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Haslam, Nick, and Sheri R. Levy. "Essentialist Beliefs About Homosexuality: Structure and Implications for Prejudice." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 32, no. 4 (April 2006): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167205276516.
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Gershman, Samuel J., and Mina Cikara. "Social-Structure Learning." Current Directions in Psychological Science 29, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 460–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721420924481.
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Social-structure learning is the process by which social groups are identified on the basis of experience. Building on models of structure learning in other domains, we formalize this problem within a Bayesian framework. According to this framework, the probabilistic assignment of individuals to groups is computed by combining information about individuals with prior beliefs about group structure. Experiments with adults and children provide support for this framework, ruling out alternative accounts based on dyadic similarity. More broadly, we highlight the implications of social-structure learning for intergroup cognition, stereotype updating, and coalition formation.
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Fadda, Daniela, L. Francesca Scalas, Alexandre J. S. Morin, Herbert W. Marsh, and Hanna Gaspard. "Value Beliefs About Math." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 36, no. 2 (March 2020): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000513.
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Abstract. This study proposed an improved representation of the factor structure of the Gaspard et al. (2015) value beliefs about math scale relying on bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (B-ESEM). Using a convenience sample of 537 Italian students (327 males; Mage = 18.2), our results supported the superiority of a B-ESEM solution including nine specific factors (intrinsic, importance of achievement, personal importance, utility for school/job, utility for life, social utility, effort required, opportunity cost, and emotional cost) and one global value factor. The results further revealed that the specific factors (with the exception of personal importance) retained meaning over and above participants’ global levels of value. Finally, our results confirmed that global value beliefs predicted career aspirations, whereas expectancies of success remained the strongest predictor of math achievement.
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Kim, Seoyong, and Sunhee Kim. "The Crisis of Public Health and Infodemic: Analyzing Belief Structure of Fake News about COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (November 26, 2020): 9904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12239904.
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False information about COVID-19 is being produced and disseminated on a large scale, impeding efforts to rapidly impose quarantines. Thus, in addition to the COVID-19 pandemic itself, an infodemic related with it is leading to social crises. This study therefore investigates who believes the misinformation that is being produced in the context of COVID-19. We choose two main factors—risk perception factor, so called psychometric paradigm, and communication factor—as independent variables that can affect belief in misinformation related to COVID-19. The results show that, among psychometric variables, perceived risk and stigma positively impact belief in fake news, whereas perceived benefit and trust have negative effects. Among communication factors, source credibility and the quantity of information reduce belief in fake news, whereas the credibility of information sources increases these beliefs. Stigma has the greatest explanatory power among the variables, followed by health status, heuristic information processing, trust, and subjective social class.
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Gampa, Anup, Sean P. Wojcik, Matt Motyl, Brian A. Nosek, and Peter H. Ditto. "(Ideo)Logical Reasoning: Ideology Impairs Sound Reasoning." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 8 (March 5, 2019): 1075–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619829059.
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Beliefs shape how people interpret information and may impair how people engage in logical reasoning. In three studies, we show how ideological beliefs impair people’s ability to (1) recognize logical validity in arguments that oppose their political beliefs and (2) recognize the lack of logical validity in arguments that support their political beliefs. We observed belief bias effects among liberals and conservatives who evaluated the logical soundness of classically structured logical syllogisms supporting liberal or conservative beliefs. Both liberals and conservatives frequently evaluated the logical structure of entire arguments based on the believability of arguments’ conclusions, leading to predictable patterns of logical errors. As a result, liberals were better at identifying flawed arguments supporting conservative beliefs and conservatives were better at identifying flawed arguments supporting liberal beliefs. These findings illuminate one key mechanism for how political beliefs distort people’s abilities to reason about political topics soundly.
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Enders, Adam M., Joseph E. Uscinski, Casey A. Klofstad, Michelle I. Seelig, Stefan Wuchty, Manohar N. Murthi, Kamal Premaratne, and John R. Funchion. "Do conspiracy beliefs form a belief system? Examining the structure and organization of conspiracy beliefs." Journal of Social and Political Psychology 9, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jspp.5649.
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Despite regular reference to conspiracy theories as a “belief system,” few studies have attempted to explore the structure and organization of conspiracy beliefs beyond an examination of correlations between those beliefs. Employing unique data from two national surveys that includes respondent beliefs in 27 conspiracy theories, we decipher the substantive dimensions along which conspiracy beliefs are organized, as well as subgroupings within those dimensions. We find that variation in these conspiracy beliefs can be accounted for with two dimensions: the first regards partisan and ideological identities, while the other is composed of anti-social orientations, such as narcissism, Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and acceptance of political violence. Importantly, these two dimensions are uncorrelated. We also find that conspiracy beliefs group together by substantive content, such as those regarding partisan actors or science/medicine. Our findings also demonstrate that inferences about the correlates of conspiracy beliefs are highly contingent on the specific conspiracy theories employed by researchers. We provide suggestions for future research in this vein.
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Noyes, Alexander, Frank C. Keil, and Yarrow Dunham. "Institutional actors: Children’s emerging beliefs about the causal structure of social roles." Developmental Psychology 56, no. 1 (January 2020): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000847.
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Woolley, Jacqueline D., and Jean A. Dunham. "Children’s Beliefs about Miracles." Journal of Cognition and Culture 17, no. 1-2 (February 8, 2017): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685373-12342192.
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The goal of the present study was to assess the nature and development of children’s concepts of miracles — their understanding of what miracles are, their beliefs in miracles, and their use of miracles as an explanatory device. A total of 36 7–12-year-old children attending an Episcopal school were given a combination of tasks and structured interview questions. Parents filled out a family religiosity questionnaire. Results revealed multi-faceted conceptions of miracles, along with a high level of belief, and indicated that children considered miracles an effective explanatory construct. We apply these findings to the general question of how children learn to explain their world.
