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Journal articles on the topic 'Belize City'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Everitt, John C. "The Growth and Development of Belize City." Journal of Latin American Studies 18, no. 1 (May 1986): 75–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00011172.

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Although Belize City has almost always been the centre of population in Belize, few studies have been devoted to its historical geography–or indeed to the urban geography of the country as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to gather together much of the scattered material on Belize City, in the hope that this codification will help the reader to understand the growth and present status of the city, and, perhaps, inspire others to do further research on this, still the major urban centre of Belize.

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2

Gibbs, Ronald J., and Carlos Guerra. "Metals of the bottom muds in Belize City Harbor, Belize." Environmental Pollution 98, no. 1 (1997): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(97)00092-4.

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3

Reeder, Philip, and Lauren Shapiro. "Lead Contamination of Soils in Belize City, Belize, Central America." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 38, no. 12 (December 2003): 2785–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/ese-120025831.

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4

Holben, D., M. Dees, L. Keena, and M. Bass. "Food Insecurity and Delinquency Among Adults in Belize City, Belize." Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics 118, no. 9 (September 2018): A73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2018.06.045.

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5

Salmon, William, and Jennifer Gómez Menjivar. "Language variation and dimensions of prestige in Belizean Kriol." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31, no. 2 (October 14, 2016): 316–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.31.2.04sal.

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This paper provides a preliminary report on attitudes toward varieties of Belizean Kriol in coastal Belize. We used a verbal-guise test with 141 participants, collecting both quantitative and qualitative data in Belize City and Punta Gorda, and we found that the variety of Kriol spoken in Belize City is rated more highly in general along several dimensions than the variety spoken in Punta Gorda. We also found that BC Kriol was rated more highly by male participants from both test sites. This paper is the first installment of an ongoing project, which investigates the linguistic prestige system(s) in place with respect to Kriol by region and among individual ethnic groups in Belize.

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6

Cathro, Helen P., Theresa Loya, Frederick Dominguez, Susan L. Howe, Renee Howell, Kyle Orndorff, Jessica Moreno, et al. "Human papillomavirus profile of women in Belize City, Belize: correlation with cervical cytopathologic findings." Human Pathology 40, no. 7 (July 2009): 942–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2008.12.015.

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7

Tourtellot, Gair, Amanda Clarke, and Norman Hammond. "Mapping La Milpa: a Maya city in northwestern Belize." Antiquity 67, no. 254 (March 1993): 96–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00045105.

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The first major season of field operations at this major Lowland Maya site, located on the eastern edge of the Classic Maya core area, has revealed a great deal of information about the layout of the site and also demonstrated that its history was a long one.

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8

Wiskel, Tess, Roland Merchant, Marta Habet, and Joy Mackey. "Developing an Accident and Emergency HIV Testing Program in Belize City: Recommendations from Key Stakeholders." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 18 (January 1, 2019): 232595821985632. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325958219856328.

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With the ultimate goal of developing an accident and emergency (A&E) department HIV testing program in Belize City, Belize, we sought input from key stakeholders on program components and potential facilitators and barriers to HIV testing in emergency care. We conducted semistructured interviews among 4 key stakeholder groups at Karl Heusner Memorial Hospital Authority (KHMHA) in Belize City: (1) 20 A&E patients, (2) 5 A&E physicians, (3) 5 A&E nurses, and (4) 5 KHMHA administrators. We performed a qualitative content analysis of the interview transcripts and isolated important themes. Major themes included: (1) Patient selection: patients preferred to test all A&E patients. All other stakeholder groups preferred testing specific patient groups. (2) Training: Specific training should be completed for staff. (3) Confidentiality: integral for testing. (4) Facilitators and barriers: facilitators included respectful relationships, privacy, resources, coordination, and education. Barriers included stigmatization, patient willingness, inadequate resources, privacy, and testing biases.

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9

Ricketts, Shannon. "Belmopan: a New Capital for a New Country." Brasilis, no. 43 (2010): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.52200/43.a.smv82dgu.

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As the British colony of British Honduras prepared for independence, it adopted two important symbols of its emerging identity; the name of Belize was chosen for the new country and a new capital was planned from which this emerging nation would be governed. That new capital was called Belmopan and was to be established inland from the old coastal capital of Belize City. Designed by the British planning and architectural firm of Norman and Dawbarn, this new city followed in the tradition of British Garden City planning, making discrete references to the Mayan heritage of the region, while using the modernist architectural vocabulary typical of so much of the infrastructural development taking place at this time in various nations emerging from colonial status.

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10

Prescod, Colin. "Bookreviews : Thirteen Chapters of a History of Belize By Assad Shaman (Belize City, Angelus Press, 1994), 344pp." Race & Class 38, no. 1 (July 1996): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030639689603800111.

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11

Chandler, Cristian J., Leigh A. Bukowski, Jordan M. Sang, Caroline K. Harpel, Erika Castellanos, Ronald D. Stall, and James E. Egan. "Barriers and facilitators to past six-month HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Belize." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 13 (September 27, 2020): 1300–1307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420947574.

