'n gedetaileerde ondersoek van die verskillende maatskaplike versekerings- en bystandsprogramme. Daar word ook gekyk na die artikulasie tussen die verskillende programme sowel as na hoe ander regeringsintervensies (bv. verskaffing van maatskaplike dienste) en private bronne van inkomstesekuriteit - verskaf deur die privaat versekeringsmark, die gemeenskap en die familie - deur maatskaplike bystand aangevul word. Deel Een word gewyaan 'n ondersoek van maatskaplike versekering in Suid-Afrika - daardie programme wat vir inkomsteverlies weens spesifieke gebeurlikhede probeer kompenseer en wat tipies deur bydraes van werkgewers en werknemers befonds word. Teoretiese perspektiewe op bestaansbeveiliging in die algemeen en maatskaplike versekering in besonder word ook verskaf en argumente vir en teen die verskaffing van bestaansbeveiliging word bespreek. Deel Twee ondersoek die reeks nie-bydraende bestaansbeveiligingsprogramme wat uit algemene owerheidsinkomste befonds word, asook bestedingstendense in maatskaplike bystand. Die tesis kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat, alhoewel Suid-Afrikaanse bestaansbeveiliging 'n redelik gevorderde vlak van ontwikkeling bereik het en 'n wye reeks risiko's dek, daar 'n aantal beperkinge op verdere uitbreiding is. Maatskaplike versekeringskemas bied uitgebreide voordele, maar lidmaatskap is tot indiensgeneemdes beperk. Uitbreiding van dekking vereis beduidende groei in formele indiensneming, wat onwaarskynlik lyk, gegewe huidige arbeidsmarktendense. Die verskaffing van gunstiger maatskaplike bystandsprogramme gemik op meer gebeurlikhede word ernstig deur reeds hoë fiskale uitgawes op welsyn en deur makroekonomiese oorweginge beperk. Verder sal veranderende demografiese strukture, huishoudingstrukture en afhanklikheidslaste, veral teen die agtergrond van die toename in HIVNIGS, aansprake op maatskaplike bystandsprogramme vergroot. Gevolglik sal die informele inkomstesekuriteit gebied deur die familie en/of gemeenskap die eerste of enigste ondersteuning vir groot dele van die bevolking bly, totdat indiensneming genoeg uitgebrei kan word sodat meer mense tot hul eie inkomstesekuriteit kan bydra.
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Barcelón, Cobedo Susana. "The Compatibility Between Salary and Benefits of the Social Security System. The Projection of Compatibility with the so-called Basic Income." Derecho & Sociedad, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118716.

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The following article aims to give an overview about the compatibility between the social security benefits provided by the State, which are free and are not conditional to the development of an activity, with the salary, which has its Foundation, inescapably, in the development of an activity, either of labour, civil service or professional nature. To do this, the author will attempt to make a transition between the radical incompatibility that seems to exist between the two concepts towards a possible compatibility through certain mechanisms of adjustment.
El presente artículo pretende brindar una visión sobre la compatibilidad que existe entre las prestaciones de seguridad social que brinda el Estado, que son gratuitas y no se encuentran condicionadas al desarrollo de una actividad, con el salario, el cual tiene su fundamento, ineludiblemente, en el desarrollo de una actividad ya sea de naturaleza laboral, funcionarial o profesional. Para ello, el autor se intentará realizar una transición entre la incompatibilidad radical que parece existir entre ambos conceptos hacia una posible compatibilidad a través de ciertos mecanismos de ajuste.
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Wiid, Yvette. "An evaluation of the parametric amendments of legislation relating to the distribution of retirement benefits upon divorce." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2011. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7286_1363774406.

