Journal articles on the topic 'Bell ringers'

Studies on the effect of occupational noise have been widely performed for occupations such as construction workers, workers of factories or even musicians and workers of nightclubs. However, studies on the acoustics of church bells are very scarce and usually reported in languages other than English. In Spain, although the tradition of bell ringers is progressively getting lost, some bell ringers that continue transmitting the tradition remain. Church bells create sound with a large sound pressure level that can be heard from a great distance. However, despite the characteristics of the sound of church bells, bell ringers do not present symptoms of occupational hearing loss unlike musicians and construction workers. To determine the effects of the sound of the church bells on bell ringers, in this paper, an acoustic study of the church bells and a physiological study of the hearing abilities of bell ringers. Results show sound pressure levels reaching 120 dB inside the bell tower. The resulting hearing loss in bell ringers is small considering the great intensity of the sound produced by the bells. This is likely due to the short amount of time that bell ringers are exposed to the sound even if it reaches high sound pressure levels.

Aims: To determine the impact of the Bell Ringers in Science classroom. Study Design: Quantitative method through interviews. Place and Duration of Study: Monkayo College of Arts, Science, and Technology in the 2nd semester of School Year 2023-2024. Methodology: The participants of the study were purposely chosen. The researchers identified the least learned competencies which became the basis for developing the Bell Ringers during the midterm period. Bell Ringers were prepared ahead of time. After the implementation of the Bell Ringers, students’ feedback and suggestions were solicited through interviews. Data gathered were analyzed into themes. Results: Evidently, students exhibited heightened engagement, focus, and mental preparedness for lessons, resulting in improved knowledge retention. Furthermore, the incorporation of Bell Ringers facilitated effective classroom management for teachers, affording improved time utilization and fostering meaningful individual interactions with students. As a formative assessment tool, Bell Ringers not only bolstered students' familiarity with concepts but also nurtured concentration, self-discipline, interaction, productivity, and positive attitudes. The constructive effects of Bell Ringers were discernibly mirrored in the student's exam results. Conclusion: Integration of Bell Ringers into instructional practices is a universally beneficial approach spanning diverse subjects and grade levels. It presents a strategic means to captivate students, establishing a conducive learning atmosphere at the outset of each class and ultimately contributing to elevated academic performance.

DENOUNCING THE STATE: THE ARTISTS AS BELL RINGERS IN LATIN AMERICA OF THE 1960S The term bell‑ringer is relatively new, however, it is derived from the concept of whistleblower, which emerged in the 1960s. In that decade, many Latin American countries experienced coups and military dictatorships, which oppressed the political opposition and censored the media. In the absence of the institutions of control and independent journalism, artists began to denounce the abuses of power and the vices of societies in their works, which led to the creation of new artistic movements in Latin America. This article seeks to test a hypothesis that as a result, the artists became bell‑ringers, perfectly fitting the definition framework of the theory presented by Marcia P. Miceli, Suelette Dreyfus, and Janet P. Near.

The article is devoted to the history of bells and bell-ringing art on the territory of present Kemerovo Region. The topicality of the article is in considering this phenomenon as a part of the historical and cultural heritage. The unique technology and ringing art, the Orthodox faith and a special way of life of the Russian people and bells joined in the history of bells. Bell ringing has developed into a large-scale, national phenomenon; the state and the Russian society recognize its aesthetic value. Based on archival documents, materials of the periodical press of pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods, research works of historians and ethnographers, the authors demonstrate the formation of the bell-instrumental image of the region and highlight different historical periods: from the construction of the first bell towers, the complete prohibition of bell ringing to their revival, and the formation of new traditions. It is concluded that the situation with bells and ringing traditions is significantly dependent on the Church policy of the state in a certain historical period. It is specific that, throughout the study period, most of the bell ringers received and receive a small monetary reward for their obedience, and therefore, many of them tend to leave this job as soon as possible, replacing it with a more paid one. The current situation is certain not to contribute to the development and improvement of bell-ringing art. Nowadays, a small number of bells and the lack of its own bell production in Kuzbass region cannot contribute to solving the problem of restoring the Russian bell tradition. For the full revival of the bell-ringing tradition in the region, it is also necessary to have a competent complete set of bell funds, which today can hardly be described as organized and systematic. Bell rebounds are packed mainly at random. However, the situation has changed in recent years as instruments with planned ringing have got used. The authors make a conclusion about the necessity of the analysis of bell funds, their classification, and the identification of accounting and certification issues. Today, the revival of the art of bell ringing is based on both the preservation of old traditions and the formation of new ones. An important role in the development and popularization of the bell tradition is played by the activities of Orthodox bell ringers’ courses, festivals, exhibitions, master classes. All this forms the bell-instrumental image of Kuzbass region.

Study of swinging clapper bells involves aspects encompassing sound and acoustic engineering, mechanical engineering, and structural engineering. From the musical point of view, clapper bells are directly played idiophone instruments, where the playing device, the clapper, although directly excited, is not explicitly controlled by the bell ringer. The achievement of a clear and optimal sound mainly depends on the acoustic characteristics of the bell and on the regularity of the clapper strokes, which is not only governed by the ringing style and the relevant parameters of clapper and bell but also by the real time corrections to the excitation introduced by trained bell ringers. In fact, despite centuries of experience allowed to optimize the bell performances, standardizing proportions and mounting arrangements, effective sound control requires some fine tuning of the forcing function. Another crucial topic, especially in view of assessing existing structures, regards the evaluation of time histories of the actions transmitted by the bell to the pivots and the study of the interactions between the bell and the supporting structures, belfries, and bell-towers. “Ringability” of swinging bells and bell-structure interactions are usually tackled in the framework of rigid body dynamics, so arriving at an initial value problem, governed by a system of two second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), whose solutions are piecewise-defined functions. In the relevant literature, numerical solutions of the system are commonly sought using built-in algorithms provided in advanced software packages; since the use of such general algorithms is subject to some restrictions, especially regarding the forcing functions, validity of the results is often limited. The present study focuses on an innovative procedure to solve the equations of motion. The method, extremely fast and effective, is based on original numerical explicit-implicit predictor-corrector integration algorithms with constant time step, duly validated reproducing the outcomes of relevant reference case studies. Each time the clapper strikes the bell a new “piece” of the solution is initialized, so avoiding user interventions in the elaboration phase. Independently on the oscillation amplitude and on the duration of the considered time interval, the algorithms can successfully manage undamped oscillations; friction and viscosity damped oscillations; free oscillations in transient and stationary phases; and can be applied also to solve stiff equations. Furthermore, the capability of the proposed methods to deal with arbitrary forcing functions is particularly innovative. The outcomes of relevant case studies, regarding the oscillations of the old tenor bell of the Great St. Mary church in Cambridge, confirm the potentialities of the method, also highlighting some topical issues, involving, for example, the assessment of damping equivalence. Finally, a pioneering feature of the algorithms is their ability to handle and to define “resonant” forcing functions, continuously tuning the frequency of the excitation to the natural frequency of the oscillation, according to the oscillation amplitude.

Church bell ringing as practised in the UK involves large-amplitude motions of both bell and clapper. A simulation model is developed and validated against experimental measurements. It is shown that the clapper does not hit the bell with a single impact but a long series of bounces, and this has important consequences for the decay profile of the bell vibration. Information relevant to bell-ringers and bell-hangers is collected in a series of design charts derived from the simulation model. These charts can assist in the diagnosis and correction of faults. Arising from the analysis of the bouncing clapper, a more general result is also presented relating to the frequency bandwidth when any structure is excited by a small bouncing impactor, for example an impulse hammer used in vibration testing.

