Journal articles on the topic 'Beltona Records'

Triassic lungfish (Dipnoi) have been extensively documented from the Gondwanan continental and marine shelf deposits of Africa and Madagascar (Teixeira, 1949; Lehman et al., 1959; Beltan, 1968; Martin, 1979, 1981; Kemp 1996), Australia (Kemp, 1993, 1994, 1997a, 1998), India (Jain et al, 1964; Jain, 1968), and Antarctica (Dziewa, 1980). Numerous records also exist from Laurasian landmasses including Europe (Agassiz, 1838; Schultze, 1981), North America (Case, 1921) and central and eastern Asia (Liu and Yeh, 1957; Vorobyeva, 1967; Martin and Ingavat, 1982). By comparison, nothing is known of contemporary lungfish fossils from the Middle East. Thus, the recent recovery of a single tooth plate representing a new geographic occurrence of the genus Ceratodus Agassiz, 1838 from paralic marine deposits of the Jilh Formation, a latest Anisian to lower Carnian unit that crops out along the eastern margin of the Proterozoic Arabian Shield in central Saudi Arabia (Fig. 1), is significant because it provides the stratigraphically oldest record of dipnoans from the Arabian Peninsula.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berapa kerugian mesin yang mengalami kerusakan dan mengurangi down time yang sangat tinggi dengan menerapkan strategi perbaikan keandalan pada mesin Corrugator type H-200 dengan metode Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) dan Overall Measure of Maintenance Performance (OMMP) yaitu penentuan perencanaan perawatan yang tepat agar bisa cepat terselesaikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menghasilkan desain perawatan perbaikan yang tepat sasaran dan terencana. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kerugian diketahui dari data down time bulan mei sebesar Rp. 500.000/ jam pada saat komponen mesin paling banyak mengalami kerusakan, pada diagram pareto efek kerusakan tertinggi pertama pada bearing spleser dengan frekuensi kumulatif 10% serta yang kedua pada rantai- belting conveyor yang penuh kotoran dengan frekuensi kumulatif 19%, dan untuk analisis strategi perbaikan dengan yaitu dengan pemberian alat bantu pipa besi elastis untuk penyaluran grease pada bearing roll spleser serta memabahkan alat tambahan pipa besi untuk membersihkan rantai-belting conveyor yang penuh kotoran pada bagian atas mesin C-Flute dan B-Flute, untuk penjadwalan perawatan terencana dilakukan 3 bulan sekali dengan mengacu data records lembar check sheet.

Abstract The article presents a study of the electro-mechanical loading of the motor-reducer group for driving a belt conveyor. The current of the two drive motors has been measured following an emergency replacement of the reducer gear and the hydraulic clutch of the first drive unit. The traction forces in the belting generated by the two driving drums have been established. A comparison is made of the current records from this study and those from the enterprise information system. Thermal imaging photos have been taken of the two reducers and the hydraulic clutches of the drive units. The electromechanical state of the motor-reducer groups is analyzed and conclusions are drawn regarding the operation of the belt conveyor.

Abstract. Dams and their reservoirs generate major impacts on society and the environment. In general, its relevance relies on facilitating the management of water resources for anthropogenic purposes. However, dams could also generate many potential adverse impacts related to safety, ecology or biodiversity. These factors, as well as the additional effects that climate change could cause in these infrastructures and their surrounding environment, highlight the importance of dams and the necessity for their continuous monitoring and study. There are several studies examining dams both at regional and global scales; however, those that include the South America region focus mainly on the most renowned basins (primarily the Amazon basin), most likely due to the lack of records on the rest of the basins of the region. For this reason, a consistent database of georeferenced dams located in South America is presented: Dataset of Georeferenced Dams in South America (DDSA). It contains 1010 entries of dams with a combined reservoir volume of 1017 km3, and it is presented in the form of a list describing a total of 24 attributes that include the dams' names, characteristics, purposes and georeferenced locations. Also, hydrological information on the dams' catchments is also included: catchment area, mean precipitation, mean near-surface temperature, mean potential evapotranspiration, mean runoff, catchment population, catchment equipped area for irrigation, aridity index, residence time and degree of regulation. Information was obtained from public records, governments records, existing international databases and extensive internet research. Each register was validated individually and geolocated using public-access online map browsers, and then, hydrological and additional information was derived from a hydrological model computed using the HydroSHEDS (Hydrological data and maps based on SHuttle Elevation Derivatives at multiple Scales) dataset. With this database, we expect to contribute to the development of new research in this region. The database is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4315647 (Paredes-Beltran et al., 2020).

Plant has many benefit in life, one of example is etnic’s edible food. Jerieng etnic is origin etnic living in the west Bangka district, Bangka Beltung province. Food is everything that grows, lives, has stem, roots, and leaves are eaten directly or need to be processed. The purpose of this research is to record the diversity of food crops (types of edible plant based food, number of species, parts used, processing. This research was conducted from January to November 2018. The research in 13 villages in Simpang Teritip District, West Bangka Regency. Locations include Pelangas Village, Simpang Gong, Air Nyatoh, Pangek, Peradong, Kundi, Air Menduyung, Rambat, Simpang Tiga, Terak Hill, Ibul, Berang, and Mayang. This research aims to do interview and direct observation with the key informant using purposive sampling method. The result of this research found that there are 79 species from 34 families of edible plant-based food in Jerieng etnic. Solanaceae is the most numerous family found including 9 species. The most often used plant part is fruit (39%), meanwhile the less often used plant part is bud (1%). Edible plant based food by Jerieng etnic is divided into two groups, those are processed food and unprocessed food. Example of unprocessed food is local salad (known as “lalapan”) and the processed food such as lempah darat and lempah kuning.

Abstract Background: Although there is increased awareness leading to early detection and prevention, Hispanic American (HA) men with prostate cancer (PC) continue to have greater mortality rates compared to their Non-Hispanic White (NHW) counterparts. Moreover, HA men with PC are more likely to have more advanced disease compared to NHW men. Here, we characterized the molecular and immune differences in HA and NHW tumors and their association with PC ethnic disparity. Methods: 88 PC samples (HA=34, NHW=54) obtained from treatment-naive metastatic hormone-sensitive PC (mHSPC) were analyzed by next-generation sequencing (592, NextSeq; WES, NovaSeq), Whole Transcriptome Sequencing (WTS; NovaSeq) (Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). AR signature and NEPC score were calculated based on the expression level of previously defined genes (Hieronymus et al. 2006, Beltran et al. 2016). Medical record was reviewed in a deidentified fashion for clinal features. Statistical significance was determined using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U (p<0.05). Results: HA patients with PC had higher level of PSA (111.5 vs 52.6 ng/ml, p=0.12) and stage (T4: 41% vs 14% p=0.01, M1c: 41% vs 16% p=0.04) but no significant difference in frequency of Gleason score > 4 (79% vs 73%, p=0.61) or stage N1 (69% vs 61%, p=0.85) compared to NHW. HA PC had a significantly higher frequency of TMPRSS2-fusion (46.4% vs 20.0%, p=0.04) compared to NHW PC. By Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, HA PC had enrichment of KRAS signaling (NES: 1.44, FDR=0.02), Hedgehog signaling (NES: 1.45, FDR=0.04), NOTCH signaling (NES: 1.41, FDR=0.07), Hypoxia (NES: 1.38, FDR=0.10) and IL2-STAT5 signaling (NES: 1.35, FDR=0.10) pathways compared to NHW tumors. There was no difference in median Androgen Receptor signature (p=0.78) or Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer (NEPC) score (p=0.79). Also, no significant difference in AR positivity by IHC (100% vs 95.7%) between HA and NHW PC tumors (p=0.51). HA PC had significantly higher expression of stem cell markers ALDH1A1 (2.1-fold), ALDH1A2 (3-fold), and PROM1 (1.6-fold) and immunoinhibitory genes PDCD1LG2 (1.68-fold) and FOXP3 (1.45-fold) compared to NHW tumors (all p<0.05). Additionally, HA tumors had increased infiltration of M1 Macrophages (0.72% vs 0%) and NK cells (4.84% vs 3.55%, all p<0.05), and increased T-cell inflamed score (44.0 vs -49.0, p=0.14) compared to NHW. Conclusion: Our data suggest that HA mHSPC is associated with higher levels of PSA, stage, TMPRSS2-fusions, stemness marker expression, immunoinhibitory gene expression, and increased M1 Macrophage and NK cell infiltration. Together, these findings suggest a crucial role of differential molecular and tumor immune microenvironment in PC ethnic disparity. A better understanding of these differences with additional research may help in designing the approaches for reducing the ethnic disparities gaps in PC patients. Citation Format: Alejandro Recio-Boiles, Sachin Kumar Deshmukh, Juan Chipollini, Ken Batai, Sharon Wu, Joanne Xiu, Alex Farrell, Milan Radovich, Elisabeth Heath, Rana McKay, Chadi Nabhan. Molecular characterization of prostate cancer between Hispanic American and Non-Hispanic Whites: Implications for cancer ethnic health disparities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1895.