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This thesis will examine the effects of divorce on the benefit payable to a member of a retirement fund, where divorce has occurred before the member has reached retirement age. In 
particular, parametric (that is, piecemeal) amendments to the relevant legislation will be analysed in order to outline the development of the legislation relating to divorce and the consequent distribution of 
assets (including retirement savings). The previous and current legal position in South Africa relating to divorce and retirement savings will be set out and critically analysed to determine whether the current position can be regarded as an improvement upon the previous legal position, or whether other and/or new problems in this area have been created. Parametric amendments to 
relevant legislation have thus far been the subject of many cases in our courts and adjudicative tribunals. A systemic overhaul of a particular area of law is a useful tool in providing legal certainty 
and clarifying the laws applicable to that area. This thesis will therefore argue in favour of a systemic overhaul of the legislation applicable to the allocation of retirement benefits at divorce, as opposed to the ineffectual parametric (i.e. piecemeal) amendments that have been implemented thus far. An essential aspect of this study is a comparative study of South African legal principles 
relating to retirement benefits and divorce with the legal principles of this subject in the United Kingdom (UK).

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Vágnerová, Pavlína. "Daňové a pojistné systémy ve vybraných státech EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-262363.

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The aim of this master thesis is the comparison of selected elements of the tax and social security systems in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria and Germany, which are related to employees and employers and it is counted with them in model examples, then evaluation of advantages and disadvantages of employees´ migration under the structure of posting between the Czech Republic and other countries and finally the comparison of employees´ incomes after receiving benefits from social security system of each country (especially old age pension and parental allowance). In the first part of the thesis there is explained problematics of double tax treaties and EU coordination of social security. Then there is the comparison of above mentioned elements of the tax and social security systems in each country. In the last part I apply findings on model employees and I make a conclusion from amount of their net incomes. Migration to another EU member country is the most profitable for employee who is subjected to taxation in other EU countries but he remains under the Czech social security system. In terms of social benefits, retired people are supported the most in Austria and families with children in Germany.
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Teles, Graciele Pinheiro. "O princípio da irredutibilidade do valor dos benefícios no regime geral de previdência social." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2008. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8097.

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This study discusses the irreducibility principle of the value of social security benefits. The steep and long historical process of acknowledgement and spread of human rights ends up providing a constitutional status to them. Social rights are fundamental and require the State intervention to support individual and social needs. Social security is a basic right which aims at safeguarding the dignity of the human being. According to the Brazilian Federal Constitution, health and social welfare comprises the Social Security System which, in turn, settles social order. Thus, the aims of the Social Security System and those of the social order are the same. Social welfare and social justice are reached through the primacy of work. The general regulation of the Social Security System brings together workers of the private sector and excludes civil servants. To calculate and guarantee the benefits of any insured person, his monthly earnings must be subjected to the irreducibility principle. According to this principle, the benefit granted must assure that the insured keeps the buying power he had during his working years. The benefits are also subjected to a criterion of readjustment that preserves the value of money, as measured by the quantity and quality of products and services it can buy. Eligibility for benefits and their maintenance are two distinct and important stages for the insured. These two moments guarantee the pension and they are estimated in diverse ways. However, none of the benefits can have an amount below the minimum wage; actual earnings have to be incorporated; a minimum and maximum value must be fixed; monetary changes must be considered and an update of the value of contribution salary paid are used for estimating the benefits
Este estudo tem por objeto o princípio da irredutibilidade do valor dos benefícios no regime geral de previdência social. A evolução histórica dos direitos humanos conduz até o ponto em que estes assumem status constitucional. Os direitos sociais são categorias de direitos fundamentais que exigem a atividade Estatal em prol da eliminação das necessidades individuais e sociais. A proteção previdenciária é direito social e, portanto, direito fundamental destinado à preservação da dignidade da pessoa humana. A saúde, a assistência e a previdência social integram o Sistema de Seguridade Social, segundo o instrumental definido pela Constituição Federal ao estabelecimento da Ordem Social. Os objetivos da Seguridade Social se confundem com os da Ordem Social. O bem-estar e justiça sociais são os objetivos a ser alcançados com esteio no primado do trabalho. O regime geral de previdência social congrega os trabalhadores da iniciativa privada, exclui os servidores públicos e garante prestações pecuniárias que têm sua renda mensal submetida, dentre outros, ao princípio constitucional da irredutibilidade. Os benefícios concedidos devem guardar o mesmo poder de compra que possuía quando seu titular estava em atividade. Os critérios de reajustamento devem preservar o valor real e o valor nominal das prestações. A preocupação com a preservação da renda dos benefícios justifica-se porque é aspecto vital à subsistência digna de aposentados e pensionistas. A pesquisa bibliográfica em comparação com os critérios legais de cálculo e recomposição das prestações leva a constatação de que o princípio da irredutibilidade vem sendo vulnerado de modo reiterado. A análise desse problema deve ser feita no momento da concessão e no momento da manutenção do benefício. Nessas etapas são observados variados critérios de preservação e atualização, entre os quais se encontram a garantia de que nenhum benefício de prestação continuada terá valor inferior ao salário-mínimo; a incorporação dos ganhos habituais aos salários de contribuição e atualização de todos os salários-de-contribuição utilizados no cálculo da renda do benefício. A interpretação sistemática das normas que regem os critérios de atualização e reajustamento aponta para o embate entre o princípio da irredutibilidade do valor dos benefícios e o equilíbrio financeiro do sistema de proteção
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Carvalho, Maria de Lourdes Nunes. "Benefícios previdenciários e desenvolvimento socioeconômico: a experiência dos municípios do Maranhão a partir da Constituição Federal de 1988." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2013. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1486.