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Prevalence of HIV in Belize is high, and men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately impacted by HIV. HIV testing is critical in curbing the epidemic; however, little is known about factors associated with testing among MSM in Belize. Working with a non-governmental organization in a large, urban city within Belize, snowball sampling was applied to recruit Belizean MSM to complete a self-administered survey. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to understand associations with HIV screening behavior. Access to healthcare, HIV knowledge, and reporting having heard of Section 53 of the Criminal Code of Belize (once outlawing same-sex sexual behavior), but not experiencing any negative impact from Section 53 were significantly positively associated with having received an HIV test in the past six months. Healthcare maltreatment (lifetime), depression symptomology, and shame were significantly negatively associated with having received a HIV test in the past six months. Findings suggest that multiple factors associated with stigma and discrimination negatively affect testing strategies among MSM in Belize.

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12

Moberg, Mark. "Assad Shoman, 13 Chapters of a History of Belize (Belize City: Angelus Press, 1994), pp. xviii + 344, $12.50." Journal of Latin American Studies 28, no. 2 (May 1996): 512–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x00013146.

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13

Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, John M. Morris, Jaime J. Awe, and Adrian S. Z. Chase. "Archaeology and Heritage Management in the Maya Area: History and Practice at Caracol, Belize." Heritage 3, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 436–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3020026.

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Archaeology and heritage management in the Maya area have developed differently in the various modern-day countries that make up ancient Mesoamerica. In the country of Belize, heritage management has been conjoined with archaeology since at least the late 1970s. Long-term projects, such as the 1985-to-present archaeological investigations at the ancient ruins that comprise the immense city of Caracol, Belize, demonstrate the evolution of heritage management. This abandoned metropolis has also been the location of concerted stabilization and conservation efforts. Research and heritage management efforts at this urban center have been coordinated and intertwined since the project’s inception. This article contextualizes the long-standing relationships between archaeology and cultural heritage as it has been practiced at Caracol, Belize within the broader field of Maya Studies.

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MUSTAFA, DAANISH, and PHILIP REEDER. "‘People Is All That Is Left to Privatize’: Water Supply Privatization, Globalization and Social Justice in Belize City, Belize." International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 33, no. 3 (September 2009): 789–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00849.x.

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BULMER-THOMAS, VICTOR. "Assad Shoman, A History of Belize in 13 Chapters (2nd edition, Belize City: Angelus Press, 2011), pp. xvii + 461, $10.00, pb." Journal of Latin American Studies 44, no. 1 (February 2012): 206–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x11001362.

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16

Bulmer-Thomas, Victor. "Assad Shoman, Guatemala's Claim to Belize: The Definitive History (Belize City: Image Factory Art Foundation, 2018), pp. xxxiv + 447, $15.00, pb." Journal of Latin American Studies 51, no. 1 (February 2019): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x19000129.

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17

Grauer, Kacey C. "Active environments: Relational ontologies of landscape at the ancient Maya city of Aventura, Belize." Journal of Social Archaeology 20, no. 1 (September 5, 2019): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469605319871362.

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A holistic and relational approach to landscape amplifies understandings of the complexities of human–environment relationships. This article examines ecological and social aspects of landscape at the ancient Maya city of Aventura, Belize, in the context of relational ontologies. The city of Aventura is enmeshed with microenvironments known as pocket bajos, and I argue that pocket bajos defy categorization as natural or cultural. By exploring their spatial context, material content, and associated activities that create cosmological connections, I demonstrate that the pocket bajos were active social agents in the construction of the city and the maintenance of community. The relations that people living at Aventura established with pocket bajos highlight the interconnectedness of humans with the environment, and this approach avoids projecting current-day Western categories of nature and culture onto the past.

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18

Fulton, Kara A. "Community Identity and Shared Practice at Actuncan, Belize." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 266–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.18.

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Shared identities create deep historical ties to community spaces and can facilitate or constrict political expansion. This research examines the relationship between the ways in which families engaged local landscapes and developed shared identities at Actuncan, Belize, during the Terminal Classic period, a time when the city experienced population growth as surrounding centers declined. The nature and location of activity patterns in and around three residential groups allow inferences about shared practices and the expression of identities that those activities enabled and constrained. Importantly, this research includes investigations of both residential groups and architecturally free areas. It uses multiple methods to explore activities and to produce overlapping datasets, including excavation and analysis of macroartifacts, microartifacts, and soil chemical residues. The results suggest that Actuncan residents used not only the formal patio spaces of residential groups but also the interstitial spaces between them. Moreover, one residential group, Group 1, appears to have been a locus for distinct activities including sequential burials and, possibly, affiliative ritual practices connected to ancestral landscape use. Understanding relationships among residents is an important foundation for exploring broader political dynamics, including relationships between residents and rulers and how rulers created, legitimized, and maintained power and authority.

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19

Harrison-Buck, Eleanor, and Patricia A. McAnany. "TERMINAL CLASSIC CIRCULAR ARCHITECTURE IN THE SIBUN VALLEY, BELIZE." Ancient Mesoamerica 24, no. 2 (2013): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536113000199.

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AbstractTerminal Classic circular architecture has been characterized as a “non-Classic” trait stemming from Chontal-Itza groups from the Gulf lowlands who developed a long-distance, circum-peninsular trade route and established their capital city at Chichen Itza in northern Yucatan. Recent investigations of a series of circular shrines proximate to the Caribbean coast in Belize have yielded ceramics and radiocarbon dates that link these buildings to the ninth century, coeval with the early Sotuta phase at Chichen Itza (a.d.830–900). We present an architectural comparison of circular shrines and map out a network of sites that cluster along the rivers and coast of Belize. We consider two possibilities that may not be mutually exclusive: (1) local elite emulation of northern styles following pilgrimage to Chichen Itza for political accession ceremonies, and, (2) trading diasporas involving small-scale migration of Chontal-Itza merchants along the eastern Caribbean coast.

