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1
Busilli, Virginia Soledad. "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI):." CUPEA Cuadernos de Política Exterior Argentina, no. 131 (June 3, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cc.vi131.81.
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Desde su llegada, a fines de 2012, Xi Jinping imprimió una faceta global a la política exterior china. La Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (Iniciativa de la Franja y de la Ruta en castellano), se ha convertido en la iniciativa estratégica más importante de la política exterior de Xi Jinping. Por sus características y alcance, uno de los principales debates académicos que ha generado, es establecer si se trata de una iniciativa o una estrategia china. La Iniciativa es una propuesta de cooperación económica internacional para ejecutar proyectos relacionados al comercio e infraestructura a lo largo de sus corredores económicos y rutas marítimas, con el foco en mejorar la conectividad entre Europa y Asia, y abierta a todos aquellos países del globo que deseen integrarla. Nuestro trabajo intenta comprender en qué consiste la Iniciativa, cuáles son los intereses estratégicos que persigue Beijing y cómo se articula la BRI con el “sueño chino”. Para ello, estudiaremos los factores que dieron origen a la Iniciativa, qué lugar ocupa en la política exterior de Xi Jinping, así como su diseño, alcance geográfico, implementación de los principales proyectos y sus mecanismos de financiación. Partiremos de la premisa que China, a través de la Iniciativa de la Franja y de la Ruta, utiliza la diplomacia económica para perseguir sus intereses estratégicos, incrementando el comercio, las inversiones y las finanzas a lo largo de los corredores económicos que la componen.
2
Wächter, Lars. "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 49, no. 1 (2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2020-1-46.
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Chinas Staatschef Xi Jinping will das „Reich der Mitte“ bis 2049 zur neuen Weltmacht führen. Dazu soll die alte Seidenstraße zu neuem Leben erweckt werden. Belt and Road Initiative heißt das Megaprojekt, das in den nächsten Jahren die Weltwirtschaft massiv verändern wird.
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Cao, Jiahan. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative 2.0." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 05, no. 02 (January 2019): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740019500155.
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As China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) quickly evolves into an updated version for realizing high-quality development, its long-term success will increasingly depend on how well it can earn international legitimacy and credibility. Since sustainability is a critical source of credibility for the BRI, it is necessary to move the BRI forward by amplifying its role as a development agenda and tapping its potential to support global sustainable development and facilitate implementation of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) through delivering more public goods to other developing countries. The BRI projects designed to strengthen infrastructure inter-connectivity can greatly fit the developmental needs of countries along the routes and expedite their achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), both explicitly and implicitly. Besides, the growing alignment between the BRI and the 2030 Agenda will generate more strengths and opportunities for China to be recognized as an indispensable player in international development cooperation, enhance the capacity of the BRI to manage environmental, social and governance risks in host countries, promote social cohesion and inclusiveness along the routes, and ultimately transcend short-term economic and political interests for China to win the hearts and minds of other stakeholders involved in the BRI.
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Bhattarai, Dinesh. "Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 2, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v2i1.26750.
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China’s project of the century- Belt and Road Initiative - is a signature foreign policy project of President Xi Jinping. Launched in 2013, BRI contains two components- overland belt connecting China with Central Asia, Russia, South Asia and Europe, and Maritime Silk Road for enhancing connectivity, and maritime cooperation linking Chinese ports with Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. BRI wraps up these two initiatives in it and intends to cover the number of countries along the route that happens to be the biggest market in the world with enormous potentials for trade and investment cooperation. BRI has both economic and strategic messages behind a massive infrastructure plan covering a vast network of connectivity linking 60 countries.
BRI has sparked a variety of responses, some welcoming and supporting it, some expressing reservations, some willing to participate “for shaping the outcome from within”, and some wanting it to firmly match the international standards of transparency, openness, and the fiscal soundness of the country. Nepal formally became a part of BRI by signing a Memorandum of Understanding on Framework Agreement in May 2017 for enhancing more connectivity and integration, though Nepal is not included in any of the six economic corridors unveiled by China. China recently suggesting Nepal to trim projects from 35 to 9 reflects the standard of the work done by the Nepali government and its lack of preparedness and seriousness. Infrastructure development is key to progress and prosperity. As China remains engaged in improving connectivity in the neighborhood, there is a great optimism about BRI in Nepal. Against this background, this article looks at the significance of BRI, examines past attempts made at connectivity, responses to BRI and Nepal's participation in it.
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Liow, Joseph Chinyong. "Strategic Imperatives Behind China’s Belt and Road Initiative." China and the World 03, no. 03 (September 2020): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s259172932050008x.
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A signature initiative that bears the personal imprimatur of President Xi Jinping, the Belt and Road Initiative has been articulated by the Chinse leadership as a grand narrative. Yet, given the reality that it comprises a series of mostly bilateral developmental initiatives that China has entered into with various countries, can we identify broader strategic intent behind the BRI? This essay attempts to answer this question by exploring the geopolitical and geoeconomic dimensions of the BRI and how they may be interlinked with China’s domestic considerations. It also assess the potential, shortcomings, blind spots, and criticisms of the BRI.
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Yu, Linna. "Cooperation between China and Romania under Belt and Road Initiative." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 9, no. 3 (December 1, 2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2018-0021.
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Abstract China’s greatest international economic aspiration is the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI), to stimulate economic corporation in a wide region including sub regions in Asia, Africa and Europe. This paper does researches for the cooperation between China and Romania at the background of BRI. It shows a short introduction of BRI and analyses import and export trade data included China with Europe, Europe Union and Romania to make a prediction about future development. It makes a comparison to different countries in BRI by Belt and Road Index (BARI). We will analyze Romanian basic economic situation, main factors about BARI and potential risks.
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DZEKASHU, WILLIAM. "China Belt and Road Initiative:." Archives of Business Research 9, no. 5 (May 20, 2021): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.95.10180.
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Most of Sub-Sahara Africa gained independence from Europe in a wave from 1957 through the late 1980s with the notion that her former colonial masters would be development partners in the newfound era of political, social, and economic freedom. This perception of partnership is evidenced in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, but regrettably, in other countries in the continent, there have been delays in infrastructure development. With Europe’s failure to meet the expectation, Africa has turned to China as a development partner. China has tackled some of the urgent infrastructure needs in return for agricultural products and natural resources. This recent partnership with China continues to expand in Africa, demonstrated by the launching of the Belt and Roads Initiative (BRI). East and Southern Africa represent the highest beneficiaries of the BRI engagements, receiving over half of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) from China whose foreign investment practices in Africa have come under great criticism from the West. This skepticism is due to the vague nature of the engagements and notes which are not publicly reported. This persistent suspicion by the West calls for close monitoring of the relations between the US and China that could easily escalate to a conflict between both nations. Though under attack, BRI has scored great instances of success through the execution of major infrastructure and commercial projects in partner nations. An issue of focus addressed here is whether the engagements with China represent sustainable relationships for development.