Autor artykułu analizuje treść ankiety powstałej w 1773 r., którą 13 spiskim miastom rozesłał ich administrator Paweł Tiszta. Celem ankiety, zawierającej 37 punktów, było ustalenie politycznego i gospodarczego stanu poszczególnych miast po wygaśnięciu zastawu spiskiego i ich powrocie do Królestwa Węgier. Przedmiotem analizy stały się te części ankiety, które informują o narodowościowym pochodzeniu katolickich proboszczów, pastorów ewangelickich, nauczycieli, pomocników nauczycieli (kantorów, młodszych nauczycieli, dzwonników), organistów i innych muzyków. Ethnic Origin of Catholic Parish Priests, Evangelical Pastors, Teachers, Assistant Teachers (Cantors, Junior Teachers, Bell-Ringers), Organists and Other Musicians in Thirteen Towns in Spisz (Spiš), Based on Records of 1773 The author analyzes the content of the questionnaire compiled in 1773, which was sent to thirteen Spisz (Spiš) towns by their administrator Paweł Tiszta. The goal of the questionnaire containing 37 points was to establish the political and economic condition of individual towns after the expiration of the Spisz Pledge and their return to the Kingdom of Hungary. The subject of analysis was the parts of the questionnaire that inform about the ethnic origin of Catholic parish priests, Evangelical pastors, teachers, ssistant teachers (cantors, junior teachers, bell-ringers), organists and other musicians.

Special education teachers report lack of time and a shortage of appropriate curricula as reasons impeding implementation of transition education in their classrooms. However, research indicates school and postschool outcomes of students with disabilities improve significantly with transition instruction. The ME! Lessons for Teaching Self-Awareness and Self-Advocacy materials and activities were developed to teach students to understand their disability and abilities, rights and responsibilities, and self-advocacy skills, which are all critical self-determination components. This article details a time-efficient means to teach the essence of the ME! Lessons using ME! Bell Ringers, which include instruction in self-advocacy, student involvement in individualized education program (IEP), and disability awareness, using 10-min lessons that can be taught at the beginning of class in a daily or weekly format.

Although research has shown a general trend that people dressed in neat or professional clothes elicit more helping behavior from other people than when dressed in casual or sloppy clothes, no research has examined the effects of wearing a costume on helping behavior. In this experiment, confederates dressed either in a Santa suit or in street clothes as they volunteered for the Salvation Army as bell-ringers in front of retail stores. The hypothesis that donations would be greater while wearing the Santa suit was not supported by the data; the Santa suit and the street clothes elicited equal amounts of donations.

Context: Many athletes continue to participate in practices and games while experiencing concussion-related symptoms, potentially predisposing them to subsequent and more complicated brain injuries. Limited evidence exists about factors that may influence concussion-reporting behaviors. Objective: To examine the influence of knowledge and attitude on concussion-reporting behaviors in a sample of high school athletes. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Participants completed a validated survey instrument via mail. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 167 high school athletes (97 males, 55 females, 5 sex not indicated; age = 15.7 ± 1.4 years) participating in football, soccer, lacrosse, or cheerleading. Intervention(s): Athlete knowledge and attitude scores served as separate predictor variables. Main Outcome Measure(s): We examined the proportion of athletes who reported continuing to participate in games and practices while symptomatic from possible concussion and the self-reported proportion of recalled concussion and bell-ringer events disclosed after possible concussive injury. Results: Only 40% of concussion events and 13% of bell-ringer recalled events in the sample were disclosed after possible concussive injury. Increased athlete knowledge of concussion topics (increase of 1 standard deviation = 2.8 points) was associated with increased reporting prevalence of concussion and bell-ringer events occurring in practice (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60, 3.21) and the reporting prevalence of bell-ringer-only events overall (PR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.38, 2.54). Athlete attitude scores (increase of 1 standard deviation = 11.5 points) were associated with decreases in the proportion of athletes stating they participated in games (PR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.66, 0.82) and practices (PR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.59, 0.77) while symptomatic from concussions. Conclusions: Most recalled concussion events in our study were not reported to a supervising adult. Clinicians should be aware that knowledge and attitude influence concussion reporting. Clinicians and administrators should make concussion education a priority and encourage an optimal reporting environment to better manage and prevent concussive injuries in young athletes.

The meeting of people from different linguistic backgrounds in a speech event can bring up unique language variations because at least two different languages are involved. This study aims to identify the use of concise forms in the discourse of buying and selling shoes and cloth in Pasar Benteng, Surakarta City. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The data source is the speech of shoes and fabric traders at Pasar Benteng. The data collection used is the method of listening or listening with advanced techniques in the form of a competent free trial (TSBLC). The methods are used to analyze the data in this study are (1) mark-reading method; (2) referential methods; (3) pragmatic method; (4) extending techniques; and (5) insert technique. The results show that there were three concise forms in the discourse of buying and selling shoes and cloth in Benteng Market, namely: (1) the concise form in the form of words (a) by obscuring phonemes, (b) by melting syllables; (2) the concise form in the form of clause; and (3) the concise form of sentence. This shows the use of language in the discourse of buying and selling by using a variety of non-formal languages. The use of the concise form is a convention between traders and buyers.

The meeting of people from different linguistic backgrounds in a speech event can bring up unique language variations because at least two different languages are involved. This study aims to identify the use of concise forms in the discourse of buying and selling shoes and cloth in Pasar Benteng, Surakarta City. The data in this study are in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences. The data source is the speech of shoes and fabric traders at Pasar Benteng. The data collection used is the method of listening or listening with advanced techniques in the form of a competent free trial (TSBLC). The methods are used to analyze the data in this study are (1) mark-reading method; (2) referential methods; (3) pragmatic method; (4) extending techniques; and (5) insert technique. The results show that there were three concise forms in the discourse of buying and selling shoes and cloth in Benteng Market, namely: (1) the concise form in the form of words (a) by obscuring phonemes, (b) by melting syllables; (2) the concise form in the form of clause; and (3) the concise form of sentence. This shows the use of language in the discourse of buying and selling by using a variety of non-formal languages. The use of the concise form is a convention between traders and buyers. Pertemuan masyarakat dari berbagai latar belakang kebahasaan yang berbeda dalam suatu peristiwa tutur dapat memunculkan variasi bahasa yang unik karena di dalamnya paling tidak terlibat dua bahasa yang berbeda. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pemakaian bentuk ringkas pada wacana jual beli sepatu dan kain di Pasar Benteng, Kota Surakarta. Data dalam penelitian ini berupa kata, frasa, klausa, dan kalimat. Sumber datanya adalah tuturan pedagang sepatu dan kain di Pasar Benteng. Pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah metode simak atau penyimakan dengan teknik lanjutan berupa simak bebas libat cakap (TSBLC). Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah (1) metode baca markah; (2) metode referensial; (3) metode pragmatis; (4) teknik perluas; dan (5) teknik sisip. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat tiga bentuk ringkas pada wacana jual beli sepatu dan kain di Pasar Benteng, yaitu: (1) bentuk ringkas yang berwujud kata; (2) bentuk ringkas yang berwujud klausa; dan (3) bentuk ringkas yang berwujud kalimat. Hal tersebut menunjukkan penggunaan bahasa dalam wacana jual beli menggunakan ragam bahasa nonformal. Pemakaian bentuk ringkas tersebut merupakan konvensi antara pedagang dan pembeli.