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20

Hammond, Norman, Gair Tourtellot, Sara Donaghey, and Amanda Clarke. "No slow dusk: Maya urban development and decline at La Milpa, Belize." Antiquity 72, no. 278 (December 1998): 831–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087433.

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The 1998 excavations at the Maya city of La Milpa have revealed important structures of the ruling élite, including several throne rooms, but also evidence for a sudden cessation of élite activity when the occupation was at its height. Extensive mapping suggests a population of some 46,000 over a short period in the 8th and 9th centuries AD.

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21

Somerville, Andrew D., Margaret J. Schoeninger, and Geoffrey E. Braswell. "Political alliance, residential mobility, and diet at the ancient Maya city of Pusilha, Belize." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 41 (March 2016): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2015.11.004.

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22

Jones, Meredith, and Susan Catapano. "“You Want Me to Lead?”." International Journal of Teacher Education and Professional Development 3, no. 1 (January 2020): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijtepd.2020010105.

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This case study explores the experiences of three American pre-service teachers participating in an international applied learning context in Belize. The pre-service teachers worked in San Pedro Town, Belize for a month with local teachers and children in primary grades. The applied learning context was a demonstration classroom located in the center of the city where local teachers and children would visit each day. The pre-service teachers were responsible for creating lessons and activities, then teaching the children in the demonstration classroom while the Belizean teachers observed. The pre-service teachers also provided professional development for the teachers in the teacher's classroom. Through this international applied learning experience, the pre-service teachers strengthened their teaching and leadership skills while exploring their cultural sensitivity living in a new culture and country. The lessons through international applied learning contexts can greatly influence pre-service teachers' teaching practices when they have their own classroom.

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23

Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, Jaime J. Awe, John F. Weishampel, Gyles Iannone, Holley Moyes, Jason Yaeger, and M. Kathryn Brown. "The Use of LiDAR in Understanding the Ancient Maya Landscape." Advances in Archaeological Practice 2, no. 3 (August 2014): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.2.3.208.

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AbstractThe use of airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) in western Belize, Central America, has revolutionized our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the ancient Maya. This technology has enabled researchers to successfully demonstrate the large-scale human modifications made to the ancient tropical landscape, providing insight on broader regional settlement. Before the advent of this laser-based technology, heavily forested cover prevented full coverage and documentation of Maya sites. Mayanists could not fully recover or document the extent of ancient occupation and could never be sure how representative their mapped and excavated samples were relative to ancient settlement. Employing LiDAR in tropical and subtropical environments, like that of the Maya, effectively provides ground, as well as forest cover information, leading to a much fuller documentation of the complexities involved in the ancient human-nature interface. Airborne LiDAR was first flown over a 200 km2 area of the archaeological site of Caracol, Belize, in April 2009. In April and May 2013 an additional 1,057 km2 were flown with LiDAR, permitting the contextualization of the city of Caracol within its broader region and polity. The use of this technology has transformed our understanding of regional archaeology in the Maya area.

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Frolova, Elena Vladimirovna. "Healthcare of Mexico." Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2012-10.

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Mexico is the largest Spanish-speaking state in North America that borders the United States on one side, and Guatemala and Belize on the other. The country is home to more than 120 million people, in terms of population Mexico ranks 10th. Many Mexicans prefer to live in large cities (for example, every 5th inhabitant of the country lives in the capital of Mexico City, and Mexico City itself is the second largest city in the world), but there are many villages and fishing villages scattered along the coast. The level of medical care in large metropolitan areas and small settlements varies greatly. Mexico was ranked 21st in the 2018 Bloomberg World Health System Performance Index. This ranking, which allows assessing healthcare systems, was based on three key indicators: average life expectancy at birth, government spending on health as a percentage of GDP per capita, and the cost of health services per capita. However, in terms of life expectancy, Mexico ranks only 80th in the world (the average life expectancy in this country was 75 years in 2018).

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Helmke, Christophe, Claire E. Ebert, Jaime J. Awe, and Julie A. Hoggarth. "The lay of the land: a political geography of an ancient Maya kingdom in West-Central Belize." Contributions in New World Archaeology 12 (December 31, 2019): 9–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33547/cnwa.12.01.

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The Belize Valley figures prominently in the history of Maya archaeology as the birthplace of settlement pattern surveys, where Gordon R. Willey and his colleagues conducted their pioneering research project, from 1954 to 1956. Six decades on, settlement surveys are an integral part of archaeological research strategies not only across the Maya area, but globally. With the advent of LiDAR technology, settlement surveys enter a new developmental phase, and we take this opportunity to review the history and progress of these surveys in the Belize Valley. We focus on one particular archaeological site, Baking Pot, so as to better illustrate the methods and technological advances that have been brought to bear in the mapping of one ancient Maya city-state. Now that the survey of this ancient settlement is nearing completion, we veer from traditional settlement surveys that in principle focus on unbounded central places and centroids, in an attempt to tackle an important question, which to date has remained conspicuously understudied, that of borders and boundaries. Using a series of geospatial analyses, we investigate the potential of these approaches for reconstructing ancient polity boundaries and as lessons learned we explore which methods are of greater utility and can be applied to other surveys in the Maya lowlands.

