Relevant bibliographies by topics / Below-replacement fertility

Academic literature on the topic 'Below-replacement fertility'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Below-replacement fertility"

1

Wilson, C. "Fertility Below Replacement Level." Science 304, no. 5668 (April 9, 2004): 207c—209c. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.304.5668.207c.

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2

Zhao, Zhongwei, and Zhigang Guo. "China’s Below Replacement Fertility: A Further Exploration." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2010): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6889n.

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China has experienced an unprecedented fertility decline since the early 1970s. Available data show that the total fertility rate has fallen from about 6 children per woman to approximately 1.5 children in the past four decades. This change has not only greatly altered China’s demographic map, but also incited considerable discussion on the quality of China’s recent fertility data and the impact of China’s traditional culture on people’s fertility behaviour in the past and present. This paper further examines China’s recent fertility changes with a particular attention being directed to the following questions: China’s below and far below replacement fertility since the early 1990s; the reliability of China’s recent fertility data; and some historical and cultural factors that contribute to China’s rapid fertility decline.
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Schmertmann, Carl. "Stationary populations with below-replacement fertility." Demographic Research 26 (April 18, 2012): 319–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2012.26.14.

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McNicoll, Geoffrey. "Economic Growth with Below-Replacement Fertility." Population and Development Review 12 (1986): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807904.

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Merli, M. Giovanna, and S. Philip Morgan. "Below Replacement Fertility Preferences in Shanghai." Population (english edition) 66, no. 3 (2011): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pope.1103.0519.

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6

Striessnig, Erich, and Wolfgang Lutz. "Can below-replacement fertility be desirable?" Empirica 40, no. 3 (March 20, 2013): 409–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10663-013-9213-3.

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Kaplan, Hillard, Jane B. Lancaster, W. Troy Tucker, and K. G. Anderson. "Evolutionary approach to below replacement fertility." American Journal of Human Biology 14, no. 2 (February 25, 2002): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.10041.

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Zhao, Zhongwei, Qinzi Xu, and Xin Yuan. "FAR BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY IN URBAN CHINA." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S4—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000347.

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SummaryChina’s urban population has experienced rapid fertility decline over the past six decades. This drastic change will have a significant impact on China’s demographic, social and economic future. However, the patterns and characteristics of urban China’s fertility decline have not been systematically examined. This study analyses the trends and age patterns of fertility in urban China since the 1950s, and summarizes the major characteristics of reproductive behaviours into four ‘lows’: extremely ‘low’ level of fertility; ‘low’ proportion of two and higher parity births; ‘low’ mean age at birth; and ‘low’ level of childlessness. The paper argues that the highly homogenous reproductive behaviours found in China’s now near 800 million urban population have been in part shaped by the country’s unprecedented government intervention in family planning. The ‘later, longer, fewer’ campaign in the 1970s and the ‘one-child’ policy, in particular, have left clear imprints on China’s reproductive norms and fertility patterns. The government-led family planning programme, however, has not been the only driving force of fertility decline. A wide range of social, economic, political and cultural changes have also affected the transition in family formation, reproductive behaviour and fertility patterns, and this has become increasingly prominent in the past two decades.
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Hall, David R. "The pure relationship and below replacement fertility." Canadian Studies in Population 30, no. 1 (December 31, 2003): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6989z.

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Of the many changes which have characterized the second demographic transition, shifts in fertility and union formation have attracted a great deal of interest from demographers. Despite the fact that researchers have extensively modeled recent demographic changes such as skyrocketing divorce rates, rising common-law union formation, delayed childbearing, and the decline to belowreplacement fertility levels, our understanding of the causes of these trends, and the possible connections between them remains theoretically fragmented and incomplete. The goal of this paper is to advance our understanding in this area by exploring the insights on modern family formation of prominent sociologist Anthony Giddens. Specifically, this study examines whether Giddens’ “pure relationship” concept can shed light on the trend toward very low fertility. The results of this inquiry suggest that couples in both marriages and common-law unions who conform to key aspects of Giddens pure relationship are more likely to have uncertain or below-replacement fertility intentions, and less likely to embrace above-replacement fertility goals.
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Boserup, Ester. "Comment: [Economic Growth with Below-Replacement Fertility]." Population and Development Review 12 (1986): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2807905.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Below-replacement fertility"

1

Kinfu, Ashagrea Yohannes, and yohannes@coombs anu edu au. "The Quite Revolution: An analysis of the change toward below-replacement-level fertility in Addis Ababa." The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20011218.163822.

