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Journal articles on the topic 'Bending-creep'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Kim, Seung-Gyu, Yeong-Seong Park, and Yong-Hak Lee. "Comparison of Concrete Creep in Compression, Tension, and Bending under Drying Condition." Materials 12, no. 20 (October 15, 2019): 3357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12203357.

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Three types of creep experiments of compression, tension, and bending were implemented to identify quantitative relations among the three types of creep under drying atmospheric conditions. In case of the bending creep experiment, two types of unreinforced concrete beams with similar dimensions were cast for use in the beam creep and shrinkage tests. The variations in the shrinkage strain within the beam depth were measured to evaluate the effect of the shrinkage variations on the bending creep strain. The beam creep strain measured within the beam depth was composed of uniform and skewed parts. The skewed parts of the creep strain were found to be dominant whereas the uniform parts were small enough to be neglected in the bending creep evaluation. This indicated that the compressive bending creep at the top surface was close to the tensile bending creep at the bottom surface. The ratios of tensile and bending creep strains to compressive creep strain were approximately 2.9 and 2.3, respectively, and the ratio of bending creep strain to tensile creep strain was approximately 0.8. Particular attention is laid on the close agreement between tensile and compressive bending creep strains even if the creep in tension is 2.9 times larger than the creep strain in compression.

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2

Singh, J. G., and P. C. Upadhyay. "Creep bending of rock beams." Mining Science and Technology 5, no. 2 (July 1987): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9031(87)90385-9.

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3

Singh, J. G., and P. C. Upadhyay. "Creep bending of rock plates." Mining Science and Technology 6, no. 2 (January 1988): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-9031(88)90679-2.

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4

Lee, Kuo-Long, Bo-You Liu, and Wen-Fung Pan. "Response of round-hole tubes submitted to pure bending creep and pure bending relaxation." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 9 (September 2021): 168781402110491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211049124.

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This paper presents experimental study on the response of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy round-hole tubes with five different hole diameters of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm and four different diameter-to-thickness ratios of 30, 40, 50, and 60 submitted to pure bending creep and pure bending relaxation. Pure bending creep or relaxation is defined as bending the tube to the required moment or curvature and maintaining that moment or curvature for a period of time. The experimental results of pure bending creep show that the curvature increases with time. In addition, larger holding moment, diameter-to-thickness ratio, or hole diameter results in larger creep curvature. As the curvature continues to increase, the round-hole tube eventually breaks. The experimental results of pure bending relaxation show that the relaxation moment decreases sharply with time and tends to a stable value. In addition, larger holding curvature, diameter-to-thickness ratio, or hole diameter results in larger drop of the relaxation moment. Due to fixed curvature, the round-hole tube does not break. Finally, formulas proposed by the research team of Pan et al. were respectively improved to simulate the creep curvature-time relationship for pure bending creep in the initial and the secondary stages and the relaxation moment-time for pure bending relaxation. After comparing with the experimental results, it is found that theoretical analysis can reproduce the experimental results reasonably.

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5

Miyano, Yasushi, Masayuki Nakada, and Yo Yoshikoshi. "Statistical creep failure time of unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic under bending load." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 8 (February 8, 2022): 1153–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211072959.

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Our developed accelerated testing methodology (ATM) based on the matrix resin viscoelasticity for the creep and fatigue failure life prediction of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) was applied to the statistical prediction of long-term creep failure life for the longitudinal bending of unidirectional Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) laminates which is an important basic item for the durability design of CFRP structures used for aircraft and others. As results, the statistical creep failure times measured under several constant bending loads at an arbitrary temperature for unidirectional CFRP laminates were agreed with the predicted results obtained by substituting the matrix resin viscoelasticity and the flexural static strengths of CFRP laminates statistically and easily measured at various temperatures into the formulation of ATM. The long-term creep strength under bending load at an arbitrary temperature predicted were compared with that under tension load obtained by our previous paper. It was clear that the creep strength under bending load degreases drastically with increase in time and temperature comparing with that under tension load; therefore, the effect of time and temperature on the creep failure life under bending load is larger than that under tension load.

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6

Feng, Li, and Chunyan Zhao. "Analysis of Creep Properties and Factors Affecting Wood Plastic Composites." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 2814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142814.