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The pension benefits of pensions of the General Welfare, paid according to the precepts of the Constitution of 1988 the population residing in the counties of Maranhão point to their significant participation in the local economy. To understand the experience of social security benefits in the municipalities of Maranhão, is essential to look back on the origins of Social Security, as well as its deployment and evolution in Brazil as a public policy of the State and Society. The reflections of the presence of social security benefits on the local economy maranhenses observed either in the composition of the municipal GDP, as in the composition of household income, both calculated by the IBGE. Social indicators HDI and Gini Index from 1991 to 2000 and the Municipal Development Index also reflect the importance of social security benefits for the welfare of the municipal population. The adoption of a policy of regional economic development in the territory Maranhão, combined with the globalized world economy, it is salutary for the municipal economy and Social Security. Maintaining the By-laws of Public Welfare in the Constitution is an important tool in achieving the development and achievement of welfare and social justice for millions of Brazilians.
Os benefícios previdenciários de aposentadorias e pensões do Regime Geral de Previdência Social, pagos conforme os preceitos da Constituição Federal de 1988 à população residente nos municípios do Maranhão, apontam para a sua significativa participação na economia local. Para entender a experiência dos benefícios previdenciários nos municípios do Maranhão é indispensável um olhar retrospectivo sobre a origem da Previdência Social, assim como a sua implantação e evolução no Brasil como uma política pública do Estado e da Sociedade. Os reflexos da presença dos benefícios previdenciárias na economia dos municípios maranhenses podem ser observados tanto na composição do Produto Interno Bruto municipal, como na composição da Renda das famílias, ambos calculados pelo IBGE. Os indicadores sociais como IDH, Índice de Gini e Índice de Desenvolvimento Municipal também refletem a importância dos benefícios previdenciários para o bem estar da população municipal. A adoção de uma política regional de desenvolvimento econômico no território maranhense, articulada com o mundo econômico globalizado, é salutar para a economia municipal e para a Previdência Social. A manutenção dos regramentos da Previdência Social Pública no texto constitucional é uma ferramenta relevante no alcance do desenvolvimento e na conquista do bem-estar e da justiça social para milhões de brasileiros.
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Gepp, John Neville. "A pensão por morte no regime geral da previdência social e o ordenamento jurídico comparado." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2009. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/8552.

