Relevant bibliographies by topics / Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 23 June 2021
Last updated: 21 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)"

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Barman, Jnyanendra. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative: An Analysis." Journal of Contemporary Politics 2, no. 3 (2023): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.53989/jcp.v2i3.23.11.

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Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), a signature foreign policy initiative by China’s President Xi Jinping, is the largest global infrastructure undertaking, surpassing the Marshall Plan. Chinese banks and companies have invested billions in funding and building infrastructure in numerous countries. Two significant initiatives are related to and referred to the BRI. One is the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) and the 21st-century Maritime Silk Road (MSR). However, with the commencement, the initiative has attracted enormous global attention. Background information about SREB and the MSR and its implementation have been discussed in this article. This article highlights China’s strategic considerations for the BRI and its significance to the country. This article additionally concentrates on the progress of BRI and how the West and China’s neighbours view it and offers insight into the recently unfolding criticisms. Keywords Belt and Road Initiative, Silk Road Economic Belt, Maritime Silk Road, Xi Jinping
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Generalov, O. "DIVERSIFICATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS OF THE PRC IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE ONE BELT ONE ROAD INITIATIVE IN A PERFECT STORM." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Ekonomìka 13, no. 26 (2023): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-2822-2023-13-26-22-30.

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China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an important initiative to strengthen connectivity and promote economic growth in many countries. China's strategy to stimulate economic growth by diversifying infrastructure investment under the Belt and Road Initiative demonstrates its commitment to promoting connectivity and sustainable development on a global scale. Through a proactive diversification policy, China reduces risks and seizes opportunities, ensuring sustainability and stability in a minimal economic environment. By embracing digitalization and upgrading financial infrastructure, China is accelerating the pace of economic transactions, supporting innovation and promoting inclusive growth along all BRI routes. As China continues to define future global investments under the BRI, its strategic approach offers a model for accelerating economic growth and connectivity across broad territories and populations. This paper examines the methodology of China's strategy to stimulate economic growth through a variety of infrastructure investments under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). He emphasizes the importance of diversification, digitalization and development of financial infrastructure. China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has attracted worldwide attention as one of the most ambitious infrastructure and economic development initiatives in modern history. Since its inception in 2013, the BRI has sought to revive old trade routes, enhance connectivity and develop economic cooperation in Asia, Europe and Africa.By embracing digital innovation and upgrading financial systems, China is expediting economic transactions, fostering innovation, and promoting inclusive growth along all BRI corridors. As China continues to shape the future trajectory of global investments through the BRI, its strategic blueprint serves as a model for accelerating economic growth and connectivity across vast regions and diverse populations. Through a comprehensive examination of China's approach, this paper contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamics driving economic development and connectivity within the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. Keywords: diversification, Belt and Road initiative (BRI), digitalization, perfect storm, infrastructure, COVID-19, logistics, sustainable development.
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Mubashra Shaheen and Munawar Hussain Panhwar. "BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE." Asia-Pacific - Annual Research Journal of Far East & South East Asia 39 (January 20, 2022): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.47781/asia-pacific.vol39.iss0.4369.

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Chinese Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is primarily aimed at strategic interconnectedness of Asia, Europe and Africa and regional economic connectivity in South Asia, East, West and Central Asia by maintaining connection among partner countries in highly interconnected globalised World. Pakistan’s integration into BRI through CPEC can play a vital role in terms of regional economic and political development encompassing variety of opportunities for Pakistan. This Chinese initiative will diffuse geopolitical rivalries, giving leverage to geo-economics over geo-politics in South Asian region. BRI also poses multiple and critical geo-strategic challenges for the region especially for Pakistan. The objectives of the study are to explore the possible outcomes of Belt and Road Initiative, Prospects of regional economic developments, Challenges and Opportunities for the region especially for Pakistan. The study brings out the emerging trends concerning primacy of the geo-economics over geopolitics albeit in the nascent stage amid CPEC. The challenges likely to be faced by Pakistan by these developments would equally present numerous opportunities. These, if capitalised through prudent policies and execution would enhance strategic relevance of Pakistan among comity of nations. The paper attempts to proffer relevant policy level recommendations for the implementation.
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Tantri, Erlita, Paulus Rudolf Yuniarto, Rita Pawestri Setyaningsih, and Wabilia Husnah. "Ringkasan Hasil Penelitian ANALISIS BUDAYA DAN IMPLIKASI SOSIAL EKONOMI DALAM PRAKTIK SABUK JALAN TIONGKOK (China’s Belt Road Initiative)." Jurnal Kajian Wilayah 12, no. 1 (2022): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v12i1.889.

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China’s Belt Road Initiative (China’s BRI atau BRI Tiongkok) atau Prakarsa Sabuk Jalan Tiongkok merupakan diplomasi ekonomi dan politik Pemerintah Tiongkok yang bertujuan untuk mengamankan pasokan produksi negara dan devisa, penyebaran modal dan investasi, serta peningkatan hubungan internasional. Selain itu, China’s BRI merepresentasikan peta jalan tentang bagaimana Tiongkok memainkan strategi agar terintegrasi ke dalam ekonomi dunia. Selain itu sekaligus juga memperkuat pokgaruh politik di daerah Sabuk dan Jalan sambil menggabungkan seluruh kepentingan ekonomi, politik, budaya, dan keamanan internal dan eksternal (Mitrovic, 2018). Belt Road Initiative dikembangkan dari dasar budaya Taoisme, Konfusianisme dan Mohisme yang mengajarkan etika dan hukum dalam bermasyarakat. Budaya Tiongkok menjadi ruh dalam berjalannya Belt Road Initiative. Xi Jinping menyebutkan bahwa Belt Road Initiative memiliki sifat damai, harmoni, terbuka dan makmur yang sejalan dengan etika yang diajarkan dalam ajaran Konfusianisme, Taoisme, dan Mohisme. Belt Road Initiative diharapkan membantu negara tersebut mencapai impiannya menjadi negara yang kuat. Dalam perjalanan China’s BRI, Tiongkok melakukan pendekatan sosial budaya dengan negara-negara yang diajak kerjasama. Belt Road Initiative memberikan manfaat luar biasa bagi Tiongkok sendiri untuk merealisasikan impiannya. Tulisan ini berupaya menggambarkan mengenai ide besar China’s BRI tersebut beserta tantangan dan strategi budaya dan kerjasama lainnya yang dilaksanakan di dalamnya. Pemerintah Tiongkok ingin kerjasama BRI ini tidak berakhir dalam bentuk proyek fisik saja, tetapi juga menciptakan kerjasama bidang sosial dan budaya dan hubungan antar masyarakat. Namun, salah satu masalah yang harus diatasi Tiongkok adalah citra negatif negara tersebut di dunia. Banyak negara yang merasa khawatir terhadap dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh Belt Road Initiative.Kata kunci :China’s Belt Road Initiative (China’s BRI), BRI, BRI Tiongkok, Prakarsa Sabuk Jalan Tiongkok, proyek kerjasama, impian Tiongkok, sosial budaya.
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Busilli, Virginia Soledad. "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI):." CUPEA Cuadernos de Política Exterior Argentina, no. 131 (June 3, 2020): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35305/cc.vi131.81.