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Hammond, Matthew D., and Andrei Cimpian. "Investigating the cognitive structure of stereotypes: Generic beliefs about groups predict social judgments better than statistical beliefs." Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 146, no. 5 (May 2017): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000297.
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McLeod, Jane D., and Lydia DiSabatino. "Structured Variation in Parental Beliefs about Autism." Journal of Health and Social Behavior 60, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 36–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022146518820581.
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We used data from the 2011 Survey of Pathways to Diagnosis and Services (N = 1,420) to evaluate a conceptual model linking social background (race-ethnicity, socioeconomic status [SES]) to parental distress through children’s clinical profiles and parental beliefs about the nature and causes of their child’s autism. Children’s clinical profiles varied by social background; white children and children of more highly educated and affluent parents were less likely to experience comorbid conditions and were more likely to be diagnosed with Asperger’s. Parental beliefs also varied such that parents of racial-ethnic minority children and parents of lower SES perceived their child’s condition as more uncertain and were less likely to attribute it to genetic causes. Parents of Hispanic children and with lower incomes were more likely to be upset by the child’s condition. Although parental beliefs had independent associations with distress, children’s clinical profiles contributed more to explaining variation in distress.
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Taghavi, Shiva, and Thomas J. Roulet. "How Do Beliefs About Malleability of Social Structure Impact Meritocratic Attitudes and Behavior?" Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (January 2016): 15401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.15401abstract.
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Jorm, Anthony F., Andrew Mackinnon, Helen Christensen, and Kathleen M. Griffiths. "Structure of beliefs about the helpfulness of interventions for depression and schizophrenia." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40, no. 11 (October 18, 2005): 877–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-005-0991-x.
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Sohl, Stephanie, Julie Schnur, Leslie Daly, Kathryn Suslov, and Guy Montgomery. "Development of the Beliefs About Yoga Scale." International Journal of Yoga Therapy 21, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17761/ijyt.21.1.016p4306147737q5.
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Beliefs about yoga may influence participation in yoga and outcomes of yoga interventions. There is currently no scale appropriate for assessing these beliefs in the general U.S. population. This study took the first steps in developing and validating a Beliefs About Yoga Scale (BAYS) to assess beliefs about yoga that may influence people's engagement in yoga interventions. Items were generated based on previously published research about perceptions of yoga and reviewed by experts within the psychology and yoga communities. 426 adult participants were recruited from an urban medical center to respond to these items. The mean age was 40.7 (SD = 13.5) years. Participants completed the BAYS and seven additional indicators of criterion-related validity. The BAYS demonstrated internal consistency (11 items; α = 0.76) and three factors emerged: expected health benefits, expected discomfort, and expected social norms. The factor structure was confirmed: x2 (41, n = 213) = 72.06, p < .001; RMSEA =.06, p = .23. Criterion-related validity was supported by positive associations of the BAYS with past experiences and future intentions related to yoga. This initial analysis of the BAYS demonstrated that it is an adequately reliable and valid measure of beliefs about yoga with a three-factor structure. However, the scale may need to be modified based on the population to which it is applied.
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Fetterman, Adam K., Bastiaan T. Rutjens, Florian Landkammer, and Benjamin M. Wilkowski. "On Post–Apocalyptic and Doomsday Prepping Beliefs: A New Measure, Its Correlates, and the Motivation to Prep." European Journal of Personality 33, no. 4 (July 2019): 506–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2216.
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Post–apocalyptic scenarios provide the basis for popular television shows, video games, and books. These scenarios may be popular because people have their own beliefs and visions about the apocalypse and the need to prepare. The prevalence of such beliefs might also hold societal relevance and serve as a type of projective test of personality. However, there are no quantitative accounts of post–apocalyptic or prepping beliefs. As such, we conducted seven studies ( Ntotal = 1034) to do so. In Studies 1 and 2, we developed a post–apocalyptic and prepping beliefs scale, explored its correlates, and confirmed its structure and psychometric properties. In Study 3, we attempted to activate a ‘prepper’ mindset and further explore the correlates of the new scale. In Studies 4 and 5, we investigated covariations in daily feelings, thoughts, and events, and prepping beliefs. In Studies 6a and 6b, we compared scores from ‘real’ preppers and to a non–prepping group. Overall, we found that post–apocalyptic concerns and prepping beliefs are predictive of low agreeableness and humility, paranoia, cynicism, conspiracy mentality, conservatism, and social dominance orientation. We also found that increased belief in the need to prep is associated with God–belief, negative daily experiences, and global political events. © 2019 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Furnham, Adrian. "The determinants and structure of adolescents' beliefs about the economy." Journal of Adolescence 10, no. 4 (December 1987): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1971(87)80017-9.
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Proferes, Nicholas. "Information Flow Solipsism in an Exploratory Study of Beliefs About Twitter." Social Media + Society 3, no. 1 (January 2017): 205630511769849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305117698493.
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There is a dearth of research on the public’s beliefs about how social media technologies work. To help address this gap, this article presents the results of an exploratory survey that probes user and non-user beliefs about the techno-cultural and socioeconomic facets of Twitter. While many users are well-versed in producing and consuming information on Twitter, and understand Twitter makes money through advertising, the analysis reveals gaps in users’ understandings of the following: what other Twitter users can see or send, the kinds of user data Twitter collects through third parties, Twitter and Twitter partners’ commodification of user-generated content, and what happens to Tweets in the long term. This article suggests the concept of “information flow solipsism” as a way of describing the resulting subjective belief structure. The article discusses implications information flow solipsism has for users’ abilities to make purposeful and meaningful choices about the use and governance of social media spaces, to evaluate the information contained in these spaces, to understand how content users create is utilized by others in the short and long term, and to conceptualize what information other users experience.