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Rural-urban differentials in fertility behaviour are neither new nor surprising, but a difference of over four children per woman as observed between rural Ethiopia and the country's national capital, Addis Ababa, in 1990 is rare, possibly unique. Reported fertility in Addis Ababa in 1990 was about 2.6 children per woman. By the mid-1990s, it declined further to 1.8 children per woman. This study investigates the dimensions, components and causes of this remarkable reproductive change. ¶ The study specifically asks and seeks to answer the following questions. Is the decline real, or is it merely an illusion created by faulty reporting? If it is real, how has it come about? Did it result from a change in the onset of reproduction or a decline in the proportion of women reaching high parities or both? And in what context has such a fundamental, even revolutionary, change taken place in a country and a continent that are mostly yet to join the global transition to a small family-size norm. ¶ Data for the study were drawn from two national population censuses, undertaken in 1984 and 1994, two fertility surveys, conducted in 1990 and 1995, and a number of supplementary sources, including a qualitative study conducted by the investigator. Results from the study confirm that the trend of declining fertility and the recent fall to below-replacement-level are indeed real. As the analysis shows the decline was largely driven by changes in the marriage pattern, and supplemented by the increased propensity of fertility control observed across all birth orders and age groups. All socio-economic groups in the city have had a decline in cohort fertility and this was brought about both by shifts in population composition (a composition effect) and increased intensity of fertility control within each group (a rate effect). The institutional and cultural factors that are believed to have prompted these changes are discussed in the thesis in some detail.
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2

Kinfu, Ashagrea Yohannes. "The quite revolution : an analysis of the change toward below-replacement-level fertility in Addis Ababa." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20011218.163822/index.html.

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Zhang, Guangyu. "China's far below replacement level fertility : a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births? /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20050224.092945/index.html.

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Zhang, Guangyu, and Zhang Guangyu@anu edu au. "China's far below replacement level fertility: a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births?" The Australian National University. Research School of Social Sciences, 2004. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20050224.092945.