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26

Plumer-Moodie, Hannah, Carlos Quiroz, Katherine A. Miller Wolf, and Yasser Musa. "When Provenience Is Lost: Achievements and Challenges in Preserving the Historical St. John's, Belize, Skeletal Collection." Advances in Archaeological Practice 7, no. 1 (February 2019): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aap.2018.41.

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AbstractIn small developing countries like Belize, lack of funding for archaeological research and post excavation curation remains one of our greatest challenges to preserving our tangible cultural heritage. The state of curation of human remains and artefact collections at St. John's College in Belize City is a perfect example of what can go wrong in the absence of a properly funded and managed curation program both at the national and the institutional level. This article highlights the rediscovery of a historically significant group of over 70 human remains in the biological collection of Friar Deickman, which had been forgotten in an attic after his death in 2003. We outline the process of, and accomplishments in improving the curation conditions of these individuals while uncovering their importance to Belizean history in the eighteenth through twentieth centuries. Preliminary analysis reveals life histories of slavery and indentured servitude of individuals of African, Maya, European, and possible mixed African and European descent. We emphasize the importance of ethical responsibility in properly curating excavated human remains, and the challenges researchers face when poor curation results in lost provenience. We offer suggestions for scientific analysis in recovering information lost as a result of poor excavation or curation methods.

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Nyberg, John E., Shachak Pe’eri, Susan L. Slocum, Matthew Rice, Maction Komwa, and Donglian Sun. "Planning and Preparation for Cruising Infrastructure: Cuba as a Case Study." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 9, 2021): 2951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052951.

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The cruise line industry (CLI) provides an opportunity to rapidly improve national (and regional) economies in destinations. However, lack of planning and proper preparation by destination authorities and the cruise industry can have significant impacts on the local community, commerce, and environment. This paper identifies and quantifies near-shore challenges between the national authorities and the CLI that include port facility preparedness and the potential stresses on local infrastructure. These key parameters used to quantify the impact of the CLI on established destinations can potentially become part of the analysis, negotiation, and communication between all parties involved (government, business, and tourists) as part of the contribution to ensure sustainable CLI destinations. The Port of Havana, Cuba was selected as the study site and was compared against similar cruise line destinations around the Meso-American region (Philipsburg, Sint Maarten, Belize City, Belize, and Progreso, Mexico). The Port of Havana’s natural infrastructure and the carriage available for the incoming ship (i.e., nautical charting) appear to be adequate for welcoming increased cruise ship traffic. The main concerns are the potential toll on local resources including the impact on port traffic and the local infrastructure required to support tourists once they depart the ship.

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28

Melosi, Martin V. "Down in the Dumps: Is There a Garbage Crisis in America?" Journal of Policy History 5, no. 1 (January 1993): 100–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089803060000662x.

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The pariah garbage barge on a two-month odyssey with 3,100 tons of unwanted trash drew throngs of sightseers and reporters Sunday as it anchored just outside New York Harbor while city officials decide its fate.The trek of the Mobro is well known. On 22 March 1987 the fully loaded garbage barge left Islip, New York, looking for a landfill that would take its unwanted cargo. Five states—North Carolina, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida—as well as three countries, Mexico, Belize, and the Bahamas, had banned the barge from unloading. Reluctantly, the captain turned the Mobro toward home, where it received an unceremonious, and dispirited, welcome.

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MMBALI, Oscar. "POLICE OFFICERS, AT-RISK-YOUTH AND COMMUNITY SAFETY PROJECT: A CASE STUDY OF THE SOUTHSIDE OF BELIZE CITY." Journal of Community Positive Practices 20, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35782/jcpp.2020.3.02.

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30

Chase, Arlen F., and Diane Z. Chase. "Scale and Intensity in Classic Period Maya Agriculture: Terracing and Settlement at the "Garden City" of Caracol, Belize." Culture Agriculture 20, no. 2-3 (June 1998): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cag.1998.20.2-3.60.

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31

Chase, Diane Z., and Arlen F. Chase. "10 Path Dependency in the Rise and Denouement of a Classic Maya City: The Case of Caracol, Belize." Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 24, no. 1 (March 2014): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apaa.12034.

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32

Grauer, Kacey C. "Heterarchical political ecology: Commoner and elite (meta)physical access to water at the ancient Maya city of Aventura, Belize." Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 62 (June 2021): 101301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2021.101301.

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33

Sagebiel, Kerry Lynn. "THE LATE AND TERMINAL CLASSIC CERAMIC SEQUENCE AT LA MILPA, BELIZE: IMPLICATIONS FOR ITS OCCUPATION HISTORY." Ancient Mesoamerica 25, no. 1 (2014): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095653611400008x.

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AbstractPrevious interpretations of the occupation history of La Milpa, Belize, which were based on preliminary ceramic data, suggested that occupation of the site fluctuated dramatically from the Late Preclassic to the Terminal Classic (400 b.c.–a.d. 850). It was determined that the modest Late Preclassic village became a large Early Classic city with regal-ritual architecture and carved monuments. In Late Classic I, it appeared the site was nearly abandoned. Its reoccupation and exponential growth in Late Classic II was followed by rapid abandonment before the end of the Late Classic III/Terminal Classic. New ceramic analyses utilizing attribute analysis with an emphasis on formal modes has clarified the sequence and, in turn, softened the occupation curves. This article provides descriptions of the Late Classic I, II, and III ceramics, along with revised percentage frequency graphs of La Milpa's occupation history based primarily on the work of the La Milpa Archaeological Project (1992–2002).