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Kaneko, Mamoru, and J. Jude Kline. "Understanding the Other Through Social Roles." International Game Theory Review 17, no. 01 (March 2015): 1540005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198915400058.
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Inductive game theory has been developed to explore the origin of beliefs of a person from his accumulated experiences of a game situation. It has been restricted to a person's view of the structure not including another person's thoughts. In this paper, we explore the experiential origin of one's view of the other's beliefs about the game situation, especially about the other's payoffs. We restrict our exploration to a 2-role (strategic) game, which has been recurrently played by two people with occasional role-switching. Each person accumulates experiences of both roles, and these experiences become the source for his transpersonal view about the other. Reciprocity in the sense of role-switching is crucial for deriving his own and the other's beliefs. We also consider how a person can use these views for his behavior revision, and we define an equilibrium called an intrapersonal coordination equilibrium. Based on this, we show that cooperation will emerge as the degree of reciprocity increases.
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Dominick, Gregory M., Ruth Saunders, and Kelli Kenison. "Developing Scales to Assess Parental Instrumental Social Support and Influence on Provision of Social Support for Physical Activity in Children." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 9, no. 5 (July 2012): 706–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.5.706.
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Background:An important influence on youth physical activity (PA) is the provision of instrumental social support (ISS) by parents and other adults. Limited research exists about factors that influence parental provision of ISS for youth PA. Following a theory-based conceptual model, a measure for assessing ISS for PA was developed from elicitation survey results. The purpose of this paper is to describe elicitation methodology and ISS instrument development.Methods:Parents (N = 37) of children (5–14 years) responded to open-ended questions assessing modal beliefs about their provision of ISS for PA regarding a) positive/negative beliefs, b) normative beliefs, c) self-efficacy (SE), and d) ISS for PA. Data were analyzed qualitatively.Results:ISS behaviors reported by parents include enroll/sign-up youth for structured PA, paying expenses for participation in structured/unstructured PA, and providing transportation for unstructured/structured PA. Child health and fitness (benefits), and time/scheduling conflicts (barriers) were most frequently reported behavioral beliefs. Family members were most frequently identified as specific referents for normative beliefs. Final instrument scales yielded moderately high internal consistency reliability scores.Conclusions:When developing scales not previously assessed in a population, eliciting modal beliefs about a behavior is an important formative step in instrument development.
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Farrell, Albert D., Amie F. Bettencourt, and Krista R. Mehari. "Beliefs About Fighting and Their Relations to Urban Adolescents’ Frequency of Aggression and Victimization: Evaluation of the Beliefs About Fighting Scale." Journal of Early Adolescence 39, no. 6 (August 1, 2018): 785–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618791297.
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This study investigated the structure and concurrent validity of the Beliefs About Fighting Scale (BAFS). Participants were 2,118 students from three urban middle schools who completed measures of their beliefs, frequency of physical aggression, victimization, and nonviolent intentions. Ratings of students’ frequency of physical aggression, physical victimization, and nonviolent behavior were also obtained from their teachers. The majority of the sample was African American (81%). Confirmatory factor analyses supported a model with separate factors representing beliefs against fighting, beliefs that fighting is sometimes necessary, beliefs supporting reactive aggression, and beliefs supporting proactive aggression. Support was also found for strong measurement invariance across sex, grade, and groups that differed in whether a violence-prevention program was being implemented at their school. The four BAFS factors were associated with adolescents’ frequency of aggression, victimization, and nonviolent behavior. This study underscores the importance of assessing multiple aspects of beliefs associated with aggressive behavior.
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Murni MS, Desy, Yenni Hayati, and Zulfadhli Zulfadhli. "STRUKTUR, KATEGORI DAN FUNGSI SOSIAL UNGKAPAN LARANGAN MENGENAI CINTA, PACARAN, DAN MENIKAH DI KENAGARIAN TOBOH SIKALADI KECAMATAN SINTUK TOBOH GADANG KABUPATEN PADANG PARIAMAN." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 6, no. 2 (November 14, 2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/81023070.
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This study aimed to describe the structure and function of social expression of a ban on love, dating, and married in Kenagarian Toboh Sikaladi Kecamatan Sintuk Toboh Gadang Kabupaten Padang Pariaman. The research is a qualitative study using descriptive methods. Background or where the study was conducted in Kenagarian Toboh Sikaladi Sintuk Toboh Tower District of Padang Pariaman district. The informants consist of one main informant and two supportive informants. Data were collected through three stages, namely observation, interview and recording techniques. After that, the data is analyzed by a data inventory phase, phase description of the structure and a social function, stage identifies the data, and reporting stage. Based on the results, it can be concluded that data about people's trust ban expression of love, dating, and married in Kenagarian Toboh Sikaladi Kecamatan Sintuk Toboh Gadang Kabupaten Padang Pariaman found as many as 53 expression. The structure of the people's trust in the public ban Kenagarian Toboh Sikaladi Kecamatan Sintuk Toboh Gadang Kabupaten Padang Pariaman is divided into two forms,ie expression of belief and expression structured two-part folk beliefs structured three parts.The phrase structured ban two parts are found as many as 45 expression, whereas expression of a structured three parts found eight expression. This study included into the category of folk beliefs surrounding human environment of love, courtship, and marriage. The social function of the people's trust ban expression in this research, strengthen religious emotion and conviction found as many as five expressions, fantasy projection system found 31 expression, educate found three expressions, prohibit found 13 expression, and had found a phrase.Keywords: social expression, local beliefs, prohibition
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Heberlein, Wendy, Mark H. Licht, and Barbara G. Licht. "OLDER ADULTS' PERCEPTIONS OF CONTROL IN SOCIAL SITUATIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1999): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1999.27.1.29.