The paper is the first to analyze Uglich as a place of memory in a creative thought of Olga Bergholz and reveal individual and collective memorization of the old Russian city. The topos of Uglich, which became a spiritual cornerstone for Leningrad`s poetess, gained some new meanings in the perspective of her statements. In the initial period of her creativity, the city developed as an entirely social space, arena for the struggle of old and new world order. A visit to Uglich in 1953 initiated the theme of preserving the monuments and reviving the crafts in the poetʼs mind. In her mature years, Bergholz hold “the city of childhood” as a blessed though later lost place of absolute happiness and harmony, with an allusion to the legendary Kitezh-grad and Kalyazin bell tower. Based on a cultural collective memory, Uglich was actualized and placed among the most important national topos of Russia (historical spot of the death of Tsarevich Dmitry of Uglich) with a metaphorical image of the root-eared bell — a fighter for justice. Bergholzʼs texts reflect the principles of museum commemoration of the Uglich tragedy that are typical for each historical period. The analysis of the poetessʼs working notes for the second (unwritten) part of the novel “The Day Stars,” according to which she was tending to reflect on the innocent victims of olden days (Tsarevich Dmitry, the exiled Uglich townspeople) and contemporaneity (Stalin's repressions), helped to read anew the screenplay “The Day Stars” written in collaboration with I. Talankin. Creative intentions, unrealized in prose, found their realization in a cinematic project that provided effect of presence of the heroine in the Old Russian city, thanks to which the calamities of exiled Uglich townspeople were associated with the lawlessness against Bergholz herself. The role of poet-the-bell was emphasized by constructed Uglich-Leningrad space, in which the heroine performed a symbolic act, accepting a root-eared bell from a dying bell-ringer. The poetess regarded Uglich as a place of memory in the context of lost spiritual guidelines of the first communards as well (“pervorossiane,” who organized the first Society of communal grain-growers in Altai). Thus, according to her creative vision, the city revealed itself as a national loss in terms of the projection “Uglich — Kitezh — Kalyazin bell tower — Pervorossiysk.”

The article deals with the problem of the Christian understanding of life and death in the works of VG Korolenko. The main features of the Christian worldview are analyzed, which have found artistic expression in the image of the main character of the story.

Security challenges in Nigeria specifically and the world everywhere have become the best difficulties of man in the ongoing occasions, because of the rising paces of wrongdoings like robberies, theft, seizing, executing and furnished burglary. The point of this undertaking was to develop a GSM based home security alert system, that will be fit for identifying an interloper, send ready message to mortgage holder, and initiate a bell caution. The security ready framework has been effectively built utilizing a uninvolved infrared (PIR ) sensor. Arduino microcontroller was utilized to interface between the PIR sensor (input) and the GSM/buzzer (yield) gadgets. The PIR sensor was proposed to recognize the nearness of human and convert the identified sign into electrical voltage signal. The arduino uno was to process the flag and send directions to GSM module and buzzer, at the same time. The developed gadget was tried by enabling human to move before the PIR sensor and the GSM module sent an instant message to the mortgage holder, that there is an intruder, while the ringer sounded simultaneously, affirming its usefulness.

The focus of this article is three contemporary Norwegians, who claim that they communicate with superhuman beings and/or promote therapeutic practices based on superhuman intervention. They come from different walks of life: Margit Sandemo is a best-selling author and housewife; Joralf Gjerstad is now retired, but was a dairy assistant and a bell-ringer in the local church; Märtha Louise is a princess and trained as a physiotherapist and Rosen ther­apist.What sorts of religion do they promote? How do they relate to the Church? How do they reflect the situation of post-secular religion in Norway? They personify in different ways the therapeutic turn of contemporary culture and religion, which challenges traditional religion as well as the field of medicine/science. Sandemo, Gjerstad and Märtha Louise and Samnøy try to solve everyday problems—illness, difficulties in mastering life and personal relations, the need for safety, feelings of unease in one’s house—problems that are basic in human life, but in some cases neglected by the expert fields or not able to be solved within them.

We measured O2 consumption as an estimate of metabolic rate in isolated calcium-tolerant ventricular myocytes of turtles (Chrysemys picta belli) at control pH 7.8 and in the same solution brought to pH 7.4 and 7.0 with additions of lactic acid. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that lactic acidosis caused metabolic depression by initiating downregulation of Na+ channels, and thus Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase (Na+ pump) activity, which we would measure as a decrease in O2 consumption. Myocyte O2 consumption was measured in reptilian N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid-buffered Ringer solution and in nomially Na(+)- and Ca(2+)-free solution, thus estimating the Na+ pump component of metabolic rate. Lowering extracellular pH from 7.8 to 7.0 resulted in a significant increase in metabolic rate of cells in Ringer solution but not those in Na(+)- and Ca(2+)-free solution. This result was unchanged by the addition of 2 mM Ca2+ to Na(+)-free cell suspensions, indicating that the difference was due to the presence of Na+. Addition of 100 microM amiloride to cells in Ringer solution at pH 7.0 abolished the increase in O2 consumption, suggesting that the apparent increase in Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was secondary to Na(+)-H+ exchange. Intracellular pH was measured using 5,5-dimethyl[14C]oxazolidine-2,4-dione. Cells treated with amiloride and those in Na(+)- and Ca(2+)-free solution did not regulate intracellular pH following acidosis and maintained basal metabolic rate. These data suggest that the Na(+)-H+ exchanger is an important contributor to intracellular pH regulation in the myocyte but increases Na+ pump activity and metabolic rate immediately following acidosis.

The ionic conductances in rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3) and rat peritoneal mast cells were investigated using the patch-clamp technique. These two cell types were found to have different electrophysiological properties in the resting state. The only significant conductance of RBL-2H3 cells was a K+-selective inward rectifier. The single channel conductance at room temperature increased from 2-3 pS at 2.8 mM external K+ to 26 pS at 130 mM K+. This conductance, which appeared to determine the resting potential, could be blocked by Na+ and Ba2+ in a voltage-dependent manner. Rat peritoneal mast cells had a whole-cell conductance of only 10-30 pS, and the resting potential was close to zero. Sometimes discrete openings of channels were observed in the whole-cell configuration. When the Ca2+ concentration on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane was elevated, two types of channels with poor ion specificity appeared. A cation channel, observed at a Ca2+ concentration of approximately 1 microM, had a unit conductance of 30 pS. The other channel, activated at several hundred micromolar Ca2+, was anion selective and had a unit conductance of approximately 380 pS in normal Ringer solution and a bell-shaped voltage dependence. Antigenic stimulation did not cause significant changes in the ionic conductances in either cell type, which suggests that these cells use a mechanism different from ionic currents in stimulus-secretion coupling.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efisiensi pemasaran ikan koi (Cyprinus carpio) di Pasar Ikan Hias Jalan Sumenep, Jakarta Pusat. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisa saluran pemasaran ikan koi dan efesiensi tiap saluran pemasaran. Penelitian ini dilakukan sejak Juli 2017 hingga Maret 2018. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang dilakukan adalah sensus. Data diperoleh dari wawancara langsung dengan 15 pedagang. Data hasil penelitian dianalisis secara deskripsi, parameter yang dianalisis meliputi keragamaan biaya manfaat (BCR), margin pemasaran, dan rasio keuntungan terhadap biaya. Terdapat dua pola saluran pemasaran ikan koi (Cyprinus carpio) di Pasar Ikan Hias Jalan Sumenep, Jakarta Pusat. Saluran 1 terdiri dari pembudidaya, pengumpul, pedagang dan konsumen yang memiliki rataan BCR: 1,43. Saluran 2 terdiri dari pembudidaya, pedagang dan konsumen yang memiliki BCR: 1,51. Melihat BCR dari tiap saluran yang BCR ≥ 1 maka status saluran pemasaran layak untuk dikembangkan. Saluran 2 memiliki saluran pemasaran yang lebih efisien. Hal ini disebabkan pedagang langsung membeli ikan koi dari pembudidaya dan memasarkan kepada konsumen sehingga harga beli yang rendah dan harga jual yang tinggi. Semakin ringkas saluran pemasaran maka keuntungan yang diperoleh dari tiap lembaga pemasaran lebih besar