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Desde su llegada, a fines de 2012, Xi Jinping imprimió una faceta global a la política exterior china. La Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) (Iniciativa de la Franja y de la Ruta en castellano), se ha convertido en la iniciativa estratégica más importante de la política exterior de Xi Jinping. Por sus características y alcance, uno de los principales debates académicos que ha generado, es establecer si se trata de una iniciativa o una estrategia china. La Iniciativa es una propuesta de cooperación económica internacional para ejecutar proyectos relacionados al comercio e infraestructura a lo largo de sus corredores económicos y rutas marítimas, con el foco en mejorar la conectividad entre Europa y Asia, y abierta a todos aquellos países del globo que deseen integrarla. Nuestro trabajo intenta comprender en qué consiste la Iniciativa, cuáles son los intereses estratégicos que persigue Beijing y cómo se articula la BRI con el “sueño chino”. Para ello, estudiaremos los factores que dieron origen a la Iniciativa, qué lugar ocupa en la política exterior de Xi Jinping, así como su diseño, alcance geográfico, implementación de los principales proyectos y sus mecanismos de financiación. Partiremos de la premisa que China, a través de la Iniciativa de la Franja y de la Ruta, utiliza la diplomacia económica para perseguir sus intereses estratégicos, incrementando el comercio, las inversiones y las finanzas a lo largo de los corredores económicos que la componen.
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Wächter, Lars. "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." WiSt - Wirtschaftswissenschaftliches Studium 49, no. 1 (2020): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0340-1650-2020-1-46.

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Chinas Staatschef Xi Jinping will das „Reich der Mitte“ bis 2049 zur neuen Weltmacht führen. Dazu soll die alte Seidenstraße zu neuem Leben erweckt werden. Belt and Road Initiative heißt das Megaprojekt, das in den nächsten Jahren die Weltwirtschaft massiv verändern wird.
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Cao, Jiahan. "China’s Belt and Road Initiative 2.0." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 05, no. 02 (2019): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740019500155.

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As China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) quickly evolves into an updated version for realizing high-quality development, its long-term success will increasingly depend on how well it can earn international legitimacy and credibility. Since sustainability is a critical source of credibility for the BRI, it is necessary to move the BRI forward by amplifying its role as a development agenda and tapping its potential to support global sustainable development and facilitate implementation of the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda) through delivering more public goods to other developing countries. The BRI projects designed to strengthen infrastructure inter-connectivity can greatly fit the developmental needs of countries along the routes and expedite their achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs), both explicitly and implicitly. Besides, the growing alignment between the BRI and the 2030 Agenda will generate more strengths and opportunities for China to be recognized as an indispensable player in international development cooperation, enhance the capacity of the BRI to manage environmental, social and governance risks in host countries, promote social cohesion and inclusiveness along the routes, and ultimately transcend short-term economic and political interests for China to win the hearts and minds of other stakeholders involved in the BRI.
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Bhattarai, Dinesh. "Understanding the Belt and Road Initiative." Journal of APF Command and Staff College 2, no. 1 (2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/japfcsc.v2i1.26750.

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China’s project of the century- Belt and Road Initiative - is a signature foreign policy project of President Xi Jinping. Launched in 2013, BRI contains two components- overland belt connecting China with Central Asia, Russia, South Asia and Europe, and Maritime Silk Road for enhancing connectivity, and maritime cooperation linking Chinese ports with Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Europe. BRI wraps up these two initiatives in it and intends to cover the number of countries along the route that happens to be the biggest market in the world with enormous potentials for trade and investment cooperation. BRI has both economic and strategic messages behind a massive infrastructure plan covering a vast network of connectivity linking 60 countries.
 BRI has sparked a variety of responses, some welcoming and supporting it, some expressing reservations, some willing to participate “for shaping the outcome from within”, and some wanting it to firmly match the international standards of transparency, openness, and the fiscal soundness of the country. Nepal formally became a part of BRI by signing a Memorandum of Understanding on Framework Agreement in May 2017 for enhancing more connectivity and integration, though Nepal is not included in any of the six economic corridors unveiled by China. China recently suggesting Nepal to trim projects from 35 to 9 reflects the standard of the work done by the Nepali government and its lack of preparedness and seriousness. Infrastructure development is key to progress and prosperity. As China remains engaged in improving connectivity in the neighborhood, there is a great optimism about BRI in Nepal. Against this background, this article looks at the significance of BRI, examines past attempts made at connectivity, responses to BRI and Nepal's participation in it.
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Yu, Linna. "Cooperation between China and Romania under Belt and Road Initiative." HOLISTICA – Journal of Business and Public Administration 9, no. 3 (2018): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2018-0021.

