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Journal articles on the topic 'Bender element'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Leong, E. C., J. Cahyadi, and H. Rahardjo. "Measuring shear and compression wave velocities of soil using bender–extender elements." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 46, no. 7 (July 2009): 792–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t09-026.

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Piezoceramic elements have been used for laboratory measurement of wave velocity in soil and rock specimens. Shear-wave piezoceramic elements (bender elements) are commonly used to measure shear wave velocity for the determination of small-strain shear modulus. Compression-wave piezoceramic elements (extender elements), on the other hand, are less commonly used as compression wave velocity is less frequently measured. In this paper, the performance of a pair of bender–extender elements for the determination of both shear and compression wave velocities is examined with respect to the resolution of the recorder, bender–extender element size. and excitation voltage frequency. The evaluation showed that the performance of the bender–extender elements test can be improved by considering the following conditions: (i) the digital oscilloscope used to record the bender–extender element signals should have a high analog to digital (A/D) conversion resolution; (ii) the size of the bender–extender elements plays an important role in the strength and quality of the receiver signal, especially for compression waves; and (iii) using a wave path length to wavelength ratio of 3.33 enables a more reliable determination of shear wave velocity.

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2

Blewett, J., I. J. Blewett, and P. K. Woodward. "Phase and amplitude responses associated with the measurement of shear-wave velocity in sand by bender elements." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t00-047.

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Shear-wave velocity measured by bender elements in laboratory sand samples is shown to be dependent upon the excitation frequency and exhibits a maximum velocity for a finite frequency. By comparing the relative effects of dispersion due to propagation of shear waves through sand and dispersion due to bender element performance within sand, we show that a combination of the two processes is required to explain the observations. The magnitude of the aggregate response of the bender elements and the sand implies that reliable shear-wave velocity results cannot be obtained from bender element tests without a prior knowledge of the frequency response of the entire system.Key words: shear-wave velocity, phase-sensitive detection, dispersion, attenuation, sand.

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3

Viggiani, Giulia, and J. H. Atkinson. "Interpretation of bender element tests." Géotechnique 45, no. 1 (March 1995): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1995.45.1.149.

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4

Chaney, RC, KR Demars, R. Arulnathan, RW Boulanger, and MF Riemer. "Analysis of Bender Element Tests." Geotechnical Testing Journal 21, no. 2 (1998): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj10750j.

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5

Lu, Wei, Yu Lan, and Tianfang Zhou. "Finite element analysis of double resonance bender disk low frequency transducer." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 05008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928305008.

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A bender disk transducer can generate low-frequency sound in a small size and light weight. But traditional bender disk transducer only works at single frequency by using first order bending mode and emits moderate levels of power. In this work, a double resonance bander disk low frequency transducer is investigated by using finite element model. The double resonance bender disk transducer consists of two segmented 3-3 mode piezoelectric ceramic disk on the both side of hollow metal disc, which could generate larger displacement in order to increase power radiation. A simple elastic mass system placed inside the hollow metal disc is introduced in the system to produce other lower resonance modes. Through the FEM calculations, it is found that the transmitting voltage response (TVR) of bender disk transducer could enhance 4dB in the first order bending mode resonance frequency, which is compared with traditional bender disk transducer with the same size. The TVR of lower resonance mode which is produced by additional central simple support elastic mass system in segmented bender disk transducer is more than 130dB. Through the optimization of finite element simulation, a double resonance bender disk transducer is designed, and its resonance frequency is 600Hz and 1kHz, respectively. The value of TVR is 130dB and 134dB corresponding to two resonance frequency. The double resonance bender disk transducer is compact dimension, low weight and it is a high performance low frequency transducer.

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6

Zhao, Zhiwei, Jinqiu Wu, Xiaofei Qi, Gang Qiao, Wenbo Zhang, Chaofan Zhang, and Kang Guo. "Design of a Broadband Cavity Baffle Bender Transducer." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5 (May 16, 2022): 680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050680.