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How fast and how far China’s fertility declined in the 1990s has long been a matter of considerable debate, despite very low fertility consistently being reported in a number of statistical investigations over time. Most demographers interpreted this as a result of serious underreporting of births in population statistics, due to the family planning program, especially the program strengthening after 1991. Consequently, they suggested that fertility fell only moderately below-replacement level, around 1.8 children per woman from the early 1990s. But some demographers argued that surveys and census may have reflected a real decline of fertility even allowing for some underreporting of births, given the consistency between data sources and over time. They believed that fertility declined substantially in the 1990s, very likely in the range between 1.5 and 1.6 by the year 2000.¶ The controversy over fertility is primarily related to the problem of underreporting of births, in particular the different estimations of the extent of underreporting. However, a correct interpretation of fertility data goes far beyond the pure numbers, which calls for a thorough understanding of different data sources, the programmatic and societal changes that occurred in the 1990s, and their effects on both fertility changes and data collection efforts. This thesis aims to address the question whether the reported far-below-replacement level fertility was a reality of substantial fertility decline or just an illusion arising from underreporting of births. Given the nature of the controversy, it devotes most efforts in assessing data quality, through examining the patterns, causes and extent of underreporting of births in each data source; reconstructing the decline of fertility in the 1990s; and searching corroborating evidence for the decline.¶ After reviewing programmatic changes in the 1990s, this thesis suggests that the program efforts were greatly strengthened, which would help to bring fertility down, but the birth control policy and program target were not tightened as generally believed. The program does affect individual reporting of births, but the completeness of births in each data source is greatly dependent on who collects fertility data and how the data are collected. The thesis then carefully examines the data collection operations and underreporting of births in five sets of fertility data: the hukou statistics, the family planning statistics, population census, annual survey and retrospective survey. The analysis does not find convincing evidence that fertility data deteriorated more seriously in the 1990s than the preceding decade. Rather, it finds that surveys and censuses have a far more complete reporting of births than the registration-based statistics, because they directly obtain information from respondents, largely avoiding intermediate interference from local program workers. In addition, the detailed examination suggests that less than 10 percent births may have been unreported in surveys and censuses. The annual surveys, which included many higher-order our-of-plan births being misreported as first-order births, have more complete reporting of births than censuses, which were affected by the increasing population mobility and field enumeration difficulties, and retrospective surveys, which suffered from underreporting of higher-order births.¶ Using the unadjusted data of annual surveys from 1991 to 1999, 1995 sample census and 2000 census, this research shows that fertility first dropped from 2.3 to 1.7 in the first half of the 1990s, and further declined to a lower level around 1.5-1.6 in the second half of the decade. The comparison with other independent sources corroborates the reliability of this estimation. Putting China’s fertility decline in international perspective, comparison with the experiences of Thailand and Korea also supports such a rapid decline. Subsequently, the thesis reveals an increasingly narrow gap between state demands and popular fertility preferences, and great contributions from delayed marriage and nearly universal contraception. It is concluded that the fertility declined substantially over the course of the 1990s and dropped to a very low level by the end of last century. It is very likely that the combination of a government-enforced birth control program and rapid societal changes quickly moved China into the group of very low-fertility countries earlier than that might have been anticipated, as almost all the others are developed countries.
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Bradatan, Cristina. "Below replacement fertility in Eastern Europe a case study /." 2004. http://etda.libraries.psu.edu/theses/approved/WorldWideIndex/ETD-630/.

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Iwinska-Nowak, Anna Malgorzata. "Gender Equity and Fertility in European Below-Replacement Fertility Countries: Poland and Estonia." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2011-12-10427.

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Much of the recent scholarly attention has been devoted to the low fertility situation experienced by a growing number of developed countries. In this context, the theoretical framework explicitly incorporating the issues of gender in explanations of low fertility has been gaining notable popularity. This dissertation is focused primarily on the application of McDonald's theory of gender equity to the fertility context of two post-communist "low" and "very low" fertility countries, namely Poland and Estonia. Additionally, it tests the relative importance of gender equity at the societal level and the level of the family, contrasts the results of using different operationalizations of gender equity in the family, and compares the effects of gender equity on male and female fertility. I estimate two sex-specific models for Poland and two-sex specific models for Estonia, which respectively use three and two independent variables capturing gender equity in different institutions as well as in the family. All the models use intended fertility as the dependent variable operationalized as either the intention to have the second or higher order birth or the number of additional children intended. The main findings of this dissertation support the gendered explanation of low fertility in Poland and Estonia. More specifically, they indicate that gender equity in the family significantly increases fertility intentions of Polish men and women and Estonian women but not men. However, in none of the models there is evidence that gender equity in institutions outside the family matters to fertility. All in all, the findings support the gendered approach to fertility. The results of my dissertation indicate that it is important to pay attention to how we measure gender equity. I observe some variation in the findings depending on how stringent definition of equity is used. Finally, my research suggests that the importance of gender equity for women's fertility might be more universal but it is also not completely irrelevant to the fertility of men. I conclude this dissertation with a discussion of the implications of my findings and the potential for future development of research in this area.
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7

Kinfu, Yohannes. "The Quite [sic] Revolution: An analysis of the change toward below-replacement-level fertility in Addis Ababa." Phd thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/47496.