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Abstract China’s greatest international economic aspiration is the “Belt and Road” Initiative (BRI), to stimulate economic corporation in a wide region including sub regions in Asia, Africa and Europe. This paper does researches for the cooperation between China and Romania at the background of BRI. It shows a short introduction of BRI and analyses import and export trade data included China with Europe, Europe Union and Romania to make a prediction about future development. It makes a comparison to different countries in BRI by Belt and Road Index (BARI). We will analyze Romanian basic economic situation, main factors about BARI and potential risks.
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Liow, Joseph Chinyong. "Strategic Imperatives Behind China’s Belt and Road Initiative." China and the World 03, no. 03 (2020): 2050008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s259172932050008x.

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A signature initiative that bears the personal imprimatur of President Xi Jinping, the Belt and Road Initiative has been articulated by the Chinse leadership as a grand narrative. Yet, given the reality that it comprises a series of mostly bilateral developmental initiatives that China has entered into with various countries, can we identify broader strategic intent behind the BRI? This essay attempts to answer this question by exploring the geopolitical and geoeconomic dimensions of the BRI and how they may be interlinked with China’s domestic considerations. It also assess the potential, shortcomings, blind spots, and criticisms of the BRI.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)"

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Åkesson, Malin, and Isak Prytz-Sund. "Järnvägstransporter från Asien : En utforskande studie om hur svenska företag kan använda Belt and Road Initiative." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Industriell ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36427.

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Att företag använder sig av global sourcing och har leverantörer i lågkostnadsländer har blivit allt vanligare. Detta för att arbetskraftskostnaden i dessa länder är låg. Men en kostnad som i stället ökar i och med detta är transportkostnaden. Godset behöver transporteras längre sträckor vilket även gör att transportledtiden ökar. Samtidigt ställer kunder allt högre krav på snabba leveranser och de företag som valt global sourcing måste därför många gånger ha stora lager för att kunna möta kundernas krav. De företag som har leverantörer i Asien väljer oftast att transportera godset med sjötransporter då det är det billigaste transportsättet. Dock är det också det transportsätt som har längst transportledtid. Kinas nya infrastrukturprojekt Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) bidrar till att järnvägstransporter kan användas i större utsträckning, men många svenska företag vet inte vilka möjligheter det finns med BRI och järnvägen. Syftet med denna studie är därför att ge svenska företag en ökad förståelse om vad BRI kan bidra med för de företag som använder global sourcing. Studien har uppfyllt sitt syfte genom att göra en fallstudie hos ett svenskt företag som har leverantörer i Asien och visade ett intresse för BRI och järnvägstransporter. Syftet uppfylldes även genom att göra en litteraturstudie där relevant information om studiens ämne inhämtades som grund för studiens teori. Det resultat som framkommer av studien visar vilka motiv och riskfaktorer svenska företag kan ta i beaktning vid användandet av BRI och järnvägstransporter. Utifrån dessa har en modell med riktlinjer utformats för att hjälpa företag att göra valet om de bör använda järnvägen som transportsätt eller inte. Fallföretaget skulle dra nytta av järnvägstransporter på grund av den minskade transportledtiden, den ökade flexibiliteten samt att leverantörer inte behöver vara lokaliserade nära en hamn. Genom denna studie ska fallföretaget och andra svenska företag förstå vad BRI är för något och vilka motiv det kan finnas med att byta transportsätt och fyller därför det kunskaps- och informationsgap som finns gällande detta.
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Grönström, Alfons. ""Thank you, brother Xi" : En studie i hur Kinas Belt and Road Initiative påverkar EU:s möjlighet att tillämpa sin utvidgningsstrategi." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418161.

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Turesson, Christina. "Kinas nya sidenväg : En teorikonsumerande fallstudie utifrån realism och liberalism." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100078.

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This essay consists of a case study which examines China’s Belt and Road Initiative from two theoretical perspectives: realism and liberalism. The essay aims to enhance the comprehension of the Belt and Road Initiative by providing a realistic as well as a liberal interpretation of the project, and then comparing them to point out similarities and differences between these views. The essay concludes that the theoretical perspectives here work complementary rather than contradictory, and that what is hard to explain with one theory, often can be explained by the other. A liberal perspective sees more opportunities with the project, whereas a realistic one sees more risks but also necessities. The important aspects of the project from a liberal perspective concludes to be increased trade, international cooperation and interdependence, which are considered as risks from a realistic perspective. The main advantage is to increase power and security and legitimize the rule of the Chinese communist party, realistically speaking. Realism and liberalism interpret the goal with the project differently as well. Whereas realism sees BRI as a bold foreign policy project which aims to help China gain power to become a superpower and defeat poverty in China, liberalism view BRI as a foreign policy infrastructure project, built on trade, international cooperation and linking the world together.
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Angestav, Oscar. "Belt and Road Initiative - Den Nutida Marshallplanen?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385642.

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Zhang, Yizhi Jing Jing. "One Belt One Road| China's Nation-Building Initiative." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10244494.

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<p> Millennia ago, a vital trade route connected the thriving civilizations of ancient Greece, Persia, and China. Through the ancient Silk Road, China was able to influence societies far beyond its national borders. And now, in the twenty-first century, it seeks to do the same. This paper will attempt to develop a new paradigm that more fully explains the rationale and objectives of the One Belt One Road initiative. It argues that nation-building is the most comprehensive way to understand the Chinese government's intentions with OBOR. The following chapters will also demonstrate how OBOR fits into the CCP's larger ethno-nationalist "China Dream" campaign, which crafts a narrative of a unified and rejuvenated China predicated on a single identity.</p>
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Titti, Giacomo <1991&gt. "Landslide susceptibility in the Belt and Road Initiative." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10341/1/PhD_thesis_Titti_reviewed.pdf.