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As low-frequency and broadband acoustic emission capability is beneficial to the detection range and acoustic communication speed of small scale autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), this type of transducer is required, especially in cases of complex acoustic environments. A broadband bender transducer with cavity baffle that suits small scale AUV is proposed. Rather than additional benders, a passive cavity baffle, which would be capable of providing mutual radiation and a fluid cavity mode, is introduced to a single bender. The bending resonant frequency is reduced by the mutual radiation between the bender and the cavity baffle, the cavity baffle extends the lower limit of the available frequency band of the transducer, the liquid resonant frequency behind the former expands the higher limit, then the cavity baffle bender transducer fills the role of radiating low-frequency and broadband emissions through multimode coupling. The finite element method is used to analyze the acoustic performance of the transducer under different baffle conditions. Then, a prototype of the broadband cavity baffle bender transducer is developed according to the optimized parameters of simulation. The acoustic parameters of the prototype were measured in an anechoic pool. The resonant frequency measured in water of the bender itself is 3 kHz, and the −3dB bandwidth is 560 Hz. The prototype test results show that the cavity baffle scheme can improve the −3dB bandwidth of the bender from 560 Hz to 1000 Hz, which fundamentally realizes the expectations of the prototype design.

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7

Santamarina, J. C., and M. A. Fam. "Discussion: Interpretation of bender element tests." Géotechnique 47, no. 4 (September 1997): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1997.47.4.873.

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8

BONAL, J., S. DONOHUE, and C. McNALLY. "Wavelet analysis of bender element signals." Géotechnique 62, no. 3 (March 2012): 243–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.9.p.052.

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9

Piriyakul, Keeratikan, and Janjit Iamchaturapatr. "Horizontally Mounted Bender Elements for Measuring Shear Modulus in Soaked Sand Specimen." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.496.

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New horizontally mounted bender element devices capable of high-quality transmission and reception of horizontally propagated shear waves polarized in orthogonal planes across the mid-height of a sand specimen are described. Mounting of these bender elements is on the membrane, attaching on the side wall of the reactor container. This technique is suitable for use on samples down to 80 mm length. The effective fabrication procedures that have been developed are described. The instrumentation systems used to drive and receive signals are outlined, and estimates of the magnitude of the shear strains developed by the bender elements and the accuracy with which shear wave velocities can be determined are discussed. The sand specimen is treated by the solution then its strength is developed. These new bender elements enable shear modulus to be measured before, during and after the treatment.

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10

Piriyakul, Keeratikan. "Application of the Non-Destructive Testing Method to Determine the G_max of Bangkok Clay." Applied Mechanics and Materials 418 (September 2013): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.418.157.

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This article presents the application of the non-destructive testing method (so called Bender element test) to measure the shear wave velocity and determine the maximum shear modulus of soft Bangkok clay samples. This research proposes the bender element technique to measure the shear wave velocity by means of piezoelectric ceramic sensors. The details of the bender element test were clearly explained. The laboratory bender element test data of the shear wave velocity were compared with the field test results and show that the field propagating waves pass along layers of higher stiffness while the laboratory test data were performed on small, possible less stiff material. The inversion calculation of the shear wave velocity in the field test is based on a linear elastic isotropic assumption which is not valid for the Bangkok subsoil and might be a second reason for the noticed differences in velocity.

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11

Jovičić, V., M. R. Coop, and M. Simić. "Objective criteria for determiningGmaxfrom bender element tests." Géotechnique 46, no. 2 (June 1996): 357–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1996.46.2.357.

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12

Irfan, Muhammad, Ayan Sadhu, Giovanni Cascante, and Dipanjan Basu. "Dynamic Multimodal Response of Bender Element Transmitter." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 147, no. 8 (August 2021): 04021073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0002586.

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13

Bartake, P., A. Patel, and D. Singh. "Instrumentation for bender element testing of soils." International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 2, no. 4 (October 2008): 395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3328/ijge.2008.02.04.395-405.