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This study examined the utility of a new conceptualization for understanding older adults' perceptions of control in social situations. Fifty-four participants (Mage = 75.4 years) completed questionnaires and structured interviews assessing social beliefs. Agency beliefs (about possession of certain social resources) and means-ends beliefs (about the importance of certain social resources) were related to perceived control in social situations. Results indicated that perceived social control was predicted by agency beliefs for all four resources studied (social skills, effort, helpful/nice others, luck) and by the interaction of agency and means-ends beliefs for the social skills resource. Also, perceived social control was positively correlated with social satisfaction, which further supported the utility of this conceptualization.
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Park, Joonha, Paul Bain, and Takashi Kusumi. "Nuclear Power and Japan's Collective Future: Understanding Beliefs About How Nuclear Policies Will Affect Society." Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 9, no. 2 (October 30, 2015): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/prp.2015.9.
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Despite ongoing controversies regarding possible directions for the nuclear plants program throughout Japan since the Fukushima disaster, little has been researched about people's belief structure about future society and what may affect their attitudes toward different policy options. Beyond policy debates, the present study focused on how people see a future society according to the assumptions of different policy options. A total of 125 students at Japanese universities were asked to compare a future society with society today in which one of alternative policies was adopted (i.e., shutdown or expansion of nuclear reactors) in terms of characteristics of individuals and society in general. While perceived dangerousness of nuclear power predicted attitudes and behavioural intentions to make personal sacrifices for nuclear power policies, beliefs about the social consequences of the policies, especially on economic development and dysfunction, appeared to play stronger roles in predicting those measures. The importance of sociological dimensions in understanding how people perceive the future of society regarding alternative nuclear power policies, and the subtle discrepancies between attitudes and behavioural intentions, are discussed.
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Oviedo, Lluis, and Konrad Szocik. "Religious—And Other Beliefs: How Much Specificity?" SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824401989884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019898849.
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The scientific study of beliefs, including religious beliefs, is thriving. The focus of this research is broad, but notably includes attempts at classifying different kinds of beliefs and their contrasting traits. Religious beliefs appear as more or less specific depending on chosen approaches and criteria. This paper intends to bring the discussion to a different level applying two strategies that yield a similar result. The first tries to reframe the debate about the nature of religious beliefs by connecting it with the current wave of “belief studies,” to test their potential utility. The second critically reviews the epistemological and cognitive dimensions that are involved. Our research points in some distinctive directions: religious beliefs belong to a broad category or class whose structure and function are more related to meaning and purpose provision; at that level, there is no clear way to distinguish religious and non-religious beliefs except possibly by their content.
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Pang, S., M. Subramaniam, S. P. Lee, Y. W. Lau, E. Abdin, B. Y. Chua, L. Picco, J. A. Vaingankar, and S. A. Chong. "The Singaporean public beliefs about the causes of mental illness: results from a multi-ethnic population-based study." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 4 (April 3, 2017): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000105.
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Aims.To identify the common causal beliefs of mental illness in a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian community and describe the sociodemographic associations to said beliefs. The factor structure to the causal beliefs scale is explored. The causal beliefs relating to five different mental illnesses (alcohol abuse, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dementia and schizophrenia) and desire for social distance are also investigated.Methods.Data from 3006 participants from a nationwide vignette-based study on mental health literacy were analysed using factor analysis and multiple logistic regression to address the aims. Participants answered questions related to sociodemographic information, causal beliefs of mental illness and their desire for social distance towards those with mental illness.Results.Physical causes, psychosocial causes and personality causes were endorsed by the sample. Sociodemographic differences including ethnic, gender and age differences in causal beliefs were found in the sample. Differences in causal beliefs were shown across different mental illness vignettes though psychosocial causes was the most highly attributed cause across vignettes (endorsed by 97.9% of respondents), followed by personality causes (83.5%) and last, physical causes (37%). Physical causes were more likely to be endorsed for OCD, depression and schizophrenia. Psychosocial causes were less often endorsed for OCD. Personality causes were less endorsed for dementia but more associated with depression.Conclusions.The factor structure of the causal beliefs scale is not entirely the same as that found in previous research. Further research on the causal beliefs endorsed by Southeast Asian communities should be conducted to investigate other potential causes such as biogenetic factors and spiritual/supernatural causes. Mental health awareness campaigns should address causes of mental illness as a topic. Lay beliefs in the different causes must be acknowledged and it would be beneficial for the public to be informed of the causes of some of the most common mental illnesses in order to encourage help-seeking and treatment compliance.
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Swami, Viren, Adrian Furnham, Tanja Haubner, Stefan Stieger, and Martin Voracek. "The Truth Is Out There: The Structure of Beliefs About Extraterrestrial Life Among Austrian and British Respondents." Journal of Social Psychology 149, no. 1 (February 2009): 29–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/socp.149.1.29-43.
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Grimm, Veronika, and Friederike Mengel. "Experiments on Belief Formation in Networks." Journal of the European Economic Association 18, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 49–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvy038.
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Abstract We study belief formation in social networks using a laboratory experiment. Participants in our experiment observe an imperfect private signal on the state of the world and then simultaneously and repeatedly guess the state, observing the guesses of their network neighbors in each period. Across treatments we vary the network structure and the amount of information participants have about the network. Our first result shows that information about the network structure matters and in particular affects the share of correct guesses in the network. This is inconsistent with the widely used naive (deGroot) model. The naive model is, however, consistent with a larger share of individual decisions than the competing Bayesian model, whereas both models correctly predict only about 25%–30% of consensus beliefs. We then estimate a larger class of models and find that participants do indeed take network structure into account when updating beliefs. In particular they discount information from neighbors if it is correlated, but in a more rudimentary way than a Bayesian learner would.