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Chang, Y. Y. "Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." European Journal of East Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 7–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01801005.
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AbstractThis article re-examines China’s proposed Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) taking into account historical and philosophical narratives. It assumes that the BRI has crucial strategic implications; in particular, that it is not as altruistic as claimed but rather a self-interested proposal aiming to restore China’s grandeur and influence. The Chinese Dream (中國夢) and the concept of Tianxia (天下), ‘all under heaven’) are discussed to illustrate how the initiative is ‘marketed’. It ends with an interpretation of the impacts that the BRI might have on other parts of the world.
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Baltensperger, Michael, and Uri Dadush. "The Belt and Road turns five." Russian Journal of Economics 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2019): 136–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.5.38704.
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an international trade and development strategy. Launched in 2013, it is one of the ways that China asserts its role in world affairs and captures the opportunities of globalization. The BRI has the potential to enhance development prospects across the world and in China, but that potential might not be realized because the BRI’s objectives are too broad and ill-defined, and its execution is too often non-transparent, lacking in due diligence and uncoordinated. This article documents the background and context of the BRI, recounts what is known about the extent of the initiative and specifies its various motivations. It highlights that the initiative meets very large infrastructure investments gaps, which is welcome and needed, and that China’s goal of forging stronger links with its trading partners around the world are legitimate, so long, of course, as the underlying intent remains peaceful. Though many observers welcome the BRI, many others oppose it for good reasons, while others misunderstand it and oppose it for bad reasons. The paper identifies and discusses concerns about the initiative that relate to its geopolitical objectives, its priorities, its geographic scope, the role of state-owned enterprises, the allocation of resources, issues of transparency and of due diligence. Particularly, it shows that this initiative deals with a vast number of countries that are in very different states of development and that an apparent lack of well-defined priorities is holding the initiative back. The paper also highlights the issue of debt overload which is distressing several BRI countries and discourages further projects. It points briefly to possible improvements that China and the other stakeholders in the BRI can make to get the most out of their investments. The BRI, to be effective, needs to meet the basic conditions of a trade and development strategy, which are clear objectives, adequate resources, selectivity, a workable implementation plan, due diligence and clear communication. Involvement of multilateral lenders could help with this. Finally, China has to improve the evaluation of project’s risks and costs and step up its due diligence approach to demonstrate that it respects the long-term interests of those countries that are at the receiving end of its BRI projects.
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Sharma, Buddhi Prasad. "Belt and Road." China and the World 02, no. 03 (September 2019): 1950016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729319500160.
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Since the formal launch of the China-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), it has received both positive and negative feedbacks and responses. Comparatively, the studies show that it gained more positive responses and accumulative attraction. Notorious Western hegemony, in general, and conditionbased Western cooperation model, in particular, were ignored and felt useless by the developing world. Comparatively, they perceive BRI to be more appropriate for strengthening connectivity, attracting investment and enhancing other necessary cooperations. As a leading power, China needs to show more generosity, flexibility and respect to the interests of the developing world. BRI in itself is a global program. China cannot display comprehensive posture without the genuine support of the developing world. In some countries, BRI projects faced severe criticism due to the lack of proper management, lack of implementation and issues of financial transactional irregularities. This is not a right sign for a new global program like BRI. To resolve it, as an emerging power, China needs to be more serious and responsible to address the issues and uphold the true meanings of mutual trust and win–win situation. Developing countries like Nepal expect more comprehensive and constructive cooperation through BRI to help in their national development and increase the global connectivity and cooperation.
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Grydehøj, Adam, Sasha Davis, Rui Guo, and Huan Zhang. "Silk Road archipelagos: Islands of the Belt and Road Initiative." Island Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24043/isj.137.
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The concept behind the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI; formerly ‘One Belt, One Road’) began to take shape in 2013. Since then, this Chinese-led project has become a major plank in China’s foreign relations. The BRI has grown from its basis as a vision of interregional connectivity into a truly global system, encompassing places—including many island states, territories, and cities—from the South Pacific to the Arctic, from East Africa to the Caribbean, from the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean. Islands and archipelagos are particularly prominent in the BRI’s constituent 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road (MSR) and Polar Silk Road or Ice Silk Road projects, but little scholarly attention has been paid to how the BRI relates to islands per se. This special section of Island Studies Journal includes nine papers on islands and the BRI, concerning such diverse topics as geopolitics, international law and territorial disputes, sustainability and climate change adaptation, international relations of autonomous island territories, development of outer island communities, tourism and trade, and relational understandings of archipelagic networks. Taken together, these papers present both opportunities and risks, challenges and ways forward for the BRI and how this project may impact both China and island and archipelago states and territories.
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Papatheologou, Dr Vasiliki. "European Union (EU)-China-Africa Triangular Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative: The Way Forward." Urban Studies and Public Administration 2, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): p226. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/uspa.v2n4p226.
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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offers a platform for trans-regional cooperation, connects Asia and Europe with Africa, strengthens European Union (EU)-China-Africa triangular cooperation and provides development opportunities for the African countries. In the region of Africa, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is perceived as a mechanism for interregional dialogue with concrete results in the areas of peace, security, infrastructure, sustainable development and in assisting African states to achieve the SDG’s. The trilateral cooperation is enriched by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for a deeper economic integration and for promoting regional security in Africa.
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Prates, Ian, Carolina Lages, and Vitor Menezes. "A Belt and Road Initiative na mídia brasileira." Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 8, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 128–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2317-773x.2020v8n3p128-151.
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Este artigo apresenta uma avaliação da percepção da Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) na mídia brasileira. Essa avaliação é relevante diante do movimento de aproximação entre os países e da especulação da entrada do Brasil na BRI, embora o país tenha mantido uma distância deliberada da iniciativa. Nesse contexto, o sucesso de uma possível adesão ao BRI pelo Brasil – uma democracia pluralista e multipartidária – depende em larga medida do grau de consenso em torno dos temas, seja nas arenas formais de decisão, seja junto à opinião pública. O trabalho analisou 266 artigos/reportagens/colunas de opinião dos principais veículos de comunicação brasileiro entre 2017 e 2019. Concluímos que atualmente há um elevado grau de desconhecimento sobre a BRI e que o assunto é tratado de forma ainda bastante superficial pela mídia brasileira. Esse fato configura uma especial oportunidade para iniciativas que busquem moldar a imagem da BRI entre os setores da sociedade brasileira – empresariado, decision makers, academia, membros do governo, classe política, sociedade civil e opinião pública. Por outro lado, deve-se ter em mente que o grau de polarização social e ideológica no Brasil no momento torna a construção de consensos especialmente desafiadora.