For Gustaw Herling-Grudziński, the question of his own roots was a very private matter; he treated them as if they were not present in his life and wrote explicitly about Jewishness or Shoah only in his non-fiction work. Nevertheless, the themes of the historical anti-Judaic persecution and conversion to Christianity are constantly present in his literary work, with allusions to the twentieth century’s massacres. Numerous characters of Jewish origin, belonging to a harassed and destroyed community, appear in many of his literary texts. Certain victims, especially males, are infected by evil, others resist it: over the years, the opposition between these two categories became increasingly noticeable, while the topic of Shoah is faced in a more veiled way. It is indeed not a coincidence that Herling’s first tale about the persecutions of Jews, The Second Coming, was written in 1961, at the time of the Eichmann trial, and that later Don Ildebrando, The Bell-Ringer’s Toll and The Legend Of A Converted Hermit, showing Jewish opposing strategies toward evil, were composed after his visit to Majdanek in 1991. Herling looks at the post-Arendt discussion on complicity in evil, polarizing the opposition between good and bad victims alreadyexpressed in his narration of the Gulag: he does not envisage any intermediate category analogous to Levi’s Grey zone and does not examine in depth the manipulation of the victims in extreme conditions. He prefers to grasp some analogies between persecutions in different historical ages, showing them in a universal perspective of a human “dormant” tendency to evil. Based on Herling’s narrative work, intimate diary, essays and the Journal Written at Night, my article treats his tormented relationship with Jewishness not so much as an isolated case, but rather associates it with some strategies of drastic distancing from Jewishness by members of pre-WWII assimilated Jewish intelligentsia who yearned to be seen as more Polish than Poles themselves.

Piknik adalah salah satu bentuk refresing yang murah meriah yang bisa dikerjakan bersamasama keluarga atau bersama teman-teman untuk berlibur maupun bersantai. Kita bisa beristirahat sejenak dari sibuknya rutinitas sehari-hari yang menjenuhkan otak. Kegiatan piknik identik dengan acara makan-makan atau sekedar ngemil sambil mengobrol dengan keluarga atau teman-teman yang lain. Makanan yang sering dipilih seperti kentang goreng, nugget, popcorn untuk sekedar ngemil. Biasanya lebih mudah untuk membeli namun kita tidak mengetahui kebersihan makanan yang kita beli ataupun apa saja zat yang terkandung di makanan tersebut selain itu ketika makanan tersebut habis namun kegiatan masih berlangsung, terkadang malas untuk membelinya lagi. Berdasarkan fakta diatas maka diperlukan sebuah rancangan Sarana Memasak Makanan Ringan yang bersifat ringkas yang bisa memenuhi kebutuhan memasak saat bertamasya. Diharapkan desain sarana memasak ini dapat menjadi solusi akan kebutuhan memasak pada saat berlibur dan bertamasya Picnic is one refresing a cheap form that can be shared and loved ones or with friends for a vacation and relax. We can take a break from the busy daily routine that saturate the brain. Picnic activities synonymous with the feast or just snacking and chatting with family or friends to another. Food was often chosen as fries, nuggets, popcorn for a snack. Usually it is easier to buy, but we do not know the cleanliness of the food we buy or what the substances contained in these foods than that when the food runs out, but activity is still ongoing, sometimes lazy to buy it again. , Based on the above it would require a draft Means of Cooking Light that is compact that can meet the needs of cooking time sightseeing. This cooking tool design is expected to be a solution would need to cook in while on vacationand sightseeing

Background: Reproductive management in horses when performed with malpractice or by an unqualified person can cause many lesions of various degrees. When the rectum is affected it can compromise the mucous layer of the rectal ampulla and may even cause total perforation of this intestinal segment. Once the rectum ruptured, its contents gets into the abdominal cavity and generates severe abdominal infection, which may cause intense adhesions between organs and even to the abdominal wall and requires a particular intensive intervention. This work reports the use of peritoneal lavage protocol in three horses with septic peritonitis caused by rectal laceration, correlating with post-mortem findings.Cases: Three horses were referred to the Veterinary Hospital Rancho Belo Vista, in the city of Serra - ES, with an accident report during reproductive management in different properties. In all cases, blood loss and loss of continuity of the rectal mucosa were reported by the technicians. Patients were referred at different post-accident times. When they arrived at the hospital, they were examined and a sample of blood and peritoneal fluid were collected and sent to the laboratory. They presented intense apathy, mucosa coloration ranging from hyperemic to pale with halo toxemia, high cardiac and respiratory rate, reduction of globular volume and prolonged time of capillary refill. Patients were given fluid therapy support with lactated Ringer’s solution and systemic therapy protocols such as antibiotic therapy, peritoneal lavage with antibiotic containing solution and anticoagulant, and other supportive treatments were instituted. Peritoneal lavages were instituted every eight hours, in the first 48 hours and every twelve hours, until five days were completed. All patients had to be sacrificed. Euthanasia occurred at different times according to response to treatment and onset of clinical signs of shock. Significant variations were observed among patients at necropsy. The patient submitted to fewer wash cycles had severe adhesions. The other two patients who underwent more wash cycles presented less severe adhesion and less fibrin deposition in the abdominal viscera.Discussion: The use of peritoneal lavage associated with systemic treatment has been shown to be beneficial for the treatment of peritonitis since the initial condition and alteration in the results of laboratory tests. However, the time elapsed between rectal laceration and referral to a specialized technical unit was a decisive factor, together with the severity of the lesion, that were determinant for the increased response and consequent chance of treatment success and chances of survival. Although they received a combination of systemic therapy with broad-spectrum antibiotics and peritoneal lavage associated with daily washing cycles, the patients were euthanized, reiterating the lethality of the disease. At necropsy it was possible to evaluate the extent of contamination and adhesions, as well as to find the lacerated segment, the main source of contamination of the peritoneum. The difference between the degrees of adhesion is evident when compared to the patients who went through more cycles of peritoneal lavage with the ones that went through fewer cycles. Thus, it is possible to estimate that the patients who received a greater number of peritoneal lavage cycles with the drugs used in the same route presented a reduced number of adhesions between similar structures (same organs) and between the organs and the abdominal wall. There is a need for more controlled studies to evaluate the effectiveness of serial peritoneal lavage treatments in horses, as well as the application of drugs that seek to reduce abdominal inflammation, fibrin production and adhesions.