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The scope of this dissertation is to study the social security pension for death benefits within the Brazilian Social Security s General Regime in comparison with the foreign system. For a better comprehension of the subject, we approached the concept of social security and its historical evaluation. After this preliminary examination, we made a few considerations about the social security under the Brazilian law. When we dealt with the pension for death benefits within the Social Security s General Regime of the national law, we analyzed all the criteria that integrate its hypothesis (material, space and time criteria) and its consequent ruling (personal and quantitative criteria). As a critical argument related to the approached matter, we tried to demonstrate situations in which the survivors benefits in Brazil should not be granted because the social necessity requisite is not present. In the final part of this dissertation, as an attempt to reach conclusions and suggestions for the improvement of the pension for death benefits under the Brazilian Social Security s General Regime, we discoursed upon the pension for death benefits in Portugal, Spain, Italy, Chile and the United States of America
O escopo desta dissertação é estudar o benefício previdenciário pensão por morte no Regime Geral da Previdência Social brasileiro em cotejo com o ordenamento alienígena. Para melhor entendimento do tema, abordamos o conceito de seguridade social e sua evolução histórica. Após este exame preliminar, tecemos algumas considerações sobre a previdência social no direito brasileiro. Ao tratarmos do benefício previdenciário pensão por morte, no Regime Geral da Previdência Social do direito pátrio, analisamos cada um dos critérios que integram a sua hipótese (critérios material, espacial e temporal) e seu conseqüente normativo (critério pessoal e quantitativo). Como argumento crítico ao tema abordado procuramos demonstrar situações em que o benefício pensão por morte no Brasil não deveria ser concedido, pois não estaria presente o requisito da necessidade social. Na parte final desta dissertação, buscando conclusões e sugestões para o aprimoramento da pensão por morte, no Regime Geral da Previdência Social brasileiro, discorremos sobre a pensão por morte de Portugal, Espanha, Itália, Chile e Estados Unidos
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Daza, Aramayo Lourdes Gabriela. "Sociální zabezpečení v některých státech Latinské ameriky." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-4472.

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This thesis has aims to acquaint the reader with Latin American Social Security systems. For this end, 7 Latin American countries have been chosen. Henceforth, the different Social Security systems operating in these countries are described. It is a comparative analysis, describing the similarities and differences among them. Is necessary to emphasize that this paper does not only provide current information of the different Social Security systems, but also statistical information, which is considered as essential to the context of the economic, demographic and social environments in which are these Social Security systems function. The systems described are: the Pension System, Heath Insurance, Sickness Benefits, Unemployment Insurance, Family Entitlements and last Maternity Benefits. The countries that have been chosen are the following: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Uruguay. In addition to the comparative analysis in this paper, the level of development in the chosen Latin American countries as well as the latest trends concerning the Social Security systems are determined and explained.
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Books on the topic "Benefits; Social security systems"

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: Taxing benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, Major Issues System, 1985.

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: The relationship of taxes and benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: The effect of economic variations on benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1992.

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: The relationship of taxes and benefits for future retirees. [Washington, D.C.]: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 1987.

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Biggs, Andrew G. Alternative methods of price indexing social security: Implications for benefits and system financing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Relations, Great Britain Department of Social Security International. Tables of social benefit systems in the European Communities: (position at 1 January 1989). London: Department of Social Security, 1989.

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: Proposed repeal of 1993 provision that increased taxation of benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1995.

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Kollmann, Geoffrey. Social security: Issues in taxing benefits under current law and under proposals to tax a greater share of benefits. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1989.

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Great Britain. Social Security Advisory Committee. In work - out of work: The role of incentivesand disincentives in the benefits system. Leeds: BA Publishing, 1994.

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McNally & co. [from old catalog] Rand. Non-means tested benefits: The legislation. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Benefits; Social security systems"

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Serau Junior, Marco Aurélio, and José Ricardo Caetano Costa. "An Introduction to Brazil’s Social Security System." In Assistance Benefits in Brazil, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27046-3_1.

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Turner, John A., Gerard Hughes, Agnieszka Chłoń-Domińczak, and David M. Rajnes. "Longevity Insurance Benefits for Social Security: International Experience." In Economic Challenges of Pension Systems, 193–210. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37912-4_9.

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Melin, Pauline. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Belgium." In IMISCOE Research Series, 49–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_3.