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Iqbal, Badar Alam, Mohd Nayyer Rahman, and Shaista Sami. "Impact of Belt and Road Initiative on Asian Economies." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 11, no. 3 (September 2019): 260–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910119887059.
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Chinese President Jinping initiated one of China’s grandiose foreign policy initiatives in 2013. He emphasized on the reconstruction of Silk Road Economic Belt and a twenty-first century Maritime Silk Road (MSR), together referred as Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI presents opportunity for trade, investment, and jobs between China and Asian economies that will support increasing consumption, infrastructure development, political associations, and sustainable development in many parts of the world. This article examines the BRI project and its growth, specifically from the Asian perspective. The study is an endeavor to identify the impact of BRI on the growth of Asian economies along the BRI route (corridors). For achieving this objective, data has been obtained from various websites and the time period considered is between 2009 and 2016. The panel data regression has been used with controllable macroeconomic variables. The results based on multiple models indicate a significant impact of BRI on the economic growth of Asian Economies. Other macroeconomic variables, such as imports, political stability, and corruption, also have a significant impact on the economic growth of the Asian economies.
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Htwe, Thaingi Khin. "Implications of China's Belt and Road Initiative for Myanmar." WIMAYA 1, no. 02 (December 11, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33005/wimaya.v1i02.25.
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This article aims to examine the implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for Myanmar. BRI is an economic and strategic agenda of China. Because of its strategic geographical location, Myanmar becomes an important area of China in implementing its BRI projects. Beijing has raised the multi-level engagement in Myanmar such as economic and infrastructure cooperation; provide assist for the government’s peace process, and stand at Myanmar’s side in the international community. Therefore, BRI could have implications for Myanmar. This research answers the following questions: what are the implications of China’s Belt and Road Initiative for Myanmar; why Myanmar is important for China and how will Myanmar benefit from China’s BRI.
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Kaczmarek, Filip. "African Dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative." Przegląd Strategiczny, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/ps.2019.1.10.
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The research purpose of this paper is to examine the role of the BRI in China-Africa relations and the mutual interdependence between the BRI and other forms of Chinese presence in Africa. In order to attain this goal, the method of analysis of secondary data will be employed regarding concluded agreements, trade exchange, Official Development Assistance (ODA), foreign direct investment (FDI), debt, instruments of soft power and plans for the future. The analysis allows the several conclusions to be drawn. The BRI is so flexible that it can be extended in a relatively simple way and in a short period to other African countries. The BRI is the structuring factor in China’s strategic approach to Africa and can give new impetus to Chinese trade, investment and contracts in Africa. The former institutional co-operation framework that encompassed the whole of Africa was very general and did not result in the identification of such concrete sectoral priorities as is the case with the BRI. The Initiative has exerted influence on China’s policy in Africa. There is no doubt that the Initiative’s core task in Africa is infrastructure connectivity, but one of the tasks proposed for the future is industrial relocation. If this task is accomplished, it may be fundamental for Africa’s development.
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Leszek, Karolina. "Belt and Road Initiative w Afryce i jej wpływ na rozwój The Joint Africa–EU Strategy." Przegląd Europejski, no. 2-2020 (June 8, 2020): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/1641-2478pe.2.20.5.
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The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the progress of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the participation of African countries may affect the shape and development of the Joint Africa–EU Strategy (JAES), established in 2007. Since 2013, when BRI was presented to the world for the first time, we have been able to observe increased activity of representatives of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in promoting and implementing the project. Due to the fact that BRI is going to connect the trade route of China with the countries of East Africa, Central Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, which is supposed to trigger the extension of the Chinese financial and infrastructure activities, it should be considered as a priority for the Chinese government. However, taking into account of still unclear concept of the initiative we should focus on analysing the impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on the European Union’s strategy towards African countries.
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Pyzhikov, N., and E. Gushchin. "Belt and Road Initiative: Interim Results and Challenges During Pandemic." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 3 (2021): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-3-42-51.
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The article analyses the current status of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), its key achievements and challenges, including those related to the COVID 19 pandemic. In the 2010s China has become one of world’s largest investors and BRI is one of the most important tools of Chinese investment policy. Due to its flexible structure, BRI has been able to adjust and develop in the context of the U.S. – China trade war and the growing anti-Chinese sentiment in the world that included the concerns over so called China’s debt diplomacy. But this lack of rigidity is also a challenge to those who study BRI because there is no official list of projects (estimations vary between 118 and 374) and countries participating in BRI (up to 138). China’s key BRI partner is Pakistan. The total value of projects implemented by China in Pakistan as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor was initially estimated at $46 billion but now exceeds $70 billion (new projects were signed even during the pandemic). BRI is increasing the number of its participants. In March 2019 Italy became the first G7 country to sign a BRI MoU with China. While implementing BRI China has faced such challenges as rising concerns of “China’s debt trap”, as well as ecological and political issues. In 2020 BRI is facing a new challenge with the COVID-19 pandemic. Some BRI projects were postponed because of the pandemic, but in some cases they were unaffected. There are 64 out of 138 countries participating in BRI that come from low and lower-middle income groups according to the World Bank classification. Their average ratio of foreign debt to GDP was 54% in 2018–2019. It is most likely that these countries will be hit hard by the coronacrisis. Thus the pandemic will encourage China to tighten the selection process for BRI projects with a focus on the most strategically important and cost effective ones. From the point of view of China’s BRI partners, the effect can be two-fold: the most unstable economies will increase their dependence on China, while with the economically strong countries China will be more willing to make concessions and offer more favorable conditions for cooperation.
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Yu, Chunjiao, Ren Zhang, Lian An, and Zhixing Yu. "Has China’s Belt and Road Initiative Intensified Bilateral Trade Links between China and the Involved Countries?" Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 6747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176747.
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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is designed to intensify reciprocal trade preferentiality between China and the Belt-Road countries. However, there has been little research empirically examining the policy effects on the trade links between China and the involved countries. This paper attempts to evaluate the BRI effects quantitatively by constructing a new bilateral revealed trade preference index to measure the bilateral trade preferentiality between China and its 114 trading partners. Using a difference in differences model, we show that the trade of China with the Belt-Road countries has become more preferentially linked since the implementation of the BRI. In particular, the bilateral revealed trade preference index between China and the Belt-Road countries has grown approximately 8% faster than has that with the non-Belt-Road countries. We further show that the BRI effects are heterogeneous across different regions. The bilateral trade links have been more significantly intensified in the regions of the China–Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor, the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, the China–Central Asia–West Asia Economic Corridor and the Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar Economic Corridor. The findings strongly indicate that BRI has been acting as a catalyst for intensifying bilateral trade preferentiality between China and the Belt-Road countries.