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14

Wang, Y. H., K. F. Lo, W. M. Yan, and X. B. Dong. "Measurement Biases in the Bender Element Test." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133, no. 5 (May 2007): 564–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:5(564).

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15

Piriyakul, Keeratikan. "Experimental Study on Elastic Stiffness of Kaolinite Clay." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 395–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.395.

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This paper presents a study on the elastic shear modulus of Kaolinite clay at very small strains under isotropic stress from triaxial tests. The Kaolinite clay sample is subjected to an isotropic stress of 100, 200 and 400 kPa. In this very small strain domain where strain is less than 10-3 %, the behaviour of clay soil shows an elastic response. In conventional triaxial test, an initial shear modulus, G0, can be measured using an external strain measurement device. Nevertheless, there is an advantage to mount local strain sensors directly on a clay sample in order to obtain more accurate measurement of G0. Also the G0 can be measured by bender elements through propagation of an elastic shear wave. Therefore in this research G0 can be obtained by external, local strain measurements and bender element tests. These results of G0 in the very small strain region are compared and show that there is a good agreement between the results from local strain measurements and bender element tests.

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16

Xie, Ming, Jiahao Liu, and Song Lu. "Elastic Wave Denoising in the Case of Bender Elements Type Piezoelectric Transducers." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 12605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912605.

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The accuracy of the wave signal is key to studying physical information inside the soil using bender-element-type piezoelectric transducers. There is too much noise during the elastic wave signal collected by bender elements, which is caused by factors such as fluid current and infiltration. At present, the mainstream method is the superposition method, which superposes multiple tested waveform data to obtain a clear waveform. However, the superposition method is limited by the number of signals during the collection, and the denoised waveform still contains high-frequency noise. A combination method combining superposition and the wavelet threshold is proposed in this work to improve the accuracy of the elastic waveform signal. Three different signal denoising simulation tests and one model box test are conducted to verify the method’s feasibility from two aspects. The results show that the combined method can effectively remove high-frequency noise and display clear waveforms based on overcoming the number of signals. This work provides a new means of signal denoising in the case of studying soil properties by bender-element-type piezoelectric transducers.

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17

O’Donovan, J., C. O’Sullivan, G. Marketos, and D. Muir Wood. "Analysis of bender element test interpretation using the discrete element method." Granular Matter 17, no. 2 (March 13, 2015): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-015-0552-6.

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18

Youn, Jun-Ung, Yun-Wook Choo, and Dong-Soo Kim. "Measurement of small-strain shear modulus Gmax of dry and saturated sands by bender element, resonant column, and torsional shear tests." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 10 (October 2008): 1426–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-069.

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The bender element method is an experimental technique used to determine the small-strain shear modulus (Gmax) of a soil by measuring the velocity of shear wave propagation through a sample. Bender elements have been applied as versatile transducers to measure the Gmax of wet and dry soils in various laboratory apparatuses. However, certain aspects of the bender element method have yet to be clearly specified because of uncertainties in determining travel time. In this paper, the bender element (BE), resonant column (RC), and torsional shear (TS) tests were performed on the same specimens using the modified Stokoe-type RC and TS testing equipment. Two clean sands, Toyoura and silica sands, were tested at various densities and mean effective stresses under dry and saturated conditions. Based on the test results, methods of determining travel time in BE tests were evaluated by comparing the results of RC, TS, and BE tests. Also, methods to evaluate Gmax of saturated sands from the shear-wave velocity (Vs) obtained by RC and BE tests were investigated by comparing the three sets of test results. Biot’s theory on frequency dependence of shear-wave velocity was adopted to consider dispersion of a shear wave in saturated conditions. The results of this study suggest that the total mass density, which is commonly used to convert Gmax from the measured Vs in saturated soils, should not be used to convert Vs to Gmax when the frequency of excitation is 10% greater than the characteristic frequency (fc) of the soil.