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The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a project launched by the Chinese Government whose main goal is to connect more than 65 countries in Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania developing infrastructures and facilities. To support the prevention or mitigation of landslide hazards, which may affect the mainland infrastructures of BRI, a landslide susceptibility analysis in the countries involved has been carried out. Due to the large study area, the analysis has been carried out using a multi-scale approach which consists of mapping susceptibility firstly at continental scale, and then at national scale. The study area selected for the continental assessment is the south-Asia, where a pixel-based landslide susceptibility map has been carried out using the Weight of Evidence method and validated by Receiving Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. Then, we selected the regions of west Tajikistan and north-east India to be investigated at national scale. Data scarcity is a common condition for many countries involved into the Initiative. Therefore in addition to the landslide susceptibility assessment of west Tajikistan, which has been conducted using a Generalized Additive Model and validated by ROC curves, we have examined, in the same study area, the effect of incomplete landslide dataset on the prediction capacity of statistical models. The entire PhD research activity has been conducted using only open data and open-source software. In this context, to support the analysis of the last years an open-source plugin for QGIS has been implemented. The SZ-tool allows the user to make susceptibility assessments from the data preprocessing, susceptibility mapping, to the final classification. All the output data of the analysis conducted are freely available and downloadable. This text describes the research activity of the last three years. Each chapter reports the text of the articles published in international scientific journal during the PhD.
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Nogarotto, Elisa <1996&gt. "The Belt and Road Initiative: accounting training and digital skills." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18213.

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The principal themes of this thesis are the accounting training and the digital skills of accountants in Belt and Road Initiative. In particular, the aim of this work is to demonstrate how such a vast project is changing the role of the accountant and the skills required of him. The research will demonstrate this hypothesis through the analysis of white papers and official declarations, published by the Chinese government, as well as in-depth research, carried out by experienced professors in the field, concerning training, new skills and technologies available to accountants. The first part will introduce the context of Belt and Road Initiative, analysing it from a financial and economic point of view and stressing the importance of this project both for China and for all those countries that have decided to be part of it. Doing it, the thesis will focus on the importance of the accounting sector in the project: accounting in this case is to be considered at the same time a resource but also a possible source of misunderstandings due to the different accounting systems of the individual states. Precisely because of these risks, China, together with some associations, is moving to form the figure of a more competent accountant, who must have a global vision. In order to do this, it is necessary that the training process, the central theme of the second chapter, is updated in the modalities and that new skills, that are increasingly required from accountants, are also included during the educational process. Among the new skills, the most requested are, without doubt, those related to technology, which, once developed, will allow the accountant to communicate data in a simpler and faster way. The technologies available, however, are growing more and more and many of them do not require the figure of accountant: the aim of this thesis is, in the final part, to analyse the risks and benefits of such technologies.
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‘Mokose, ‘Manapo. "The Belt and Road Initiative: Implications for Economic Development in Africa." Master's thesis, Faculty of Humanities, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32869.

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This study examines the possible impact of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) on economic development in Africa. Launched in October of 2013, the initiative was established to alleviate trade and investment bottlenecks between the more than 65 countries that are signed on to it as member states. In 2017, it became the centrepiece of China's foreign economic policy and the filter through which all of its commercial ties with external actors would be pursued, framed, or determined. It is expected that when fully operationalized, the initiative will restructure China's ties with other countries. The study analyses the possible repercussions of that restructuring, focusing on its relationship with Africa. Since consolidating their commercial relationship in the early 1990s, China has played a vital role in developing Africa's economy. With the operationalisation of the BRI, its capacity or interest to maintain that role will be modified. Depending on the changes that emerge, and given its deep economic reliance on Beijing, Africa must prepare for both positive and negative implications for its economies. The study examines these implications. It notes, among others, the upgrades Africa stands to gain to its industrial structure and business environment. It also highlights potential losses, including the hit that Africa's revenue earnings might take and the heightened competition that local industries will be exposed to because of the liberalisation that the BRI pursues. Ultimately, the study advises that what outcomes arise – be they positive or negative – will depend on how well or sufficiently the continent positions itself to moderate the negative impact of the BRI on its economies. In the concluding chapter, the study makes recommendations on how Africa might facilitate or magnify projected benefits stemming from the BRI.
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Lodetti, Claudia Adele <1993&gt. "One Belt One Road Initiative - La diplomazia cinese nell'era Xi Jinping." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/12846.

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Il 7 settembre 2013, in occasione della visita all’ Università Nazarbayev di Astana, Kazakhstan, il neo presidente cinese Xi Jinping annunciò per la prima volta la volontà di costruire la “zona economica della nuova Via della Seta”. Successivamente, il 3 ottobre dello stesso anno, egli propose di accompagnare alla prima la costruzione della “Via della Seta Marittima del XXI secolo”. I due progetti andarono a costituire la “One Belt One Road Initiative”, la “Nuova Via della Seta”, un’iniziativa aperta e inclusiva per la cooperazione e la crescita economica della zona euroasiatica, rivolta ad approssimativamente sessanta paesi e comprendente fino a cinque miliardi di persone. Due nuovi modelli di cooperazione trans-regionale colleganti Asia, Africa e Europa dal punto di vista politico, economico, commerciale e infrastrutturale, con il fine di promuovere l’amicizia tra i popoli, stabilire legami economici più saldi, approfondire la cooperazione, accrescere lo sviluppo e lavorare insieme per costruire un futuro migliore. In cosa consiste tale progetto? Come si colloca tale iniziativa all’interno delle strategie di politica estera delineate dalla leadership cinese del XIX Congresso del PCC? Quali sono le sue implicazioni geopolitiche nello scenario internazionale? Questa tesi si occuperà di rispondere a tali quesiti. Partendo infatti da una breve analisi del ruolo assunto dalla Cina nelle relazioni internazionali a partire dall’età imperiale nel primo capitolo, verranno successivamente presentate le linee di politica estera adottate dal governo Xi Jinping, per focalizzarsi infine nel terzo capitolo sull’iniziativa OBOR, sulle sue conseguenze e possibili sviluppi.
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Caruso, Valeria <1994&gt. "The Belt and Road Initiative and Italy: Italferr's Case - How Italy Can Increase Its Influence in the Belt and Road Framework." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/14069.