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Abdalla, Ikhlas A. H. "Work Values and Subjective Beliefs in Arabian Gulf Samples of Employees and Undergraduates." Psychological Reports 81, no. 2 (October 1997): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.387.
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For 236 college students hierarchical structures of socially and personally desirable work values and subjective beliefs were studied and hierarchical structure of socially desirable values of a group of 96 public employees was also examined. Buchholz's 1978 Beliefs About Work Inventory was used to measure the socially desirable values of both students and employees. Measures based on the guidelines set by Ajzen and Fishbein in 1980 were used to measure the personally desirable values and subjective beliefs of the students only. The results showed that the relative importance assigned to the various socially desirable values by both students and employees were similar. The relative importance assigned by the students to the three belief systems, i.e., the socially and personally desirable values and the subjective beliefs were also similar with the exception of one belief system—Hard Work. Specifically, Hard Work was strongly endorsed as a socially desirable value but weakly endorsed as a personally desirable one. In general, the groups assigned more importance to Humanistic and Group-oriented values while the least importance was assigned to Leisure Ethic. Participative, Advancement, Independence, Earning, and Social Status were assigned moderate importance. The results were discussed in the context of the Arab culture and the present practices of Arabian Gulf organizations.
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Utami, Intan Sri, and Zulfadhli Zulfadhli. "Struktur dan Fungsi Sosial dalam Ungkapan Larangan Melaut dan Bertani di Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan." Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 8, no. 2 (November 26, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jbs.v8i2.109675.
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This study aims to describe the social structure and function of people's beliefs, expressions of the prohibition of livelihoods and social relations about fishing and farming in the Kanagarian Kapuh Kecamatan Koto XI Tarusan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Regency. This type of research is a qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data of this study are the people's belief in expressions of prohibition of livelihoods and social relations between going to sea and farming in the Kanagarian Kapuh Kecamatan Koto XI Tarusan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Data is collected from informants through recording techniques of prohibition, recording, observation, and interview. Based on the results of research and discussion that has been done it can be concluded that; (1) The structure of popular belief expressions prohibition is divided into two, namely the structure of two parts and the structure of three parts; (2) The social function of popular belief expressions prohibition is divided into four parts, namely, functioning as a thickening of religious emotions, functioning as a projection system, functioning as prohibiting, and functioning as educating.
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Muthukrishna, Michael, and Mark Schaller. "Are Collectivistic Cultures More Prone to Rapid Transformation? Computational Models of Cross-Cultural Differences, Social Network Structure, Dynamic Social Influence, and Cultural Change." Personality and Social Psychology Review 24, no. 2 (June 28, 2019): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868319855783.
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Societies differ in susceptibility to social influence and in the social network structure through which individuals influence each other. What implications might these cultural differences have for changes in cultural norms over time? Using parameters informed by empirical evidence, we computationally modeled these cross-cultural differences to predict two forms of cultural change: consolidation of opinion majorities into stronger majorities, and the spread of initially unpopular beliefs. Results obtained from more than 300,000 computer simulations showed that in populations characterized by greater susceptibility to social influence, there was more rapid consolidation of majority opinion and also more successful spread of initially unpopular beliefs. Initially unpopular beliefs also spread more readily in populations characterized by less densely connected social networks. These computational outputs highlight the value of computational modeling methods as a means to specify hypotheses about specific ways in which cross-cultural differences may have long-term consequences for cultural stability and cultural change.
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Celik, Ismail. "Social Media-Specific Epistemological Beliefs: A Scale Development Study." Journal of Educational Computing Research 58, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 478–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0735633119850708.
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Social media users should have a critical approach and look at any of knowledge in social media environments through a rational lens outside of their personal beliefs. In the era of posttruth, the rational lens concerns the epistemological beliefs that are about questioning the source of knowledge and perceive knowledge with criticism. The purpose of this study was to develop the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale. The dimensions for the scale to be developed in the study were determined on the basis of a theoretical structure earlier proposed in the literature. The development of the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale consisted of five stages: creating item pool, content and face validity analysis, construct validity analysis, reliability analysis, and language validity analysis. The study group created to analyze the construct validity of the scale consists of 432 preservice teachers who are studying in the education faculty of a large state university in Turkey. As a result of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale was found to be composed of 15 items as a five-point Likert-type, which was fallen under three factors. Findings on the social media-specific epistemological beliefs scale showed that the scale was valid and reliable.
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Glanz, Karen, Amy Jordan, DeAnn Lazovich, and Amy Bleakley. "Frequent Indoor Tanners’ Beliefs About Indoor Tanning and Cessation." American Journal of Health Promotion 33, no. 2 (July 4, 2018): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117118784235.
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Purpose: Indoor tanning is associated with an increased risk of developing skin cancer. In the United States, nearly 1 in 5 white women aged 18 to 25 are indoor tanners. This study elicited beliefs about tanning indoors and quitting/cutting back on indoor tanning. Design: Semi-structured interviews. Participants and Setting: Forty 18- to 25-year-old white females who engaged in frequent indoor tanning participated in either in-person or telephone interviews. Most were college students from southeastern Pennsylvania and Delaware. Method: A semi-structured interview was used to elicit beliefs about indoor tanning and quitting or cutting back. Data analyses using NVivo and multiple coders identified key themes about going and quitting/cutting back on indoor tanning. Results: Key themes stated as reasons for indoor tanning included improving physical appearance, social acceptance, increased confidence, and happiness. The main themes identified as advantages of quitting/cutting back on indoor tanning were to decrease skin cancer risk and save money. Perceived disadvantages of quitting/cutting back included themes of concerns about being pale and a decline in self-confidence. The prospect of saving money and warm weather were seen as facilitating quitting/cutting back. Conclusion: Findings suggest the necessity of addressing appearance concerns, psychological benefits associated with feeling more attractive, and short-term gains such as saving money. These findings provide a foundation for developing effective anti-indoor tanning communication.