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Abstract Access to social benefits in Belgium is not conditional upon nationality but rather on periods of insurance to the Belgian social security system. Despite the lack of nationality conditions, a number of social benefits are made conditional upon residence of the beneficiary in Belgium. Consequently, even though the Belgian social security system appears, at first sight, as neutral regarding the migration trajectory of its beneficiaries, it might be more difficult for migrants to access, retain and export social security benefits from Belgium when compared to resident nationals. This chapter thus compares the conditions of access to social benefits for nationals and non-nationals residing in Belgium, as well as Belgian citizens residing abroad. It aims to analyse whether migration decisions impact access to and retention of social security benefits. More particularly, the analysis focuses on access to unemployment benefits, healthcare, old-age pensions, family benefits and guaranteed minimum income. Finally, this chapter also questions whether access to social benefits might have a consequence for the residence status of non-nationals in Belgium.
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Kuhn, Fabienne, Andreas Spichiger, and Reinhard Riedl. "Sensor Data Meets Social Networks Reflecting on Benefits in the Case of a Patient Room." In Availability, Reliability, and Security in Information Systems and HCI, 1–15. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40511-2_1.

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Koldinská, Kristina. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in the Czech Republic." In IMISCOE Research Series, 109–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_7.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the Czech social security system from the perspective of migrant workers and their families. The Czech Republic is a central European country whose population is quite homogeneous, so its migration policy is not a very welcoming one. Access to social security benefits for third-country nationals is connected to long-term residence. EU citizens have equal access to social benefits as Czech nationals. The chapter explains basic characteristics of the Czech social protection system (unemployment benefits, health care system, pension insurance, family benefits and social assistance benefits), with a special emphasis on accessibility for migrant workers and their families.
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Ahlén, Anton, and Joakim Palme. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Sweden." In IMISCOE Research Series, 421–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_28.

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Abstract While the Swedish welfare state has undergone an intensified market orientation and a number of cutbacks since 1990, it has maintained many of its universal characteristics. It still provides all residents with a rather extensive system of benefits from the cradle to the grave. This chapter contributes to a systematic and detailed analysis of eligibility criteria and conditions for accessing social benefits in five core policy areas of the Swedish social security system. As universalism continues to be a cornerstone of the Swedish welfare state, nationality or the immigration status of a person does not condition his/her entitlement to social security benefits. More recently, however, a political debate has emerged regarding immigration and the welfare system, both in terms of the benefit system being a magnet that attracts migrants and concerning the capacity of the system to cope with large-scale immigration. By discussing the main features of the Swedish welfare regime and key patterns and policy developments in the field of migration, the chapter seeks to account for recent developments, trends and directions in the access to social protection for residents, non-national residents and non-resident nationals.
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Juhász, Gábor. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Hungary." In IMISCOE Research Series, 211–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_14.

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Abstract Given the recent salience of anti-immigrant propaganda and politics in Hungary, the inclusiveness of the Hungarian social legislation towards individuals in a situation of international mobility is a particularly relevant topic. The first section of this chapter gives an overview of the Hungarian welfare system and the main migration feature in the country. The second section closely examines differences in terms of access of nationals and non-nationals to social security benefits. The third section demonstrates that, despite negative public attitude to migration and anti-migration government measures, the Hungarian social legislation is not particularly restrictive concerning migrants’ entitlement to social security benefits. We conclude that it is probably due to the filtering effect of contributory benefits that dominate the Hungarian welfare system and prevent gaining access to the most essential benefits without work. At the same time, the chapter identifies several obstacles that foreign (and particularly non-EU) residents face when trying to access social security benefits in Hungary.
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Kamenska, Anhelita, and Jekaterina Tumule. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Latvia." In IMISCOE Research Series, 257–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_17.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the link between migration and welfare in Latvia. In general, the Latvian social security system may be described as a mixture of elements taken from the basic security (where eligibility is based on contributions or residency, and flat-rate benefits are provided) and corporatist (with eligibility based on labour force participation and earnings-related benefits) models. The country has experienced significant social policy and migration-related changed during the past decades. This chapter focuses on the current Latvian legislation, by closely examining the differential access to social protection benefits of resident nationals, foreigners living in Latvia and Latvian citizens residing abroad across five core policy areas: unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and social assistance. Our results show that the Latvian social security benefits are generally based on the principle of employment, social insurance contributions, and permanent residence. Most of the social benefits and services are available to socially insured permanent residents. At the same time, the state offers minimum protection to non-insured permanent residents. Foreigners with temporary residence permits who are not socially insured are the least socially protected group.
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Minteguiaga, Analía, and Valerie Carmel. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in Ecuador." In IMISCOE Research Series, 109–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_6.