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In the Belt and Road framework Italy has the chance to increase its influence thanks to the competences and strategies carried out by Italferr, the company which takes care of the studies, engineering, procurement and construction of many railway projects, not only in Italy but also in many parts of the world. Thanks to Italferr, Italy has been able to export its engineering excellence everywhere and show that the Italian railways really can make the difference.
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Books on the topic "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)"

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Inada, Juichi. Examining the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-2104-0.

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Schneider, Florian, ed. Global Perspectives on China's Belt and Road Initiative. Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463727853.

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The year 2013 saw the launch of the largest, most influential investment initiative in recent memory: China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This globe-spanning strategy has reshaped local economies and regional networks, and it has become a contested subject for scholars and practitioners alike. How should we make sense of the complex interactions that the BRI has enabled? Understanding these processes requires truly global perspectives alongside careful attention to the role that local actors play in giving shape to individual BRI projects. The contributions in Global Perspectives on China's Belt and Road Initiative: Asserting Agency through Regional Connectivity provide both 'big picture' assessments of China's role in regional and global interactions and detailed case studies that home in on the role agency plays in BRI dynamics. Written by leading area studies scholars with diverse disciplinary expertise, this book reveals how Chinese efforts to recalibrate the world are taken up, challenged, revamped, and reworked in diverse contexts around the world.
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International Conference, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Trans-Regional Integration (2019 Peshawar, Pakistan). Proceedings, International Conference, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and Trans-Regional Integration: 11th and 12th September, 2019. Edited by Khan Shabir Ahmad editor, Gul Sahar (Librarian) editor, and University of Peshawar. Area Study Centre (Russia, China & Central Asia). Area Study Centre, (Russia, China, & Central Asia) University of Peshawar, 2019.

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Leandro, Francisco José B. S., and Paulo Afonso B. Duarte, eds. The Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2564-3.

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Rana, Pradumna B., and Xianbai Ji. China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5171-0.

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Zhang, Wenxian, Ilan Alon, and Christoph Lattemann, eds. China's Belt and Road Initiative. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75435-2.

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Broder, Jonathan. China's Belt and Road Initiative. CQ Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre20190125.

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Xiang, Gao, Kostas Gouliamos, Liu Zuokui, and Christos Kassimeris, eds. The Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7.

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Gang, Xiao. Financing China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003107392.

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Arduino, Alessandro, and Xue Gong, eds. Securing the Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7116-4.

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Book chapters on the topic "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)"

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Ahmed, Faisal, and Alexandre Lambert. "Understanding the BRI." In The Belt and Road Initiative. Routledge India, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003244219-4.

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Li, Xiaohua. "The “Belt and Road” International Production Capacity Cooperation and Its Prospects." In The Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_9.

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Abstract The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has been echoed worldwide since it was put forward in 2013. International Production Capacity Cooperation (IPCC) is an important component of the BRI. This article summarizes China’s direct investment in BRI countries, the construction of international cooperation parks, and the effectiveness of IPCC, analyzes the characteristics and operation mechanisms of IPCC, investigates the future development of IPCC, and puts forward measures and suggestions to promote better development of IPCC.
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Kotzias, Nikos. "The History, Silk, and Future Road." In The Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_11.

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Abstract In the text that follows, I analyze and evaluate the “Belt and Road Initiative” (BRI) of the P.R. of China (henceforth China). I look at the principles in which it is rooted and the aspirations of the Chinese leadership, at the concerns and polemics of the West. I present the Greek-Chinese initiative for the Ancient Civilizations Forum and the Greek-Chinese agreement on the BRI. Finally, I put to rest the fake news targeting Greece regarding its relations with China/the BRI.
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Xu, Xiujun. "The Belt and Road Initiative and the Future of Global Governance." In The Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_15.

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Abstract As a major international cooperation initiative that conforms to the development trend of globalization and the needs of the global governance era, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has promoted the development and innovation of the concept of global governance, effectively responded to unilateralism and protectionism in the international society, and provided a model for all countries to participate in global governance with new ideas. At the same time, the BRI provides a new platform for all cooperative partners to participate in global governance through interconnection and common development, and has achieved new outcomes in the reform of the global governance mechanisms and the development of key issue areas. Looking forward to the future, as to shape new impetus for global governance, the high-quality development of the BRI will continue to create good conditions and environment for all partners to participate in global governance, give play to their advantages in global development governance, and promote the institutionalization of the BRI international cooperation.
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Rana, Pradumna B., and Xianbai Ji. "BRI and Southeast Asia." In China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5171-0_5.

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Rana, Pradumna B., and Xianbai Ji. "BRI and South Asia." In China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5171-0_6.

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Rana, Pradumna B., and Xianbai Ji. "BRI and Central Asia." In China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5171-0_7.

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Xing, Guangcheng. "The “Belt and Road” Initiative and Eurasian Regional Cooperation." In The Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1128-7_7.

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Abstract The BRI stretches through the continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa, and Europe is an important part of the initiative. The BRI provides a platform for institutional arrangements and in-depth cooperation between economically developed Europe and economically active Asia, and Eurasian region has always been an important space for the BRI construction. Further excavation of the historical value of the ancient Silk Road is a necessary prerequisite for promoting the cultural integration of today’s Eurasian region. Strengthening the construction of infrastructure connectivity is the fundamental path to further improve the Eurasian connectivity level. Multiple investment and trade barriers still exist in the Eurasian region, which greatly hinder the economic cooperation and development of the region. To this end, we should focus on solving the problem of non-facilitation of trade and investment in the region and propose targeted solutions. People-to-people bond is the foundational project for consolidating Eurasian regional cooperation. Within the BRI framework, the synergy between China and the Eurasian Economic Union plays an important role in deepening Eurasian regional cooperation. In recent years, under the background of the pandemic, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization member states have shown positive attitudes toward economic and trade cooperation, investment and finance, transportation, etc. The promotion of Eurasian regional cooperation needs to further play the important role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a platform.
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Yu, Hong. "China’s Push for the BRI in a Changing World: Origins and Motivations." In Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9633-9_1.