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Long, Ding. "مبادرة الحزام والطريق: نشأة وأهداف / The Belt and Road Initiative: Origin and Objectives." Chinese and Arab Studies 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/caas-2021-2008.
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Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a strategy initiated by Chinese government that seeks to connect Asia with Africa and Europe via land and maritime networks with the aim of increasing commercial exchange, stimulating economic growth and improving regional integration. The BRI comprises a Silk Road Economic Belt and a 21st century Maritime Silk Road. The initiative defines five major priorities, namely policy coordination, infrastructure connectivity, unimpeded trade, financial integration, and people-to-people bonds. The BRI has been associated with large investment programs in infrastructure projects. It is also an increasingly important umbrella mechanism for China’s bilateral trade with BRI partners.
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Linlin, S. "Heilongjiang Province’s Engagement in BRI." Review of Business and Economics Studies 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2019-7-2-6-21.
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As one of the nine border provinces in the country, Heilongjiang Province has 2,981 kilometres of RussianRussian border and 25 national first-class ports. In the past five years, Heilongjiang Province, based on the prominent geographical position in the core of Northeast Asia, has actively promoted the national strategy of the Belt and Road Initiative, deepened on open cooperation with countries in the Northeast Asia, and focused on developing economic cooperation and trade with Russia while building a new pattern of openness to the outside world. This paper in detail elaborates the progress of Heilongjiang Province’s participation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in aspect of “five links” construction, namely, policy coordination, connectivity of infrastructure, unimpeded trade, financial integration and closer people-to-people ties, since the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative in 2013, and further proposes feasible countermeasures.
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Fu, Jingyan. "We Should Push Countries along “Belt and Road Initiative” to Build Green Supply Chain." China and the World 01, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2591729318500062.
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Building a green supply chain in the countries along the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) route will not only generate huge economic and ecological benefits, it will also profit people in these countries and encourage the people in these countries to identify with the BRI as well as advance the development of this Initiative. Therefore, this research suggests the Chinese government taking the lead in jointly building a green supply chain with countries along BRI after the “Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation” in July 2017.
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Kanaev, E. A. "South Pacific in the Belt and Road Initiative: Security Aspects." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 1(46) (2020): 288–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-1-1-46-288-302.
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The article analyses the implementation of China’s mega-strategy the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in the South Pacific. The key parameters shaping the security milieu of this subregion are outlined, China’s measures in the context of the BRI realization are revealed and systemized, the key BRI vulnerability factors in the South Pacific are distinguished. In the author’s view, stressing its significance as the non-traditional security provider to the South Pacific states, without timely and comprehensive measures to cope with the COVID-19 pandemics as part of its BRI strategy China may become a hostage of this approach.
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Anjani, Noor Halimah. "Belt and Road Initiative: Catalyst for the Central Asian Integration?" Jurnal Sentris 1, no. 1 (August 19, 2020): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/sentris.v1i1.4172.125-138.
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Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) merupakan strategi pembangunan yang dikeluarkan oleh Pemerintah Tiongkok. BRI fokus membangun kerja sama dan konektivitas antara negara-negara di Eurasia. Asia Tengah merupakan salah satu kawasan yang dilewati oleh pembangunan BRI. Permasalahan ekonomi dan pembangunan menjadi alasan mengapa negara-negara ini antusias dengan adanya BRI. Namun, selain masalah ekonomi dan pembangunan, terdapat masalah lain seperti kurang baiknya hubungan antarnegara di kawasan. Pasca runtuhnya Uni Soviet, negara-negara di Asia Tengah mengalami gejolak sosial dan ekonomi. Politik isolasi pun dilakukan oleh negaranegara tersebut dengan anggapan bahwa hal tersebut merupakan cara terbaik untuk menghindari perluasan masalah terlepas dari keberadaan organisasi-organisasi kawasan di Asia Tengah. Penulis melihat terbatasnya integrasi regional sebagai salah satu alasan mengapa stabilitas kawasan di Asia Tengah sulit tercapai. Paper ini bertujuan untuk meneliti sejauh mana BRI mampu menjadi katalis bagi negara-negara Asia Tengah untuk meningkatkan kerja sama regional.
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Ramadhan, Iqbal. "China’s Belt Road Initiative: Dalam Pandangan Teori Geopolitik Klasik." Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 2, no. 2 (May 31, 2018): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v2n2.3.
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Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji isu Belt Road Initiative (BRI) Cina dalam pandangan teori geopolitik klasik. Teori tersebut pada dasarnya muncul pada abad ke-19. Teori geopolitik klasik yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah Teori McKinder dan Teori Mahan. Namun demikian, teori itu masih cukup relevan untuk menjawab kebijakan Cina serta keuntungan geopolitik apa yang diperoleh negara tersebut. Dengan menggunakan penelitian kualitatif, teori geopolitik klasik digunakan untuk mengkaji kebijakan BRI Cina pada pembangunan jalur koridor perdagangan darat yang melewati wilayah Eurasia dan jalur perdagangan maritim yang melewati perairan strategis dunia. Artikel ini menyimpulkan bahwa ketika proyek tersebut terlaksana, Cina tidak hanya akan mendapatkan keuntungan secara ekonomi tetapi juga mampu mengubah konstelasi geopolitik dunia. Walaupun masih terlalu dini, proyek BRI memiliki potensi untuk menjadikan Cina sebagai kekuatan utama dunia yang baru.
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Li, Liao. "International Cooperation for the Belt and Road Initiative: Key Issues and Future Prospects." Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 1, 2020): 76–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjls-2020-0011.
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AbstractInternational Cooperation for the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is of great significance to China and the other BRI countries. By the end of January 2020, China has signed 200 cooperation documents with 138 countries and 30 international organizations to build the “Belt and Road”. The BRI faces challenges from some Western and ASEAN countries, differences among the Belt and Road Countries, and also global emergency issues. In addition to grave threats to human life, the COVID-19 coronavirus carries serious risks for the global economy. In the implementation process of the BRI, it will inevitably encounter various trade and investment frictions, and it needs a long-term dispute settlement mechanism. In the post-epidemic era, we need to construct top-level design, accelerate further trade cooperation, promote China-ASEAN cooperation, strengthen China-African Cooperation, and jointly fight against the epidemic.
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Peters, Michael A., and Xudong Zhu. "Education and the Belt and Road Initiative (bri)." Beijing International Review of Education 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25902539-03010010.
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Teo, Hoong Chen, Alex Mark Lechner, Grant W. Walton, Faith Ka Shun Chan, Ali Cheshmehzangi, May Tan-Mullins, Hing Kai Chan, Troy Sternberg, and Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz. "Environmental Impacts of Infrastructure Development under the Belt and Road Initiative." Environments 6, no. 6 (June 19, 2019): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6060072.