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Characterize formal informatics methods and approaches for enabling reproducible translational research. Education of reproducible methods to translational researchers and informaticians. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We performed a scoping review [1] of selected informatics literature (e.g. [2,3]) from PubMed and Scopus. In addition we reviewed literature and documentation of translational research informatics projects [4–21] at the University of Utah. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The example informatics projects we identified in our literature covered a broad spectrum of translational research. These include research recruitment, research data requisition, study design and statistical analysis, biomedical vocabularies and metadata for data integration, data provenance and quality, and uncertainty. Elements impacting reproducibility of research include (1) Research Data: its semantics, quality, metadata and provenance; and (2) Research Processes: study conduct including activities and interventions undertaken, collections of biospecimens and data, and data integration. The informatics methods and approaches we identified as enablers of reproducibility include the use of templates, management of workflows and processes, scalable methods for managing data, metadata and semantics, appropriate software architectures and containerization, convergence methods and uncertainty quantification. In addition these methods need to be open and shareable and should be quantifiable to measure their ability to achieve reproducibility. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The ability to collect large volumes of data collection has ballooned in nearly every area of science, while the ability to capturing research processes hasn’t kept with this pace. Potential for problematic research practices and irreproducible results are concerns.Reproducibility is a core essentially of translational research. Translational research informatics provides methods and means for enabling reproducibility and FAIRness [22] in translational research. In addition there is a need for translational informatics itself to be reproducible to make research reproducible so that methods developed for one study or biomedical domain can be applied elsewhere. Such informatics research and development requires a mindset for meta-research [23].The informatics methods we identified covers the spectrum of reproducibility (computational, empirical and statistical) and across different levels of reproducibility (reviewable, replicable, confirmable, auditable, and open or complete) [24–29]. While there are existing and ongoing efforts in developing informatics methods for translational research reproducibility in Utah and elsewhere, there is a need to further develop formal informatics methods and approaches: the Informatics of Research Reproducibility.In this presentation, we summarize the studies and literature we identified and discuss our key findings and gaps in informatics methods for research reproducibility. We conclude by discussing how we are covering these topics in a translational research informatics course.1.Pham MT, Rajić A, Greig JD, Sargeant JM, Papadopoulos A, McEwen SA. A scoping review of scoping reviews: advancing the approach and enhancing the consistency. Res Synth Methods. 2014 Dec;5(4):371–85.2.McIntosh LD, Juehne A, Vitale CRH, Liu X, Alcoser R, Lukas JC, Evanoff B. Repeat: a framework to assess empirical reproducibility in biomedical research. BMC Med Res Methodol [Internet]. 2017 Sep 18 [cited 2018 Nov 30];17. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5604503/3.Denaxas S, Direk K, Gonzalez-Izquierdo A, Pikoula M, Cakiroglu A, Moore J, Hemingway H, Smeeth L. Methods for enhancing the reproducibility of biomedical research findings using electronic health records. BioData Min. 2017;10:31.4.Burnett N, Gouripeddi R, Wen J, Mo P, Madsen R, Butcher R, Sward K, Facelli JC. Harmonization of Sensor Metadata and Measurements to Support Exposomic Research. In: 2016 International Society of Exposure Science [Internet]. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; 2017 [cited 2017 Jun 17]. Available from: http://www.intlexposurescience.org/ISES20175.Butcher R, Gouripeddi RK, Madsen R, Mo P, LaSalle B. CCTS Biomedical Informatics Core Research Data Service. In Salt Lake City; 2016.6.Cummins M, Gouripeddi R, Facelli J. A low-cost, low-barrier clinical trials registry to support effective recruitment. In Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; 2016 [cited 2018 Nov 30]. Available from: //campusguides.lib.utah.edu/UtahRR16/abstracts7.Gouripeddi R, Warner P, Madsen R, Mo P, Burnett N, Wen J, Lund A, Butcher R, Cummins MR, Facelli J, Sward K. An Infrastructure for Reproducibile Exposomic Research. In: Research Reproducibility 2016 [Internet]. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; 2016 [cited 2018 Nov 30]. Available from: //campusguides.lib.utah.edu/UtahRR16/abstracts8.Eilbeck K, Lewis SE, Mungall CJ, Yandell M, Stein L, Durbin R, Ashburner M. The Sequence Ontology: a tool for the unification of genome annotations. Genome Biol. 2005;6:R44.9.Gouripeddi R, Cummins M, Madsen R, LaSalle B, Redd AM, Presson AP, Ye X, Facelli JC, Green T, Harper S. Streamlining study design and statistical analysis for quality improvement and research reproducibility. J Clin Transl Sci. 2017 Sep;1(S1):18–9.10.Gouripeddi R, Eilbeck K, Cummins M, Sward K, LaSalle B, Peterson K, Madsen R, Warner P, Dere W, Facelli JC. A Conceptual Architecture for Reproducible On-demand Data Integration for Complex Diseases. In: Research Reproducibility 2016 (UtahRR16) [Internet]. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; 2016 [cited 2017 Apr 25]. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/16806711.Gouripeddi R, Lane E, Madsen R, Butcher R, LaSalle B, Sward K, Fritz J, Facelli JC, Cummins M, Shao J, Singleton R. Towards a scalable informatics platform for enhancing accrual into clinical research studies. J Clin Transl Sci. 2017 Sep;1(S1):20–20.12.Gouripeddi R, Deka R, Reese T, Butcher R, Martin B, Talbert J, LaSalle B, Facelli J, Brixner D. Reproducibility of Electronic Health Record Research Data Requests. In Washington, DC, USA; 2018 [cited 2018 Apr 21]. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/1226602#.WtvvyZch27013.Gouripeddi R, Mo P, Madsen R, Warner P, Butcher R, Wen J, Shao J, Burnett N, Rajan NS, LaSalle B, Facelli JC. A Framework for Metadata Management and Automated Discovery for Heterogeneous Data Integration. In: 2016 BD2K All Hands Meeting [Internet]. Bethesda, MD; November 29-30 [cited 2017 Apr 25]. Available from: https://zenodo.org/record/16788514.Groat D, Gouripeddi R, Lin YK, Dere W, Murray M, Madsen R, Gestaland P, Facelli J. Identification of High-Level Formalisms that Support Translational Research Reproducibility. In: Research Reproducibility 2018 [Internet]. Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; 2018 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: //campusguides.lib.utah.edu/UtahRR18/abstracts15.Huser V, Kahn MG, Brown JS, Gouripeddi R. Methods for examining data quality in healthcare integrated data repositories. Pac Symp Biocomput Pac Symp Biocomput. 2018;23:628–33.16.Lund A, Gouripeddi R, Burnett N, Tran L-T, Mo P, Madsen R, Cummins M, Sward K, Facelli J. Enabling Reproducible Computational Modeling: The Utah PRISMS Ecosystem. In Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; 2018 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: //campusguides.lib.utah.edu/UtahRR18/abstracts17.Pflieger LT, Mason CC, Facelli JC. Uncertainty quantification in breast cancer risk prediction models using self-reported family health history. J Clin Transl Sci. 2017 Feb;1(1):53–9.18.Shao J, Gouripeddi R, Facelli J. Improving Clinical Trial Research Reproducibility using Reproducible Informatics Methods. In Salt Lake City, Utah, USA; 2018 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: //campusguides.lib.utah.edu/UtahRR18/abstracts19.Shao J, Gouripeddi R, Facelli JC. Semantic characterization of clinical trial descriptions from ClincalTrials.gov and patient notes from MIMIC-III. J Clin Transl Sci. 2017 Sep;1(S1):12–12.20.Tiase V, Gouripeddi R, Burnett N, Butcher R, Mo P, Cummins M, Sward K. Advancing Study Metadata Models to Support an Exposomic Informatics Infrastructure. In Ottawa, Canada; 2018 [cited 2018 Oct 30]. Available from: = http://www.eiseverywhere.com/ehome/294696/638649/?&t=8c531cecd4bb0a5efc6a0045f5bec0c321.Wen J, Gouripeddi R, Facelli JC. Metadata Discovery of Heterogeneous Biomedical Datasets Using Token-Based Features. In: IT Convergence and Security 2017 [Internet]. Springer, Singapore; 2017 [cited 2017 Sep 6]. p. 60–7. (Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering). Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-10-6451-7_822.Wilkinson MD, Dumontier M, Aalbersberg IjJ, Appleton G, Axton M, Baak A, Blomberg N, Boiten J-W, da Silva Santos LB, Bourne PE, Bouwman J, Brookes AJ, Clark T, Crosas M, Dillo I, Dumon O, Edmunds S, Evelo CT, Finkers R, Gonzalez-Beltran A, Gray AJG, Groth P, Goble C, Grethe JS, Heringa J, ’t Hoen PAC, Hooft R, Kuhn T, Kok R, Kok J, Lusher SJ, Martone ME, Mons A, Packer AL, Persson B, Rocca-Serra P, Roos M, van Schaik R, Sansone S-A, Schultes E, Sengstag T, Slater T, Strawn G, Swertz MA, Thompson M, van der Lei J, van Mulligen E, Velterop J, Waagmeester A, Wittenburg P, Wolstencroft K, Zhao J, Mons B. The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship. Sci Data. 2016 Mar 15;3:160018.23.Ioannidis JPA. Meta-research: Why research on research matters. PLOS Biol. 2018 Mar 13;16(3):e2005468.24.Stodden V, Borwein J, Bailey DH. Setting the default to reproducible. Comput Sci Res SIAM News. 2013;46(5):4–6.25.Stodden V, McNutt M, Bailey DH, Deelman E, Gil Y, Hanson B, Heroux MA, Ioannidis JPA, Taufer M. Enhancing reproducibility for computational methods. Science. 2016 Dec 9;354(6317):1240–1.26.Stodden V, McNutt M, Bailey DH, Deelman E, Gil Y, Hanson B, Heroux MA, Ioannidis JPA, Taufer M. Enhancing reproducibility for computational methods. Science. 2016 Dec 9;354(6317):1240–1.27.Stodden V. Reproducible Research for Scientific Computing: Tools and Strategies for Changing the Culture. Comput Sci Eng. 2012 Jul 1;14(4):13–7.28.Baker M. Muddled meanings hamper efforts to fix reproducibility crisis. Nat News Available from: http://www.nature.com/news/muddled-meanings-hamper-efforts-to-fix-reproducibility-crisis-1.2007629.Barba LA. Terminologies for Reproducible Research. ArXiv180203311 Cs 2018 Feb 9; Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.03311

Abstract Background: Advances in prevention, early detection, and treatment have resulted in a 29% reduction in cancer mortality since 1990 and unprecedented increases in the number of cancer survivors. There are more than 16.9M survivors living in the US today and 22.1M are expected by 2030. Cancer survivorship outcomes vary by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), and more. Cancer is the leading cause of deaths in Hispanics/Latinos (H/Ls), a critical issue given that H/Ls are the largest ethnic minority group in the US and will account for 30% of the US population by 2060. H/Ls are disproportionately impacted by cancer due to inequities in SES and healthcare access, which leads to differences in risk factors/exposures and barriers to high-quality cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment. Although H/Ls have lower incidence rates for most common cancer types, significant disparities exist in prevalence, invasiveness, and mortality in specific cancers and across multiple patient-reported outcomes, such as quality of life and symptom burden. However, there is limited work documenting survivorship experiences among H/Ls. Purpose: The Avanzando Caminos multisite cohort study was established to address critical gaps in the science of H/L survivorship. It aims to examine the influence of sociocultural, medical, stress, psychosocial, lifestyle, behavioral, and biological factors on symptom burden, health-related quality of life, and clinical outcomes among H/Ls who have been previously treated for cancer. Methods: Avanzando Caminos, a collaboration between the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Miami and the Mays Cancer Center at UT Health San Antonio, is a 6-year prospective, cohort-based study of 3,000 H/Ls (1,500 in South Florida and 1,500 in South Texas) who completed primary cancer treatment within the past five years for stomach, liver, cervical, colorectal, lung, breast, kidney, or prostate cancers. Participants will complete self-report measures at baseline, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years. Blood draws to assess leukocyte gene expression, cardiometabolic markers, and genetic admixture will be collected at baseline, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years. Medical and cancer characteristics and clinical outcomes will be extracted from the electronic medical record and/or state cancer registry at each time point. Data analysis will include general latent variable modeling with maximum likelihood robust variance estimation. Results: So far, we have recruited 398 H/L participants with a mean age of 59.49 years, 62% are female, 35% are Mexican, 57% Cuban, 24% Central/South American, 78% Puerto Rican, and 7% other. Preliminary results will include sociocultural, quality of life, stress, and other factors impacting H/Ls survivors. Conclusions: Avanzando Caminos is expected to fill critical gaps in knowledge to guide future secondary and tertiary prevention efforts to mitigate cancer disparities and optimize health-related quality of life among Hispanic/Latino cancer survivors. Citation Format: Amelie G. Ramirez, Patricia Chalela, Stephanie Rowan, Ysabel R. Lew, Victoria C. Garza, Natalie Rodriguez, Myriam N. Gonzalez, Britney E. Ortiz, Dorothy Long Parma, Edgar Muñoz, Yidong Chen, Chen-Pin Wang, Adolfo E. Diaz Duque, Luz M. Garcini, Dolores M. Perdomo, Stefanie V. Beltran, Gabrielle Montes de Oca, Maria Baraya, Akina Natori, Madeline H. Krause, Paulo S. Pinheiro, Patricia I. Moreno, Michael H. Antoni, Carmen Calfa, Olveen Carrasquillo, Gilberto Lopes, Steve Cole, Frank J. Penedo. Avanzando Caminos (Leading Pathways): The Hispanic/Latino cancer survivorship cohort study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr B044.