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19

Pyo, Shim, and Roh. "Design of an Acoustic Bender Transducer for Active Sonobuoys." Sensors 19, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19071691.

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Recent underwater vehicles can operate with a much lower level of noise, which increases the need for an active sonobuoy with a high detection performance. These active sonobuoys mainly use bender transducers as a projector that emits sound waves. In this study, we designed a high-performance bender transducer and verified the validity of the design through experiments. For this purpose, first we analyzed the variation of the peak transmitting voltage response (TVR) level and peak TVR frequency of the bender transducer, in relation to its structural parameters. The performance of the bender transducer was analyzed using the finite element method. Then we derived the optimal structure of the bender transducer to achieve the highest TVR. Based on the design, a prototype of the bender transducer was fabricated and its acoustic properties were measured to confirm the validity of the design.

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20

Lings, M. L., and P. D. Greening. "A novel bender/extender element for soil testing." Géotechnique 51, no. 8 (September 2001): 713–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.8.713.

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21

CHAN, K. H., T. BOONYATEE, and T. MITACHI. "Effect of bender element installation in clay samples." Géotechnique 60, no. 4 (April 2010): 287–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.7.00135.

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22

Ingale, R., A. Patel, and A. Mandal. "Numerical modelling of bender element test in soils." Measurement 152 (February 2020): 107310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2019.107310.

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23

Wang, Yu-Hsing, Wai Man Yan, and Kai Fung Lo. "Damping-ratio measurements by the spectral-ratio method." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, no. 11 (November 1, 2006): 1180–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-067.

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In this paper, bender elements are used as sensors to measure the damping ratio of soil by the spectral-ratio method. The results of numerical and physical experiments suggest that adequate measurement precision can be achieved by reducing the two types of inherent biases arising from (i) the near-field effect and (ii) the different transfer functions of the two receiver bender elements. The first bias can be avoided by setting sensors to r1/λ ≥ 2.0 and r1/r2 ≥ 2.0, where r1 and r2 are the distances between the source and the first and second receivers, respectively; and λ is the wavelength. The second bias can be minimized by modifying the original spectral-ratio method to accommodate the self-healing technique. The damping ratios, measured by this modified method, obtained from the experiment conducted in a tailor-made, true-triaxial apparatus are very similar to those obtained from resonant column tests under the same state of stress.Key words: bender element, damping ratio, spectral-ratio method, near-field effect, true-triaxial apparatus.

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24

Zhang, L., R. Hustache, O. Hignette, E. Ziegler, and A. Freund. "Design optimization of a flexural hinge-based bender for X-ray optics." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 5, no. 3 (May 1, 1998): 804–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049597015288.

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This paper presents a parameter study and design optimization of a flexural hinge-based bender by use of finite-element modelling and analytical formulation. The relationship between the mirror shape and the driving forces, the so-called bender driving equation, is established. Various parameters are investigated: the material properties, the geometrical parameters, the stress and deformation of the mirror and flexural hinge, the residual slope error of the mirror, and the resolution required for the actuators. Analysis results have been compared with test results for a prototype bender and a silicon mirror (170 × 40 × 10 mm). Both analysis and test results confirm the microradian accuracy of the bent mirror. Finally, a bender design for short-bending-radius applications is also presented.

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25

Ji, Litong, Abraham C. F. Chiu, Lu Ma, and Chao Jian. "Shear modulus of hydrate bearing calcareous sand-fines mixture." E3S Web of Conferences 92 (2019): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199204002.

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This article presents a laboratory study on the maximum shear modulus of a THF hydrate bearing calcareous sand (CS)–fines mixture. The maximum shear modulus was inferred from the shear wave velocity measured from the bender elements installed in a temperature-controlled triaxial apparatus. The specimen preparation procedures were specially designed to mimic the hydrate formation inside the internal pores of CS. A trial test was conducted to validate whether the shear wave velocity is a feasible parameter to monitor the formation and dissociation of hydrate in the CS-fines mixture. Based on the bender element test results, hydrate has a more profound effect than confining pressure on enhancing the maximum shear modulus of CS-fines mixture.