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the largest infrastructure scheme in our lifetime, bringing unprecedented geopolitical and economic shifts far larger than previous rising powers. Concerns about its environmental impacts are legitimate and threaten to thwart China’s ambitions, especially since there is little precedent for analysing and planning for environmental impacts of massive infrastructure development at the scale of BRI. In this paper, we review infrastructure development under BRI to characterise the nature and types of environmental impacts and demonstrate how social, economic and political factors can shape these impacts. We first address the ambiguity around how BRI is defined. Then we describe our interdisciplinary framework for considering the nature of its environmental impacts, showing how impacts interact and aggregate across multiple spatiotemporal scales creating cumulative impacts. We also propose a typology of BRI infrastructure, and describe how economic and socio-political drivers influence BRI infrastructure and the nature of its environmental impacts. Increasingly, environmental policies associated with BRI are being designed and implemented, although there are concerns about how these will translate effectively into practice. Planning and addressing environmental issues associated with the BRI is immensely complex and multi-scaled. Understanding BRI and its environment impacts is the first step for China and countries along the routes to ensure the assumed positive socio-economic impacts associated with BRI are sustainable.
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Jan, Inamullah, Tariq Mehmood, and Shabir Hussain. "American, Indian and Chinese Media on “Belt and Road Initiative”." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. IV (December 30, 2018): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iv).03.
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This research treats contents of newspapers from America, China and India reporting on "Belt and Road Initiative" (BRI) with respect to US, India and China's foreign policies. The study investigates if unlike China, American and Indian press relatively report more 'risk' than 'opportunity' frames on BRI. Detailed literature on risks and opportunity frames is produced through media lenses, underpins regional and global significance and future status of BRI. Comparing framing techniques of The New York Times, Times of India and China Daily, contents of total 60 news articles are quantitatively analyzed. Finally, comparative research paradigm found both Indian and American press framing more risks than opportunities in news, therefore highlighting respective concerns of staying away from the signatory summit of BRI held in Beijing in May 2017.
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Chun, Zhang. "The Belt and Road Initiative and Global Governance in Transition." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 03, no. 02 (January 2017): 175–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740017500166.
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As protectionism and isolationism rise against globalization, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) provides strong momentum for advancing the transformation of global governance. First, the BRI strengthens the awareness of building a community of common destiny for mankind and promotes the evolution of epistemology in global governance. Second, it offers more sustainable global public goods, thus improving ethical standards for global governance. Third, the BRI combines the top-down and bottom-up approaches to encourage voluntary actions in global governance. Fourth, the BRI draws on China’s own experience in integrating reform, development and stability, which helps balance the economic, social, ecological, and security dimensions of global governance, so as to foster common development among countries and regions along the routes and ultimately create a new equilibrium between South-South and North-South cooperation. Promoted through consultation to meet the interests of all, the BRI will make both tangible and intangible contributions to the transition of global governance by delivering public goods and enhancing the notion of compatible justice in a deglobalized world.
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Yalew, Mesafint Tarekegn, and Guo Changgang. "China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’: Implication for Land Locked Ethiopia." Insight on Africa 12, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 175–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975087819891538.
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This article analyses the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its implications for landlocked Ethiopia. Primary and secondary data sources are used to solicit viable information. The BRI is aimed to enhance policy coordination, financial integration, promote trade and investment, cultural exchanges and people-to-people relations across a wide geographical area involving Asia, Europe and Africa. The BRI is the next step in China’s global strategy after the reform and opening-up period, and it is important for job creation, infrastructural development, trade and investment and other related developments for landlocked least developing countries such as Ethiopia. For instance, the construction of the early BRI project of Addis Ababa–Djibouti railway has reduced transport costs and shortened the transport time from 3 days to 10 hours. Besides, the establishment of the East African Free Trade Agreement (FTA) at Djibouti by the Chinese government to facilitate trade in the region. Cumulatively, the BRI contributes to the growth of trade and investment opportunities for landlocked Ethiopia in terms of financing, infrastructure development and regional integration.
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Sternberg, Troy, Chris McCarthy, and Buho Hoshino. "Does China’s Belt and Road Initiative Threaten Food Security in Central Asia?" Water 12, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 2690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12102690.
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) needs little introduction; the infrastructure investment will reconfigure development in Central Asia. As its origin story and initial encounter, Central Asia offers a prismatic lens to delve into the vital impacts and significant changes wrought by the BRI. In the dryland region, the BRI impact on watersheds and agriculture is a critical challenge with direct implications for food security. Framed by diverse research sources, we utilized spatial datasets from the European Space Agency Climate Change Initiative and the World Bank to explore the intersection of food production, water and development. Investigation evaluates the possible trade-offs that Chinese infrastructure investment can have on the communities and environment of Central Asia. The findings identify more than 15,000 km of rail and 20,000 km of roads linked to the BRI crisscrossing the region in 2018. Whilst these transport corridors have improved connectivity, many of these rails and roads traverse important agricultural and water zones, creating undetermined risks and opportunities. Land use change was examined within a 10-km buffer around BRI roads and rails from 2008 to 2018. Railways increased by 23% during this time, yet irrigated and rainfed agriculture decreased whilst urban areas markedly expanded. Contextual research identifies how Chinese policies may encourage agribusiness investment for food exports as possible disruptions to national and regional food supply. However, to date Central Asia provides <1% of Chinese agricultural imports. In fact, Afghanistan is the region’s dominant export market, tripling agricultural imports >300% in this time. Similarly, five times more livestock are traded within the region than to China. Evaluating infrastructure change is essential to understand BRI impacts on environments and societies, with the food-water nexus a particular concern in Central Asia. Limited Chinese imports of Central Asian agriculture suggests the region’s food security will not be significantly altered by the Belt and Road Initiative.
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Zhang, Zhexin. "The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s New Geopolitical Strategy?" China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 03 (January 2018): 327–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500240.
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Since its launch in late 2013, China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has achieved many tangible results that may have lasting effect on the social and economic development of host countries and on the geopolitical dynamics of the world. Its emergence in international political discourse is changing the basic thinking and logic of traditional geopolitical competition. While Western countries tend to interpret the BRI as part of China’s hidden geopolitical strategy to ultimately rule the world, Chinese and most developing nations see it as China’s international cooperation strategy to enhance global connectivity, communication and cooperation, so as to foster a more balanced and equitable world system. To maintain a favorable international environment for further progress of the BRI, China needs to better explain the details concerning the initiative as well as its role in the country’s grand strategy of peaceful development. Meanwhile, China must keep striving to match its words with its deeds in global arenas, so as to win more trust and support from the international community in jointly implementing the initiative.
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Choroś‑Mrozowska, Dominika. "The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative from the Polish Perspective." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 22, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cer-2019-0011.