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34

Dutt, Rajeshwari. "Business As Usual:Maya and Merchants on Yucatán-Belize border at the Onset of the Caste War." Americas 74, no. 2 (March 20, 2017): 201–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.8.

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On September 13, 1849, Yucatecan forces at Chac Creek, near the port city of Bacalar (in present-day Quintana Roo), stopped and searched a vessel namedFour Sisters, owned by the Belizean merchant, Austin W. Cox. Inside they uncovered kegs containing 73arrobas(25-pound kegs) of gunpowder and 16 arrobas of lead. Manned by three black men, the vessel also carried a Maya on whom the search party found incriminating evidence, in the form of a letter from Cox to Maya rebel leader Jacinto Pat. The letter made it clear that the gunpowder was meant for the Maya insurgents who were fighting against Mexican authorities in the Yucatán's raging Caste War. Historians of the Caste War period have consistently recognized that the Belizean authorities ignored the munitions trade that flourished between Mexico and Belize during the conflict. Largely unexplored has been the critical role that merchants and munitions traders played in shaping the British government's attitude, and consequently its policies, toward Maya groups during this volatile period.

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35

Zaro, Gregory, and Brett A. Houk. "THE GROWTH AND DECLINE OF THE ANCIENT MAYA CITY OF LA MILPA, BELIZE: NEW DATA AND NEW PERSPECTIVES FROM THE SOUTHERN PLAZAS." Ancient Mesoamerica 23, no. 1 (2012): 143–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536112000107.

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AbstractConstruction histories of ancient Maya monumental centers have long been used to interpret the growth and decline of Lowland Maya polities. Changes in the built environment at monumental centers reflect labor appropriation by ruling elites and may indirectly serve to gauge changes in political clout over time. Consequently, the precision and accuracy with which archaeologists measure these changes take on increased importance when assessing the ancient Maya political landscape. Recent excavations in the monumental core of La Milpa, Belize, have generated new data that call for a re-assessment of the center's historical trajectory. Our data indicate that La Milpa had a larger Late Preclassic foundation, likely grew much more incrementally through the Classic period, and persisted centuries longer than previously understood. The apparent persistence of occupation into the tenth century a.d. challenges the traditionally accepted dates for La Milpa's abandonment, and, the ceramic sequence upon which it is often based.

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36

Chase, Adrian S. Z., and John Weishampel. "Using Lidar and GIS to Investigate Water and Soil Management in the Agricultural Terracing at Caracol, Belize." Advances in Archaeological Practice 4, no. 3 (August 2016): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.4.3.357.

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AbstractIn April 2009, a lidar survey flown by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping recorded 200 square kilometers of terrain that comprised the Classic Period Maya city of Caracol, Belize. The data revealed a highly manipulated landscape of dense settlement, agricultural terraces, and residential reservoirs. Literature on Maya agriculture has discussed the benefits of terraces in controlling soil erosion, retaining water, and managing the gravitational flow of water; however, until now these benefits have not been quantified or demonstrated on the ground at scale. This research utilizes these lidar data and data derivatives in order to test the degree to which the ancient Maya manipulated their environment and were able to support large-scale populations through their landscape management practices. As such, the research provides evidence supporting the significance of agricultural terraces and their impact on limiting soil erosion, increasing water retention, and permitting flow control over rainfall runoff. This research also highlights the conscious effort by the ancient Maya to manage the hydrology of their terraced landscape.

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Mixter, David W. "Community Resilience and Urban Planning during the Ninth-Century Maya Collapse: A Case Study from Actuncan, Belize." Cambridge Archaeological Journal 30, no. 2 (November 4, 2019): 219–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095977431900057x.

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To remain in place in the immediate aftermath of the ninth-century Maya collapse, Maya groups employed various resilient strategies. In the absence of divine rulers, groups needed to renegotiate their forms of political authority and to reconsider the legitimizing role of religious institutions. This kind of negotiation happened first at the local level, where individual communities developed varied political and ideological solutions. At the community of Actuncan, located in the lower Mopan River valley of Belize, reorganization took place within the remains of a monumental urban centre built 1000 years before by the site's early rulers. I report on the changing configuration and use of Actuncan's urban landscape during the process of reorganization. These modifications included the construction of a new centre for political gatherings, the dismantling of old administrative buildings constructed by holy lords and the reuse of the site's oldest ritual space. These developments split the city into distinct civic and ritual zones, paralleling the adoption of a new shared rule divorced from cosmological underpinnings. This case study provides an example of how broader societal resilience relies on adaptation at the local level.

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Qu, B., T. Wiskel, J. Mackey, M. Habert, S. J. Marks, and R. C. Merchant. "244 HIV Testing History, Testing Interest, and HIV Risk-Taking Behaviors Among Adult Accident and Emergency Department Patients in Belize City." Annals of Emergency Medicine 74, no. 4 (October 2019): S95—S96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2019.08.412.

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Viñals, M. J., L. Teruel, and P. Alonso-Monasterio. "THE OUTSTANDING UNIVERSAL VALUE OF THE HISTORIC COLONIAL CENTRE OF THE CITY OF GRACIAS (HONDURAS)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-565-2020.