BackgroundInterstitial lung disease (ILD) is a severe extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Abatacept (ABA) has demonstrated efficacy in RA-ILD[1-2].Clinical trials have shown equivalence in subcutaneous (SC) and intravenous (IV) administration of ABA for articular manifestations[3].However, it has not been studied in RA-ILD.Objectivesto compare the effectiveness of ABA in RA-ILD patients according to the route of administration (IV-ABA vs SC-ABA).MethodsNational multicenter study of RA-ILD patients on treatment with ABA. They were divided into 2 groups according to the route of administration: a) IV, and b) SC. We analyzed from baseline the following outcomes in both groups:a) forced vital capacity (FVC),b) diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO),c) chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT),d) dyspnea (assessed with the modified Medical Research Council scale),e) arthritis activity (assessed with DAS28-ESR or described in clinical records), andf) sparing corticosteroids effect.ResultsWe studied a total of 392 [SC-ABA/IV-AB; 288/91(available data)] patients. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics are shown inTable 1. Patients were followed-up for a median [IQR] of 24 [10-48] months. FVC and DLCO remain stable during the first 24 months in both SC-ABA and IV-ABA[Figure 1].Dyspnea stabilized or improved in 85% of patients (89% of IV-ABA; 83% of SC-ABA). ABA was withdrawn in 80 patients: 60 (39%) in SC-ABA group and 20 (22%) in IV-ABA group. ILD worsening and articular inefficacy were the most common reasons of ABA discontinuation.ConclusionIn RA-ILD, ABA seems equally effective and safe regardless of the route of administration IV or SC.References[1] Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Dec 1;59(12):3906-3916.[2] Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021 Dec 24;61(1):299-308.[3] Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Oct;63(10):2854-64.Table 1.Main general features at baseline of RA-ILD patients with subcutaneous vs intravenous ABA.All ABA (n=392)ABA IV (n=91)ABA SC (n=288)pAge, years mean±SD65 ± 1066 ± 1066 ± 100.85Women n (%)226 (58)54 (59)166 (58)0.77Smoker ever n (%)210 (54)49 (54)154 (53)0.95ILD duration up to ABA, months, median [IQR]11 (3-38)11 (2-48)10 (3-36)0.65RF n (%)347 (89)78 (86)256 (89)0.41ACPA n (%)344 (89)76 (85)256 (90)0.25DAS28-ESR4.35±1.584.19±1.524.38±1.530.35ILD pattern n (%) NIU172 (44)47 (52)122 (42) NINE117 (30)20 (22)94 (33)0.14 Other98 (25)23 (26)72 (25)FVC (% of the predicted) mean±SD87 ± 2182 ± 2288 ± 210.26DLCO (% of the predicted) mean±SD67 ± 2067 ± 2067 ± 190.97Prednisone at baseline, mg/day, median [IQR]5 (5-10)7.5 (5-10)5 (5-10)0.34ACPA, anti-citrullinated protein antibodies; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; FVC, forced vital capacity; RF, rheumatoid factor; UIP, usual interstitial pneumonia.Figure 1.Evolution of pulmonary function tests (mean % of the predicted FVC and DLCO) in RA-ILD patients with SC-ABA vs IV-ABA therapy at baseline and 24 months.Members of the Spanish Collaborative Group of Abatacept in RA-ILD patients:Luis Arboleya-Rodríguez, Javier Narváez, Juan Carlos Fernández, Belén Miguel, Iván Cabezas, Andrea García Valle, Clara Aguilera Cros, S. Romero-Yuste, Ignacio Villa Blanco, Sabela Fernández Aguado, Raquel Almodóvar, C. Ojeda-García, C. Aguilera-Cros, B. García-Magallón, Antonio Juan Mas, M. J. Moreno-Ramos, A. Ruibal-Escribano, Rosa Expósito, José Antonio Bernal, Evelin C. Cervantes, S. Rodríguez-García, R. Castellanos-Moreira, Iván Castellví, Manuel Rodríguez, Eva Salgado, Enrique Raya, Pilar Morales, Lorena Expósito, Mª Noelia Álvarez, José Luis Andreu, E. F. Vicente-Rabaneda, A. M. López-Robles, M. López-Corbeto, C. Hidalgo-Calleja, J.C. Fernández-López, Alejandro Olivé, S. Rodríguez-Muguruza, Iñigo Hernández, N. Quillis-Marti, J.A. Bernal-Vidal, A. García-Aparicio, S. Castro-Oreiro, J. Fernández-Melón, P. Vela Casasempere, María C. Fito, M. Rodríguez-Gómez, D. Palma-Sánchez, L. Expósito-Pérez, José María Andreu.Acknowledgements:NIL.Disclosure of InterestsAna Serrano-Combarro: None declared, Belén Atienza-Mateo: None declared, N. Del-Val: None declared, Libe Ibarrola Paino: None declared, Ivette Casafont-Solé: None declared, Rafael Melero: None declared, Alba Pérez Linaza: None declared, Isabel Serrano-García: None declared, Santos Castañeda: None declared, Rafaela Ortega Castro: None declared, Jerusalem Calvo Gutierrez: None declared, Natalia Mena-Vázquez: None declared, Nuria Vegas-Revenga: None declared, Lucía Domínguez Casas: None declared, C. Delgado-Beltran: None declared, Carolina Díez: None declared, Trinidad Pérez Sandoval: None declared, M. Retuerto-Guerrero: None declared, Lorena Pérez Albaladejo: None declared, R. López-Sánchez: None declared, Mª Guadalupe Mazano: None declared, Anahy Brandy-Garcia: None declared, Patricia López Viejo: None declared, Gemma Bonilla: None declared, Olga Maiz: None declared, Maria del Carmen Carrasco Cubero: None declared, Marta Garijo Bufort: None declared, Mireia Moreno: None declared, ANA URRUTICOECHEA-ARANA: None declared, Sergi Ordoñez: None declared, C. González-Montagut Gómez: None declared, C. Peralta-Ginés: None declared, Juan Ramón De Dios Jiménez de Aberásturi: None declared, Maria Camila Osorio: None declared, Elena Cañadillas: None declared, Fernando Lozano Morillo: None declared, Tomas Vazquez Rodriguez: None declared, Patricia Carreira: None declared, J M Blanco: None declared, Carlos Fernández-Díaz: None declared, J. Loricera: None declared, Iván Ferraz-Amaro: None declared, Diego Ferrer: None declared, Ricardo Blanco Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, lilly, Bristol-Myers, Janssen, Galapagos and MSD, Consultant of: Abbvie, Pfizer, Roche, lilly, Bristol-Myers, Janssen and MSD, Grant/research support from: Abbvie, MSD, novartis and Roche.