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Živković, Tijana, Dragana Stanojević, and Olivera Radović. "Health beliefs about COVID-19: Instrument for assessment and expression of beliefs." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 51, no. 1 (2021): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp51-29837.
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The main goal of this research was to construct a scale to assess health beliefs about COVID-19, in the light of the Health Beliefs Model (Rosenstock, 1966). The study included 420 subjects, mean age M = 31.65 years (SD = 12.72). Two-thirds (76%) of the respondents were female. The respondents filled in a set of questionnaires via the Internet. At the very beginning, the purpose and goal of the research were explained and the consent for participation in the research was obtained. The survey was anonymous, while the data were collected from April to September, 2020. The COVID-19 Health Belief Scale showed satisfactory psychometric characteristics. Factor analysis has shown that four main components can be distinguished, which correspond to the types of beliefs included in the Health Beliefs Model (Rosenstock, 1966). Thus, four subscales were obtained: Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 (four items), Perceived severity of COVID-19 (four items), Perceived benefit of preventive behaviour (four items), and Observed barriers to preventive behaviour (three items). This scale structure corresponds to other similar scales (HBMS, Champion, 1984; AHBS, Zagumny & Brady, 1998), based on the Health Beliefs Model (Rosenstock, 1966). The obtained average values of scores on the observed susceptibility to COVID-19 show that our respondents do not consider themselves either extremely susceptible or protected from contracting this disease. On the other hand, it is obvious that our respondents do not consider COVID-19 to be a serious enough disease, despite daily warnings that the disease is unpredictable and its consequences are serious, long - term, and even more frequent than of other viral diseases. The observed barriers to preventive behaviour are relatively low, as are the scores on the subscale. The observed benefits of preventive behaviour range from the highest possible scores. When we summarize these results, we can conclude that our respondents apply preventive measures, because they are convinced that they are useful in preventing infection, and that obstacles to their implementation have not been observed to a significant extent. However, it remains unclear why this disease is not considered serious enough. One possibility is that the information placed in the media was initially ambiguous, ranging from describing COVID-19 as a common respiratory infection to a serious illness with severe consequences. We can look for another explanation within our sample. Namely, the age of our average respondent was 31, and as many as two thirds of the respondents were women. Initial information about COVID-19, placed through the media, was that this disease seriously affects older people and, for the most part, males. Women perceived significantly more benefits from preventive behaviour, and men significantly more barriers. Respondents' burden of a chronic disease proved to be significant for two subscales: Perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 and Observed barriers to the implementation of preventive behaviour. People suffering from a chronic disease believe that they are more susceptible to the COVID-19 infection, i.e. that they are more susceptible to this disease compared to those who do not have chronic diseases. However, people burdened with a chronic disease notice several obstacles to the implementation of preventive measures at the same time. When it comes to the higher observed susceptibility to COVID-19 in married people compared to those who are not, we can assume several factors that lead to this: reduced possibility of isolation, double possibility of infection, greater social interaction due to different needs, and the like. This research has its limitations. Most importantly, we could not thoroughly examine the validity of the instrument, due to the lack of similar scales. Another important limitation is that the sample was mostly made up of women. The third important limitation concerns the average age of the respondents; this study covered only a small number of the elderly, who are most at risk during this pandemic. Nevertheless, we believe that the timeliness and novelty of the constructed scale are sufficient to indicate the need to use it, at least as a first step in the development of some future scales with a similar purpose. Recommendations for future research are such that they should respond to the stated limitations of this research; to be directed towards a thorough validation, towards different types of samples, but also towards studying both the predictors of these health beliefs and the value of these beliefs for predicting some forms of health behaviour, quality of life, adherence to medical instructions, etc.
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Alemu, Brook T., Kristy L. Carlisle, and Sara N. Abate. "First-generation Ethiopian immigrants and beliefs about physical activity." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17, no. 2 (March 22, 2021): 196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-02-2019-0024.
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Purpose While several studies have examined the attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of physical activity in different immigrant groups, little is known in this area among the first-generation Ethiopian immigrant population who lives in the USA. The purpose of this paper is to explore the behavioral, normative and control beliefs of physical activity among first-generation Ethiopian immigrants living in the DC-Metro area. Design/methodology/approach The study used semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and unobtrusive observation. Three structural themes and six textural themes were identified from the three forms of data collections. Qualitative data analysis including topics, categories and pattern analysis were conducted using phenomenological techniques. Findings Findings highlighted similarities to the theory of planned behavior with regard to attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. Consistent with the literature, several salient behavioral determinants of physical activity that could affect participants’ decision-making were identified in the current pilot study. Increased longevity, mental well-being, improved sleep and improved metabolism were listed as the most common benefits of physical activity. Lack of time, family responsibility, neighborhood safety, location of the gym, lack of awareness and social and economic stressors were the major barriers to engage in physical activity. Implications for service providers and future research are discussed. Practical implications This study supported the need for future research into the social aspects of physical activity, as well as barriers to physical activity, including time, family responsibility, culture, income and neighborhood safety. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study exploring the behavioral, normative and control beliefs of physical activity among first-generation Ethiopian immigrants. To understand the beliefs, desires and barriers to physical activity in this population subgroup, the authors examined the behavioral, normative and control beliefs of regular moderate-intensity physical activity using the theory of planned behavior as a conceptual framework. As health education researchers, it is their responsibility to develop theory-driven policies and interventions to promote a healthy lifestyle among these underserved populations.
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Awofala, Adeneye Olarewaju, and Oludola Sarah Sopekan. "Early-years future teachers’ mathematical beliefs as determinants of performance in primary mathematics." JRAMathEdu (Journal of Research and Advances in Mathematics Education) 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jramathedu.v5i1.9433.