Context: After a potential concussion mechanism, a cadet is unlikely to have a list of concussion signs and symptoms at their disposal. As such, unprompted concussion knowledge may be an essential factor in personal recognition. Objective: The primary purpose of an overall study was to explore determinants that contributed to United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) cadets to disclose a concussion. This manuscript focuses on one of the eight overall themes discovered of unprompted concussion knowledge. Design: Qualitative study. Setting: Military academy. Patients or Other Participants: USAFA cadets (males=23, females=11, age=19.91±1.14 years). Main Outcome Measure(s): We conducted 34 semi-structured interviews. The transcribed text was analyzed in a five-cycle process. From this process eight overall themes were discovered including unprompted concussion knowledge. Subthemes were also discovered of concussion definition, concussion symptoms, bell-ringer/ding definition, bell-ringer/ding symptoms, and concussion vs. bell-ringer/ding. Results: Many participants were able to largely accurately describe a concussion. The most commonly listed concussion signs and symptoms were dizziness (n=22/34, 64.7%), “can't remember”/“memory loss”/“forgetful” (n=19/34, 55.9%), and headache (n=16/34, 47.1%). USAFA cadet participants identified the most common bell-ringer/ding signs and symptoms as dizziness (n=2/34, 5.9%) and headache (n=2/34, 5.9%). Lastly, cadets described how a bell-ringer/ding differs from a concussion, often describing that concussions are more severe than bell-ringers/dings. Conclusions: Overall, USAFA cadet participants listed common concussion signs and symptoms. However, cadet participants perceived differences between concussion and bell-ringer/ding. While decreasing use of colloquial terms for concussion is recommended, using these terms when examining concussion history may be useful. Concussion educational interventions should continue to focus on describing concussion signs and symptoms using cadets' own words to describe the injury such as “forgetful”, but also differentiating between what may and may not be a concussion, and encourage individuals to seek the care of health care providers to discern concussion symptoms.

By the end of the eighteenth-century the St Martin’s Youths of Birmingham was one of the leading bell ringing societies outside London, as it remains to this day. The handwritten peal books in the Archive of the St Martin’s Guild, its modern successor, provide a record of the peals rung by the society from 1755, but little was known of the eighteenth-century ringers themselves beyond a few anecdotes contained in the oral history for a later period. Genealogical records and techniques allowed a fuller understanding of the lives of the ringers to be disclosed, informing a new narrative of the history of ringing in Birmingham and the place of the ringers in Birmingham at a significant period in the town’s history. The article shows how niche sources can be combined with genealogical and other sources to provide insights into the lives of members of an eighteenth-century society.

ABSTRACT Introduction United States Air Force Academy (USAFA) cadets are at risk for sustaining concussions; however, several factors inhibit disclosure. We aimed to better understand the role of social support in concussion disclosure. Methods and Materials We used a mixed methods approach with an electronic survey and interviews. The survey used a 9-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 9 = strongly agree) to assess concussion disclosure. Survey items asked cadets whom they felt most comfortable disclosing a concussion or bell-ringer/ding to, how quickly they would seek medical attention for a suspected concussion or bell-ringer/ding, whether cadets would be generally supportive/unsupportive of another cadet disclosing a concussion to medical staff, and whether other cadets important to them would be generally supportive/unsupportive if they reported a concussion to medical staff. Two multivariate linear regressions, one for concussion and one for bell-ringers/dings, were calculated to determine whether cadet choice of the person they felt most comfortable disclosing a concussion or bell-ringer/ding to predicted whether they would immediately seek medical attention for either condition. Choice of person included Air Officer Commanding (AOC)/Academy Military Trainer (AMT), upper classmen, cadet who had recovered from a concussion, cadet, closest friend, teammate, and squadmate. Descriptive analyses assessed whether cadets felt supported or unsupported by other cadets and by those who were important to them concerning concussion reporting. Thirty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted with cadets to explore their views on concussion disclosure. Results Increased comfort with disclosing a suspected concussion to an AOC/AMT had higher agreement seeking medical attention (β = 0.28, P < .001). For every 1-point increase in being comfortable disclosing a potential bell-ringer/ding to an AOC/AMT (β = 0.272, P < .001), squadmate (β = 0.241, P = .002), and teammate (β = −0.182, P = .035), agreement for seeking medical attention immediately increased 0.27, increased 0.24, and decreased 0.18, respectively. Interviews indicated cadets would often speak to a peer before seeking medical attention. Conclusions Our results suggested that cadets felt comfortable reporting a suspected concussion or bell-ringer/ding to various peers and that those peers would be supportive of that choice, indicating social support. Future interventions should include educating cadets that peers may come to them, especially if they are AOCs/AMTs or squadmates.

Since the pine wood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) invasion of Northeast China, both symptomatic and asymptomatic PWN carriers have been found. Asymptomatic PWN carriers, which are more dangerous than symptomatic carriers, constitute a source of infection in the following spring. The simultaneous presence of symptomatic and asymptomatic PWN carriers indicates that Pinus koraiensis has different tolerance levels to PWN. In this study, validity of susceptibility testing discovered differential types of P. koraiensis including Latent Reservoirs, Low Susceptibles, High Susceptibles and Bell Ringers. Among those types, the Low Susceptibles and Latent Reservoirs were asymptomatic PWN carriers, and Latent Reservoirs were the most dangerous. Transcriptome and metabolomic data showed that 5 genes (3 ans and 2 anr gene) involved in the epicatechin (EC) synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated, which increased the content of EC antioxidants in Latent Reservoirs. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) staining and content determination showed that the hypersensitive response (HR) and H2O2, which functions as a signaling molecule in systemic acquired resistance, decreased in Latent Reservoirs. However, low contents of EC and high contents of H2O2 were found in the High Susceptibles of P. koraiensis. RT-PCR results showed that the expression of ans and anr was upregulated together only in Latent Reservoirs. These results show that the susceptibility of P. koraiensis to PWN differed among different individuals, although no resistant individuals were found. Latent Reservoirs, in which more PWNs resided without visible symptoms via prolonged incubation period, inhibited the symptoms caused by H2O2 because of increased contents of the EC antioxidants.

During autumn 2016, bird ringing stations in east Sweden observed Great Tits Parus major with extremely aggressive behaviour. They attacked smaller birds such as Goldcrests Regulus regulus, killed them and ate the brain or the content of the belly. I examine with data from Ottenby Bird Observatory two explanations: the birds were exhausted after migration and very hungry or they were birds from an eastern population where aggressive behaviour has been suggested to be more common. Fat index and body mass did not indicate low energy stores and the weather was stable with wind from the east so the first explanation was not supported. Unfortunately, wing length cannot be used to differentiate between Swedish and more eastern populations so also the second explanation could not be supported. However, Great Tits from eastern parts of north Europe moult their alula earlier than birds from Sweden. The next time aggressive Great Tits are observed, bird ringers should check the moulting stage of the alula in order to determine their origin.

The subject of my paper, the documentary titled The Treasures of Attila reveals an event, during which a bell-ringer of a small village of Cserehát rebuilds a tiny wooden chapel in the heart of the woods, on the spot of an earlier Virgin Mary apparition that once had been a debated issue, but has been long forgotten since. Attila’s private venture ends up in a communal pilgrimage to the chapel and the consecration of the building. The paper reveals Attila’s identity strategy which guides him to set up this place of memory and religious worship. In the gesture of the chapel’s erection he defines himself as the guard of the forgotten memory and the protector of values that have been wasted by others. The paper also describes the communicative memory of the former miracle-event as overburdened by conflicts, because of the exclusion and legitimation struggle to which the apparition narrative is subject. This struggle is attached to several authorities (state, church) and local social groups. In relation to the erection of the chapel as a memorial, the fragmentary image of communicative memory has been succeeded by a more settled remembrance typical of cultural memory.