Neste ano de 2020, 40 artigos foram publicados em quatro números da Revista Brasileira de Marketing (ReMark) / Brazilian Journal of Marketing (BJMkt). Seus autores atuam em 15 estados, de todas as regiões, do Brasil e em alguns países estrangeiros. Exprime-se um extenso reconhecimento da Revista pela comunidade acadêmica de Marketing. Muito agradecemos a colaboração primordial dos pareceristas, que emprestam competência à evolução de manuscritos de terceiros, numa etapa das mais importantes do processo editorial em um periódico. Evolução e aprendizado que intervêm mesmo quando não se aceita o manuscrito para publicação. Ficamos penhorados pela dedicação permanente à Revista da bibliotecária Cristiane dos Santos Monteiro. Apoio sempre veio também da Editora UNINOVE, da diretora do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Administração da UNINOVE, Priscila Rezende da Costa, e do professor José Eduardo Storopoli. Um fenômeno dominou o ano no Planeta Terra: a doença (Covid-19) causada pelo novo coronavírus (Sars-Cov-2), com níveis alarmantes de contaminação. Em março, a Organização Mundial de Saúde declarava o estado pandêmico; já se passaram nove meses (OPAS, 2020). Instalou-se uma crise global de saúde pública. Seria o real marco a distinguir o início do Século XXI (Jansen, 2020). Praticamente ninguém, da atual população mundial, viveu um precedente similar, já que a pandemia da Gripe Espanhola findara (curiosamente) um século atrás (Martino, 2017; Barry, 2020). Tanto tempo depois, surpreende a vulnerabilidade da humanidade a uma patologia viral. As descrições metafóricas vão da plateia de um inebriante filme de ficção científica a uma imensa lareira em que estamos todos nos queimando (Muhammet, Alfiya, Masalimova, Cherdymova Shaidullina, 2020). A pandemia gerou e segue gerando impactos profundos em várias dimensões humanas, sociais, empresariais e governamentais. Nem se sabe até quando irão seus efeitos adversos na sociedade, apesar das fundadas expectativas em relação às vacinas, com numerosos projetos de desenvolvimento, tanto no Ocidente quanto no Oriente. As Ciências da Saúde, nos seus diversos ramos, seguem pesquisando a prevenção e o tratamento da nova e complicada patologia (Carvalho, Lima Coeli, 2020; Heymann Shindo, 2020). Nesse front, ainda que a gestão da saúde no Brasil apareça, no exterior, como caso dos mais complicados na aplicação da Ciência (Gostin, 2020), é com ela que se pode contar. Com ela, os países do Reino Unido, neste dezembro, se tornaram os primeiros do Ocidente na vacinação contra o mal; e buscam atingir velocidade recorde no processo de imunização (Strasburg e Fidler, 2020); é a luta de todas as nações. Esse esforço científico repercute, como nunca, no cotidiano das pessoas. Não é de hoje o reconhecimento do papel da Ciência em situações de crise, quando necessidades fundamentais da espécie humana são postas em xeque (Oliveira, 1998). Mas, no presente, a imprensa leva sem parar notícias aos leigos sobre resultados e perspectivas científicas. Apesar de localizadas e barulhentas polêmicas, a maioria da população reconhece e valoriza o papel crucial da Ciência, que avança, com afinco e sacrifício, na compreensão do ecossistema, que tem a nova doença no seu centro (Lipsitch, Swerdlow Finelli, 2020; Velloso, 2020). Só a Ciência pode encontrar soluções para sanar a crise ou, ao menos, aliviar suas implicações e esse papel singular é reconhecido pela população. É a via a desenvolver meios para enfrentar o medo, a privação, ansiedade, impaciência, dor e, no limite, a morte e a desesperança. O empenho vai muito além das Ciências da Saúde, espraiando-se por praticamente todos os campos. Demografia (Dowd, Andriano, Brazel, Rotondi, Block et al., 2020), Criminologia (Ashby, 2020), Engenharia (Goel, Hawi, Goel, Thakur, Agrawal et. al., 2020) e Biblioteconomia (Ali Gatiti, 2020) são alguns exemplos dessa envergadura. Mesmo na esfera da Administração, há inciativas em diversas disciplinas (Zhang, Hu Ji, 2020), nas vertentes empresarial e também pública (Lunn, Belton, Lavin, McGowan, Timmons Robertson, 2020). Por outro lado, o tremendo e compreensível interesse, em boa parte das pessoas, em notícias sobre a pandemia, suas consequências e soluções, pode abrir espaço à tentação de práticas deturpadas, quando não das fraudes revestidas de ciência ou pseudociência (Scheirer, 2020; Berruyer, 2020). É essencial agilizar a disponibilização preliminar de resultados de pesquisas, mas essa prática também traz riscos à qualidade da produção científica e à difusão aos praticantes. Basta pensar na controvérsia em torno do potencial ou não curativo da droga Hidroxicloroquina (Gautret, Lagier, Parola, Hoang, Meddeb et al., 2020). Passamos ao Marketing! Um fenômeno inusitado e vultoso como a pandemia deve ter múltiplas repercussões nos modelos e nas teorias de Marketing, restando decifrá-los. Neste ano, dois artigos na ReMark se ocuparam do fenômeno: “Pandemia de COVID-19: trilhas para pesquisas futuras em marketing envolvendo o papel regulatório do consumo pró-social”, no número 3; “A intenção de prevenção e de gastos futuros durante a COVID-19: um estudo considerando a tomada de decisões sob risco”, neste número 4. São passos iniciais e outros tantos hão de vir aqui mesmo. Em paralelo, há uma sucessão de pesquisas comerciais e reflexões de praticantes acerca das consequências, imediatas e mais duradouras, da pandemia. Diversas empresas de consultoria e pesquisa de mercado, brasileiras e globais, concluíram pesquisas com consumidores e empresas. Abrangem o comportamento do consumidor tanto quanto a gestão de marketing. A imprensa, nos jornais e revistas gerais e especializadas, difunde essas descobertas. Também o faz a mídia própria de institutos de pesquisa e empresas de consultoria, em sites, blogs e redes sociais. Nessa linha, a PwC (2020) comparou moradores de cidades, em muitos países (Brasil incluído), antes e após a pandemia. Aportou vislumbres sobre a reinvenção - em curso e possivelmente no futuro - das jornadas de compra, consumo, aprendizado, comunicação, entretenimento e trabalho das pessoas, em meio à aceleração do uso dos canais digitais. Traçou implicações para a gestão do relacionamento com o mercado, que requer reinvenção.A GfK (2020) mapeou consumos e hábitos pós-crise no Brasil, com subsídios para a gestão na realidade do ‘novo normal’, um modificado padrão de normalidade. Levou em conta características da população (alta proporção de gente com pouca renda e escolaridade) e de outras dimensões do macroambiente do país (anos antecedentes de crise econômica, taxa de desemprego, saúde). GfK que ainda publica, duas vezes ao mês, um retrato atualizado do ‘pulso do consumidor’ ante o novo coronavírus. A KANTAR (2020) já publicou mais de 10 edições de sua pesquisa acerca das influências da pandemia no consumidor no Brasil. Numa das últimas delas, relata a intenção de muitos deles de manter mudanças comportamentais na ‘nova realidade’ por vir (embora não se saiba quando ela virá). A IPSOS (2020) investigou as modificações na vida do consumidor no país em termos de jornada de compra, migração entre canais, determinantes, razões e barreiras de compra, sob efeitos de incerteza, tensões e medos. Aduziu um novo significado para o papel de comprador. Discutiu as mudanças já manifestadas e a perspectiva de continuidade além da pandemia. A NIELSEN (2020) descortinou seis etapas-chave no processo de adaptação do consumidor, associadas às preocupações com a pandemia, bem como a heterogeneidade em regiões, estados e cidades brasileiras, entremeadas de muito aprendizado quanto ao consumo. Alertou as empresas sobre oportunidades para conscientizar os consumidores sobre a crise e, desse modo, reforçar vínculos com eles e ampliar negócios à frente. Esse é só um recorte de um acervo amplo, muito útil e elogiável. Mas ali está mais a pesquisa de “mercado” ou de “solução de problema” (Hunt, 2015: 64-66), com seu inegável valor. Tal acervo, porém, não substitui a pesquisa científica, capaz de prover genuína contribuição nova, validada e generalizável para a disciplina de Marketing, no geral, e no campo do Comportamento do Consumidor, em particular. Mantendo o espírito crítico, se toma a lição de Bunge (1998:3-6): a ciência não é apenas um prolongamento ou mesmo mero refinamento do conhecimento comum. A ciência constitui um conhecimento de um tipo especial, pois lida primariamente (embora não apenas) com eventos não observáveis, não suspeitados pelo leigo, articula e testa conjecturas além do conhecimento ordinário e testa tais suposições com a ajuda de técnicas especiais. Assim sendo, não haveria como tomar a produção comercial como Ciência. Seguindo com os alicerces sólidos de Bunge (1998), se miram os contextos da descoberta e da justificação. A descoberta desponta também de meios não científicos (como criatividade e inspiração) e mais atrai a atenção da imprensa. Por sua vez, a justificação - raciocínio sobre evidências, replicabilidade, fundamentação de hipóteses, teste empírico de proposições e teorias, validade etc. – se prende ao método científico e a seus agentes (os cientistas). A pesquisa em Marketing - acadêmica, balizada pelo método científico – também já se empenha na investigação dessa realidade, em curso e intrincada, da pandemia. Seu ritmo, não é aquele que se gostaria e precisaria. Não dispúnhamos, para a pesquisa em Marketing no Brasil, de orçamentos expressivos; tal recurso se tornou, agora, ainda mais escasso. Todavia, a mobilização de outros recursos - mormente a capacitação e a motivação intrínseca do(a)s pesquisadore(a)s - há de frutificar nesta situação em que suas contribuições são potencialmente úteis como nunca. A ReMark/BJMkt está de portas abertas para acolher avanços nesse rumo. Incrementar sua velocidade é um desafio a ser enfrentado. Desafio que constitui excepcional oportunidade de legitimação do Marketing como Ciência. A Revista Brasileira de Marketing encampa e se abre a iniciativas nessa direção. Desejamos sinceramente a você, leitor(a), força, saúde e superação, além de produtividade, em 2021! Boa leitura!

AbstractRodents are among the most successful mammals because they have the ability to adapt to a broad range of environmental conditions. Here, we present the first record of a previously unknown thermal adaptation to cold stress that repeatedly occurred in two species of non-commensal rodents (Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus agrarius). The classic rodent literature implies that rodents prevent heat loss via a broad range of behavioral adaptations including sheltering, sitting on their tails, curling into a ball, or huddling with conspecifics. Here, we have repeatedly observed an undescribed behavior which we refer to as “tail-belting”. This behavior was performed under cold stress, whereby animals lift and curl the tail medially, before resting it on the dorsal, medial rump while feeding or resting. We documented 115 instances of the tail-belting behavior; 38 in Apodemus agrarius, and 77 in Apodemus flavicollis. Thermal imaging data show the tails remained near ambient temperature even when temperatures were below 0 °C. Since the tail-belting occurred only when the temperature dropped below − 6.9 °C (for A. flavicollis) and − 9.5 °C (for A. agrarius), we surmise that frostbite prevention may be the primary reason for this adaptation. It is likely that tail-belting has not previously been documented because free-ranging mice are rarely-recorded in the wild under extreme cold conditions. Given that these animals are so closely-related to laboratory rodents, this knowledge could potentially be relevant to researchers in various disciplines. We conclude by setting several directions for future research in this area.