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Wood plastic composite (WPC) materials are mainly used as building slabs and load-bearing slabs, which will cause creep deformation, structural failure, and safety problems. Therefore, this work used high-density polyethylene and poplar wood flour as the main raw materials to prepare wood–plastic boards. The bending creep tests of wood–plastic sheets were carried out using an orthogonal test method. According to the creep test results, the influences of the WPC ratio molding temperature, pelleting temperature, coupling agent screw speed, and other technological factors on the creep properties of WPC composites under different loads are analyzed, and the influences of WPC creep properties on structural reliability are also analyzed. The results indicate that the wood–plastic ratio and screw speed are significant factors when the load is at 30% bending strength within the 24h creep test. When the load is at 50% bending strength, the wood–plastic ratio and molding temperature are the significant factors. When the load is at 70% bending strength, the wood–plastic ratio is the most significant factor. When the load is at 50% bending strength within the 240 h creep test, the wood–plastic ratio and molding temperature are significant factors. When the load is at 30% bending strength, the influence of each factor on the creeping variable is provided in the following descending order: wood–plastic ratio, molding temperature, granulation temperature, coupling agent, and screw speed, but none of them are significant factors.

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7

Zhuang, Fa Kun, Shan Tung Tu, Guo Shan Xie, and Luo Wei Cao. "Effect of Material Property Difference on the Creep Behavior of Bending Specimen." Key Engineering Materials 795 (March 2019): 375–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.795.375.

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The application of small specimen testing techniques in the evaluation of creep properties of materials in-service arise. In order to acquire the creep data accurately and conveniently, the bending test with small beam specimens has been proposed and validated for the metal materials. Initially, the fact that material behaves different creep rates under tension and compression is ignored for simplification. Thus, the effect of material property difference on the creep behavior of bending specimen is analyzed in the present paper. On the basis of Norton creep law, the deformation behavior of three type’s specimens under tension and compression is theoretically described. Assumed different creep exponents and constants, finite element models of these beam bending specimens are established. The creep response is simulated. Meanwhile, the effect of material property under different stress state is further investigated. The results show that the stress exponent has a significant effect on the creep curves. Usually, the stress exponent can be evaluated based on the displacement rate or strain rate. However, if large discrepancy of creep properties under tension and compression exits, it will yield disparate results for the steady-state stress exponent. It is suggested that the stress exponent determined solely by bending test should be accepted with a certain degree of reliability, especially for the non-metal materials.

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8

Yue, Kong, Wei Qing Liu, Xiao Ning Lu, and Wei Dong Lu. "Experimental Study on Bending Creep Behavior of Modified Fast-Grown Poplar Wood in Uncontrolled Condition." Advanced Materials Research 463-464 (February 2012): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.463-464.76.

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Three material properties (density, modulus of elasticity, bending creep deflection) of poplar wood modified with low molecular resin was examined and evaluated by an experimental approach. Poplar specimens were treated to achieve full penetration using a vacuum schedule with different low molecular resins. These resins were urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) prepolymer solution. Creep tests were conducted under a varying climate with 16 °C ~ 31 °C and 40 % ~ 80 % relative humidity. The specimens were loaded in bending for approximately 140 days. Then the curves of the creep tests were analyzed to derive the development of bending creep performance. The results show modification leads to significant changes on material properties. Modification increases both the density and elastic modulus, and also tends to deflect creep deformation obviously less than untreated specimens.

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9

Xu, Zhao Yang, Da Gang Li, and Yan Wu. "Prediction of Bending Creep Behavior of Rice Hull Flour/Polypropylene Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 200 (October 2012): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.200.203.

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The creep behaviors of rice hull flour/PP composite under different stress levels were studied through bending test. The results show that the bending creep behaviors of rice hull flour/PP composite have obviously correlation to the stress levels. Based on the time-temperature-stress equivalence principle and 15% stress level as a reference, the creep compliance master curve of 15% stress level was constructed by horizontally shift the creep compliance curve of other stress levels, which can predict the creep behavior of rice hull flour/PP composite at the 15% stress level.

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10

Zong, Guanggong, Jinjiang Zhou, Mengyan Zhang, Yanqiu Ma, Yang Zhao, Xiaoyan He, Jianxiu Hao, and Fangfang Wang. "Effect of Mortise and Tenon Structure on the Properties of Wood Flour Polyvinyl Chloride-Laminated Veneer Lumber Co-Extruded Composites." Polymers 15, no. 9 (April 30, 2023): 2151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15092151.