Abstrak Kohesi Gramatikal Pengacuan dalam Cerpen Pembelaan Bah Bela karya Moh. Anwar. Dipandang sebagai proses komunikasi antara penyapa dan pesapa dalam peristiwa komonukasi secara lisan, sedangkan dalam komunikasi secara tertulis, wacana terlihat sebagai hasil dari pengungkapan ide/gagasan penyapa. Wacana yang padu adalah wacana yang apabila dilihat dari segi hubungan bentuk atau struktur lahir bersifat kohesif dan dilihat dari segihubungan makna atau struktur batinnya bersifat koheren. Wacana dikatakan utuh apabila kalimat-kalimat dalam wacana itu mendukung satu topik yang sedang dibicarakan, sedangkan wacana dikatakan padu apabila kalimatkalimatnya disusun secara teratur dan sistematis, sehingga menunjukan keruntutan ide yang diungkapkan melalui penada kekohesian. Cerpen dipilih sebagai objek kajian dikarenakan bentuk cerpen ringkas namun tetap menuntut tingkat kohesi dan koherensi yang tinggi agar tetap berupa satu wacana utuh. Oleh karena itu, cerpen berjudul Pembelaan Bah Bela diteliti karena cerpen ini merupakan salah satu karya terbaik dari Moh. Wan Anwar yang ceritanya berisi budaya jawara dalam masyarakat Banten. Analisis teks dalam penelitian ini akan menggunakan seluruh kalimat yang ada pada wacana cerpen tersebut. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan hasil analisis yang lebih nyata karena masalah kohesi dan konteks situasi menyangkut masalah ketergantungan unsur-unsur dalam wacana.Kata kunci: Kohesi gramatikal pengacuan, wacana, analisis teks, cerpen. Abstract Referent Cohesion in Pembelaan Bah Bela a Short Story by Moh. Anwar. From the prespective of oral communication discourse is understood as a communication process between an addresser and an addressee. From written communication perspective, on the other hand, discourse is thought as the expression of the addresser. An integrated discourse is the one that is cohesive and coherent. It is complete when the sentenses constituting it support the topic, and integrated when the sentences are systematic and well-structured. Well structured idea is indicated by the use of cohesive devices. A short story has been chosen to investigate as it is short yet requires a high level of cohesion and coherence to allow it to be a complete reading. This article investigate “Pembelaan Bah Bela” one of best short stories by Moh. Wan Anwar. It tells about a Jawara culture in Banten. All the sentences in the short stories are analyzed. The investigation serves to show how cohesive devices work to construct a discourseKeywords: referent cohesion, text analysis, short story

BackgroundRepeated testing of material through online quizzing has been shown to improve student test scores in medical school human anatomy courses, however this has not been examined in undergraduate students. Since many undergraduate human anatomy programs do not have access to cadaveric material for learning/assessment, virtual dissection and related testing could be a successful alternative.ObjectiveThe present study examined student success on a midterm and final exam following two optional online quizzes covering similar material as the exams in an upper level undergraduate regional human anatomy course. Quiz questions were developed from virtual dissection labs which all students completed. We hypothesized that students who chose to complete the optional quizzes would be more successful on the exams, regardless of their level of success on the quizzes.Methods113 kinesiology and physical therapy students, in their third or fourth year of undergraduate study, were enrolled in a Regional Human Anatomy course over the fall of 2014 or winter of 2015. All students wrote a midterm and final exam, and had the option to also complete two online quizzes, each worth 10% of the final grade and incorporating bell‐ringer style, timed, questions relating to a virtual dissection image. If students chose not to complete Quiz 1, that 10% would be applied to the midterm, and if they chose not to complete Quiz 2, that 10% would be applied to the final exam. The material covered in the quizzes was the same as that on the corresponding exams. Students were free to choose to do both quizzes, one quiz, or none.Results56 students chose to complete at least one quiz, while 57 did not complete any quizzes. Students who completed Quiz 1 were more successful on the midterm (77.1 ± 13.4 compared to 72.4 ± 14.9%, p < 0.05) and students who completed Quiz 2 were more successful on the final exam (71.2 ± 16.9 compared to 60.9 ± 15.9%, p < 0.05, compared to those students who did not complete the respective quizzes.ConclusionsCompletion of optional online quizzes improves student success on exams covering similar material in an undergraduate human anatomy course. For undergraduate courses with or without a laboratory component, this may be a useful method to improve student retention and test scores.Support or Funding InformationSupported by a Dean's Catalyst e‐Learning Grant, Faculty of Health, York University