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China announced its initiative of the so‑called New Silk Road project for the first time in 2013. Although its extent, concept or even its current name (The Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) have changed on a number of occasions since then, it cannot be denied that this is one of the most important challenges currently being undertaken in the world. The countries of Central and Eastern Europe, of which Poland is a part, may have a significant meaning in this concept due to their strategic location. The countries of this region began their co‑operation with China under the so‑called “16 +1” format, and this took place prior to the announcement of the BRI. This opens up new perspectives for Polish‑Chinese trade relations in respect of the BRI initiative and the “16 + 1” platform. The aim of this study is therefore to present the most important effects of the conducted research, the assumption of which was the comprehensive identification of the Chinese BRI initiative and the consequences of its implementation for Polish‑Chinese trade relations. The presented analysis assumes that BRI will have a significant impact on Polish‑Chinese trade patterns. This is particularly important in the context of the huge trade deficit that Poland has been recording for years in its trade with China as well as the deepening asymmetry, which has been characteristic of the exchange.
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Poudyal, Biranchi. "Economic Prospect of Belt and Road Initiatives in Nepal." KMC Research Journal 3, no. 3 (June 13, 2019): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kmcrj.v3i3.35709.
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This paper attempts to explore global economic prospect of Belt and Road Initiative with special focus on Nepal. The paper begins with the overall account of BRI and examines how connectivity with China would help in prosperity for Nepal. Furthermore, the paper discusses about funding modality as Kerung-Kathmandu railway under BRI and various other dimensions of the construction. The paper concludes with some recommendations regarding immediate requirements for Nepal that should be addressed via BRI.
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Shichor, Yitzhak. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative Revisited: Challenges and Ways Forward." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 01 (January 2018): 39–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s237774001850001x.
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Compared with other Chinese-proposed multilateral institutions such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is not yet fully institutionalized. Still, it has been enthusiastically welcomed by many Asian and African countries, though less so by Western ones, Japan, and Russia. This is not only because of the expected economic benefits being Asian- and African-centric, but perhaps more importantly, because of the BRI having potential to be an exceptional Eastern model that may become universal. Up to the recent times, the flow of religions, doctrines, ideas and ideologies has mainly been from the West to the East, often accompanied by Western colonialism. Now, if the BRI is successfully implemented, for the first time in history a model of Eastern origin may affect the West and the rest of world. Unlike national liberation movements which had achieved political but not economic independence, China’s BRI could facilitate an international liberation movement that helps Asian and African countries to achieve growth and development, and thereby become economically independent as well. The innovation of the BRI does not only lie in its direction of influence (from the East to the West), but also in that it will be accomplished in Chinese rather than Western ways. That, more than particular economic benefits, explains the BRI’s attraction.
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Zeng, Yuleng. "DOES MONEY BUY FRIENDS? EVIDENCE FROM CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE." Journal of East Asian Studies 21, no. 1 (March 2021): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jea.2020.34.
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AbstractStudies of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have focused on the strategic intentions of Beijing, with much less attention paid to its political effects. The argument that the initiative can improve political relationships with BRI countries is assumed rather than empirically grounded. This paper bridges the gap by studying countries’ cooperation and conflict with China. I find that (a) the initiative appears to marginally improve BRI countries’ cooperation and significantly reduce low-intensity conflict; (b) the cooperation-promoting effect is driven only by neighboring countries while the restraining effect for low-intensity conflict results primarily from non-neighboring countries; and (c) there is no systematic evidence so far that the initiative has any effect on high-intensity conflict. These results offer mixed evidence of commercial liberalism in the context of the BRI: money (or the potential thereof) can induce cooperation in the short run, but it may not be enough to fundamentally change interstate relations.
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Sharma, Mala. "India’s Approach to China’s Belt and Road Initiative—Opportunities and Concerns." Chinese Journal of Global Governance 5, no. 2 (October 14, 2019): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23525207-12340041.
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Abstract China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) as a geoeconomic vision and geopolitical strategy is closely watched and scrutinised by Indian economists, diplomats, and strategists. Perspectives on India’s approach to the BRI can broadly be classified into three—the optimist, the sceptic and the cautionary. Whereas, economists generally appear optimistic, there is a sense of uneasiness within India’s strategic community that the BRI represents much more than China’s ambition to emerge as an economic leader in the region. This article argues that India’s approach to the BRI has largely been pragmatic, cautious and complex. Accordingly, India has taken an atomistic approach to the various components of the BRI depending on its security and economic needs, which explains why on the one hand India has become increasingly receptive of the Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM EC) and on the other continues to publicly oppose the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
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Dyussembekova, M. K. "INFLUENCE OF PANDEMY ON THE PROSPECTS OF KAZAKHSTAN-CHINESE RELATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN THE FRAMEWORK OF BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)." BULLETIN Series of Sociological and Political sciences 74, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-2.1728-8940.03.
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On September 7, 2013, at Nazarbayev University (Astana, Kazakhstan), the President of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping announced the creation of the «Silk Road Economic Belt» initiative, which in March 2015, along with the «21st Century Maritime Silk Road» project, was united into a single «One Belt and One Road» initiative (later became the «Belt and Road» Initiative or BRI) and over time transformed into a large-scale global project. This initiative was initially launched towards a weak global economic recovery, but due to the difficult situation of the economies of the countries of the world affected by the consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic, BRI is increasing its relevance. In the first quarter of 2020, trade between Kazakhstan and China due to the closure of borders significantly decreased and the most pessimistic scenarios were predicted, however, the data for 8 months of this year exceeded the same indicators of 2019, which inspires optimism and gives hope for an early recovery of the Kazakh economy due to the development of projects within the BRI. At the same time, the pandemic has an impact on the change of priority areas of cooperation between the two countries in favor of digital technologies and healthcare. This article was prepared within the framework of the project IRN AP08956330 "Central Asia and the Belt and Road Initiative after the pandemic: opportunities and risks" of grant financing of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
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Githaiga, Nancy Muthoni, Alfred Burimaso, Bing Wang, and Salum Mohammed Ahmed. "The Belt and Road Initiative: Opportunities and Risks for Africa’s Connectivity." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 05, no. 01 (January 2019): 117–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740019500064.
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This article examines the implications of the Chinese-led Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) for Africa’s connectivity. The BRI seeks to rebuild the ancient Silk Road trade route with the overall goal of opening global markets, thus creating a trade and investment network involving three continents: Africa, Asia, and Europe. Using secondary data, this article assesses the opportunities and potential challenges of the BRI for Africa with a special focus on various BRI national projects. It concludes that China’s involvement in infrastructure projects in Africa and the BRI’s vision for increased connectivity among beneficiary countries can lead to integrated and streamlined economic and infrastructure development in Africa, while improving China’s corporate and product image, generating mutual benefits to both China and Africa. This article also argues that for those BRI-based benefits to materialize, certain challenges need to be dealt with, particularly security risks and corruption, which could increase the long-term costs of infrastructure projects for countries involved.