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AbstractFormal labour and affiliation to Ecuador’s social security system is the main gateway for access to social protection benefits, especially in the case of migrants. However, a large informal labour market and low levels on inclusion in the social security system forces large sectors of society to rely on family and community arrangements for the management of risk and economic uncertainty. The state provides some non-contributory benefits through cash transfer programs but, with the exception of health care, these only cover people living in conditions of extreme poverty. Universal, non-means tested programs are limited to the public health and education systems. Overall, migrants face several obstacles to access social protection benefits. Gaining the right to work legally is mostly reserved for white-collar and highly educated immigrants, excluding impoverished immigrants. Paired to the inability to access labour-related benefits and government programs for the so-called poor, immigrants lack the safety nets provided by extended family and a community setting. Nationals residing abroad have restricted access to social benefits, having access only to the contributory pension system on a voluntary basis. This chapter discusses the social protection system in Ecuador and focuses on eligibility criteria to show the extent of migrants’ access to the social benefits.
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Pellissery, Sony, Saloni Jain, and Geo Varghese. "Access to Social Protection by Immigrants, Emigrants and Resident Nationals in India." In IMISCOE Research Series, 147–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51237-8_8.

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AbstractIndia has a segmented social protection system. About 92% of workers in India are in unorganised sector, deprived of formal social security provisions. Those who are in formal sector receive very generous social protection arrangements close to that of welfare states in Europe, primarily influenced by the colonial legacy. Those in the informal sector primarily meet their social security needs from their disposable income. With expansive private welfare providers, the rich segment in the informal segment is able to afford this. Indian unskilled migrants, mainly in the Gulf region, have a range of benefits that are primarily to meet the civil rights, rather than social rights. Compared to this, Indian migrants in Western Europe and the Americas mainly benefit from the social security system in those countries. On the other hand, foreigners coming to India have limited social security arrangements. Since 2000, India has entered into bilateral agreements with several countries, which also recognise a new category of workers called ‘international workers’. These workers have their social security benefits primarily protected as in source country.
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Conference papers on the topic "Benefits; Social security systems"

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Lu, Jing, Jianhua Wang, and Yang Liu. "The appraisal of Shenzhen marine traffic security's social benefits." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services (GSIS 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gsis.2009.5408181.

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Forbes, Dave, and Kirsty Walker. "Operational Benefits of an Integrated QHSE and Sustainable Development Management System: A Case Study from the UK." In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Security, Environment, and Social Responsibility. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/179292-ms.

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Islam, Mazharul, A. K. M. Sadrul Islam, and M. Ruhul Amin. "Small-Scale Decentralized Renewable Energy Systems for the Remote Communities of the Developing Countries." In ASME 2005 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pwr2005-50068.

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About 2 billion people of the world, mostly in rural areas of the developing countries, do not have access to grid-based electricity. The most critical factor affecting their livelihoods is access to clean, affordable and reliable energy services for household and productive uses. Under this backdrop, renewable and readily available energy from the nature can be incorporated in several proven renewable energy technology (RET) systems and can play a significant role in meeting crucial energy needs in these remote far flung areas. RETs are ideal as distributed energy source and they can be incorporated in packages of energy services and thus offer unique opportunities to provide improved lighting, health care, drinking water, education, communication, and irrigation. Energy is also vital for most of the income-generating activities, both at the household or commercial levels. Access to energy is strongly connected to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which set targets for poverty reduction, improved health, and gender equality as well as environmental sustainability. Environmentally benign renewable energy systems can contribute significantly in the above-mentioned unserved or underserved areas in the developing countries to achieve both local and global environmental benefits. This is important in the context of sustainable development in: (i) poverty alleviation, (ii) education, (iii) gender equity and empowerment, (iv) health including other benefits like improved information access through Information and Communication Technology (ICT) centers, (v) better security, and (vi) increase in social or recreational opportunities. It is evident that proliferation of renewable energy resources through implementing their applications for meeting energy demand will promote all the three dimensions namely, social, economic and environmental of sustainable development in the developing countries. Several small scale enabling RET systems have been suggested in this paper in the light of above-mentioned issues of energy sustainability and they can significantly contribute to the improvement of the livelihood of the remote impoverished rural communities of the developing countries. With the current state of technology development, several RET systems (such as wind, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal, biomass and microhydro) have become successful in different parts of the world. In this paper, an exhaustive literature survey has been conducted and several successful and financially viable small-scale RET systems were analyzed. These systems have relevance to the economies of the developing countries that can be utilized for electrification of domestic houses, micro enterprises, health clinics, educational establishments and rural development centers.
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ZAWOJSKA, Aldona. "THE PROS AND CONS OF THE EU COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.158.