ABSTRACT We present a new update of the list of birds of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, based on a thorough review of new records and evidences accumulated from February 2011 to July 2017. This is the fifth update since the first compilation based on a reasonably complete geographic coverage of the state, published by William Belton in 1978, and the second produced by a regional (informal) committee. It is also the first to widely use citizen science contributions available on shared portals and digital databases on the internet. Forty-three taxa were added, resulting in a final list with 704 species, 6.5% more than in the previous assessment in 2010. Two species were replaced due to taxonomic changes. Documentation for inclusions based on unpublished records is indicated or published here. We also updated the documentation of another 20 species previously included in the list. Inclusions represent mainly migrants recorded in the state as vagrants or irregular visitors (22), but also cases of recent range expansion (especially from the north) and previously overlooked resident or migratory taxa. The average rate of additions (over six species per year) was 30% higher than in the previous period and is expected to accelerate. The percentage of accepted species without documented records in the state decreased from 1.8% in 2010 to 0.7% in the current list. We attribute these results to a better spatial and temporal coverage of the state in recent years, mainly due to the increasing contribution of amateurs, who accounted for 60% of the new occurrences. In contrast, the percentage of species documented by museum specimens has decreased steadily over time (currently at 84%). Investment in scientific research and collection of voucher specimens in the state should keep pace with the growing interest birds arouse in society, due to the importance and usefulness of museum specimens.

IntroductionThe death of Chris Cornell in the spring of 2017 shook me. As the lead singer of Soundgarden and a pioneer of early 1990s grunge music, his voice revealed an unbridled pain and joy backed up by the raw, guitar-driven rock emanating from the Seattle, Washington music scene. I remember thinking, there’s only one left, referring to Eddie Vedder, lead singer for Pearl Jam, and lone survivor of the four seminal grunge bands that rose to fame in the early 1990s whose lead singers passed away much too soon. Alice in Chains singer Layne Staley died in 2002 at the age of 35, and Nirvana front man Kurt Cobain’s death in 1994 had resonated around the globe. I thought about when Cornell and Staley said goodbye to their friend Andy Wood, lead singer of Mother Love Bone, after he overdosed on heroine in 1990. Wood’s untimely death at the age of 24, only days before his band’s debut album release, shook the close-knit Seattle music scene and remained a source of angst and inspiration for a genre of music that shaped youth culture of the 1990s.When grunge first exploded on the pop culture scene, I was a college student flailing around in pursuit of an English degree I had less passion for than I did for music. I grew up listening to The Beatles and Prince; Led Zeppelin and Miles Davis; David Bowie and Willie Nelson, along with a litany of other artists and musicians crafting the kind of meaningful music I responded to. I didn’t just listen to music, I devoured stories about the musicians, their often hedonistic lifestyles; their processes and epiphanies. The music spoke to my being in the world more than the promise of any college degree. I ran with friends who shared this love of music, often turning me on to new bands or suggesting some obscure song from the past to track down. I picked up my first guitar when John Lennon died on the eve of my eleventh birthday and have played for the past 37 years. I rely on music to relocate my sense of self. Rhythm and melody play out like characters in my life, colluding to make me feel something apart from the mundane, moving me from within. So, when I took notice of grunge music in the fall of 1991, it was love at first listen. As a pop cultural phenomenon, grunge ruptured the music and fashion industries caught off guard by its sudden commercial appeal while the media struggled to galvanize its relevance. As a subculture, grunge rallied around a set of attitudes and values that set the movement apart from mainstream (Latysheva). The grunge sound drew from the nihilism of punk and the head banging gospel of heavy metal, tinged with the swagger of 1970s FM rock running counter to the sleek production of pop radio and hair metal bands. Grunge artists wrote emotionally-laden songs that spoke to a particular generation of youth who identified with lyrics about isolation, anger, and death. Grunge set off new fashion trends in favor of dressing down and sporting the latest in second-hand, thrift store apparel, ripping away the Reagan-era starched white-collared working-class aesthetic of the 1980’s corporate culture. Like their punk forbearers who railed against the status quo and the trappings of success incurred through the mass appeal of their art, Kurt Cobain, Eddie Vedder, and the rest of the grunge cohort often wrestled with the momentum of their success. Fortunes rained down and the media ordained them rock stars.This auto-ethnography revisits some of the cultural impacts of grunge during its rise to cultural relevance and includes my own reflexive interpretation positioned as a fan of grunge music. I use a particular auto-ethnographic orientation called “interpretive-humanistic autoethnography” (Manning and Adams 192) where, along with archival research (i.e. media articles and journal articles), I will use my own reflexive voice to interpret and describe my personal experiences as a fan of grunge music during its peak of popularity from 1991 up to the death of Cobain in 1994. It is a methodology that works to bridge the personal and popular where “the individual story leaves traces of at least one path through a shifting, transforming, and disappearing cultural landscape” (Neumann 183). Grunge RootsThere are many conflicting stories as to when the word “grunge” was first used to describe the sound of a particular style of alternative music seeping from the dank basements and shoddy rehearsal spaces in towns like Olympia, Aberdeen, and Seattle. Lester Bangs, the preeminent cultural writer and critic of all things punk, pop, and rock in the 1970s was said to have used the word at one time (Yarm), and several musicians lay claim to their use of the word in the 1980s. But it was a small Seattle record label founded in 1988 called Sub Pop Records that first included grunge in their marketing materials to describe “the grittiness of the music and the energy” (Yarm 195).This particular sound grew out of the Pacific Northwest blue-collar environment of logging towns, coastal fisheries, and airplane manufacturing. Seattle’s alternative music scene unfolded as a community of musicians responding to the tucked away isolation of their musty surroundings, apart from the outside world, free to submerge themselves in their own cultural milieu of rock music, rain, and youthful rebellion.Where Seattle stood as a major metropolitan city soaked in rainclouds for much of the year, I was soaking up the desert sun in a rural college town when grunge first leapt into the mainstream. Cattle ranches and cotton fields spread across the open plains of West Texas, painted with pickup trucks, starched Wrangler Jeans, and cowboy hats. This was not my world. I’d arrived the year prior from Houston, Texas, an urban sprawl of four million people, but I found the wide-open landscape a welcome change from the concrete jungle of the big city. Along with cowboy boots and western shirts came country music, and lots of it. Garth Brooks, Reba McEntire, George Straight; some of the voices that captured the lifestyle of my small rural town, twangy guitars and fiddles blaring on local radio. While popular country artists recorded for behemoth record labels like Warner Brothers and Sony, the tiny Sub Pop Records championed the grunge sound coming out of the Seattle music scene. Sub Pop became a playground for those who cared about their music and little else. The label cultivated an early following through their Sub Pop Singles Club, mailing seven-inch records to subscribers on a monthly basis promoting new releases from up-and-coming bands. Sub Pop’s stark, black and white logo showed up on records sleeves, posters, and t-shirts, reflecting a no-nonsense DIY-attitude rooted in in the production of loud guitars and heavy drums.Like the bands it represented, Sub Pop did not take itself too seriously when one of their best-selling t-shirts simply read “Loser” embracing the slacker mood of newly minted Generation X’ers born between 1961 and 1981. A July 1990 Time Magazine article described this twenty-something demographic as having “few heroes, no anthems, no style to call their own” suggesting they “possess only a hazy sense of their own identity” (Gross & Scott). As a member of this generation, I purchased and wore my “Loser” t-shirt with pride, especially in ironic response to the local cowboy way of life. I didn’t hold anything personal against the Wrangler wearing Garth Brooks fan but as a twenty-one-year-old reluctant college student, I wanted to rage with contempt for the status quo of my environment with an ambivalent snarl.Grunge in the MainstreamIn 1991, the Seattle sound exploded onto the international music scene with the release of four seminal grunge-era albums over a six-month period. The first arrived in April, Temple of the Dog, a tribute album of sorts to the late Andy Wood, led by his close friend, Soundgarden singer/songwriter, Chris Cornell. In August, Pearl Jam released their debut album, Ten, with its “surprising and refreshing, melodic restraint” (Fricke). The following month, Nirvana’s Nevermind landed in stores. Now on a major record label, DGC Records, the band had arrived “at the crossroads—scrappy garageland warriors setting their sights on a land of giants” (Robbins). October saw the release of Soundgarden’s Badmotorfinger as “a runaway train ride of stammering guitar and psycho-jungle telegraph rhythms” (Fricke). These four albums sent grunge culture into the ether with a wall of sound that would upend the music charts and galvanize a depressed concert ticket market.In fall of 1991, grunge landed like a hammer when I witnessed Nirvana’s video for “Smells Like Teen Spirit” on MTV for the first time. Sonically, the song rang like an anthem for the Gen Xers with its jangly four-chord opening guitar riff signaling the arrival of a youth-oriented call to arms, “here we are now, entertain us” (Nirvana). It was the visual power of seeing a skinny white kid with stringy hair wearing baggy jeans, a striped T-shirt and tennis shoes belting out choruses with a ferociousness typically reserved for black-clad heavy metal headbangers. Cobain’s sound and look didn’t match up. I felt discombobulated, turned sideways, as if vertigo had taken hold and I couldn’t right myself. Stopped in the middle of my tracks on that day, frozen in front of the TV, the subculture of grunge music slammed into my world while I was on my way to the fridge.Suddenly, grunge was everywhere, As Soundgarden, Nirvana, and Pearl Jam albums and performances infiltrated radio, television, and concert halls, there was no shortage of media coverage. From 1992 through 1994, grunge bands were mentioned or featured on the cover of Rolling Stone 33 times (Hillburn). That same year, The New York Times ran the article “Grunge: A Success Story” featuring a short history of the Seattle sound, along with a “lexicon