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26

Camacho-Tauta, J. F., G. CASCANTE, A. VIANA DA FONSECA, and J. A. SANTOS. "Time and frequency domain evaluation of bender element systems." Géotechnique 65, no. 7 (July 2015): 548–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.13.p.206.

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27

Cabalar, Ali Firat, M. M. Khalaf, and Zuheir Karabash. "Shear modules of claysand mixtures using bender element test." Acta geotechnica slovenica 15, no. 1 (June 2018): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/actageotechslov.15.1.3-15.2018.

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28

Finas, M., H. Ali, G. Cascante, and P. Vanheeghe. "Automatic Shear Wave Velocity Estimation in Bender Element Testing." Geotechnical Testing Journal 39, no. 4 (April 20, 2016): 20140197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj20140197.

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29

Piriyakul, Keeratikan, and Janjit Iamchaturapatr. "Characteristics of meta-kaolin geopolymer Bender-Element (BE) test." Materials Today: Proceedings 5, no. 7 (2018): 15120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2018.04.068.

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30

Chen, Guan, Fang-Tong Wang, Dian-Qing Li, and Yong Liu. "Dyadic wavelet analysis of bender element signals in determining shear wave velocity." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 12 (December 2020): 2027–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2019-0167.

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Determining shear wave velocity is a critical technique in bender element tests, as it can be readily affected by near-field effects, wave reflection, and other factors. This study proposes a new method based on the dyadic wavelet transform modulus maxima. Combining the local modulus maxima of dyadic wavelet transform approximate coefficients at fine decomposition levels and an appropriate threshold value, the proposed method can automatically detect the target point. For validation, a comparative study among the dyadic wavelet transform modulus maxima, peak-to-peak, first arrival, and cross-correlation methods was carried out using 140 sets of bender element signals. The comparison results show that the proposed method not only mitigates the adverse effects of near-field, later major peaks, and noise contamination, but is also more robust in estimating shear wave velocity.

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31

Okovido, J. O., and C. Kennedy. "Effect of Confining Pressures on Dynamic Response Characteristics of Silty Soils in the Niger Delta." Nigerian Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 5, no. 2 (October 2021): 404–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.02.0258.

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The probability of earthquake occurrence in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria was studied in this research. The resonant column/bender element tests were used for the study. Series of analysis were carried out on compacted silt in subsoil strata obtained from various locations in Rivers, Bayelsa, Delta and Akwa Ibom States. The effects of confinement on frequency, shear modulus, shear velocity and damping ratio were studied. The tests results revealed that confinement has effects on the investigated parameters. Thus, frequency response increases with increase in confinement pressure. Also, the resonance column test at various confinements revealed changes in shear modulus, accelerometer output and damping ratio. Accordingly, there was high disparity in the tested parameters as confinement pressure was increased. Similarly, the bender element tests also showed that pressure has effect on shear wave-velocity, shear modulus and damping ratio confinement. The shear modulus and shear wave-velocity generally increased as confinement pressure was increased, while damping ratio decreases as confinement pressure was increased. The variations in Resonance Column/Bender Element test parameters showed that the silty soil in the Niger Delta region, an oil and gas rich area, is likely to experience earthquake in the future. Therefore, geological data should be collated for monitoring, especially as several geological activities take place in the region.

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32

Irfan, Muhammad, Giovanni Cascante, Dipanjan Basu, and Zahid Khan. "Novel evaluation of bender element transmitter response in transparent soil." Géotechnique 70, no. 3 (March 2020): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgeot.17.p.256.

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33

Valsson, S. M., M. Dahl, E. Haugen, and S. A. Degago. "Estimating shear wave velocity with the SCPTu and Bender element." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 710, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/710/1/012017.