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AbstractThe Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is at the heart of the paradigm shift of Chinese foreign policy. Since its announcement by China’sPresident Xi Jinping in 2013, the BRI has emerged as the centrepiece of China’s aspiration to become a global power.
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Hess, Alexander, and Christoph M. Hindermann. "The BRI." In Armenia and the Belt and Road Initiative. Routledge, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003501459-5.

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Conference papers on the topic "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)"

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Radović-Marković, Mirjana, and Miloš Vučeković. "Belt and Road Initiative in Serbia: An impact on entrepreneurship development." In Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship 2024. Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/eee24058r.

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Belt and Road Initiative' (BRI) is a major global initiative with severe economic impact , geopolitical, environmental and social implications. The Belt and Road Initiative is a very ambitious project started by the Chinese Government with a partnership of 152 countries .Our study is based on a review of existing literature, our own research and GEM data. Also, our research on Serbia showed that impact of China is rather on the recovery of the country than geopolitics. In addition, the impact of the BRI on entrepreneurship in Asia is complex and multifaceted. While the initiative has the potential to create significant opportunities for entrepreneurs, it also poses some challenges and risks that need to be carefully managed. In any case, the Belt and Road Initiative can provide a significant opportunity for entrepreneurs to expand their businesses, promote innovation, and contribute to economic growth in participating countries.
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Radović-Marković, Mirjana, Farooq Shoaib, and Kemal Yildirim. "China's role for investments and support entrepreneurship in selected BRI countries in Asia." In Employment, Education and Entrepreneurship 2024. Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5937/eee24002r.

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China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has become a significant driver of investment and support for entrepreneurship in selected countries across Asia. The research method used in the work is based on a review of the literature, statistical data, as well as on the obtained first results of own research related to the project on the impact of globalization on large countries. The goal is to point out the achieved results, but also to give recommendations in which segments this cooperation can be improved. In the paper, the authors not only analyze the positive impact of the Belt and Road initiative, but also mention certain negative aspects. Also, at the end of the paper, the authors pay special attention to measures to strengthen this initiative between China and other countries.
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ZHANG, QIAN-NAN, XIAO-NA HE, and MIRAJ AHMED BHUIYAN. "AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF TRADE STATUS AND DETERMINANTS BETWEEN CHINA AND "ONE BELT- ONE ROAD" COUNTRIES-BASED ON TRADE GRAVITY MODEL." In 2021 International Conference on Management, Economics, Business and Information Technology. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtem/mebit2021/35616.

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“One Road-One Belt”, (Belt and Road Initiative, BRI) reminiscent of the Silk Road, is a massive infrastructure and trade project, initiated by China; that would stretch from East Asia to Europe, somehow recognized by the international community. Despite of criticism of this project, it is considered as an effective tool for promoting regional and bilateral trade deals. In this paper we have pointed out the problems that hindered the bilateral trades among countries along the route. Based on Trade gravity Model; bilateral trade model between China and the countries along the “Belt and Road” was empirically tested in the article, followed by some suggestions.
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Rahman, Saif Ur, and Zhao Shurong. "What Drives Chinese ODI to the Countries of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): An Empirical Analysis." In IMMS 2021: 2021 4th International Conference on Information Management and Management Science. ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3485190.3485228.

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De Jesus, Letícia, and Paulo Duarte. "The Geopolitics of Sino-Russian Regionalism in Central Asia: Kazakhstan in Analysis." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c14.02616.

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Central Asia is often seen as Russia’s near-abroad. Nonetheless, recent years have shown a more active China in quest for resources, stability, and an attempt to build a Eurasian land axis, to allow a faster connection between East and West within China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Interestingly, both China (BRI) and Russia’s (Eurasian Economic Union) regionalist projects were launched in Kazakhstan, which shows the centrality of this country in the region. We will focus on the geopolitical impacts for Kazakhstan stemming from the overlapping synergies between both the BRI and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). We aim to understand whether this juxtaposition of regional initiatives could be beneficial or cause harm to Kazakhstan’s regional interests. In so doing, we aim at filling in a gap in literature, which has failed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the benefits versus handicaps caused by the overlapping generated by the EAEU and the BRI. Drawing on a qualitative methodology which encompasses primary sources (official speeches and news agencies) and secondary sources (the most respected authors on the field), we argue that Kazakhstan stance vis-à-vis the BRI and the EAEU has been proposedly ambiguous in order to maximize its interests. This being said, the conceptual lens that best serves our purposes is social constructivism. According to it, international relations are best explained by a moderate approach in which states cooperate instead of relying either on a search for survival (as realism defends) or on a utopia of liberal kindness (according to liberalism).
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Carota, Francesco. "Architecture Beyond Borders. Exploring the Relationship between Architectural Theory and Practice in Transnational Endeavors within the Belt and Road Initiative." In On Architecture — Challenges in Design. STRAND - Sustainable Urban Society Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.60152/pb1mytc7.

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The paper delves into the intricate relationship between architectural critique and design practice within the realm of transnational architecture endeavors, specifically focusing on the global infrastructure development facilitated by the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). As a monumental project spanning numerous countries and continents, the BRI has sparked a wave of architectural interventions that transcend national boundaries. These endeavors offer a unique opportunity to explore how the circulation of design ideas and practices across nations manifests in tangible architectural artefacts, which have thus far remained on the periphery of mainstream architectural discourse. By drawing upon diverse case studies from different parts of the world, where various stakeholders such as governments, investors, communities, and architectural professionals are involved, this research examines the tensions that arise between global and local architectural practices, the negotiation of cultural identities and the adaptation of design standards to accommodate diverse geographical and sociocultural contexts. Through this investigation, the contribution critically evaluates and challenges the oversimplification of global architecture through taxonomic scientific frameworks, rejecting the notion that urban architecture is a static and universally applicable knowledge object that can be studied using a singular framework. Instead, it sheds light on the complex dynamics at play in the creation of built environments within a multi-dimensional globalized context. The final aim is to promote the development of new concepts and theoretical perspectives that foster a more cosmopolitan and inclusive understanding of architecture and urbanism.
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Yisen, Zhang. "CHINA-ARAB ENERGY COOPERATION: CONSTRUCT NEW ENERGY SILK ROAD." In – Social Science & Humanities Research Association International Conference, 07-08 May, Kuala Lumpur. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.300301.