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Abstract. This paper analyses the outstanding universal values, integrity, and authenticity of the city of Gracias (Honduras), as well as its protection and heritage management tools. The main objective is to demonstrate that Gracias meets the UNESCO requirements to qualify as a candidate for inclusion in the International List of the World Heritage Convention (1971). Gracias is a colonial Spanish city, founded in 1536, in the region of Lempira. It had great productive, strategic and administrative importance in Central America, demonstrated in part by its hosting of the ‘Audiencia de los Confines’. The ‘Audiencia’ was the highest court of the Spanish Crown with jurisdiction over the current republics of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and the region of Chiapas. The aim of this court was to represent the interests of the indigenous people in these areas. An on-site analysis, diagnosis and assessment of the heritage elements was carried out from architectural, urban planning, historical, and intangible heritage perspectives. Additionally, other similar sites in Central America have been analysed for comparison. Results show that this city meets criterion iv of the World Heritage Convention: ‘an outstanding example of a type of building, architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates (a) significant stage(s) in human history’. Furthermore, the city´s heritage assets are well-preserved and most of them remain functional; the indigenous culture is alive; and planning, conservation and managing tools are in use. Currently, Gracias maintains its harmony and life and its respect for the natural environment, creating a cultural landscape that has been maintained for almost 500 years.

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Jewell Rich, Grant. "Mavis C. CampbellBecoming Belize: A History of an Outpost of Empire Searching for Identity, 1528–1823. Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 2011. xxii + 425 pp. (Paper US$50.00) — Assad ShomanA History of Belize in Thirteen Chapters. 2nd edition. Belize City: The Angelus Press, 2011. xvii + 461 pp. (Paper US$30.00)." New West Indian Guide 88, no. 1-2 (2014): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134360-08801059.

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Hammond, Norman. "Maya: revelation and re-evaluation." Antiquity 89, no. 348 (December 2015): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.141.

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Maya archaeology is flourishing; across three millennia, four countries and an impressive range of intellectual and practical approaches, the eight books under review here make that point well. One is the ninth edition of a deservedly successful book for a general readership, one the catalogue of the first Maya exhibition to be held in Britain in nearly half a century. A further volume deals with sites in the northern Maya lowlands of the Yucatan Peninsula, another with those in the eastern lowlands, the former British colony of Belize. Two are site-specific: the major city of El Perú-Waka’ in the southern lowland Maya heartland of El Petén, Guatemala, and the idiosyncratic élite centre of Cacaxtla in central highland Mexico where Maya influence on the famous murals is both striking and puzzling. Finally, two have a scientific bent: collections of papers on bioarchaeology/population studies and archaeoastronomy respectively. All draw their evidence, and their illustrations, largely from the Classic Period (AD 250–900), although there are forays into both the Preclassic (1200 BC–AD 250) and Postclassic (AD 900–1500+).

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Warth, Gebhard, Andreas Braun, Oliver Assmann, Kevin Fleckenstein, and Volker Hochschild. "Prediction of Socio-Economic Indicators for Urban Planning Using VHR Satellite Imagery and Spatial Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 1730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12111730.

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Ongoing urbanization leads to steady growth of urban areas. In the case of highly dynamic change of municipalities, due to the rates of change, responsible administrations often are challenged or struggle with capturing present states of urban sites or accurately planning future urban development. An interest for urban planning lies on socio-economic conditions, as consumption and production of disposable goods are related to economic possibilities. Therefore, we developed an approach to generate relevant parameters for infrastructure planning by means of remote sensing and spatial analysis. In this study, the single building defines the spatial unit for the parameters. In the case city Belmopan (Belize), based on WorldView-1 data we manually define a city covering building dataset. Residential buildings are classified to eight building types which are locally adapted to Belmopan. A random forest (RF) classifier is trained with locally collected training data. Through household interviews focusing on household assets, income and educational level, a socio-economic point (SEP) scaling is defined, which correlates very well with the defined building typology. In order to assign socio-economic parameters to the single building, five socio-economic classes (SEC) are established based on SEP statistics for the building types. The RF building type classification resulted in high accuracies. Focusing on the three categories to describe residential socio-economic states allowed high correlations between the defined building and socio-economic points. Based on the SEP we projected a citywide residential socio-economic building classification to support supply and disposal infrastructure planning.

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Morgan, Paul Marcel. "Recurrent Subacute Subdural Hematoma in a 67-Year-Old Female with Late Alzheimer’s Disease: A Case Report." International Journal of Medical Students 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2019.371.

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Background: Chronic Subdural Hematoma (CSDH) is becoming an urgent public health issue due to an increase of incidence in aging populations like Taiwan. Though trauma still stands as the primary mechanism of CSDH, it is often overlooked in the elderly, especially those with mid-to-late stage Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Coincidentally, the clinical presentation of mid-to-late stage AD shares significant overlap with CSDH. AD creates an immense challenge for physicians and family members to identify early signs of CSDH. The Case: We report a peculiar case of a 67-year-old female with a history of AD who presents to the Emergency room in Belmopan City, Belize, with recurrent CSDH. On admission her consciousness was disturbed and late stage dementia presented an enormous challenge for logical and meaningful history taking. Axial non-contrast computed tomography showed a crescent-shaped isodense subdural hematoma in the left hemisphere of the parietal lobe. She was stabilized and treated conservatively with corticosteroids, beta blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and diuretics. Conclusion: It is important for physicians to recognize and develop protocols to identify early signs of CSDH in patients with late stage AD. Early management is a key factor in minimizing more serious complications like recurrence, seizures, and tension pneumocephalus.