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34

OGINO, Toshihiro, Toshiyuki MITACHI, Masaki TSUSHIMA, and Hiroshi OIKAWA. "EVALUATION OF DEFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL BY BENDER ELEMENT TEST." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 743 (2003): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2003.743_135.

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35

Cheng, Z., and E. C. Leong. "Determination of damping ratios for soils using bender element tests." Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 111 (August 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.04.016.

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36

O’Donovan, J., C. O’Sullivan, and G. Marketos. "Two-dimensional discrete element modelling of bender element tests on an idealised granular material." Granular Matter 14, no. 6 (October 6, 2012): 733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10035-012-0373-9.

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37

Kumar, Jyant, and Ninad Sanjeev Shinde. "Interpretation of bender element test results using sliding Fourier transform method." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 56, no. 12 (December 2019): 2004–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0733.

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Identification of the arrival point of the shear wave in bender element tests is a task that can have ambiguous results. The contamination of the received shear wave signal with a weak P-wave component, which can emerge either directly from the transmitter or reflect from the side boundary, makes the judgement involved in this task dubious. The different available procedures to mark the arrival times of the shear wave are often prone to errors. A method is proposed to identify the time of the arrival of the shear wave. The predominant frequency of the received signal is first evaluated and then, with the help of the sliding Fourier transform approach, the arrival of the shear wave is identified. The method does not require any manual intervention. The proposed approach is applied to bender element tests performed on dry and saturated sand and glass beads by varying (i) input frequency of the signal, (ii) confining pressure, and (iii) void ratio. Results for different cases, including those obtained by using resonant column tests, are found to be very promising.

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38

Lăzărescu, L. "Numerical and experimental study on rotary draw bending of aluminium alloy tubes." International Review of Applied Sciences and Engineering 2, no. 1 (June 1, 2011): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/irase.2.2011.1.5.

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Abstract In this paper a 3D finite element model of the bending process for circular aluminium alloy tube has been built using the explicit code eta/Dynaform and validated by comparing the experiments. The experiments were carried out by using a hand bender with the same bending principle as a rotary draw numerical controlled (NC) bender. The relationship between quality parameters of bent tubes, in terms of cross-section distortion and wall thinning, and the angular position along the bent tube is discussed experimentally in combination with FE simulation. Then, the effects of bending radius (R) are investigated using simulation of the bending process based on the finite element model. The results show that with the increase of bending radius, the cross-section degradation factor (Ψ) and wall thinning degree (ξ) decreases rapidly.

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39

Gong, Li Jiao, and Jiang Quan Li. "Research on Impedance Characterization of Triple-Layer Piezoelectric Bender." Applied Mechanics and Materials 50-51 (February 2011): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.50-51.32.

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The use of piezoelectric material as transducer is prevalent. Piezoelectric bending mode element can be used for vibration energy harvesting because it can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. In this article, electrical impedance characterization and equivalent circuit of triple-layer piezoelectric bender are discussed. Triple-layer piezoelectric bending device is fabricated, measured and modeled. This paper is aimed to explore simple but practical equivalent circuit models, expressed using electrical parameters of triple-layer piezoelectric bender and investigate the applicability of the Van Dyke circuit model and the complex circuit model in modeling the specimen’s equivalent circuit. The models produced impedance curves that closely matched the impedance measured for piezoelectric sample. The impedance characterization can provide a good understanding on the electrical behaviors of the triple layer piezoelectric bender when analyzing the performance of piezoelectric device.

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40

Xu, Kai, Xiaoqiang Gu, Chao Hu, and Lutong Lu. "Comparison of small-strain shear modulus and Young’s modulus of dry sand measured by resonant column and bender–extender element." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 11 (November 2020): 1745–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0823.