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The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union has generated a great deal of attention and controversy among research community, practitioners and the wider population. The aim of this study is to overview and to discuss the thoughts and comments on the CAP which have been addressed by both its proponents and its opponents in the scientific publications, political commentaries, official reports, pubic opinion surveys and social-media-based public forums. While on the one hand, recent public opinion poll (Eurobarometer 2016) indicated broad support among EU citizens for the CAP; on the other hand, other sources give some strong arguments in favour of reducing or even scrapping the CAP. The CAP supporters (including European Commission itself) highlight, among others, the benefits of this policy (environmental; cultural; social vitality; food variety, quality and security; maintaining of rural employment, etc.) for all European citizens and not only for farmers, while CAP opponents stress its unfairness both to non-farmers (e.g. huge financial costs of its policy for taxpayers) and small farmers (large farmers benefit most), heavy administrative burden for farmers as well as the CAP’s destructing impact both on the EU states’ agriculture systems and developing countries’ agricultural markets. The CAP is basically the same for all EU member states but the EU countries differ considerably in terms of their rural development. According to some views, the CAP does not fit the Central and Eastern European countries. It represents a failure of the EU to adjust adequately from an exclusively Western European institution into a proper pan-European organization.
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Stafford, Frank P. "Social Benefits of IVHS Systems." In Future Transportation Technology Conference & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/901506.

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Li, Yi, and Zhu Xihua. "Short Analysis of the stakeholders’ benefit and satisfaction about Rural Land Share Cooperatives of the Southern Jiangsu Province." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ztfm2175.

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The agricultural land around Shanghai is famous for its huge population and intensive cultivation. With the expansion of the metropolis, a large number of agricultural people have entered the city to work, and rural land has been abandoned1,2. In 2009, Kunshan City implemented a land transfer system, and 99% of the cultivated land was packaged for large scale farmers, and initially realized large‐scale operation3 . However, the large‐scale business model has gradually experienced problems such as predatory management, ecological destruction, and no sense of social responsibility. Through the establishment of agricultural land share cooperatives, Changyun Village took the lead in realizing the collective management of agricultural land, taking shares in the land, giving priority to paying dividends to the land, and paying wages to the farmers working in the cooperative. The peasants' enthusiasm for entering the city has become an important buffer for the migrants to work in Shanghai and surrounding village.It has increased the employment rate. At the same time, it has supplied green agricultural products to the city, passed on agricultural technology, and activated local communities. This article intends to analyse the correlation between several village share cooperative models based on Changyun Village and the large family farm contracting model of more than ten villages, and the satisfaction of villagers, combined with property rights theory, scale economy theory, and accounting cooperatives. Cost‐benefit, evaluate the effect of “long cloud-style” collectivization on revitalizing the surrounding villages of metropolises and assess the satisfaction of governments at all levels. Through field interviews and questionnaire surveys, the correlation analysis of village cadres and villagers' satisfaction was conducted. The government is optimistic about the role of the "long cloud model" in grassroots management and improvement of people's livelihood. Even if public finances are required to invest a large amount of money, it is necessary to strengthen the medical and social security of the villagers. The government is also quite satisfied with the Changyun model. At present, the economic benefits of the stock cooperatives have steadily increased. Although the growth rate is not large, the villagers have a strong sense of well‐being, and the village's ecological environment has been improved. In the future, the cost of the village will be reduced after the large scale operation, and the overall economic benefits will be improved. The future research direction will be how to solve the specific problems that plague the cooperative's production and operation, such as low rice prices and lack of high value added finishing facilities to continue to activate the surrounding areas of the metropolis and improve the satisfaction of the government and villagers.
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Cap, Constant. "The Importance of Participation and Inclusion in African Urbanization. A focused look at Transport and Housing Projects." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/dmcz6151.