of grunge speak” (Marin), a joke perpetrated by a former 25-year-old Sub Pop employee, Megan Jasper, who never imagined her list of made-up vocabulary given to a New York Times reporter would grace the front page of the style section (Yarm). In their rush to keep up with pervasiveness of grunge culture, even The New York Times fell prey to Gen Xer’s comical cynicism.The circle of friends I ran with were split down the middle between Nirvana and Pearl Jam, a preference for one over the other, as the two bands and their respective front men garnered much of the media attention. Nirvana seemed to appeal to people’s sense of authenticity, perhaps more relatable in their aloofness to mainstream popularity, backed up with Cobain’s simple-yet-brilliant song arrangements and revealing lyrics. Lawrence Grossberg suggests that music fans recognise the difference between authentic and homogenised rock, interpreting and aligning these differences with rock and roll’s association with “resistance, refusal, alienation, marginality, and so on” (62). I tended to gravitate toward Nirvana’s sound, mostly for technical reasons. Nevermind sparkled with aggressive guitar tones while capturing the power and fragility of Cobain’s voice. For many critics, the brilliance of Pearl Jam’s first album suffered from too much echo and reverb muddling the overall production value, but twenty years later they would remix and re-release Ten, correcting these production issues.Grunge FashionAs the music carved out a huge section of the charts, the grunge look was appropriated on fashion runways. When Cobain appeared on MTV wearing a ragged olive green cardigan he’d created a style simply by rummaging through his closet. Vedder and Cornell sported army boots, cargo shorts, and flannel shirts, suitable attire for the overcast climate of the Pacific Northwest, but their everyday garb turned into a fashion trend for Gen Xers that was then milked by designers. In 1992, the editor of Details magazine, James Truman, called grunge “un fashion” (Marin) as stepping out in second-hand clothes ran “counter to the shellacked, flashy aesthetic of 1980s” (Nnadi) for those who preferred “the waif-like look of put-on poverty” (Brady). But it was MTV’s relentless airing of Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and Soundgarden videos that sent Gen Xers flocking to malls and thrift-stores in search grunge-like apparel. I purchased a pair of giant, heavyweight Red Wing boots that looked like small cars on my feet, making it difficult to walk, but at least I was prepared for any terrain in all types of weather. The flannel came next; I still wear flannos. Despite its association with dark, murky musical themes, grunge kept me warm and dry.Much of grunge’s appeal to the masses was that it was not gender-specific; men and women dressed to appear unimpressed, sharing a taste for shapeless garments and muted colors without reference to stereotypical masculine or feminine styles. Cobain “allowed his own sexuality to be called into question by often wearing dresses and/or makeup on stage, in film clips, and on photo shoots, and wrote explicitly feminist songs, such as ‘Sappy’ or ‘Been a Son’” (Strong 403). I remember watching Pearl Jam’s 1992 performance on MTV Unplugged, seeing Eddie Vedder scrawl the words “Pro Choice” in black marker on his arm in support of women’s rights while his lyrics in songs like “Daughter”, “Better Man”, and “Why Go” reflected an equitable, humanistic if somewhat tragic perspective. Females and males moshed alongside one another, sharing the same spaces while experiencing and voicing their own response to grunge’s aggressive sound. Unlike the hypersexualised hair-metal bands of the 1980s whose aesthetic motifs often portrayed women as conquests or as powerless décor, the message of grunge rock avoided gender exploitation. As the ‘90s unfolded, underground feminist punk bands of the riot grrrl movement like Bikini Kill, L7, and Babes in Toyland expressed female empowerment with raging vocals and buzz-saw guitars that paved the way for Hole, Sleater-Kinney and other successful female-fronted grunge-era bands. The Decline of GrungeIn 1994, Kurt Cobain appeared on the cover of Newsweek magazine in memoriam after committing suicide in the greenhouse of his Seattle home. Mass media quickly spread the news of his passing internationally. Two days after his death, 7,000 fans gathered at Seattle Center to listen to a taped recording of Courtney Love, Cobain’s wife, a rock star in her own right, reading the suicide note he left behind.A few days after Cobain’s suicide, I found myself rolling down the highway with a carload of friends, one of my favorite Nirvana tunes, “Come As You Are” fighting through static. I fiddled with the radio to clear up the signal. The conversation turned to Cobain as we cobbled together the details of his death. I remember the chatter quieting down, Cobain’s voice fading as we gazed out the window at the empty terrain passing. In that reflective moment, I felt like I had experienced an intense, emotional relationship that came to an abrupt end. This “illusion of intimacy” (Horton and Wohl 217) between myself and Cobain elevated the loss I felt with his passing even though I had no intimate, personal ties to him. I counted this person as a friend (Giles 284) because I so closely identified with his words and music. I could not help but feel sad, even angry that he’d decided to end his life.Fueled by depression and a heroin addiction, Cobain’s death signaled an end to grunge’s collective appeal while shining a spotlight on one of the more dangerous aspects of its ethos. A 1992 Rolling Stone article mentioned that several of Seattle’s now-famous international musicians used heroin and “The feeling around town is, the drug is a disaster waiting to happen” (Azzerad). In 2002, eight years to the day of Cobain’s death, Layne Staley, lead singer of Alice In Chains, another seminal grunge outfit, was found dead of a suspected heroin overdose (Wiederhorn). When Cornell took his own life in 2017 after a long battle with depression, The Washington Post said, “The story of grunge is also one of death” (Andrews). The article included a Tweet from a grieving fan that read “The voices I grew up with: Andy Wood, Layne Staley, Chris Cornell, Kurt Cobain…only Eddie Vedder is left. Let that sink in” (@ThatEricAlper).ConclusionThe grunge movement of the early 1990s emerged out of musical friendships content to be on their own, on the outside, reflecting a sense of isolation and alienation in the music they made. As Cornell said, “We’ve always been fairly reclusive and damaged” (Foege). I felt much the same way in those days, sequestered in the desert, planting my grunge flag in the middle of country music territory, doing what I could to resist the status quo. Cobain, Cornell, Staley, and Vedder wrote about their own anxieties in a way that felt intimate and relatable, forging a bond with their fan base. Christopher Perricone suggests, “the relationship of an artist and audience is a collaborative one, a love relationship in the sense, a friendship” (200). In this way, grunge would become a shared memory among friends who rode the wave of this cultural phenomenon all the way through to its tragic consequences. But the music has survived. Along with my flannel shirts and Red Wing boots.References@ThatEricAlper (Eric Alper). “The voices I grew up with: Andy Wood, Layne Staley, Chris Cornell, Kurt Cobain…only Eddie Vedder is left. Let that sink in.” Twitter, 18 May 2017, 02:41. 15 Sep. 2018 <https://twitter.com/ThatEricAlper/status/865140400704675840?ref_src>.Andrews, Travis M. “After Chris Cornell’s Death: ‘Only Eddie Vedder Is Left. Let That Sink In.’” The Washington Post, 19 May 2017. 29 Aug. 2018 <https://www.washingtonpost.com/newsmorning-mix/wp/2017/05/19/after-chris-cornells-death-only-eddie-vedder-is-left-let-that-sink-in>.Azzerad, Michael. “Grunge City: The Seattle Scene.” Rolling Stone, 16 Apr. 1992. 20 Aug. 2018 <https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/grunge-city-the-seattle-scene-250071/>.Brady, Diane. “Kids, Clothes and Conformity: Teens Fashion and Their Back-to-School Looks.” Maclean’s, 6 Sep. 1993. Brodeur, Nicole. “Chris Cornell: Soundgarden’s Dark Knight of the Grunge-Music Scene.” Seattle Times, 18 May 2017. 20 Aug. 2018 <https://www.seattletimes.com/entertainment/music/chris-cornell-soundgardens-dark-knight-of-the-grunge-music-scene/>.Ellis, Carolyn, and Arthur P. Bochner. “Autoethnography, Personal Narrative, Reflexivity: Researcher as Subject.” Handbook of Qualitative Research. 2nd ed. Eds. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2000. 733-768.Foege, Alec. “Chris Cornell: The Rolling Stone Interview.” Rolling Stone, 28 Dec. 1994. 12 Sep. 2018 <https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/chris-cornell-the-rolling-stone-interview-79108/>.Fricke, David. “Ten.” Rolling Stone, 12 Dec. 1991. 18 Sep. 2018 <https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/ten-251421/>.Giles, David. “Parasocial Interactions: A Review of the Literature and a Model for Future Research.” Media Psychology 4 (2002): 279-305.Giles, Jeff. “The Poet of Alientation.” Newsweek, 17 Apr. 1994, 4 Sep. 2018 <https://www.newsweek.com/poet-alienation-187124>.Gross, D.M., and S. Scott. Proceding with Caution. Time, 16 July 1990. 3 Sep. 2018 <http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,155010,00.html>.Grossberg, Lawrence. “Is There a Fan in the House? The Affective Sensibility of Fandom. The Adoring Audience” Fan Culture and Popular Media. Ed. Lisa A. Lewis. New York, NY: Routledge, 1992. 50-65.Hillburn, Robert. “The Rise and Fall of Grunge.” Los Angeles Times, 21 May 1998. 20 Aug. 2018 <http://articles.latimes.com/1998/may/31/entertainment/ca-54992>.Horton, Donald, and R. Richard Wohl. “Mass Communication and Para-Social Interactions: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance.” Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Process 19 (1956): 215-229.Latysheva, T.V. “The Essential Nature and Types of the Youth Subculture Phenomenon.” Russian Education and Society 53 (2011): 73–88.Manning, Jimmie, and Tony Adams. “Popular Culture Studies and Autoethnography: An Essay on Method.” The Popular Culture Studies Journal 3.1-2 (2015): 187-222.Marin, Rick. “Grunge: A Success Story.” New York Times, 15 Nov. 1992. 12 Sep. 2018 <https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/15/style/grunge-a-success-story.html>.Neumann, Mark. “Collecting Ourselves at the End of the Century.” Composing Ethnography: Alternative Forms of Qualitative Writing. Eds. Carolyn Ellis and Arthur P. Bochner. London: Alta Mira Press, 1996. 172-198.Nirvana. "Smells Like Teen Spirit." Nevermind, Geffen, 1991.Nnadi, Chioma. “Why Kurt Cobain Was One of the Most Influential Style Icons of Our Times.” Vogue, 8 Apr. 2014. 15 Aug. 2018 <https://www.vogue.com/article/kurt-cobain-legacy-of-grunge-in-fashion>.Perricone, Christopher. “Artist and Audience.” The Journal of Value Inquiry 24 (2012). 12 Sep. 2018 <https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/BF00149433.pdf>.Robbins, Ira. “Ten.” Rolling Stone, 12 Dec. 1991. 15 Aug. 2018 <https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/ten-25142>.Strong, Catherine. “Grunge, Riott Grrl and the Forgetting of Women in Popular Culture.” The Journal of Popular Culture 44.2 (2011): 398-416. Wiederhorn, Jon. “Remembering Layne Staley: The Other Great Seattle Musician to Die on April 5.” MTV, 4 June 2004. 23 Sep. 2018 <http://www.mtv.com/news/1486206/remembering-layne-staley-the-other-great-seattle-musician-to-die-on-april-5/>.Yarm, Mark. Everybody Loves Our Town: An Oral History of Grunge. Three Rivers Press, 2011.