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Rural-urban differentials in fertility behaviour are neither new nor surprising, but a difference of over four children per woman as observed between rural Ethiopia and the country's national capital, Addis Ababa, in 1990 is rare, possibly unique. Reported fertility in Addis Ababa in 1990 was about 2.6 children per woman. By the mid-1990s, it declined further to 1.8 children per woman. This study investigates the dimensions, components and causes of this remarkable reproductive change. ¶ The study specifically asks and seeks to answer the following questions. Is the decline real, or is it merely an illusion created by faulty reporting? If it is real, how has it come about? Did it result from a change in the onset of reproduction or a decline in the proportion of women reaching high parities or both? And in what context has such a fundamental, even revolutionary, change taken place in a country and a continent that are mostly yet to join the global transition to a small family-size norm. ¶ Data for the study were drawn from two national population censuses, undertaken in 1984 and 1994, two fertility surveys, conducted in 1990 and 1995, and a number of supplementary sources, including a qualitative study conducted by the investigator. Results from the study confirm that the trend of declining fertility and the recent fall to below-replacement-level are indeed real. As the analysis shows the decline was largely driven by changes in the marriage pattern, and supplemented by the increased propensity of fertility control observed across all birth orders and age groups. All socio-economic groups in the city have had a decline in cohort fertility and this was brought about both by shifts in population composition (a composition effect) and increased intensity of fertility control within each group (a rate effect). The institutional and cultural factors that are believed to have prompted these changes are discussed in the thesis in some detail.
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8

Guarneri, Christine E. "A Classic Model in a Low Fertility Context: The Proximate Determinants of Fertility in South Korea and the United States." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7777.

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John Bongaarts' proximate determinants model of fertility has accounted for over 90 percent of variation in the total fertility rate (TFR) of primarily developing nations and historical populations. Recently, dramatically low fertility rates across the globe have raised questions regarding whether this model could be applied to exclusively below-replacement nations. This study follows Knodel, Chamratrithirong, and Debavalya's 1987 analysis of fertility decline in Thailand by conducting in-depth case studies of the proximate determinants in two low fertility countries over time: South Korea, where fertility is well below the level of replacement, and the United States, where fertility has hovered around replacement level for many years. Then, the fertility-inhibiting effect of the proximate determinants is assessed by comparing the quantitative index representing each determinant measured in the 1960s/1970s with its measurement in the 2000s. For both years, I consider the fertility level that would prevail in the determinant's presence as well as the level that would exist in its absence. Finally, I use each of the indices to calculate the TFR and assess how the strength of the model varies over time in the two countries. Ultimately, results indicate that the proximate determinants model does not offer a clean picture of the fertility level in either South Korea or the United States; when trends uncovered by the case studies are compared to the results of the quantitative analysis, a number of inconsistencies are revealed. This suggests that certain components in the model may need to be respecified for more effective application in low-fertility contexts. However, that is not to say that it offers no insight into fertility at all or that it is no longer a useful tool. On the contrary, it is shown that the proximate determinants model holds a lot of potential for analysis in low-fertility nations. The implications of these results, as well as the need for improvements in international data collection efforts, are also discussed.
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9

Zhang, Guangyu. "China's far below replacement level fertility: a reality or illusion arising from underreporting of births?" Phd thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/49277.

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How fast and how far China’s fertility declined in the 1990s has long been a matter of considerable debate, despite very low fertility consistently being reported in a number of statistical investigations over time. Most demographers interpreted this as a result of serious underreporting of births in population statistics, due to the family planning program, especially the program strengthening after 1991. Consequently, they suggested that fertility fell only moderately below-replacement level, around 1.8 children per woman from the early 1990s. But some demographers argued that surveys and census may have reflected a real decline of fertility even allowing for some underreporting of births, given the consistency between data sources and over time. They believed that fertility declined substantially in the 1990s, very likely in the range between 1.5 and 1.6 by the year 2000.¶ The controversy over fertility is primarily related to the problem of underreporting of births, in particular the different estimations of the extent of underreporting. However, a correct interpretation of fertility data goes far beyond the pure numbers, which calls for a thorough understanding of different data sources, the programmatic and societal changes that occurred in the 1990s, and their effects on both fertility changes and data collection efforts. This thesis aims to address the question whether the reported far-below-replacement level fertility was a reality of substantial fertility decline or just an illusion arising from underreporting of births. Given the nature of the controversy, it devotes most efforts in assessing data quality, through examining the patterns, causes and extent of underreporting of births in each data source; reconstructing the decline of fertility in the 1990s; and searching corroborating evidence for the decline.¶
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Books on the topic "Below-replacement fertility"