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Core–shell composites with strong weather resistance, mechanical strength and creep resistance can be prepared using co-extrusion technology. Considering the weak bonding strength between core–shell interfaces, this study started from the concept of a mortise and tenon combination; three types of conical, rectangular and trapezoidal mortise and tenon joints were prepared, and their bending properties, long-term creep properties, interfacial bonding properties, and dimensional stability properties were tested. Results showed that the mortise and tenon structure could form a mechanical interlock between the outer-shell-layer polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wood–plastic composite (WPVC) and the inner-core-layer laminated veneer lumber (LVL), which could effectively improve the interface bonding property between the two layers. Among them, the trapezoidal mortise and tenon structure had the largest interface bonding force compared with the tapered and rectangular mortise and tenon structure, where the interface bonding strength reached 1.01 MPa. Excellent interface bonding can effectively transfer and disperse stress, so the trapezoidal mortise and tenon structure had the best bending properties and creep resistance, with a bending strength of 59.54 MPa and a bending modulus of 5.56 GPa. In the long-term creep test, the deformation was also the smallest at about 0.2%, and its bending properties, creep resistance and interface bonding performance were also the best. The bending strength was 59.54 MPa and the bending modulus was 5.56 GPa; in the long-term creep test, the strain curve was the lowest, about 0.2%. In addition, the mortise and tenon structure could disperse the stress of the inner shell LVL after water absorption and expansion, thus significantly improving the dimensional stability of the co-extruded composite after water absorption.

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11

Yu. M., Podrezov, Verbylo D. G., Danylenko V. I., Yevich Y. I. Y. I., Tolochyn О. I., and Tsyganenko N. I. "Creep of low-plastic heat-resistant materials in dending." Uspihi materialoznavstva 2023, no. 6 (June 1, 2023): 58–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/materials2023.06.058.

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Express method of testing the initial creep stagiess of low-plastic heat-resistant materials that work in extreme conditions using the bending scheme proposed and developed. The features of stress and deformation calculation are analyzed. The limitations of using the elastic approximation are outlined: the degree of plastic deformation of the sample should not exceed 1—1,5%. The deflection should not exceed 10% of the distance between the supports, the height should not be greater than 1/10 of the distance between the supports. Under these conditions, the first and second stages are well distinguished on the creep curves. This makes it possible to analyze the influence of phase and structural changes on the mechanisms of creep at each stage, and the conditions for the transition to stationary creep. The results of model experiments performed on TNM titanium aluminide alloys and Fe3Al powder alloy samples indicate the expediency of using the three-point bending scheme for researching the initial stagiess of creep of heat-resistant materials. Experimentally determined values of the deformation rate vary in the range έ ~ 10-5—10-8, which is the most characteristic for the creep of heat-resistant materials. For low-plastic intermetallics, the influence of temperature and loading force on creep curves was studied. The dependences deformation rate vs time on the first and second stages of creep were obtained from bending tests. Thermal activation parameters are defined for the stage of permanent creep. The proposed method allows to study the speed sensitivity and to determine the thermal activation parameters of creep. In extreme conditions of operation of low-plastic heat-resistant materials, the proposed method allows to take into account and analyze the contribution to the creep of cracking and slow destruction processes. Keywords: three-point bending test, rate of deformation, initial stages of creep,high temperature materials, thermal activation parameters.

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12

Colin, Christian, and M. Boussuge. "Creep of Uranium Dioxyde in Bending." Key Engineering Materials 206-213 (December 2001): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.206-213.795.

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13

AKAMATSU, Yoshiaki, Hiroshi KATO, and Kensuke KAGEYAMA. "Property of bending creep of spiderwort." Proceedings of the JSME annual meeting 2000.3 (2000): 165–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecjo.2000.3.0_165.

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14

ROSENFIELD, A. R., W. H. DUCKWORTH, and D. K. SHETTY. "Damage Analysis of Creep in Bending." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 68, no. 9 (September 1985): 483–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15813.x.

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15

Fu, Zhi-liang, Ying-ren Zheng, and Yuan-xue Liu. "Rock bending creep and disturbance effects." Journal of Central South University of Technology 15, S1 (September 2008): 438–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11771-008-0395-y.

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16

Epmeier, Hannah, Marie Johansson, Robert Kliger, and Mats Westin. "Bending creep performance of modified timber." Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff 65, no. 5 (July 19, 2007): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00107-007-0189-1.

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17

Moosavi, Valiullah, Habibollah Khademi Eslam, Behzad Bazyar, Abdollah Najafi, and Mohammad Talaeepoor. "Bending Creep Behavior of Hornbeam Wood." Drvna industrija 67, no. 4 (2017): 341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drind.2016.1609.

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18

Jalali, Syed Idrees Afzal, Praveen Kumar, and Vikram Jayaram. "Creep of Metallic Materials in Bending." JOM 71, no. 10 (August 6, 2019): 3565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11837-019-03707-1.