Special Care Notice This article contains images of deceased people that might cause sadness or distress to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander readers. Introduction Like many cities, Perth was founded on wetlands that have been integral to its history and culture (Seddon 226–32). However, in order to promote a settlement agenda, early mapmakers sought to erase the city’s wetlands from cartographic depictions (Giblett, Cities). Since the colonial era, inner-Perth’s swamps and lakes have been drained, filled, significantly reduced in size, or otherwise reclaimed for urban expansion (Bekle). Not only have the swamps and lakes physically disappeared, the memories of their presence and influence on the city’s development over time are also largely forgotten. What was the site of Perth, specifically its wetlands, like before British settlement? In 2014, an interdisciplinary team at Edith Cowan University developed a digital visualisation process to re-imagine Perth prior to colonisation. This was based on early maps of the Swan River Colony and a range of archival information. The images depicted the city’s topography, hydrology, and vegetation and became the centerpiece of a physical exhibition entitled Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands and a virtual exhibition hosted by the Western Australian Museum. Alongside historic maps, paintings, photographs, and writings, the visual reconstruction of Perth aimed to foster appreciation of the pre-settlement environment—the homeland of the Whadjuck Nyoongar, or Bibbulmun, people (Carter and Nutter). The exhibition included the narrative of Fanny Balbuk, a Nyoongar woman who voiced her indignation over the “usurping of her beloved home ground” (Bates, The Passing 69) by flouting property lines and walking through private residences to reach places of cultural significance. Beginning with Balbuk’s story and the digital tracing of her walking route through colonial Perth, this article discusses the project in the context of contemporary pressures on the city’s extant wetlands. The re-imagining of Perth through historically, culturally, and geographically-grounded digital visualisation approaches can inspire the conservation of its wetlands heritage. Balbuk’s Walk through the City For many who grew up in Perth, Fanny Balbuk’s perambulations have achieved legendary status in the collective cultural imagination. In his memoir, David Whish-Wilson mentions Balbuk’s defiant walks and the lighting up of the city for astronaut John Glenn in 1962 as the two stories that had the most impact on his Perth childhood. From Gordon Stephenson House, Whish-Wilson visualises her journey in his mind’s eye, past Government House on St Georges Terrace (the main thoroughfare through the city centre), then north on Barrack Street towards the railway station, the site of Lake Kingsford where Balbuk once gathered bush tucker (4). He considers the footpaths “beneath the geometric frame of the modern city […] worn smooth over millennia that snake up through the sheoak and marri woodland and into the city’s heart” (Whish-Wilson 4). Balbuk’s story embodies the intertwined culture and nature of Perth—a city of wetlands. Born in 1840 on Heirisson Island, Balbuk (also known as Yooreel) (Figure 1) had ancestral bonds to the urban landscape. According to Daisy Bates, writing in the early 1900s, the Nyoongar term Matagarup, or “leg deep,” denotes the passage of shallow water near Heirisson Island where Balbuk would have forded the Swan River (“Oldest” 16). Yoonderup was recorded as the Nyoongar name for Heirisson Island (Bates, “Oldest” 16) and the birthplace of Balbuk’s mother (Bates, “Aboriginal”). In the suburb of Shenton Park near present-day Lake Jualbup, her father bequeathed to her a red ochre (or wilgi) pit that she guarded fervently throughout her life (Bates, “Aboriginal”).Figure 1. Group of Aboriginal Women at Perth, including Fanny Balbuk (far right) (c. 1900). Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: 44c). Balbuk’s grandparents were culturally linked to the site. At his favourite camp beside the freshwater spring near Kings Park on Mounts Bay Road, her grandfather witnessed the arrival of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Irwin, cousin of James Stirling (Bates, “Fanny”). In 1879, colonial entrepreneurs established the Swan Brewery at this significant locale (Welborn). Her grandmother’s gravesite later became Government House (Bates, “Fanny”) and she protested vociferously outside “the stone gates guarded by a sentry [that] enclosed her grandmother’s burial ground” (Bates, The Passing 70). Balbuk’s other grandmother was buried beneath Bishop’s Grove, the residence of the city’s first archibishop, now Terrace Hotel (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Historian Bob Reece observes that Balbuk was “the last full-descent woman of Kar’gatta (Karrakatta), the Bibbulmun name for the Mount Eliza [Kings Park] area of Perth” (134). According to accounts drawn from Bates, her home ground traversed the area between Heirisson Island and Perth’s north-western limits. In Kings Park, one of her relatives was buried near a large, hollow tree used by Nyoongar people like a cistern to capture water and which later became the site of the Queen Victoria Statue (Bates, “Aboriginal”). On the slopes of Mount Eliza, the highest point of Kings Park, at the western end of St Georges Terrace, she harvested plant foods, including zamia fruits (Macrozamia riedlei) (Bates, “Fanny”). Fanny Balbuk’s knowledge contributed to the native title claim lodged by Nyoongar people in 2006 as Bennell v. State of Western Australia—the first of its kind to acknowledge Aboriginal land rights in a capital city and part of the larger Single Nyoongar Claim (South West Aboriginal Land and Sea Council et al.). Perth’s colonial administration perceived the city’s wetlands as impediments to progress and as insalubrious environments to be eradicated through reclamation practices. For Balbuk and other Nyoongar people, however, wetlands were “nourishing terrains” (Rose) that afforded sustenance seasonally and meaning perpetually (O’Connor, Quartermaine, and Bodney). Mary Graham, a Kombu-merri elder from Queensland, articulates the connection between land and culture, “because land is sacred and must be looked after, the relation between people and land becomes the template for society and social relations. Therefore all meaning comes from land.” Traditional, embodied reliance on Perth’s wetlands is evident in Bates’ documentation. For instance, Boojoormeup was a “big swamp full of all kinds of food, now turned into Palmerston and Lake streets” (Bates, “Aboriginal”). Considering her cultural values, Balbuk’s determination to maintain pathways through the increasingly colonial Perth environment is unsurprising (Figure 2). From Heirisson Island: a straight track had led to the place where once she had gathered jilgies [crayfish] and vegetable food with the women, in the swamp where Perth railway station now stands. Through fences and over them, Balbuk took the straight track to the end. When a house was built in the way, she broke its fence-palings with her digging stick and charged up the steps and through the rooms. (Bates, The Passing 70) One obstacle was Hooper’s Fence, which Balbuk broke repeatedly on her trips to areas between Kings Park and the railway station (Bates, “Hooper’s”). Her tenacious commitment to walking ancestral routes signifies the friction between settlement infrastructure and traditional Nyoongar livelihood during an era of rapid change. Figure 2. Determination of Fanny Balbuk’s Journey between Yoonderup (Heirisson Island) and Lake Kingsford, traversing what is now the central business district of Perth on the Swan River (2014). Image background prepared by Dimitri Fotev. Track interpolation by Jeff Murray. Project Background and Approach Inspired by Fanny Balbuk’s story, Re-imagining Perth’s Lost Wetlands began as an Australian response to the Mannahatta Project. Founded in 1999, that project used spatial analysis techniques and mapping software to visualise New York’s urbanised Manhattan Island—or Mannahatta as it was called by indigenous people—in the early 1600s (Sanderson). Based on research into the island’s original biogeography and the ecological practices of Native Americans, Mannahatta enabled the public to “peel back” the city’s strata, revealing the original composition of the New York site. The layers of visuals included rich details about the island’s landforms, water systems, and vegetation. Mannahatta compelled Rod Giblett, a cultural researcher at Edith Cowan University, to develop an analogous model for visualising Perth circa 1829. The idea attracted support from the City of Perth, Landgate, and the University. Using stories, artefacts, and maps, the team—comprising a cartographer, designer, three-dimensional modelling expert, and historical researchers—set out to generate visualisations of the landscape at the time of British colonisation. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup approved culturally sensitive material and contributed his perspective on Aboriginal content to include in the exhibition. The initiative’s context remains pressing. In many ways, Perth has become a template for development in the metropolitan area (Weller). While not unusual for a capital, the rate of transformation is perhaps unexpected in a city less than 200 years old (Forster). There also remains a persistent view of existing wetlands as obstructions to progress that, once removed, are soon forgotten (Urban Bushland Council). Digital visualisation can contribute to appreciating environments prior to colonisation but also to re-imagining possibilities for future human interactions with land, water, and space. Despite the rapid pace of change, many Perth area residents have memories of wetlands lost during their lifetimes (for example, Giblett, Forrestdale). However, as the clearing and drainage of the inner city occurred early in settlement, recollections of urban wetlands exist exclusively in historical records. In 1935, a local correspondent using the name “Sandgroper” reminisced about swamps, connecting them to Perth’s colonial heritage: But the Swamps were very real in fact, and in name in the [eighteen-] Nineties, and the Perth of my youth cannot be visualised without them. They were, of course, drying up apace, but they were swamps for all that, and they linked us directly with the earliest days of the Colony when our great-grandparents had founded this City of Perth on a sort of hog's-back, of which Hay-street was the ridge, and from which a succession of streamlets ran down its southern slope to the river, while land locked to the north of it lay a series of lakes which have long since been filled to and built over so that the only evidence that they have ever existed lies in the original street plans of Perth prepared by Roe and Hillman in the early eighteen-thirties. A salient consequence of the loss of ecological memory is the tendency to repeat the miscues of the past, especially the blatant disregard for natural and cultural heritage, as suburbanisation engulfs the area. While the swamps of inner Perth remain only in the names of streets, existing wetlands in the metropolitan area are still being threatened, as the Roe Highway (Roe 8) Campaign