1

United Nations. Dept. of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division. and Expert Group Meeting on Below-Replacement Fertility (1997 : New York)., eds. Below replacement fertility. New York: United Nations, 2000.

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2

Atoh, Makoto. Family policy in the age of below-replacement fertility. Tokyo, Japan: Institute of Population Problems, Ministry of Health and Welfare, 1993.

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Phātthaisong, Tīang. Factors in the achievement of below-replacement fertility in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Honolulu, Hawaii: East-West Center, 1986.

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Below Replacement Fertility in Sri Lanka. Colombo, Sri Lanka: People's Bank, Sri Lanka, 2003.

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Below-replacement fertility in industrial societies: Causes, consequences, policies. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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(Editor), Kingsley Davis, Mikhail S. Bernstam (Editor), and Rita Ricardo-Campbell (Editor), eds. Below-Replacement Fertility in Industrial Societies: Causes, Consequences, Policies. Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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1908-, Davis Kingsley, Bernshtam Mikhail S, Ricardo-Campbell Rita, and Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace., eds. Below-replacement fertility in industrial societies: Causes, consequences, policies. New York, N.Y., USA: Population Council, 1987.

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Nations, United. Below Replacement Fertility: Population Bulletin of the United Nations. United Nations Pubns, 2000.

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1908-, Davis Kingsley, Bernstam Mikhail S, Ricardo-Campbell Rita, and Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace., eds. Below-replacement fertility in industrial societies: Causes, consequences, policies. New York: Population Council, 1987.

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(Editor), Kingsley Davis, Mikhail S. Bernstam (Editor), and Rita Ricardo-Campbell (Editor), eds. Below-Replacement Fertility in Industrial Societies: Causes, Consequences, Policies (Population and Development Review, Supplement to Vol 12, 1986). Cambridge University Press, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Below-replacement fertility"

1

Feng, Wang. "China’s Long Road toward Recognition of Below-Replacement Fertility." In Low and Lower Fertility, 15–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21482-5_2.

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Tsuya, Noriko O. "Below-Replacement Fertility in Japan: Patterns, Factors, and Policy Implications." In Low and Lower Fertility, 87–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21482-5_5.

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Bongaarts, John, and Dennis Hodgson. "Country Fertility Transition Patterns." In Fertility Transition in the Developing World, 15–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11840-1_2.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on the fertility transitions of individual countries. Countries are the entities that make policy decisions and implement family planning programs. Each country has a special set of economic, political, social and cultural conditions that influence fertility trends and related policies. We describe levels and trends in fertility in 97 developing countries between 1950 and 2020. Measures related to successive phases of the transitions are provided, including pre-transitional fertility, the timing of the onset, the pace of fertility decline, the timing of the transition’s end and post-transitional fertility. A special section discusses countries that have experienced a “stall” in their fertility transition. Transition patterns varied widely among developing countries over the past seven decades. Countries such as Singapore, Mauritius, Korea, Taiwan, and China experienced early, rapid, and complete transitions. In contrast, transitions in all but one country (South Africa) in sub-Saharan Africa have been late and slow, and fertility today remains well above replacement. Among the 97 countries examined, only 42 have reached the end of the transition, which is defined as having reached a TFR below 2.5 in 2020. The majority of countries are still in transition, and some have barely started a fertility decline.
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"14. Prolonged Below-Replacement Fertility." In Population Policies and Programmes in Singapore, 2nd edition, 209–22. ISEAS Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789814762205-018.