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Arab countries are one of the most important energy supply bases in the world and a key area for China's ‘Belt and Road’" initiative(BRI). China and Arab countries have long been committed to enhancing energy cooperation. While the global energy transition is the background of China-Arab energy cooperation, the international situation in the region is still in flux, but there is a good political foundation for China-Arab energy cooperation. These are the basic conditions for China-Arab energy cooperation. Against the backdrop of energy transition and continuous changes in the international situation, China and Arab countries are working together to promote energy cooperation in terms of policy design, mechanism improvement, industry chain layout, human resource support and project implementation, combining the BRI and ‘a Community with a Shared Future for Mankind’, and the ‘China-Arab Community with a Shared Future’ in order to promote the building of a China-Arab community of energy cooperation. China-Arab cooperation in the oil and gas sector continues at a high level, while new energy sources are becoming the highlight of China-Arab energy cooperation, which is the ‘new’. In addition, despite frequent changes in the international situation, China and Arab countries have insisted on promoting a community-based approach to cooperation, which is a ‘new’ way of cooperation compared to the energy strategies of Western countries.
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Saeed, Husnain, Shahid Ikramullah, Mushtaq Khan, Fahd Amjad, Liaqat Ali, and Zhang Faping. "Multi Depot Vehicle Routing Using Ant Colony Optimization - Trip Assignment of Freight Flow Using Modified Gravity Model: Special case of CPEC – Flagship of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)." In 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea49774.2020.9102034.

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Li, Changyong, Yi Tong, Junshuai Jiang, Risu Na, and Lina Da. "Innovative Practice and Development Countermeasures of Oil and Gas Cooperation Along the Belt and Road with the Background of Carbon Neutrality." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/216342-ms.

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Abstract Considering the current status of China's energy mix, requirements for the energy transition and the development level of renewables, oil and gas will play an essential role in China's long-term energy supply, with its proportion in the primary energy consumption accounting for around 30% until 2040. The goals of "carbon peak" and "carbon neutrality" put forward higher requirements for international cooperation in the oil and gas sector along the Belt and Road (B&amp;R), together with low carbon development. Chinese state oil companies, represented by PetroChina, Sinopec and CNOOC, actively participate in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), collaboratively operating many world-class oil and gas development projects, as well as technological innovation and practice. The annual oil and gas equity production from these cooperation projects exceeds 200 million tons of oil equivalent, which weighs heavily in the international energy cooperation, and accelerates the energy transition. With the background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, fossil fuels remain of critical importance to the current energy system. Cooperation in oil and gas along B&amp;R faces unprecedented opportunities, multiple environmental supervision and carbon emission reduction pressure. In view of above situation, countermeasures to the development in oil and gas along B&amp;R are put forward: 1) strengthen the cooperation and development in oil and gas along B&amp;R to enhance the international energy cooperation, natural gas production and utilization, and accelerate the energy transition to diversify China's energy mix; 2) improve energy use efficiency and optimize energy use in exploration and development system, strengthen the construction of intelligent oil fields and shore power, and implement decarbonizing measures throughout the industrial chain to increase the pace and extent of energy conservation and emission reduction; 3) actively develop carbon-negative technologies and infrastructure, and promote carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) application represented by carbon dioxide flooding, water alternating gas flooding etc., gradually shifting to a lower carbon energy system; 4) promote the integrated development of traditional resources and alternative energy, open channels of financial support, technology and talents, actively deploy new energy business, and coordinate the development of non-fossil energy industries such as solar energy and wind power.
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Senadjki, Abdelhak, Samuel Ogbeibu, Mourad Senadjki, Iddrisu Mohammed Awal, and Tameur Nachef. "China belt and road initiative." In AADNIC-ABMECR 2020: The 2nd Africa-Asia Dialogue Network International Conference on Advances in Business Management and Electronic Commerce Research. ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3440094.3440402.

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Reports on the topic "Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)"

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Trembeczki, Zsolt. Blue Chip Networks: Two Case Studies of Countering the Belt and Road Initiative. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2021.65.

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While debates over China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) dominate the discourse over global infrastructure development, countries sceptical of the purpose or potential of the BRI have launched multiple alternative initiatives. This analysis compares two case studies: the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) launched by Japan and India in 2017, in part building on Japan’s Quality Infrastructure concept, and the G7’s 2021 Build Back Better World (B3W) plan, which is effectively a follow-up on the Blue Dot Network announced by the United States, Japan, and Australia in 2019. The paper concludes that the set of high financial and project quality standards of these initiatives may lead to better overall return but also prohibitive initial costs, while admirable goals like gender equity or digitised governance may not always respond adequately to the infrastructure priorities of developing countries. Furthermore, while these initiatives rely heavily on mobilising private capital, the literature clearly shows that infrastructure projects, especially in developing regions, are typically rather unattractive for private investors. Nevertheless, with a staggering USD 15 trillion gap in projected needs and actual spending on global infrastructure by 2040, there is no reason for a zero-sum competition between Chinese and Western connectivity programmes. Thus, Hungary should remain open to all and not commit exclusively to any of these initiatives.
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Chen, Dongmei. China’s BRI and Saudi Vision 2030 :A Review to Partnership for Sustainability. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2021-dp016.

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This study reviews the comprehensive strategic partnership between Saudi Arabia and China and the interconnection between China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Saudi Vision 2030. These connections have significantly improved cooperation in trade, investment, energy and new technology development over the last seven years. Saudi Arabia can further its cooperation with China on the circular carbon economy (CCE) through both bilateral and multilateral frameworks.
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Yuan, Jingdong, Fei Su, and Xuwan Ouyang. China’s Evolving Approach to Foreign Aid. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/wtnj4163.