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Abbasi, Nosharwan Arbab, Dianlin Hunag, and Furqan Rao. "The Belt and Road Initiative: Analysis of Twitter Communication During Second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation." Journal of Research in Social Sciences 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/jrss.9i2.113.
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China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), also known as One Belt, One Road (OBOR), was launched in 2013 by President Xi Jinping. BRI opens “gateway to opportunities” and establishes a new grand geopolitical strategy for regional development, international economic cooperation and new world order. To foster BRI, China hosted the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (BRF) in Beijing on 25-27 April 2019. New media tools including dedicated web pages and social media sources were utilised to promote the BRF 2019. Particularly, Twitter was used by government and media organizations to promote and share the proceedings of the event. Topics related to Belt and Road Initiative were trending on social media resulting in a wide reach and engagement. A large number of pertinent tweets appeared with trending hashtags such as #brf2019, #BeltandRoad and #BRI. Major contribution to this tweet activity came from politicians, government officials and media groups. This study analyses the trending hashtags #brf2019 and #BeltandRoad (N=20,727) on Twitter on the occasion of second BRF 2019 to understand the patterns of Twitter data. Specifically, this study attempts (1) to investigate how Twitter was used by media groups to promote the second Belt and Road Forum; (2) to identify top influencers to promote the second Belt and Road Forum; (3) to analyse overall sentiment towards the second Belt and Road Forum. The study follows mixed method for Social Media performance data by combining qualitative content analysis and sentimental analysis of tweets. All the tweets collected were publicly posted and were tracked using Twitter streaming API and Python programming language. For analysis, parameters such as; users, reach, impression, engagement, type of tweet, trending topics, source of tweets and main themes were analysed.
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Kulaksız, Sıla. "Financial Integration via Belt and Road Initiative: China–Turkey Cooperation." Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies 11, no. 1-2 (January 2019): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0974910119874632.
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The aim of this article is to review the progress made in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Turkey. Turkey and China both are the emerging economies of the world. They have similar ambitions for development. Turkey aims for “Vision 2023 goals” and China follows its “Destination 2049” goals. The BRI can bring them together to build a prosperous common future. However, both countries have different characteristics. This cooperation can be sustained in a more congruent way by exploring the existing opportunities and risks involved. In this context, some relevant questions are raised: how can cooperation between China and Turkey be strengthened? What are the opportunities and risks in this initiative? What are the expectations of these two countries? In this article, Turkey–China economic cooperation under the BRI will be analyzed. Some suggestions will be made for boosting cooperation between them.
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Musabelliu, Marsela. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative Extension to Central and Eastern European Countries - Sixteen Nations, Five Summits, Many Challenges." Croatian International Relations Review 23, no. 78 (August 1, 2017): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cirr-2017-0007.
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Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative proclaimed by President Xi in 2013, a strategy developed by the Chinese government, is very important to China but is not confined to China. In order for the initiative to be successful it needs to be embraced by the countries on the terrestrial and maritime route indicated in the plan. In the late 1980s Deng Xiaoping proposed to integrate Socialism with Chinese Characteristics (Zhongguo Tese Shehui Zhuyi, ) into global capitalism and in the 1990s the Jiang Zemin leadership initiated the Going out policy (Zouchuqu Zhanlue, ) – the current Belt and Road Initiative is China’s continuation in implementing those policies into actual deeds. China’s accession to WTO in 2001 marked China’s full integration into the global economy and since then the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has become the largest trading partner for more than 180 countries. The Xi-Li administration has been extremely proactive since it was established in 2012; from that year on, Chinese behavior in international affairs has gained an ever-growing role as a forger of economic and diplomatic ties between countries. The primary example of this behavior is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As every serious foreign policy plan, the BRI is an accumulation of various other initiatives. For example, the cooperation mechanism “16+1”, with which the PRC has approached Central and Eastern European Countries (CEEC), can be integrated under the BRI. This paper analizes the “16+1” China-CEEC cooperation mechanism in the context of the bigger BRI initiative, and tries to comprehend the economic and political factors intertwined with its implementation.
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Nurhasanah, Siti, Marthen Napang, and Syaiful Rohman. "ANALYZING AMERICAN VALUES IN BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)." vol 5 issue 15 5, no. 15 (December 29, 2019): 1439–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.592116.
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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was initiated by Xi Jinping after being elected as the president of China in 2012. BRI connects Asia, Africa, and Europe based on shared-destiny to created trade routes integrates main centers of economic vitality. This project gave benefit for all participating countries, such as providing help for poorer regions. Even China created a financial system that supports this project, called The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and The New Development Bank (NDB). China's efforts to expand its influence in the world are similar to US efforts in the 19th century, known as Manifest Destiny. Americans believed that the US is destined to expand the territories westward approaching Pacific Ocean and spreading democracy. This effort is also highly related to their belief that the US is a City upon a Hill. There was some belief that the US becomes a great country that leads other nations in the world. The focus of this paper is two American beliefs in the context of China's effort to increasing its economic and military power in the world by reactivating the Silk route. The author uses the concept of Tianxia as City upon a Hill and Manifest Destiny in Chinese version in analyzing China's measures to increase its strength on an international level. The author will further analyze how these beliefs being adopted by Chinese government in realizing its dream of regaining the glory of managing silk-road, making it the new silk-road. Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), New Silk Route, Manifest Destiny, City upon a Hill, Tianxia
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LIN, Yuxiang. "BETWEEN NATIONALISM AND EUROPEANISM: REPRESENTATIONS OF CHINA’S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE IN BULGARIAN MEDIA, 2013-2018." Ezikov Svyat (Orbis Linguarum) 17, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.v17.i2.16.
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2013 China put forward the BRI – Belt and Road Initiative, part of its focus was to intensify investment in the countries along the Belt and Road including Bulgaria. Meanwhile Bulgaria was seeking for new foreign investment. The China’s initiative did not receive any reflection in Bulgarian media during the first four years. In 2017, the first Belt and Road forum was held in Beijing. Then during the period 2017-2018, reports on the BRI started to emerge in Bulgarian media and its coverage was polarised. The papers used techniques from framing theories to present how the initiative was presented differently in selected media reports from the online newspapers Trud, Ataka, Capital and Club ’Z’. Furthermore, the research explored the reasons behind the difference from the perspectives of nationalism and Europeanism. The paper argues that the pro-European media tend to see China’s initiative as a risk, while the nationalist media tend to see the BRI as an opportunity. The opportunity lies in the economic benefit from the short-term effect, while the risk is inferred from the political influence from the long-term run. From the viewpoint of political psychology, there was lack of familiarity and intensive engagement with China, which made the BRI perceived as a risk. Overall, the paper analyses bias in the Bulgarian media through the example of China’s BRI.