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19

Becht, C. "Behavior of Pressure-Induced Discontinuity Stresses at Elevated Temperature." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 111, no. 3 (August 1, 1989): 322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3265682.

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Conventional wisdom has been that discontinuity bending stresses at temperatures within the creep regime are self-limiting, and therefore secondary. A series of creep relaxation analyses were performed on typical discontinuities (junctions). The analyses show that, in general, discontinuity bending moment and stress due to pressure do not relax, but remain more or less constant with time. These stresses should therefore be evaluated as primary. A creep follow-up mechanism was identified that sustains the discontinuity stresses. The implications for design are discussed.

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20

Wang, Xianrong, Xilong Zhou, and Xuan Zhang. "Laboratory Characterization of Geosynthetics-Reinforced Asphalt Mixture." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 6424. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216424.

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In order to improve the mechanical properties of asphalt pavement, geosynthetics can be employed in asphalt mixture. This research designed 12 reinforced schemes based on the types of geosynthetics, bonding layers and reinforced position. For the relative tests carried out, reinforced specimens were prepared according to each individual scheme. Moreover, rutting tests, bending creep tests and split fatigue tests were carried out on reinforced specimens in the laboratory. The results obtained in this investigation showed that the dynamic stability, bending creep rate and fatigue life of geocell-reinforced specimens are better than those of geogrid-reinforced specimens. The bonding layer of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt is better than epoxy modified asphalt. The dynamic stability and fatigue life of middle reinforcement are better than those of the lower reinforcement, while the bending creep rate of the lower reinforcement is better than middle reinforcement. In addition, reinforced scheme (9) has the largest increase in dynamic stability and fatigue life by 103 and 137%, respectively, and reinforced scheme (12) has the largest reduction in bending creep rate by 46%. However, scheme (9) improved dynamic stability and fatigue life by 43 and 29% higher than scheme (12), while the reduction of flexural creep rate of scheme (12) is only 7% higher than that of scheme (9).

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21

Lau, J. H., and C. K. Hu. "Deformation of Curved Bars With Creep." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 107, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3239687.

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An exact analysis is presented for the creep deformation of a curved bar subjected to the simultaneous actions of bending moment and axial force. Dimensionless interaction curves and charts, which relate the variables, axial force, location of neutral axis, maximum stress and strain rate, bending moment, and change in curvature rate, are also provided for engineering practice convenience. The constitutive relationship of the curved bar is described by the Prandtl-Nadai Creep Law.

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22

Han, Lei, Andreja Kutnar, José Couceiro, and Dick Sandberg. "Creep Properties of Densified Wood in Bending." Forests 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2022): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050757.

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Thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM)-densified timber is rarely used in construction, although its mechanical properties are in many cases excellent. The main reason for its rare use is set-recovery, which reduces the degree of densification over time so that the mechanical properties deteriorate. Our knowledge of the long-term creep of densified timber is insufficient and a full understanding of its long-term behaviour is still lacking. The purpose of this study was to examine the behaviour under long-term loading of Scots pine sapwood densified in an open system at 170–200 °C. The influence of the THM densification process on the creep properties was studied on (1) unmodified specimens, (2) THM-densified specimens, (3) THM-densified specimens that had been further thermally treated, and (4) low-molecular-weight phenol-formaldehyde resin-impregnated and THM-densified specimens. All specimens were loaded at 20 ± 2 °C and 65 ± 5% relative humidity for 14 days under 3-point bending at 35% of the short-term ultimate load, and the bending deformation was registered. The THM densification doubled the density, causing a significant increase in the modulus of rupture but no change in the modulus of elasticity, and reduced the equilibrium moisture content and creep compliance. Post-thermal modification and resin impregnation improved the dimensional stability and further reduced the creep compliance in bending. The results demonstrate that THM densification combined with resin-impregnation or thermal modification reduces the creep of Scots pine timber under a long-term bending load in a constant climate.

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23

Basuki, Achmad, Ali Awaludin, Bambang Suhendro, and Suprapto Siswosukarto. "Predicting bending creep of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria) beams from initial creep test data." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819502028.

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This paper presents the results of creep tests of Laminated Veneer Lumber Sengon (LVL Sengon) beams, aiming to determine the creep factor and to establish the prediction beam deflection based on the initial creep test data. The LVL Sengon beams have a cross section of 40 mm by 80 mm and a clear span length of 2,000 mm, they were loaded at midspan for three different stress levels: 30%, 40%, and 50% of the ultimate load within 30, 60, and 90 days. Each loading level consists of four repetitive beams where one beam was wrapped with a plastic sheet. The test results showed that for 90 days the bending creep test can not determine the secondary creep yet. Curve fitting of bending creep test data indicated that the parameters of the Modified Burger creep model of the first 30 days can be accurately used to predict the beam deflection curve up to 60 and 90 days of loading.