IntroductionBallarat’s Theatre Royal was the first permanent theatre built in inland Australia. Upon opening in 1858, it was acclaimed as having “the handsomest theatrical exterior in the colony” (Star, “Editorial” 7 Dec. 1889) and later acknowledged as “the grandest playhouse in all Australia” (Spielvogel, Papers Vol. 1 160). Born of Gold Rush optimism, the Royal was loved by many, yet the over-arching story of its ill-fated existence has failed to surface, in any coherent fashion, in official history. This article takes some first steps toward retrieving lost knowledge from fragmented archival records, and piecing together the story of why this purpose-built theatre ceased operation within a twenty-year period. A short history of the venue will be provided, to develop context. It will be argued that while a combination of factors, most of which were symptomatic of unfortunate timing, destroyed the longevity of the Royal, the principal problem was one of stigmatisation. This was an era in which the societal pressure to visibly conform to conservative values was intense and competition in the pursuit of profits was fierce.The cultural silence that befell the story of the Royal, after its demise, is explicable in relation to history being written by the victors and a loss of spokespeople since that time. As theatre arts historiographer McConachie (131) highlights, “Theatres, like places for worship and spectator sports, hold memories of the past in addition to providing a practical and cognitive framework for performance events in the present.” When that place, “a bounded area denoted by human agency and memory” (131), is lost in time, so too may be the socio-cultural lessons from the period, if not actively recalled and reconsidered. The purpose of this article is to present the beginning of an investigation into the disjointed narrative of Ballarat’s Theatre Royal. Its ultimate failure demonstrates how dominant community based entertainment became in Ballarat from the 1860s onwards, effectively crushing prospects for mid-range professional theatre. There is value in considering the evolution of the theatre’s lifespan and its possible legacy effects. The connection between historical consciousness and the performing arts culture of by-gone days offers potential to reveal specks of cross-relevance for regional Australian theatrical offerings today.In the BeginningThe proliferation of entertainment venues in Ballarat East during the 1850s was a consequence of the initial discovery of surface alluvial gold and the ongoing success of deep-lead mining activities in the immediate area. This attracted extraordinary numbers of people from all over the world who hoped to strike it rich. Given the tough nature of life on the early gold diggings, most disposable income was spent on evening entertainment. As a result, numerous venues sprang into operation to cater for demand. All were either canvas tents or makeshift wooden structures: vibrant in socio-cultural activity, however humble the presentation values. It is widely agreed (Withers, Bate and Brereton) that noteworthy improvements occurred from 1856 onwards in the artistry of the performers, audience tastes, the quality of theatrical structures and living standards in general. Residents began to make their exit from flood and fire prone Ballarat East, moving to Ballarat West. The Royal was the first substantial entertainment venture to be established in this new, affluent, government surveyed township area. Although the initial idea was to draw in some of the patronage which had flourished in Ballarat East, Brereton (14) believed “There can be no doubt that it was [primarily] intended to attract those with good taste and culture”. This article will contend that how society defined ‘good taste’ turned out to be problematic for the Royal.The tumultuous mid-1850s have attracted extensive academic and popular attention, primarily because they were colourful and politically significant times. The period thereafter has attracted little scholarly interest, unless tied to the history of surviving organisations. Four significant structures designed to incorporate theatrical entertainment were erected and opened in Ballarat from 1858 onwards: The Royal was swiftly followed by the Mechanics Institute 1859, Alfred Hall 1867 and Academy of Music 1874-75. As philosopher Albert Borgmann (41) highlighted, the erection of “magnificent settings in which the public could gather and enjoy itself” was the dominant urban aspiration for cultural consumption in the nineteenth century. Men of influence in Victorian cities believed strongly in progress and grand investments as a conscious demonstration of power, combined with Puritan vales, teetotalism and aggressive self-assertiveness (Briggs 287-88). At the ceremonial laying of the foundation stone for the Royal on 20 January 1858, eminent tragedian, Gustavos Brooke, announced “… may there be raised a superstructure perfect in all its parts, and honourable to the builder.” He proclaimed the memorial bottle to be “a lasting memento of the greatness of Ballarat in erecting such a theatre” and philosophised that “the stage not only refines the manners, but it is the best teacher of morals, for it is the truest and most intelligible picture of life. It stamps the image of virtue on the mind …” (Star, “Laying” 21 Jan. 1858). These initial aspirations seem somewhat ambitious when viewed with the benefit of hindsight. Ballarat’s Theatre Royal opened in December 1858, ironically with Jerrold’s comedy ‘Time Works Wonders’. The large auditorium holding around 1500 people “was crowded to overflowing and was considered altogether brilliant in its newness and beauty” by all in attendance (Star, “Local and General” 30 Dec. 1858). Generous descriptions abound of how splendid it was, in architectural terms, but also in relation to scenery, decorations and all appointments. Underneath the theatre were two shops, four bars, elegant dining rooms, a kitchen and 24 bedrooms. A large saloon was planned to be attached soon-after. The overall cost of the build was estimated at a substantial 10,000 pounds.The First Act: 1858-1864In the early years, the Royal was deemed a success. The pleasure-seeking public of Ballarat came en masse and the glory days seemed like they might continue unabated. By the early 1860s, Ballarat was known as a great theatrical centre for performing arts, its population was famous both nationally and internationally for an appreciation of good acting, and the Royal was considered the home of the best dramatic art in Ballarat (Withers 260). Like other theatres of the 1850s diggings, it had its own resident company of actors, musicians, scenic artists and backstage crew. Numerous acclaimed performers came to visit and these were prosperous and happy times for the Royal’s lively theatrical community. As early as 1859, however, there was evident rivalry between the Royal and the Mechanics Institute, as suggested on numerous occasions in the Ballarat Star. As a multi-purpose venue for education and the betterment of the working classes, the latter venue had the distinct advantage of holding the moral high ground. Over time this competition increased as audiences decreased. As people shifted to family-focussed entertainments, these absorbed their time and attention. The transformation of a transient population into a township of families ultimately suffocated prospects for professional entertainment in Ballarat. Consumer interest turned to the growth of strong amateur societies with the establishment of the Welsh Eisteddfod 1863; Harmonic Society 1864; Bell Ringers’ Club 1866 and Glee and Madrigal Union 1867 (Brereton 38). By 1863, the Royal was reported to have “scanty patronage” and Proprietor Symonds was in financial trouble (Star, “News and Notes” 15 Sep. 1864). It was announced that the theatre would open for the last time on Saturday, 29 October 1864 (Australasian). On that same date, the Royal was purchased by Rowlands & Lewis, the cordial makers. They promptly on-sold it to the Ballarat Temperance League, who soon discovered that there was a contract in place with Bouchier, the previous owner, who still held the hotel next door, stating that “all proprietors … were bound to keep it open as a theatre” (Withers 260-61). Having invested immense energy into the quest to purchase it, the Temperance League backed out of the deal. Prominent Hotelier Walter Craig bought it for less than 3,000 pounds. It is possible that this stymied effort to quell the distribution of liquor in the heart of the city evoked the ire of the Protestant community, who were on a dedicated mission “to attack widespread drunkenness, profligacy, licentiousness and agnosticism,” and forming an interdenominational Bible and Tract Society in 1866 (Bate 176). This caused a segment of the population to consider the Royal a ‘lost cause’ and steer clear of it, advising ‘respectable’ families to do the same, and so the stigma grew. Social solidarity of this type had significant impact in an era in which people openly demonstrated their morality by way of unified public actions.The Second Act: 1865-1868The Royal closed for renovations until May 1865. Of the various alterations made to the interior and its fittings, the most telling was the effort to separate the ladies from the ‘town women’, presumably to reassure ‘respectable’ female patrons. To this end, a ladies’ retiring room was added, in a position convenient to the dress circle. The architectural rejuvenation of the Royal was cited as an illustration of great progress in Sturt Street (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 27 May 1865). Soon after, the Royal hosted the Italian Opera Company.However, by 1866 there was speculation that the Royal may be converted into a dry goods store. References to what sort of impression the failing of theatre would convey to the “old folks at home” in relation to “progress in civilisation'' and "social habits" indicated the distress of loyal theatre-goers. Impassioned pleas were written to the press to help preserve the “Temple of Thespus” for the legitimate use for which it was intended (Ballarat Star, “Messenger” and “Letters to the Editor” 30 Aug. 1866). By late 1867, a third venue materialised. The Alfred Hall was built for the reception of Ballarat’s first Royal visitor, the Duke of Edinburgh. On the night prior to the grand day at the Alfred, following a private dinner at Craig’s Hotel, Prince Alfred was led by an escorted torchlight procession to a gala performance at Craig’s very own Theatre Royal. The Prince’s arrival caused a sensation that completely disrupted the show (Spielvogel, Papers Vol. 1 165). While visiting Ballarat, the Prince laid the stone for the new Temperance Hall (Bate 159). This would not have been required had the League secured the Royal for their use three years earlier.Thereafter, the Royal was unable to reach the heights of what Brereton (15) calls the “Golden Age of Ballarat Theatre” from 1855 to 1865. Notably, the Mechanics Institute also experienced financial constraints during the 1860s and these challenges were magnified during the 1870s (Hazelwood 89). The late sixties saw the Royal reduced to the ‘ordinary’ in terms of the calibre of productions (Brereton 15). Having done his best to improve the physical attributes and prestige of the venue, Craig may have realised he was up against a growing stigma and considerable competition. He sold the Royal to R.S. Mitchell for 5,500 pounds in 1868.Another New Owner: 1869-1873For the Saturday performance of Richard