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Harpelle, Ronald. "Struggles for Freedom: Essays on Slavery, Colonialism and Culture in the Caribbean and Central America, by O. Nigel BollandStruggles for Freedom: Essays on Slavery, Colonialism and Culture in the Caribbean and Central America, by O. Nigel Bolland. Belize City, Belize, Angelus Press, 1997. 334 pp." Canadian Journal of History 33, no. 2 (August 1998): 333–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.33.2.333.

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Morgan, Paul Marcel. "Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in a 68-Year-old Hyperglycemic Female Patient: Case Report and Literature Review." International Journal of Medical Students 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 45–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ijms.2019.393.

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Background: While hyperglycemia is intimately associated with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus (DM), recent clinical studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia is also present in the early acute phase of stroke and is associated with poor prognosis and increased long-term mortality. About half of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke also present with hyperglycemia upon admission. But more than 50% of patients with acute hemorrhagic stroke develop hyperglycemia even without a previous history of DM. This sheds new light on the relationship between DM, hyperglycemia, and hemorrhagic stroke, with a pathophysiology that is perhaps more profound than is conventionally understood. The Case: We report a case of a 68-year-old female, with a history of DM Type 2 and stage 3 hypertension who presents to the emergency room (ER) at the Western Regional Hospital in Belmopan City, Belize, with hemorrhagic stroke and hyperglycemia. Diffuse subarachnoid hemorrhage was found in the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. Mild intraventricular hemorrhage was also observed in the frontal horns and basal cisterns. And small areas of intraparenchymal hemorrhage were present in the frontal lobes. The patient was stabilized and treated conservatively with calcium channel blockers, and diuretics. Conclusion: Despite a unifying consensus that is still pending, maintaining glucose levels between 110-120 mg/dl by using continuous insulin infusions after traumatic brain injury or aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage may carry some clinical benefit with slightly improved outcome.

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KITLV, Redactie. "Book Reviews." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 70, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1996): 309–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002626.

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-Bridget Brereton, Emilia Viotti Da Costa, Crowns of glory, tears of blood: The Demerara slave rebellion of 1823. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. xix + 378 pp.-Grant D. Jones, Assad Shoman, 13 Chapters of a history of Belize. Belize city: Angelus, 1994. xviii + 344 pp.-Donald Wood, K.O. Laurence, Tobago in wartime 1793-1815. Kingston: The Press, University of the West Indies, 1995. viii + 280 pp.-Trevor Burnard, Howard A. Fergus, Montserrat: History of a Caribbean colony. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. x + 294 pp.-John L. Offner, Joseph Smith, The Spanish-American War: Conflict in the Caribbean and the Pacific, 1895-1902. London: Longman, 1994. ix + 262 pp.-Louis Allaire, John M. Weeks ,Ancient Caribbean. New York: Garland, 1994. lxxi + 325 pp., Peter J. Ferbel (eds)-Aaron Segal, Hilbourne A. Watson, The Caribbean in the global political economy. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 1994. ix + 261 pp.-Aaron Segal, Anthony P. Maingot, The United States and the Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean, 1994. xi + 260 pp.-Bill Maurer, Helen I. Safa, The myth of the male breadwinner: Women and industrialization in the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview, 1995. xvi + 208 pp.-Peter Meel, Edward M. Dew, The trouble in Suriname, 1975-1993. Westport CT: Praeger, 1994. xv + 243 pp.-Henry Wells, Jorge Heine, The last Cacique: Leadership and politics in a Puerto Rican city. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 310 pp.-Susan Eckstein, Jorge F. Pérez-López, Cuba at a crossroads: Politics and economics after the fourth party congress. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1994. xviii + 282 pp.-David A.B. Murray, Marvin Leiner, Sexual politics in Cuba: Machismo, homosexuality, and AIDS. Boulder CO: Westview, 1994. xv + 184 pp.-Kevin A. Yelvington, Selwyn Ryan ,Sharks and sardines: Blacks in business in Trinidad and Tobago. St. Augustine, Trinidad: Institute of social and economic studies, University of the West Indies, 1992. xiv + 217 pp., Lou Anne Barclay (eds)-Catherine Levesque, Allison Blakely, Blacks in the Dutch world: The evolution of racial imagery in a modern society. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1993. xix + 327 pp.-Dennis J. Gayle, Frank Fonda Taylor, 'To hell with paradise': A history of the Jamaican tourist industry. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1993. ix + 239 pp.-John P. Homiak, Frank Jan van Dijk, Jahmaica: Rastafari and Jamaican society, 1930-1990. Utrecht: ISOR, 1993. 483 pp.-Peter Mason, Arthur MacGregor, Sir Hans Sloane: Collector, scientist, antiquary, founding Father of the British Museum. London: British Museum Press, 1994.-Philip Morgan, James Walvin, The life and times of Henry Clarke of Jamaica, 1828-1907. London: Frank Cass, 1994. xvi + 155 pp.-Werner Zips, E. Kofi Agorsah, Maroon heritage: Archaeological, ethnographic and historical perspectives. Kingston: Canoe Press, 1994. xx + 210 pp.-Michael Hoenisch, Werner Zips, Schwarze Rebellen: Afrikanisch-karibischer Freiheitskampf in Jamaica. Vienna Promedia, 1993. 301 pp.-Elizabeth McAlister, Paul Farmer, The uses of Haiti. Monroe ME: Common Courage Press, 1994. 432 pp.-Robert Lawless, James Ridgeway, The Haiti files: Decoding the crisis. Washington DC: Essential Books, 1994. 243 pp.-Bernadette Cailler, Michael Dash, Edouard Glissant. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xii + 202 pp.-Peter Hulme, Veronica Marie Gregg, Jean Rhys's historical imagination: Reading and writing the Creole. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995. xi + 228 pp.-Silvia Kouwenberg, Francis Byrne ,Focus and grammatical relations in Creole languages. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1993. xvi + 329 pp., Donald Winford (eds)-John H. McWhorter, Ingo Plag, Sentential complementation in Sranan: On the formation of an English-based Creole language. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer, 1993. ix + 174 pp.-Percy C. Hintzen, Madan M. Gopal, Politics, race, and youth in Guyana. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press, 1992. xvi + 289 pp.-W.C.J. Koot, Hans van Hulst ,Pan i rèspèt: Criminaliteit van geïmmigreerde Curacaose jongeren. Utrecht: OKU. 1994. 226 pp., Jeanette Bos (eds)-Han Jordaan, Cornelis Ch. Goslinga, Een zweem van weemoed: Verhalen uit de Antilliaanse slaventijd. Curacao: Caribbean Publishing, 1993. 175 pp.-Han Jordaan, Ingvar Kristensen, Plantage Savonet: Verleden en toekomst. Curacao: STINAPA, 1993, 73 pp.-Gerrit Noort, Hesdie Stuart Zamuel, Johannes King: Profeet en apostel in het Surinaamse bosland. Zoetermeer: Boekencentrum, 1994. vi + 241 pp.