demonstrates. To re-imagine Perth’s lost landscape, we used several colonial survey maps to plot the location of the original lakes and swamps. At this time, a series of interconnecting waterbodies, known as the Perth Great Lakes, spread across the north of the city (Bekle and Gentilli). This phase required the earliest cartographic sources (Figure 3) because, by 1855, city maps no longer depicted wetlands. We synthesised contextual information, such as well depths, geological and botanical maps, settlers’ accounts, Nyoongar oral histories, and colonial-era artists’ impressions, to produce renderings of Perth. This diverse collection of primary and secondary materials served as the basis for creating new images of the city. Team member Jeff Murray interpolated Balbuk’s route using historical mappings and accounts, topographical data, court records, and cartographic common sense. He determined that Balbuk would have camped on the high ground of the southern part of Lake Kingsford rather than the more inundated northern part (Figure 2). Furthermore, she would have followed a reasonably direct course north of St Georges Terrace (contrary to David Whish-Wilson’s imaginings) because she was barred from Government House for protesting. This easier route would have also avoided the springs and gullies that appear on early maps of Perth. Figure 3. Townsite of Perth in Western Australia by Colonial Draftsman A. Hillman and John Septimus Roe (1838). This map of Perth depicts the wetlands that existed overlaid by the geomentric grid of the new city. Image Credit: State Library of Western Australia (Image Number: BA1961/14). Additionally, we produced an animated display based on aerial photographs to show the historical extent of change. Prompted by the build up to World War II, the earliest aerial photography of Perth dates from the late 1930s (Dixon 148–54). As “Sandgroper” noted, by this time, most of the urban wetlands had been drained or substantially modified. The animation revealed considerable alterations to the formerly swampy Swan River shoreline. Most prominent was the transformation of the Matagarup shallows across the Swan River, originally consisting of small islands. Now traversed by a causeway, this area was transformed into a single island, Heirisson—the general site of Balbuk’s birth. The animation and accompanying materials (maps, images, and writings) enabled viewers to apprehend the changes in real time and to imagine what the city was once like. Re-imagining Perth’s Urban Heart The physical environment of inner Perth includes virtually no trace of its wetland origins. Consequently, we considered whether a representation of Perth, as it existed previously, could enhance public understanding of natural heritage and thereby increase its value. For this reason, interpretive materials were exhibited centrally at Perth Town Hall. Built partly by convicts between 1867 and 1870, the venue is close to the site of the 1829 Foundation of Perth, depicted in George Pitt Morrison’s painting. Balbuk’s grandfather “camped somewhere in the city of Perth, not far from the Town Hall” (Bates, “Fanny”). The building lies one block from the site of the railway station on the site of Lake Kingsford, the subsistence grounds of Balbuk and her forebears: The old swamp which is now the Perth railway yards had been a favourite jilgi ground; a spring near the Town Hall had been a camping place of Maiago […] and others of her fathers' folk; and all around and about city and suburbs she had gathered roots and fished for crayfish in the days gone by. (Bates, “Derelicts” 55) Beginning in 1848, the draining of Lake Kingsford reached completion during the construction of the Town Hall. While the swamps of the city were not appreciated by many residents, some organisations, such as the Perth Town Trust, vigorously opposed the reclamation of the lake, alluding to its hydrological role: That, the soil being sand, it is not to be supposed that Lake Kingsford has in itself any material effect on the wells of Perth; but that, from this same reason of the sandy soil, it would be impossible to keep the lake dry without, by so doing, withdrawing the water from at least the adjacent parts of the townsite to the same depth. (Independent Journal of Politics and News 3) At the time of our exhibition, the Lake Kingsford site was again being reworked to sink the railway line and build Yagan Square, a public space named after a colonial-era Nyoongar leader. The project required specialised construction techniques due to the high water table—the remnants of the lake. People travelling to the exhibition by train in October 2014 could have seen the lake reasserting itself in partly-filled depressions, flush with winter rain (Figure 4).Figure 4. Rise of the Repressed (2014). Water Rising in the former site of Lake Kingsford/Irwin during construction, corner of Roe and Fitzgerald Streets, Northbridge, WA. Image Credit: Nandi Chinna (2014). The exhibition was situated in the Town Hall’s enclosed undercroft designed for markets and more recently for shops. While some visited after peering curiously through the glass walls of the undercroft, others hailed from local and state government organisations. Guest comments applauded the alternative view of Perth we presented. The content invited the public to re-imagine Perth as a city of wetlands that were both environmentally and culturally important. A display panel described how the city’s infrastructure presented a hindrance for Balbuk as she attempted to negotiate the once-familiar route between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford (Figure 2). Perth’s growth “restricted Balbuk’s wanderings; towns, trains, and farms came through her ‘line of march’; old landmarks were thus swept away, and year after year saw her less confident of the locality of one-time familiar spots” (Bates, “Fanny”). Conserving Wetlands: From Re-Claiming to Re-Valuing? Imagination, for philosopher Roger Scruton, involves “thinking of, and attending to, a present object (by thinking of it, or perceiving it, in terms of something absent)” (155). According to Scruton, the feelings aroused through imagination can prompt creative, transformative experiences. While environmental conservation tends to rely on data-driven empirical approaches, it appeals to imagination less commonly. We have found, however, that attending to the present object (the city) in terms of something absent (its wetlands) through evocative visual material can complement traditional conservation agendas focused on habitats and species. The actual extent of wetlands loss in the Swan Coastal Plain—the flat and sandy region extending from Jurien Bay south to Cape Naturaliste, including Perth—is contested. However, estimates suggest that 80 per cent of wetlands have been lost, with remaining habitats threatened by climate change, suburban development, agriculture, and industry (Department of Environment and Conservation). As with the swamps and lakes of the inner city, many regional wetlands were cleared, drained, or filled before they could be properly documented. Additionally, the seasonal fluctuations of swampy places have never been easily translatable to two-dimensional records. As Giblett notes, the creation of cartographic representations and the assignment of English names were attempts to fix the dynamic boundaries of wetlands, at least in the minds of settlers and administrators (Postmodern 72–73). Moreover, European colonists found the Western Australian landscape, including its wetlands, generally discomfiting. In a letter from 1833, metaphors failed George Fletcher Moore, the effusive colonial commentator, “I cannot compare these swamps to any marshes with which you are familiar” (220). The intermediate nature of wetlands—as neither land nor lake—is perhaps one reason for their cultural marginalisation (Giblett, Postmodern 39). The conviction that unsanitary, miasmic wetlands should be converted to more useful purposes largely prevailed (Giblett, Black 105–22). Felicity Morel-EdnieBrown’s research into land ownership records in colonial Perth demonstrated that town lots on swampland were often preferred. By layering records using geographic information systems (GIS), she revealed modifications to town plans to accommodate swampland frontages. The decline of wetlands in the region appears to have been driven initially by their exploitation for water and later for fertile soil. Northern market gardens supplied the needs of the early city. It is likely that the depletion of Nyoongar bush foods predated the flourishing of these gardens (Carter and Nutter). Engaging with the history of Perth’s swamps raises questions about the appreciation of wetlands today. In an era where numerous conservation strategies and alternatives have been developed (for example, Bobbink et al. 93–220), the exploitation of wetlands in service to population growth persists. On Perth’s north side, wetlands have long been subdued by controlling their water levels and landscaping their boundaries, as the suburban examples of Lake Monger and Hyde Park (formerly Third Swamp Reserve) reveal. Largely unmodified wetlands, such as Forrestdale Lake, exist south of Perth, but they too are in danger (Giblett, Black Swan). The Beeliar Wetlands near the suburb of Bibra Lake comprise an interconnected series of lakes and swamps that are vulnerable to a highway extension project first proposed in the 1950s. Just as the Perth Town Trust debated Lake Kingsford’s draining, local councils and the public are fiercely contesting the construction of the Roe Highway, which will bisect Beeliar Wetlands, destroying Roe Swamp (Chinna). The conservation value of wetlands still struggles to compete with traffic planning underpinned by a modernist ideology that associates cars and freeways with progress (Gregory). Outside of archives, the debate about Lake Kingsford is almost entirely forgotten and its physical presence has been erased. Despite the magnitude of loss, re-imagining the city’s swamplands, in the way that we have, calls attention to past indiscretions while invigorating future possibilities. We hope that the re-imagining of Perth’s wetlands stimulates public respect for ancestral tracks and songlines like Balbuk’s. Despite the accretions of settler history and colonial discourse, songlines endure as a fundamental cultural heritage. Nyoongar elder Noel Nannup states, “as people, if we can get out there on our songlines, even though there may be farms or roads overlaying them, fences, whatever it is that might impede us from travelling directly upon them, if we can get close proximity, we can still keep our culture alive. That is why it is so important for us to have our songlines.” Just as Fanny Balbuk plied her songlines between Yoonderup and Lake Kingsford, the traditional custodians of Beeliar and other wetlands around Perth walk the landscape as an act of resistance and solidarity, keeping the stories of place alive. Acknowledgments The authors wish to acknowledge Rod Giblett (ECU), Nandi Chinna (ECU), Susanna Iuliano (ECU), Jeff Murray (Kareff Consulting), Dimitri Fotev (City of Perth), and Brendan McAtee (Landgate) for their contributions to this project. The authors also acknowledge the traditional custodians of the lands upon which this paper was researched and written. 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