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One construct that lies in between the cognitive and affective domains of mathematics education is belief and this concept is rarely investigated in the Nigerian mathematics education community. Thus, an investigation of early-years future teachers’ mathematical beliefs as determinants of performance in primary mathematics within the blueprint of the quantitative method of the descriptive survey research design was conducted. Three research questions were addressed and secondary data relating to performance in mathematics of 320 early-years future teachers were retrieved from their records at the Department of Arts and Social Sciences Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria. One other instrument labeled Mathematical Beliefs Scale was employed for the collection of key data connected to the mathematical beliefs. The collected data were condensed and explored with the principal components factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and independent samples t-test. Results showed that mathematical beliefs measured using the Mathematical Beliefs Scale are a multidimensional construct with four-factor structure: emotional and developmental commitment in learning of mathematics; self-assurance and philosophies concerning one's subjective mathematical aptitude; beliefs about mathematics; and mathematical problem-solving beliefs. These factors show adequate and excellent reliabilities as computed using Cronbach alpha. Also, gender was not a factor in early-years future teachers' mathematical beliefs even at the subscale level and the four factors of the mathematical belief scale predicted early-years future teachers' performance in primary mathematics. In line with these results, it is recommended that early-years future teachers be taught in a constructivist manner so that they can imbibe constructivist beliefs capable of engendering better learning of mathematics.
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Daif-Allah, Ayman Sabry, and Fahad Hamad Aljumah. "Uncovering Saudi English Language Majors' Cognitive Beliefs about Learning English Literature." English Language Teaching 13, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v13n4p114.
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Evidence shows that learners' performance is largely influenced by their cognitive beliefs about learning. The main purpose of the present study is to identifying the cognitive beliefs of Saudi English Language major students in order to get a deeper insight into their inner thoughts about studying literature and to find out the effect of gender on deciding their preferences. A total of 71 male and female English language major Saudi students of the English Language and Translation Department in the Main Campus at Qassim University participated in the study. Data were collected quantitatively and qualitatively by means of students’ questionnaires and interviews. Findings show that participants hold both motivating and demotivating/unrealistic cognitive beliefs about literature learning. The results provide valid evidence on the participants' informed awareness of the social and academic benefits of learning English literature and uncovered their supportive cognitive beliefs that might enhance willingness to study foreign literature. Likewise, it is revealed that issues related to difficulty of literature learning, classroom practices, curriculum and career opportunities have created the established demotivating cognitive beliefs underlying participants' disinclination to literature study. Results also show that analysis of learners' cognitive beliefs would help modify unrealistic beliefs about literature learning and help create a motivating learning environment suitable for the growth of students’ knowledge. The study concluded that cognitive beliefs are the key word for the success of any educational development endeavors and should always be at the center of any learning process being the inner self human power that drives learners’ major behaviors toward their learning preferences and choice of courses. The study recommends identification of learners' cognitive beliefs so as to provide guidelines to English literature instructors to tailor their teaching methods to learners' realistic cognitive beliefs to avoid mismatches with classroom practices. The study also recommends investigating the global structure of the students’ cognitive beliefs to guide educationists in developing curricula that would help students acquire knowledge in an organized manner, and to improve it.
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Noyes, Alexander, and Frank C. Keil. "Generics designate kinds but not always essences." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 41 (September 23, 2019): 20354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1900105116.
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People believe that some categories are kinds with reliable causal structure and high inductive potential (e.g., tigers). Widely endorsed theories propose that people are biased to assume kinds are essential, and so naturally determined by internal causal properties. Generic language (e.g., “men like sports”) is 1 mechanism thought to evoke this bias. We propose instead that generics principally designate that categories are kinds. Participants can entertain diverse causal structures in the presence of generics: Hearing that biological properties generalize to a category (e.g., “men grow beards”) prompts participants to infer essential structure, but hearing neutral or social properties (“women are underpaid”) generalized prompts other causal beliefs. Thus, generics induce essentialism only in interaction with cues that reasonably prompt essentialist explanation. We tested our model with adult participants (n = 739 total), using measures that disentangle essentialist beliefs from kind beliefs. In study 1, we replicate prior methods with our new measures, and find that generics influence kind beliefs more than essentialism. In study 2, we vary property content (biological vs. cultural properties), and show that generics only increase essentialism when paired with biological properties. In study 3, we show that generics designate kinds but not essentialism when neutral properties are used across animals, tools, and people. In study 4, we show that believing a category is a kind increases the spontaneous production of generic statements, regardless of whether the kind is essential or socially constructed. Generics do not necessitate essentialist beliefs. Participants were flexible in their reasoning about kinds.
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Meso, Peter, Solomon Negash, and Philip F. Musa. "Interactions Between Culture, Regulatory Structure, and Information Privacy Across Countries." Journal of Global Information Management 29, no. 6 (November 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jgim.20211101.oa49.
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We analyze the relationships between country culture and country regulatory structure pertaining to information privacy concerns (IPC) in the context of social media applications. Drawing on prior research we develop a framework that integrates country culture and country regulatory structure and use it as the basis for a study that contrasts samples of 1086 professionals drawn from four countries – United States, United Kingdoms, India and Hong Kong – to assess effects of national culture and of a nation’s regulatory structure on IPC, attitudinal beliefs about information privacy and professionals’ behavioral reactions to IPC. We find that country culture has a strong bearing on explaining differences in individuals’ IPC concerns, attitudinal beliefs about privacy, and behavioral reactions to privacy much more than does country regulatory structure. Country culture remains a significant factor in the management of information privacy. The results also show that country regulatory structure remains deficient in allaying individuals’ concerns pertaining to information privacy.