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24

Alhayek, Abdulrahman, Agusril Syamsir, Abu Bakar Mohd Supian, Fathoni Usman, Muhammad Rizal Muhammad Asyraf, and Mohd Afdzaluddin Atiqah. "Flexural Creep Behaviour of Pultruded GFRP Composites Cross-Arm: A Comparative Study on the Effects of Stacking Sequence." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071330.

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Pultruded glass fibre reinforced polymer (pGFRP) composites provide outstanding properties for composite polymer cross arms in power transmission line applications. This study has investigated the effects of various stacking sequences of fibres directions of pGFRP on flexural strength and creep behaviour. The use of static four-point bending flexural tests revealed that Stacking Sequence 2 (±45/0/90/0/90/0) had a significant flexural strength of 399.9 MPa while Stacking Sequence 1 (±45/90/0/±45) had a flexural strength of 242.5 MPa. Furthermore, the four-point bending creep experiments were performed at three distinct stress levels, notably 12%, 24%, and 37% of the ultimate flexural strength, to characterise the creep behaviour of distinct stacking sequences. Moreover, Findley’s power law equation for bending creep behaviour has revealed that the time-dependent reduction factor of Stacking Sequence 1 and Stacking Sequence 2 estimates a drop in flexural modulus of 23% and 10% respectively.

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25

Bengtsson, C., and R. Kliger. "Bending Creep of High-Temperature Dried Spruce Timber." Holzforschung 57, no. 1 (January 8, 2003): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2003.015.

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Summary In this paper, bending creep test results from high-temperature (HT) dried Norway Spruce timber are presented. The results are compared with creep tests of conventional low-temperature (LT) dried timber. The HT drying was performed at 115°C and the LT drying was performed at 70°C. The creep tests were performed in a varying climate with 20°C and 30–90% relative humidity. A total number of 24 specimens, 45 × 70 × 1100 mm, were loaded in bending during approximately 240 days. Both the HT-dried and the LT-dried material were cut from the same four trees to have as equal raw material as possible for the two drying methods. The results show smaller bending creep deformations of HT-dried timber (approximately 30%) as compared to the LT-dried timber. The variation in magnitude of creep for HT-dried timber was equal to or smaller than for LT-dried timber. Additionally, the variation in deformation between the moisture cycles was smaller for HT-dried timber. These observations indicate a less pronounced mechano-sorptive effect for HT-dried timber. The free shrinkage in the grain direction was significantly smaller for the HT-dried material than for the LT-dried material.

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26

Santos, Paulo, Abílio P. Silva, and Paulo N. B. Reis. "Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Viscoelastic Response of Epoxy Resins." Polymers 15, no. 4 (February 7, 2023): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15040821.

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Two epoxy resins with different viscosities were enhanced up to 1 wt.%, applying a simple method with carbon nanofibers (CNFs). These were characterized in terms of static bending stress, stress relaxation, and creep tests. In bending, the contents of 0.5 wt.% and 0.75 wt.% of CNFs on Ebalta and Sicomin epoxies, respectively, promote higher relative bending stress (above 11.5% for both) and elastic modulus (13.1% for Sicomin and 16.2% for Ebalta). This highest bending stress and modulus occurs for the lower viscosity resin (Ebalta) due to its interfacial strength and dispersibility of the fillers. Creep behaviour and stress relaxation for three stress levels (20, 50, and 80 MPa) show the benefits obtained with the addition of CNFs, which act as a network that contributes to the immobility of the polymer chains. A long-term experiment of up to 100 h was successfully applied to fit the Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts (KWW) and Findley models to stress relaxation and creep behaviour with very good accuracy.

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27

Wang, Qiujun, Weiwei Su, Zeyu Zhang, Bo Wang, Di Zhang, Fang Zhang, and Weijin Ji. "P‐13.4: Creep Analysis of Flexible AMOLED Screen During Static Bending." SID Symposium Digest of Technical Papers 54, S1 (April 2023): 921–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sdtp.16454.