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The small-strain shear modulus and Young’s modulus of dry sand are simultaneously measured by resonant column and bender–extender element tests. Two different methods are adopted to calibrate the resonant column and the results indicate that the conventional calibration method may significantly underestimate the Young’s modulus obtained in flexural excitation, while it only slightly underestimates the shear modulus obtained in torsional excitation. A new calibration method that establishes a calibration curve based on the resonant frequency is used to overcome the error. With this new calibration method, the shear modulus and Young’s modulus from the resonant column agree well with those from the bender–extender element. It convincingly explains the reason why a very small Poisson’s ratio was observed in previous resonant column tests and suggests that the effect of resonant frequency on the calibration results must be considered in flexural excitation.

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41

Rahman, Muhammad E., Vikram Pakrashi, Subhadeep Banerjee, and Trevor Orr. "Suitable Waves for Bender Element Tests: Interpretations, Errors and Modelling Aspects." Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering 60, no. 2 (2016): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3311/ppci.7952.

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42

Wang, Fangtong, Dianqing Li, Wenqi Du, Chia Zarei, and Yong Liu. "Bender Element Measurement for Small-Strain Shear Modulus of Compacted Loess." International Journal of Geomechanics 21, no. 5 (May 2021): 04021063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0002004.

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43

OGINO, Toshihiro. "VIBRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF-MONITORING BENDER ELEMENT IDENTIFIED BY MODAL ANALYSIS." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A2 (Applied Mechanics (AM)) 77, no. 2 (2021): I_3—I_11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejam.77.2_i_3.

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44

KAWAGUCHI, Takayuki, Toshiyuki MITACHI, Satoru SHIBUYA, and Yoshifusa SANO. "Evaluation of Elastic Shear Modulus G in Laboratory Bender Element Test." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, no. 694 (2001): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscej.2001.694_195.

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45

OGINO, Toshihiro, Hiroshi OIKAWA, Toshiyuki MITACHI, Masaki TSUSHIMA, and Kohta NISHIDA. "SHEAR WAVE VELOCITY BY TSP APPLIED BENDER ELEMENT TEST IN SAND." Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshuu C 62, no. 1 (2006): 169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejc.62.169.

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46

Styler, Mark A., and John A. Howie. "Continuous Monitoring of Bender Element Shear Wave Velocities During Triaxial Testing." Geotechnical Testing Journal 37, no. 2 (January 17, 2014): 20120098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj20120098.

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47

Fernández Lavín, Alfonso, and Efraín Ovando Shelley. "Haar Wavelet Transform for Arrival Time Identification in Bender Element Tests." Geotechnical Testing Journal 43, no. 4 (July 10, 2019): 20180400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj20180400.

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48

Jung, Young-Hoon, Wanjei Cho, and Richard J. Finno. "Defining Yield from Bender Element Measurements in Triaxial Stress Probe Experiments." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 133, no. 7 (July 2007): 841–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2007)133:7(841).

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49

Karl, Lutz, Wim Haegeman, Geert Degrande, and David Dooms. "Determination of the Material Damping Ratio with the Bender Element Test." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 134, no. 12 (December 2008): 1743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0241(2008)134:12(1743).

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50

Dyka, Ireneusz, Piotr E. Srokosz, and Marcin Bujko. "Influence of grain size distribution on dynamic shear modulus of sands." Open Engineering 7, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 317–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2017-0036.

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AbstractThe paper presents the results of laboratory tests, that verify the correlation between the grain-size characteristics of non-cohesive soils and the value of the dynamic shear modulus. The problem is a continuation of the research performed at the Institute of Soil Mechanics and Rock Mechanics in Karlsruhe, by T. Wichtmann and T. Triantafyllidis, who derived the extension of the applicability of the Hardin’s equation describing the explicite dependence between the grain size distribution of sands and the values of dynamic shear modulus. For this purpose, piezo-ceramic bender elements generating elastic waves were used to investigate the mechanical properties of the specimens with artificially generated particle distribution. The obtained results confirmed the hypothesis that grain size distribution of non-cohesive soils has a significant influence on the dynamic shear modulus, but at the same time they have shown that obtaining unambiguous results from bender element tests is a difficult task in practical applications.

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