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Chase, Arlen F., Diane Z. Chase, Elayne Zorn, and Wendy Teeter. "TEXTILES AND THE MAYA ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD." Ancient Mesoamerica 19, no. 1 (2008): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095653610700003x.

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AbstractTextiles formed a major part of any ancient Mesoamerican economy. Based on ethnohistory and iconography, the Maya were great producers of cloth for both internal and external use. However, the archaeological identification of textile production is difficult in any tropical area because of issues of preservation. This paper examines the evidence for the production and distribution of cloth that is found in the pre-Columbian Maya area and then focuses on archaeological data relative to textiles from the ancient Maya city of Caracol, Belize. Archaeology at Caracol has been carried out annually from 1985 to the present and has resulted in the collection of data that permits insight into the economic production and social distribution of cloth at the site. This is accomplished through examining the contexts and distributions of spindle whorls, bone needles, bone pins and hairpins, bone awls, and limestone bars. All of these artifacts can be related to weaving, netting, or cloth in some way. Importantly, perforated ceramic disks are not included in this grouping because of contextual information from the archaeological record that these artifacts likely functioned as backings for ear assemblages. Spindle whorls are the artifacts most clearly associated with textile production and 57 of these have been recovered at Caracol, 38 of them in 20 different burials. Several of these interments are of high-status women placed in the most important architectural constructions at the site. The contextual placement of these burials stresses not only the link between women and weaving, but also the high status associated with such an activity, thus signaling the importance of cloth and spinning in ancient Maya society. The prevalence of female interments in the major ritual buildings at Caracol also reflects the importance of women to Maya social structure during the Classic period (a.d.250–900), pointing to difficulties in hieroglyphically based interpretations of ancient Maya social organization and suggesting that the traditional focus on males in the sociopolitical organization of the Classic Maya is incorrect.

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Arnold, Philip J. "Maya Settlement in Northwestern Belize: The 1988 and 1990 Seasons of the Rio Bravo Archaeological Project. Thomas H. Guderjan, editor. Maya Research Program, San Antonio, and Labyrinthos, Culver City, California, 1991. ix + 119 pp., figures, tables, appendix, references. $28.00 (paper)." Latin American Antiquity 3, no. 3 (September 1992): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/971724.

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Adams, Richard E. W. "Pulltrouser Swamp, A Lowland Maya Community Cluster in Northern Belize: The Settlement Maps. Peter D. Harrison and Robert E. Fry. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, 2000. 34 pp., booklet with figures, tables, appendices, and bibliography; 12 loose maps. $55.00 (paperback booklet with plastic map folder)." Latin American Antiquity 11, no. 4 (December 2000): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/972013.

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Ford, Anabel. "A Postclassic Perspective: Excavations at the Maya Site of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize. Diane Zaino Chase and Arlen Frank Chase. Monograph No. 4. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, 1988. vi + 138 pp., figures, tables, appendixes, bibliography. ’25.00 (paper). - Investigations at the Classic Maya City of Caracol, Belize: 1985-1987. Arlen Frank Chase and Diane Zaino Chase. Monograph No. 3. Pre-Columbian Art Research Institute, San Francisco, 1987. vi + 121 pp., figures, tables, appendixes, bibliography. ’25.00 (paper)." American Antiquity 56, no. 4 (October 1991): 754–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281587.

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