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"14. PROLONGED BELOW-REPLACEMENT FERTILITY." In Population Policies and Programmes in Singapore, 206–18. ISEAS Publishing, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/9789812305480-017.

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Guo, Zhigang, and Wei Chen. "Below Replacement Fertility in Mainland China." In Transition and Challenge, 54–70. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199299294.003.0004.

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Gietel-Basten, Stuart, and Tomáš Sobotka. "Future Fertility in Low Fertility Countries." In World Population & Human Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813422.003.0007.

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The ongoing transition to low fertility is, alongside the long-term expansion of life expectancy, the key force reshaping populations around the world. It has sweeping economic and social repercussions as it affects labour markets, intergenerational ties, gender relations, and public policies. Many middle-income countries, including China, Brazil, Iran, and Turkey, have joined the expanding list of low fertility countries. Consequently, low fertility is no longer an exclusive feature of rich Western societies. As close to half of the global population now lives in regions with below replacement fertility, low fertility has become a truly global phenomenon. What are the key ingredients of this ‘revolutionary’ change? Expanding education, rising income, the rise of gender equality, female labour force participation, ideational changes, consumerism, urbanization, family disintegration, economic uncertainty, globalization, modern contraception, and many other complementary or contrasting forces are often highlighted. But how will these drivers shape the long-term future of fertility? Will fertility in most countries stabilize at around the replacement level threshold, as implied by the demographic transition theory, or will it decline below this level? Is very low fertility merely a ‘passing phenomenon’, a sign of a temporary imbalance between rapid social and economic changes and opportunities on the one hand, and family, gender relations, and reproduction on the other? This chapter aims to present both a comprehensive overview of the forces shaping contemporary reproductive behaviour in low fertility countries and an exploration of possible future scenarios based upon a new IIASA–Oxford survey of international experts introduced in Chapter 2 of this volume. We begin with a presentation of recent trends in fertility in low fertility settings followed by a review of the particular recent histories of fertility change in North America, Europe, and the emerging low fertility settings in East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. We then explore the theoretical and empirical evidence that has been cited in the literature as underpinning these past trends and possible future scenarios. As well as ‘meta-theories’ such as the Second Demographic Transition (SDT), section 3.2 considers the roles played by cultural, biomedical, and economic factors, family policies, economic uncertainty, education, and the contribution of migrants’ fertility.
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Simonelli, Jeanne M. "The Politics of Below-Replacement Fertility: Policy and Power in Hungary." In Births and Power, 101–11. Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429043116-6.

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Woodhouse, Barbara Bennett. "Falling Birth Rates and Rural Depopulation." In The Ecology of Childhood, 97–111. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9780814794845.003.0005.

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Chapter five moves from ethnography at the village level to examine the demographics of declining fertility and rural depopulation plaguing many affluent nations. A failure of generational renewal threatens the well-being of individuals, communities and societies. With the story of a child who is the last child in his remote Italian village, the author illustrates the critical importance of children to each other and to their communities. After introducing demographic concepts such as birth rate and replacement rate, total fertility rate and replacement rate fertility, the book discusses the low birth rate crisis in Italy where the population is declining at an unsustainable rate. It examines factors affecting birth rates, including adolescent fertility rate, mother’s marital status, percentage of women in the workforce, and gendered division of domestic labour. In comparison with Italy, US birth rates have been relatively robust; however, after the Great Recession US birth rates declined steadily and are now well below replacement rate. The chapter closes with discussion of the interplay between politics and demographics, including rules on birth right citizenship, the role of immigration in rejuvenating populations, and the misuse of demographic data to fuel anti-immigrant, sectarian, and racial conflict.
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Friedlander, Dov, and Carole Feldmann. "The Modern Shift to Below-Replacement Fertility: Has Israel’s Population Joined the Process?" In Israel's Destiny, 15–28. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203788127-2.

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