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In daily life, at different temperatures, flexible AMOLED screens are prone to devise damage and adhesive layer peeling during bending. The mainstream way to solve this problem is to simulate the stress of the display layer and the strain of the cover film at the optimal temperature of the flexible screen bending. In this paper, the bending simulation model of the AMOLED screen was established, and the film layers at different temperatures were analyzed. After studying the creep of different coatings, the creep behavior of the cover film at the optimum temperature was analyzed to fit the viscoelastic constitutive parameters. The results show that the slope of the stress‐strain curve of the cover film increases significantly at 20 ℃, and the probability of mesh deformation increases by 8% compared with 60 ℃. In addition, the creep strain of each film layer of the AMOLED module at room temperature was compared. It shows that the creep strain of the OCA layer colloid is larger than that of other film layers and the creep time of the cover present a deep influence on the position of the stress neutral‐layer of the display layer.

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28

Lokoshchenko, A. M., K. A. Agakhi, and L. V. Fomin. "Bending creep of beams in aggressive media." Journal of Machinery Manufacture and Reliability 42, no. 4 (July 2013): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1052618813040079.

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29

Jalali, Syed Idrees Afzal, Praveen Kumar, and Vikram Jayaram. "Microstructural equivalence between bending and uniaxial creep." Scripta Materialia 186 (September 2020): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2020.04.033.

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30

Evans, J. T., Wang Ningyun, and H. W. Chandler. "Creep of fibre composite beams in bending." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 38, no. 8 (August 1990): 1565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(90)90124-y.

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31

Dusza, Ján, Pavol Hvizdoš, Walter Steinkellner, and Karl Kromp. "Bending creep behaviour of pressureless sintered MoSi2." Scripta Materialia 37, no. 4 (August 1997): 471–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(97)00120-6.

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32

Xu, B., Z. Yue, and X. Chen. "Analysis of damage during bending creep tests." Philosophical Magazine Letters 89, no. 5 (May 2009): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500830902877790.

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33

Wen, Shifeng, Xiaohu Zeng, and Gongnan Xie. "A Numerical Procedure to Obtain the Creep Parameters of the Thermal Barrier Coating." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 6 (January 1, 2014): 920354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/920354.

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Three-point bending creep test was used to understand the creep behavior of typical thin film/substrate systems—thermal barrier coating (TBC) systems. Firstly, a simplified model, which does not consider the local effect, has been set up to get an analytical relationship. The important result is that creep stress exponent of materials is equal to the creep load exponent of the steady-state deflection rate of BC specimens. Secondly, in order to consider the local effect of bending, the finite element method (FEM) has been carried out. FEM calculation shows that there is a steady stage of the creep deflection under a constant applied load. And the exponent of the steady-state creep deflection rate to the applied load is found to be equal to the creep stress exponent of materials. The creep constant of the materials can be obtained by a set of trials with assumed creep constants of materials and can be finally determined by the best fit method. Finally, the finite element results show that the influences of the friction, the thickness of TBCs, and the modulus ratio of TBC to the substrate on stress distribution are important.

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Xue, Jilin, and Changyu Zhou. "Finite Element Creep Damage Analyses and Life Prediction of P91 Pipe Containing Local Wall Thinning Defect." High Temperature Materials and Processes 35, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2014-0141.

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AbstractCreep continuum damage finite element (FE) analyses were performed for P91 steel pipe containing local wall thinning (LWT) defect subjected to monotonic internal pressure, monotonic bending moment and combined internal pressure and bending moment by orthogonal experimental design method. The creep damage lives of pipe containing LWT defect under different load conditions were obtained. Then, the creep damage life formulas were regressed based on the creep damage life results from FE method. At the same time a skeletal point rupture stress was found and used for life prediction which was compared with creep damage lives obtained by continuum damage analyses. From the results, the failure lives of pipe containing LWT defect can be obtained accurately by using skeletal point rupture stress method. Finally, the influence of LWT defect geometry was analysed, which indicated that relative defect depth was the most significant factor for creep damage lives of pipe containing LWT defect.

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35

Bakavos, D., Philip B. Prangnell, Bernard Bès, Frank Eberl, and Simon Gardiner. "Through Thickness Microstructural Gradients in 7475 and 2022 Creep - Ageformed Bend Coupons." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.407.

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In creep-ageforming a material experiences continuously variable bending stresses through its thickness, from tensile to compressive, which are maximum at the surfaces. This can potentially result in through thickness microstructural gradients, due to interactions between the bending stresses, creep, and precipitation occurring during ageing, that can alter a component’s performance. The aim of the work reported here was to develop an understanding of these effects in an industrial creep ageforming process. For this purpose two aerospace alloys, 7475 and 2022, were ageformed by Airbus UK using industrial scale ageforming tools. Their microstructures were analysed in detail by TEM, and SAXS, which revealed significant through thickness microstructural changes after forming.

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36

Xu, B. X., Z. F. Yue, and G. Eggeler. "A numerical procedure for retrieving material creep properties from bending creep tests." Acta Materialia 55, no. 18 (October 2007): 6275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.07.035.