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China’s role in foreign aid and, more broadly, in development cooperation on the global stage has grown significantly since it began seven decades ago. Particularly in recent years, through such platforms as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s profile and engagement in global governance in foreign aid and related areas has been further enhanced. China’s ambition is taking a more proactive approach in foreign aid and moving towards a model of international development cooperation by linking with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and by including the BRI as a major platform to achieve key development goals. This paper provides a timely analysis of the evolution of China’s foreign aid policy in the past seven decades with a particular focus on the developments since 2000. It discusses China’s development finance to Africa and the major sectors receiving Chinese aid. It also analyses recent trends of Chinese foreign aid and identifies some of the challenges that China faces as it becomes a major player in international development financing.
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Galkin, Philipp, Dongmei Chen, and Junyuang Ke. China’s Energy Investment Through the Lens of the Belt and Road Initiative. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2019-dp83.

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Deng, Yong. China grapples with the institutional future of the Belt and Road Initiative. East Asia Forum, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.59425/eabc.1714125600.

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Goreczky, Péter. Dynamics of the ASEAN-China Economic Relations in the COVID Era. Külügyi és Külgazdasági Intézet, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47683/kkielemzesek.ke-2021.44.

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ASEAN’s economic ties with China have proven to be more crisisproof than merchandise trade and direct investment flows with the rest of the world. Before the pandemic, China had continuously increased its share in the economic relations of Southeast Asia, and this trend seems to have continued in the COVID era as well. In 2020 the region’s trade deficit with China decreased, while China’s share in both ASEAN export and import climbed. The COVID crisis further strengthened the importance of the technology sector and the need for a digital infrastructure; as a consequence, the expansion of Chinese tech giants in the region continued. Southeast Asian countries explicitly count on China in returning to pre-crisis economic growth levels. Most ASEAN states consider infrastructure development one of the catalysers of economic recovery, creating the opportunity for China to proceed with the Belt and Road Initiative.
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Carty, Anthony, and Jing Gu. Theory and Practice in China’s Approaches to Multilateralism and Critical Reflections on the Western ‘Rules-Based International Order’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.057.

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China is the subject of Western criticism for its supposed disregard of the rules-based international order. Such a charge implies that China is unilateralist. The aim in this study is to explain how China does in fact have a multilateral approach to international relations. China’s core idea of a community of shared future of humanity shows that it is aware of the need for a universal foundation for world order. The Research Report focuses on explaining the Chinese approach to multilateralism from its own internal perspective, with Chinese philosophy and history shaping its view of the nature of rules, rights, law, and of institutions which should shape relationships. A number of case studies show how the Chinese perspectives are implemented, such as with regards to development finance, infrastructure projects (especially the Belt and Road Initiative), shaping new international organisations (such as the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank), climate change, cyber-regulation and Chinese participation in the United Nations in the field of human rights and peacekeeping. Looking at critical Western opinion of this activity, we find speculation around Chinese motives. This is why a major emphasis is placed on a hermeneutic approach to China which explains how it sees its intentions. The heart of the Research Report is an exploration of the underlying Chinese philosophy of rulemaking, undertaken in a comparative perspective to show how far it resembles or differs from the Western philosophy of rulemaking.
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Chandrasekhar, C. P. The Long Search for Stability: Financial Cooperation to Address Global Risks in the East Asian Region. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp153.

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Forced by the 1997 Southeast Asian crisis to recognize the external vulnerabilities that openness to volatile capital flows result in and upset over the post-crisis policy responses imposed by the IMF, countries in the sub-region saw the need for a regional financial safety net that can pre-empt or mitigate future crises. At the outset, the aim of the initiative, then led by Japan, was to create a facility or design a mechanism that was independent of the United States and the IMF, since the former was less concerned with vulnerabilities in Asia than it was in Latin America and that the latter’s recommendations proved damaging for countries in the region. But US opposition and inherited geopolitical tensions in the region blocked Japan’s initial proposal to establish an Asian Monetary Fund, a kind of regional IMF. As an alternative, the ASEAN+3 grouping (ASEAN members plus China, Japan and South Korea) opted for more flexible arrangements, at the core of which was a network of multilateral and bilateral central bank swap agreements. While central bank swap agreements have played a role in crisis management, the effort to make them the central instruments of a cooperatively established regional safety net, the Chiang Mai Initiative, failed. During the crises of 2008 and 2020 countries covered by the Initiative chose not to rely on the facility, preferring to turn to multilateral institutions such as the ADB, World Bank and IMF or enter into bilateral agreements within and outside the region for assistance. The fundamental problem was that because of an effort to appease the US and the IMF and the use of the IMF as a foil against the dominance of a regional power like Japan, the regional arrangement was not a real alternative to traditional sources of balance of payments support. In particular, access to significant financial assistance under the arrangement required a country to be supported first by an IMF program and be subject to the IMF’s conditions and surveillance. The failure of the multilateral effort meant that a specifically Asian safety net independent of the US and the IMF had to be one constructed by a regional power involving support for a network of bilateral agreements. Japan was the first regional power to seek to build such a network through it post-1997 Miyazawa Initiative. But its own complex relationship with the US meant that its intervention could not be sustained, more so because of the crisis that engulfed Japan in 1990. But the prospect of regional independence in crisis resolution has revived with the rise of China as a regional and global power. This time both economics and China’s independence from the US seem to improve prospects of successful regional cooperation to address financial vulnerability. A history of tensions between China and its neighbours and the fear of Chinese dominance may yet lead to one more failure. But, as of now, the Belt and Road Initiative, China’s support for a large number of bilateral swap arrangements and its participation in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership seem to suggest that Asian countries may finally come into their own.
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Building Partnerships for Conservation and Development in HKH: Exploring Complementary Opportunities for Improving HKPL Transboundary Cooperation from One Belt, One Road Initiative, 1–12 December 2016, Lanzhou, China; ICIMOD Proceedings 2017/4. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.53055/icimod.653.

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