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Khin, Aye Aye, Fong Yi Chiun, and Lim Chee Seong. "Identifying the Factors of the Successful Implementation of Belt and Road Initiative on Small–Medium Enterprises in Malaysia." China Report 55, no. 4 (November 2019): 345–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009445519875231.
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This article is a conceptual review of identifying the factors of the successful implementation of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on small-medium enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. China’s president Xi Jin Ping has launched the China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ (OBOR) initiative or BRI in 2013. BRI focusses on the connectivity and cooperation between Asian, European and African continents economically and strategically through massive infrastructure developments, trades and investments. BRI is specified to two international trade connections: land-based ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ and sea-based ‘21st Century Maritime Silk Road’. Malaysia is one of the Southeast Asia countries that actively participated in BRI. According to the World Bank, SMEs are almost 98.5 per cent of business establishments in Malaysia, which undoubtedly indicates how important SMEs are in Malaysia. As such, that is the question to ponder of how BRI could connect and associate with the enhancement and development of Malaysia’s SMEs. Therefore, the objective of the study is to identify the factors of the successful implementation of BRI on SMEs in Malaysia. Based on this study’s literature reviews, it would be suggested that new business and investment opportunity creations, connectivity and cooperation enhancement, trade and export boosting, geographic location and enhancement of e-commerce were the most critical factors in the successful implementation of BRI on SMEs in Malaysia.
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Zhou, Jingyuan. "A New Multilateralism? A Case Study of the Belt and Road Initiative." Chinese Journal of Comparative Law 8, no. 2 (August 30, 2020): 384–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cjcl/cxaa022.
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Abstract The first five years (the first stage) of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) have drawn international attention and provoked scepticism and debate. This article explores questions about the nature of the BRI and its impact on multilateralism, which is increasingly fragile and under attack. After summarizing past practices employed in BRI investments, it analyses the characteristics of the BRI and assesses the results and implications. This article studies in depth one of the two primary BRI economic activities—special economic zones. The article introduces and compares the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank and Chinese domestic banks in their respective financing practices and compares state-owned enterprises and privately owned enterprises in BRI practices. The article observes three characteristics from past BRI practices and analyzes their respective implications on the transformation of international trade governance. The first characteristic is the unconventional ‘infrastructure development first, institution next’ approach. The second is the plurilateral- and multilateral-focused method in international rule-setting processes. The third characteristic is innovation in the dispute settlement mechanism. Through a cautious examination, the article argues that experiences gained from BRI inform China’s international rule-making efforts and further its domestic trade liberalization reform agenda, which will likely contribute to the convergence of rule-making in international trade.
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Wang, Zhaohui. "Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative from the Relational Perspective." Chinese Journal of International Review 03, no. 01 (June 2021): 2150004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2630531321500049.
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Western International Relations (IR) theoriests have examined the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) through different theoretical lenses and produced inconclusive interpretations. This paper suggests that the relational theory of world politics, developed by the Chinese IR scholar Qin Yaqing, tends to look at IR from a different perspective. The logic of relationality and the relational concepts, such as relational management, relational governance and relational system, are applied to analyze the BRI. First, the relational perspective sheds light on Beijing’s efforts to manage and improve the relations with its neighbouring countries, rather than to pursue regional domination and compete with Washington. Second, the relational perspective suggests relational governance as a new possibility of regional governance to facilitate regional development and cooperation, which is different from the Western rule-based governance. Last, should BRI be carried out successfully, there might exist a relational international system in Asia, which is also different from the Westphalian nation-state system.
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Hanusik, Andrzej, and Anna Woźnica. "Strategic analysis for Poland as a European hub for Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of Economics and Management 43 (2021): 90–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.22367/jem.2021.43.05.
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Aim/purpose – This paper aims at determining the role of Poland in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and identifying an alternative course of the trail. However, there are still many variables that can significantly affect the extent of Poland’s participation in BRI. Design/methodology/approach – The paper was based on a literature query and inter- views with six experts of the Polish logistics environment closely connected to the con- cept of the New Silk Road. The interviews and the literature analysis allowed of the authors to define potential scenarios for the course of the New Silk Road. In addition, the SWOT analysis was used to identify the Poland’s role in BRI. Findings – The most important factors that can significantly contribute to Poland’s par- ticipation in BRI are a very convenient geographical location and a strong logistics sec- tor, whereas the main negative factors are the ambivalent attitude of the Polish author i- ties towards the Chinese party and the underdeveloped modern railway infrastructure. The study identified some potential scenarios for the route of the New Silk Road, i.e., Poland as a European hub, transit only, southern road and northern road (ro-ro neigh- bors). The first scenario is the most favorable for Poland – Poland as a European hub. This is due to the current course of the New Silk Road and the location of Poland on the most economically effective transport corridor. Research implications/limitations – The research findings allow for a relatively precise definition of possible scenarios of the BRI Northern Corridor through areas directly related to Poland. The results may contribute to raising knowledge and awareness about BRI, which may provide insights into an academic and social debate on this topic. The upshot is that the results may entail actual activities contributing to increasing the chances of Poland for being a European hub gate for BRI. Originality/value/contribution – Previous publications explored various route alterna- tives of the entire New Silk Road, whereas there was no analysis of the last stage of the transport corridor on which Poland lies. The paper is a response to this research gap. Keywords: Belt and Road Initiative, New Silk Road, Northern Corridor, logistics, inter- national trade. JEL Classification: E27, E61, F15
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Alqahtani, Khaled Mohammed. "Does Saudi Arabia Benefit From China’s Belt and Road Initiative?" Journal of Management and Strategy 11, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jms.v11n1p1.
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The People's Republic of China and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia enjoy close and friendly relations and share broad common interests-regardless of their ideological differences, evident in their names. China’s Belt and Road Initiative is aimed at developing infrastructure projects and declining transportation costs to interlink cross-border trade deals between China and countries along the routes. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, a central hub connecting Asia, Africa and Europe, has been a significant part of the initiative. Moreover, Saudi Arabia is one of the first countries that have responded positively to the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The BRI brings China much closer to Saudi Arabia. As BRI’s linchpin in the Middle East, dose Saudi Arabia benefit from this initiative? Based on the elaborate analysis of main research question, this study reveals that the BRI offers great potential opportunities for the Kingdom in terms of infrastructure construction, energy cooperation, technology and finance, culture exchange, security and defense. In addition, China could collaborate with Saudi Arabia in a significant number of sectors where Saudi and Chinese strengths are complementary. The deeper Sino-Saudi cooperation can also brighten the prospects for Saudi Vision 2030.