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37

Matsuo, Tsuyoshi, Masayuki Nakada, and Kazuro Kageyama. "Prediction of fiber-directional flexural strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene based on time–temperature superposition principle." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 6 (June 19, 2017): 793–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317714638.

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This study verified that the time–temperature superposition principle for fiber-directional flexural strength can be applied to thermoplastic composites undergoing instantaneous fast phenomena such as impact failure and long-term phenomena such as creep failure, by constructing the time- and temperature-dependent master curve of relaxation modulus of thermoplastic resin. The master curve could be transformed to another master curve that predicts fiber-directional flexural strength of carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites based on the micro-buckling failure theory expressed mainly by the resin’s elastic modulus. The experimental results obtained from high-speed bending test, static bending test at various temperatures, and creep bending test demonstrated that kink band failure occurred on the compressive surface of the specimen at every test condition. This validation and verification related to thermoplastic composites made it possible to predict static and dynamic flexural strengths at arbitrary temperature and creep flexural strength.

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Zlobina, I. V. "REDUCING THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON THE BENDING DEFORMATION OF CURED CARBON FIBER BY MICROWAVE PROCESSING." IZVESTIA VOLGOGRAD STATE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, no. 2(249) (February 25, 2021): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35211/1990-5297-2021-2-249-56-58.

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The article discusses the results of a study of bending deformation and creep under transverse load of cured polymer composite materials (PCM), which were located for 8 months in full-scale environmental conditions in Saratov. It was found that being under the influence of natural climatic factors for the specified time leads to an increase in the bending deformation of samples from 13,5 to 25,4%, depending on the load. Processing in a microwave electromagnetic field with a frequency of 2450 MHz with an energy flux density of (17-18) x10 mW / cm for 2 minutes reduces bending deformation by (9-18)%, and creep - up to 4 times.

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39

Chen, Jian Jun, Fu Zhen Xuan, Zheng Dong Wang, and Shan Tung Tu. "Creep Behavior of Functionally Graded Material under In-Plane Bending Moment." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.449.

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The creep behavior of functionally graded material under in-plane bending moment is investigated in this paper. By extending the classic beam theory an analytical model is proposed to predict the distributions of creep strain and creep stress inside the functionally graded material according to the relationship between the inclusion volume fraction and composite creep coefficient. The analytical solution agrees well with the results obtained by the finite element method and the basic knowledge about time-dependent behavior of functionally graded material is achieved to guide its design and fabrication.

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40

Huang, Zhongcai, Xianwu Ling, Di Wang, Pengfei Li, Huaquan Li, Xinyu Wang, Zujian Wang, Rong Wei, Weining Zhu, and Augusto Cannone Falchetto. "Research on High- and Low-Temperature Rheological Properties of High-Viscosity Modified Asphalt Binder." Buildings 13, no. 4 (April 19, 2023): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13041077.

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This study evaluates the critical high- and low-temperature rheological properties of a high-viscosity modified asphalt (HVMA) binder by analyzing one neat and three high-viscosity modified binders (B-type, Y-type, and H-type) using temperature sweep tests and multi-stress creep recovery tests (MSCR) through the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), and low-temperature creep stiffness properties by the bending beam rheometer (BBR). Technical indexes such as the softening point temperature, dynamic viscosity, rutting factor, unrecoverable creep compliance, and the creep recovery rate are measured and calculated for high-temperature properties, while the m/S value, dissipation energy ratio, relaxation time, elongation, creep stiffness, and creep speed are used as technical indexes for low-temperature properties. The results show that the incorporation of high-viscosity modifiers reduces the unrecoverable creep compliance and increases the creep recovery rate of the asphalt binder. Non-recoverable creep compliance is found to be a reliable indicator for high-temperature performance, while at low temperatures, the relaxation time decreases, the dissipation energy increases, and the stress relaxation ability improves. The dissipation energy ratio and m/S value are suggested to evaluate the low-temperature performance of HVMA binders using the Burgers model based on the BBR bending creep stiffness test. Therefore, this study recommends using the unrecoverable creep compliance via MSCR to evaluate high-temperature properties and dissipation energy ratio and m/S value for low-temperature properties in the evaluation of HVMA binders.

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Dai, Bangbang, Ruili Huo, Kun Wang, Zhengqing Ma, and Hai Fang. "Study on Bending Creep Performance of GFRP-Reinforced PVC-Based Wood-Plastic Composite Panels." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 4789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224789.