III in 1869, under the new Proprietor, it was reported that “From pit to gallery every seat was full” and for many it was standing room only (Ballarat Star, “Theatre Royal” 1 Feb. 1869). Later that year, Othello attracted people with “a critical appreciation of histrionic matters” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 19 July 1869). The situation appeared briefly promising. Unfortunately, larger economic factors were soon at play. During 1869, Ballarat went ‘mad’ with mine share gambling. In 1870 the economic bubble burst, and hundreds of people in Ballarat were financially ruined. Over the next ten years the population fell from 60,000 to less than 40,000 (Spielvogel, Papers Vol. 3 39). The last surviving theatre in Ballarat East, the much-loved Charles Napier, put on its final show in September 1869 (Brereton 15). By 1870 the Royal was referred to as a “second-class theatre” and was said to be such bad repute that “it would be most difficult to draw respectable classes” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 17 Jan. 1870). It seems the remaining theatre patrons from the East swung over to support the Royal, which wasn’t necessarily in the best interests of its reputation. During this same period, family-oriented crowds of “the pleasure-seeking public of Ballarat” were attending events at the newly fashionable Alfred Hall (Ballarat Courier, “Theatre Royal” June 1870). There were occasional high points still to come for the Royal. In 1872, opera drew a crowded house “even to the last night of the season” which according to the press, “gave proof, if proof were wanting, that the people of Ballarat not only appreciate, but are willing to patronise to the full any high-class entertainment” (Ballarat Courier, “Theatre Royal” 26 Aug. 1872). The difficulty, however, lay in the deterioration of the Royal’s reputation. It had developed negative connotations among local temperance and morality movements, along with their extensive family, friendship and business networks. Regarding collective consumption, sociologist John Urry wrote “for those engaged in the collective tourist gaze … congregation is paramount” (140). Applying this socio-cultural principle to the behaviour of Victorian theatre-going audiences of the 1870s, it was compelling for audiences to move with the masses and support popular events at the fresh Alfred Hall rather than the fading Royal. Large crowds jostling for elbow room was perceived as the hallmark of a successful event back then, as is most often the case now.The Third Act: 1874-1878An additional complication faced by the Royal was the long-term effect of the application of straw across the ceiling. Acoustics were initially poor, and straw was intended to rectify the problem. This caused the venue to develop a reputation for being stuffy and led to the further indignity of the Royal suffering an infestation of fleas (Jenkins 22); a misfortune which caused some to label it “The Royal Bug House” (Reid 117). Considering how much food was thrown at the stage in this era, it is not surprising that rotten debris attracted insects. In 1873, the Royal closed for another round of renovations. The interior was redesigned, and the front demolished and rebuilt. This was primarily to create retail store frontage to supplement income (Reid 117). It was reported that the best theatrical frontage in Australasia was lost, and in its place was “a modestly handsome elevation” for which all play-goers of Ballarat should be thankful, as the miracle required of the rebuild was that of “exorcising the foul smells from the old theatre and making it bright and pretty and sweet” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 26 Jan. 1874). The effort at rejuvenation seemed effective for a period. A “large and respectable audience” turned out to see the Fakir of Oolu, master of the weird, mystical, and strange. The magician’s show “was received with cheers from all parts of the house, and is certainly a very attractive novelty” (Ballarat Courier, “Theatre Royal” 29 Mar. 1875). That same day, the Combination Star Company gave a concert at the Mechanics Institute. Indicating the competitive tussle, the press stated: “The attendance, however, doubtless owing to attractions elsewhere, was only moderately large” (Courier, “Concert at the Mechanics’” 29 Mar. 1875). In the early 1870s, there had been calls from sectors of society for a new venue to be built in Ballarat, consistent with its status. The developer and proprietor, Sir William Clarke, intended to offer a “higher class” of entertainment for up to 1700 people, superior to the “broad farces” at the Royal (Freund n.p.) In 1875, the Academy of Music opened, at a cost of twelve thousand pounds, just one block away from the Royal.As the decade of decreasing population wore on, it is intriguing to consider an unprecedented “riotous” incident in 1877. Levity's Original Royal Marionettes opened at the Royal with ‘Beauty and the Beast’ to calamitous response. The Company Managers, Wittington & Lovell made clear that the performance had scarcely commenced when the “storm” arose and they believed “the assault to be premeditated” (Wittington and Lovell in Argus, “The Riot” 6 Apr. 1877). Paid thuggery, with the intent of spooking regular patrons, was the implication. They pointed out that “It is evident that the ringleaders of the riot came into the theatre ready armed with every variety of missiles calculated to get a good hit at the figures and scenery, and thereby create a disturbance.” The mob assaulted the stage with “head-breaking” lemonade bottles, causing costly damage, then chased the frightened puppeteers down Sturt Street (Mount Alexander Mail, “Items of News” 4 Apr. 1877). The following night’s performance, by contrast, was perfectly calm (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 7 Apr. 1877). Just three months later, Webb’s Royal Marionette pantomimes appeared at the Mechanics’ Institute. The press wrote “this is not to be confounded, with the exhibition which created something like a riot at the Theatre Royal last Easter” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 5 July 1877).The final performance at the Royal was the American Rockerfellers’ Minstrel Company. The last newspaper references to the Royal were placed in the context of other “treats in store” at The Academy of Music, and forthcoming offerings at the Mechanics Institute (Star, “Advertising” 3 July 1878). The Royal had experienced three re-openings and a series of short-term managements, often ending in loss or even bankruptcy. When it wound up, investors were left to cover the losses, while the owner was forced to find more profitable uses for the building (Freund n.p.). At face value, it seemed that four performing arts venues was one too many for Ballarat audiences to support. By August 1878 the Royal’s two shop fronts were up for lease. Thereafter, the building was given over entirely to retail drapery sales (Withers 260). ReflectionsThe Royal was erected, at enormous expense, in a moment of unbridled optimism, after several popular theatres in Ballarat East had burned to the ground. Ultimately the timing for such a lavish investment was poor. It suffered an inflexible old-fashioned structure, high overheads, ongoing staffing costs, changing demographics, economic crisis, increased competition, decreased population, the growth of local community-based theatre, temperance agitation and the impact of negative rumour and hear-say.The struggles endured by the various owners and managers of, and investors in, the Royal reflected broader changes within the larger community. The tension between the fixed nature of the place and the fluid needs of the public was problematic. Shifting demographics meant the Royal was negatively affected by conservative values, altered tastes and competing entertainment options. Built in the 1850s, it was sound, but structurally rigid, dated and polluted with the bacterial irritations of the times. “Resident professional companies could not compete with those touring from Melbourne” by whom it was considered “… hard to use and did not satisfy the needs of touring companies who required facilities equivalent to those in the metropolitan theatres” (Freund n.p.). Meanwhile, the prevalence of fund-raising concerts, created by charitable groups and member based community organisations, detracted from people’s interest in supporting professional performances. After-all, amateur concerts enabled families to “embrace the values of British middle class morality” (Doggett 295) at a safe distance from grog shops and saloons. Children aged 5-14 constituted only ten percent of the Ballarat population in 1857, but by 1871 settler families had created a population in which school aged children comprised twenty-five of the whole (Bate 146). This had significant ramifications for the type of theatrical entertainments required. By the late sixties, as many as 2000 children would perform at a time, and therefore entrance fees were able to be kept at affordable levels for extended family members. Just one year after the demise of the Royal, a new secular improvement society became active, holding amateur events and expanding over time to become what we now know as the Royal South Street Society. This showed that the appetite for home-grown entertainment was indeed sizeable. It was a function that the Royal was unable to service, despite several ardent attempts. Conclusion The greatest misfortune of the Royal was that it became stigmatised, from the mid 1860s onwards. In an era when people were either attempting to be pure of manners or were considered socially undesirable, it was hard for a cultural venue to survive which occupied the commercial middle ground, as the Royal did. It is also conceivable that the Royal was ‘framed’, by one or two of its competitor venues, or their allies, just one year before its closure. The Theatre Royal’s negative stigma as a venue for rough and intemperate human remnants of early Ballarat East had proven insurmountable. The Royal’s awkward position between high-class entrepreneurial culture and wholesome family-based community values, both of which were considered tasteful, left it out-of-step with the times and vulnerable to the judgement of those with either vested interests or social commitments elsewhere. This had long-term resonance for the subsequent development of entertainment options within Ballarat, placing the pendulum of favour either on elite theatre or accessible community based entertainments. The cultural middle-ground was sparse. The eventual loss of the building, the physical place of so much dramatic energy and emotion, as fondly recalled by Withers (260), inevitably contributed to the Royal fading from intergenerational memory. The telling of the ‘real story’ behind the rise and fall of the Ballarat Theatre Royal requires further exploration. If contemporary cultural industries are genuinely concerned “with the re-presentation of the supposed history and culture of a place”, as Urry believed (154), then untold stories such as that of Ballarat’s Theatre Royal require scholarly attention. This article represents the first attempt to examine its troubled history in a holistic fashion and locate it within a context ripe for cultural analysis.ReferencesBate, Weston. Lucky City: The First Generation at Ballarat 1851–1901. Carlton South: Melbourne UP, 1978.Brereton, Roslyn. Entertainment and Recreation on the Victorian Goldfields in the 1850s. BA (Honours) Thesis. 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