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According to the World Bank (2015) Africa’s urbanization rate has surpassed other parts of the world. It is believed that by 2030, over 50% of Africans will reside in Urban Centres. Kenya is among the African counties that has experienced a tremendous increase in her urban population. This is most visible in the capital, the primate city of Nairobi. The growth has led to increased pressure on basic needs like housing, transport, water, education and security. Coupled with unequal economic development and social benefits, the result has been the tremendous expansion of informal sectors across fields. To respond to some of this pressure, the central government has vowed initiate large projects in housing, transport, water and others (Republic of Kenya, 2018). Newly enacted legislation also provides for the establishment of multi-sectoral urban boards to oversee the delivery of some services. Among the major projects coming up include Affordable Housing schemes and Mass Rapid Transport investments such as Bus Rapid Transit and expanded commuter rail systems. However, experience from the past both in Nairobi and other Cities has taught us the importance of inclusion, empathy and participation in such projects. Recent times have shown that public projects tend to ignore these and other key elements leading to massive failure of investment. The paper investigates case studies from similar projects in other parts of Africa, Bus Rapid Transit Projects in Lagos, Dar es Salaam and South African Cities; past Slum Upgrading and Housing Projects in Nairobi and other parts of the continent. The research methods also involve data collection on inclusion and participation from those who are affected directly by these proposed projects as well as the impacts that previous projects have had. The results from the study show that without proper communication and participation there are several misunderstandings on liveable spaces in cities. These include misinterpretations of the challenge’s citizens face, on the intentions of proposed solutions as well as the socioeconomic decision-making process of citizens. The implication of this leaves an unhealthy competition between existing informal ‘structures’ in various sectors against the new government driven proposals. The results are that those meant to benefit end up not being the primary beneficiaries. In conclusion, the role of putting people primarily as the centre objective of planning remains critical and key. For African planners, diverting from this will increase the existing inequalities and lead to further social divisions.
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Pearson, Gavin, Richard Smith, Howard Tripp, and Olwen Worthington. "A systems approach to achieving the benefits of open and modular systems." In SPIE Defense + Security, edited by Raja Suresh. SPIE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2176564.

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Drahosova, Martina, and Peter Balco. "The Benefits and Risks of Enterprise Social Networks." In 2016 International Conference on Intelligent Networking and Collaborative Systems (INCoS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incos.2016.76.

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Nagy, Jan, and Peter Pecho. "Social Networks Security." In 2009 Third International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/securware.2009.56.

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Reports on the topic "Benefits; Social security systems"

1

Biggs, Andrew, Jeffrey Brown, and Glenn Springstead. Alternative Methods of Price Indexing Social Security: Implications for Benefits and System Financing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11406.

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Coile, Courtney, Peter Diamond, Jonathan Gruber, and Alain Jousten. Delays in Claiming Social Security Benefits. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7318.

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Weinzierl, Matthew. Seesaws and Social Security Benefits Indexing. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w20671.

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Feldstein, Martin. Should Social Security Benefits Increase with Age? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2200.

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Geanakoplos, John, and Stephen Zeldes. Market Valuation of Accrued Social Security Benefits. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15170.

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Gustman, Alan, and Thomas Steinmeier. Social Security Benefits of Immigrants and U.S. Born. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6478.

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Feldstein, Martin, and Andrew Samwick. The Economics of Prefunding Social Security and Medicare Benefits. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6055.

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Bernheim, B. Douglas. Social Security Benefits: An Empirical Study of Expectations and Realizations. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2257.

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Borella, Margherita, Mariacristina De Nardi, and Fang Yang. The Effects of Marriage-Related Taxes and Social Security Benefits. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23972.

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Hurd, Michael, and David Wise. Changing Social Security Survivorship Benefits and the Poverty of Widows. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3843.

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