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Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are environment-friendly materials, which have broad application prospects in structures. They cannot be used for bearing structures because of poor mechanical performance and creep deformation. In order to enhance the mechanical behavior and decrease the long-term creep deformation, glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) sheets and rebar reinforcement design methods are proposed. The bending static tests and creep performance tests of WPCs were conducted. The results showed that GFRP sheets and rebars improved the ultimate flexural loading capacity and deformation capacity by 257% and 165%, respectively, decreased the creep deflection effectively, and avoided shear failure. When the load level was very low, the creep deformation of WPC panels unreinforced, or reinforcement developed stably with time, and the damage did not occur within 1100 h. When the load increased to 80% of the ultimate load level, all specimens were damaged in the compression zone, the creep deformation increased quickly and unstably, bending shear failure of the unreinforced specimen occurred after 7 h, shear failure of the GFRP-sheets-reinforced specimen occurred after 1100 h, and the rebar-reinforced specimen failed after 720 h with excessive deflection deformation in the span. The reinforced effect of GFRP sheets is better. The creep strain growth rate of all specimens increased quickly at the first stage and gradually decreased at the second stage and tended to be stable. The creep calculation model was built based on the four-element model, which is simple and efficient and can make scientific and reasonable predictions of the two phases of structural transient creep and deceleration creep.

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Mikšik, Mislav, Stjepan Pervan, Miljenko Klarić, Anka Ozana Čavlović, Nikola Španić, and Silvana Prekrat. "Čimbenici koji utječu na proces savijanja cjelovitog drva." Drvna industrija 74, no. 1 (March 25, 2023): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5552/drvind.2023.0020.

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The effect of temperature and moisture on the behaviour of solid wood is a well-known fact that directly affects wood creep as well. Wood creep includes three types of behaviour, such as viscoelastic creep, mechano-sorptive creep, and pseudo-creep and recovery. All these types can occur simultaneously, and it is sometimes complicated for researchers to isolate or distinct one from another. This paper presents a review of literature on wood rheology and creep properties, as well as factors that influence them, mainly time, temperature, and moisture content. The study of the viscoelasticity and wood creep is very important for gaining knowledge to be applied in solid wood bending.

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Andreev, Vladimir I., Batyr M. Yazyev, and Anton S. Chepurnenko. "On the Bending of a Thin Plate at Nonlinear Creep." Advanced Materials Research 900 (February 2014): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.900.707.

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The article gives the differential equation of bending of a thin plate at nonlinear creep. This equation is suitable for arbitrary dependencies between stresses and creep deformations. Derivation of the equation is based on simplifying hypotheses Kirchhoff-Loves technical theory of plate bending. Solution is made numerically by finite difference method. Calculations were performed in mathematical package MATLAB. As the material was taken epoxy polymer EDT-10, for which is valid the physical law of Maxwell-Gurevich. It is shown that with the growth of displacements the maximum stresses in the polymer plate decrease.

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IMAMURA, Yuji. "No. 4 Bending creep-test under fungal attack." MOKUZAI HOZON (Wood Protection) 47, no. 2 (2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5990/jwpa.47.92.

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45

Loveday, Malcolm S. "Creep testing standards and the influence of bending." Materials at High Temperatures 25, no. 4 (December 2008): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/096034008x390611.

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46

Brovman, M. Ya. "On creep deformation in longitudinal bending of beams." Mechanics of Solids 49, no. 4 (July 2014): 461–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0025654414040116.

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47

JAKUS, KARL, and SHELDON M. WIEDERHORN. "Creep Deformation of Ceramics in Four-Point Bending." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 71, no. 10 (October 1988): 832–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb07531.x.

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48

Dong, Chunlei, Shang Zhang, Jie Wang, and Ying Hei Chui. "Static bending creep properties of furfurylated poplar wood." Construction and Building Materials 269 (February 2021): 121308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121308.

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49

FETT, T., K. KELLER, M. MISSBACH, D. MUNZ, and L. PINTSCHOVIUS. "Creep Parameters of Alumina Containing a Glass Phase Determined in Bending Creep Tests." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 71, no. 12 (December 1988): 1046–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb05790.x.

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50

Lau, John H. "Bending and Twisting of 60Sn40Pb Solder Interconnects With Creep." Journal of Electronic Packaging 116, no. 2 (June 1, 1994): 154–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905504.

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An exact analysis is presented for the creep deformation of a thin-walled circular solder cylinder under the actions of bending and twisting moments. Dimensionless interaction curves and charts which relate the variables, interconnect geometry, solder material properties, bending moment, twisting moment, curvature rate, and twist rate are also provided for engineering practice convenience.

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