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Pascoal, Patrícia M., Maria-João Alvarez, and Magda Sofia Roberto. "Validation and invariance across gender of the Beliefs About Appearance Scale (BAAS) in a community sample of heterosexual adults in a committed relationship." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 40, no. 2 (May 14, 2018): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2237-6089-2017-0045.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Beliefs About Appearance Scale (BAAS) in terms of its factorial structure and invariance, reliability, and validity when applied to adults from the community. Methods Participants consisted of 810 heterosexual Portuguese individuals in a committed relationship. As a confirmatory factor analysis did not support the original structure of the BAAS, an exploratory factor analysis was performed. Results A 12-item version was extracted comprising two dimensions: one personal and the other social. The factorial model depicting this bidimensional structure revealed an adequate fit following confirmatory factor analysis. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses indicated invariance across gender. Concurrent and discriminant validities and internal consistency were estimated and observed to be adequate. Conclusions This shorter measure of the BAAS can accurately assess body appearance beliefs and may be used in different research settings and contexts.
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Korhonen, Jaana, Alexandru Giurca, Maria Brockhaus, and Anne Toppinen. "Actors and Politics in Finland’s Forest-Based Bioeconomy Network." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 19, 2018): 3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103785.
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To foster innovativeness for supporting (forest-based) bioeconomy development, participation in decision-making and interaction between diverse actors become a necessary precondition for designing and implementing transition policies. However, who forms the emerging policy networks, and which policy beliefs are promoted? Based on data from a national online survey, we performed a quantitative social network analysis to investigate emerging social structures and policy beliefs in the context of the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy. Our explorative analysis shows that research, governmental, and industrial organizations mainly constitute the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy network. Actors primarily exchange information, and most key organizations report high levels of trust among each other. However, the network structure is rather closed. This raises concerns about equal benefit sharing and the inclusiveness of concerned actors. We discuss the implication of this network structure for enabling new innovations. Finally, we present the key aspects and drivers of “business as usual”, and suggest an option for or a more transformative change in the Finnish forest-based bioeconomy.
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Devine-Wright, Patrick. "Identity, Memory and the Social Status of Groups in Northern Ireland: Relating Processes of Social Remembering with Beliefs about the Structure of Society." Irish Journal of Psychology 22, no. 2 (January 2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2001.10558269.
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Sivertsen, Sveinung Sundfør. "No Need for Infinite Iteration." Journal of Social Ontology 1, no. 2 (September 1, 2015): 301–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jso-2014-0026.
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AbstractAs part of his argument for a “Copernican revolution” in social ontology, Hans Bernhard Schmid (2005) argues that the individualistic approach to social ontology is critically flawed. This article rebuts his claim that the notion of mutual belief necessarily entails infinite iteration of beliefs about the intentions of others, and argues that collective action can arise from individual contributions without such iteration. What matters is whether or when there are grounds for belief, and while extant groups and social structures may be relevant to some forms of collective action, this does not show that all forms of collective action depends on such such pre-established collectivity.
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Michaelides, Michalis P., and Georgia Solomonidou. "Factorial Structure, Gender Invariance, and Predictive Validity of the Students’ Conceptions of Assessment-VI Inventory." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 35, no. 2 (March 2019): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000383.
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Abstract. Student conceptions about assessment may be positive or negative, exemplify various beliefs and expectations, and are hypothesized to relate to student outcomes, for example, grades. The current study investigates the factorial structure of the Students’ Conceptions of Assessment-VI inventory using data from Gymnasium students, that is, 7th- to 9th-graders, in Cyprus. Acceptable fit was found for a multidimensional hierarchical model with four second-order factors relating to assessment conceptions: improvement of teaching and learning, external motives, affective/social activity, and a negative, unfair, or valueless practice. Strong evidence of measurement invariance with respect to gender was found, with higher endorsement of some positive beliefs about assessment by females. The conception of assessment for improvement positively predicted language grades, while the other three assessment conceptions had negative regression coefficients. The adaptation of the inventory in Greek demonstrated good psychometric properties. Findings suggest that conceptions about assessment can be adaptive or maladaptive and relate to achievement outcomes.
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Johnson, Gabbrielle M. "The Structure of Bias." Mind 129, no. 516 (October 1, 2019): 1193–236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzaa011.
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Abstract What is a bias? Standard philosophical views of both implicit and explicit bias focus this question on the representations one harbours, for example, stereotypes or implicit attitudes, rather than the ways in which those representations (or other mental states) are manipulated. I call this approach representationalism. In this paper, I argue that representationalism taken as a general theory of psychological social bias is a mistake, because it conceptualizes bias in ways that do not fully capture the phenomenon. Crucially, this view fails to capture a heretofore neglected possibility of bias, one that influences an individual’s beliefs about or actions toward others, but is, nevertheless, nowhere represented in that individual’s cognitive repertoire. In place of representationalism, I develop a functional account of psychological social bias which characterizes it as a mental entity that takes propositional mental states as inputs and returns propositional mental states as outputs in a way that instantiates social-kind inductions. This functional characterization leaves open which mental states and processes bridge the gap between the inputs and outputs, ultimately highlighting the diversity of candidates that can serve this role.
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Watkins, Nicole K., and Jonathon J. Beckmeyer. "Assessing Young Adults’ Beliefs Regarding the Importance of Romantic Relationships." Journal of Family Issues 41, no. 2 (August 27, 2019): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x19871080.
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In the current study, we provided initial evidence for the factor structure and validity of the Brief Measure of Relationship Importance, a new measure of young adults’ beliefs about the values and costs of being in romantic relationships. Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, this measure consisted of two subscales: relationship desire (two items; viewing relationships as important and satisfying parts of one’s life) and relationship dismissal (four items; viewing relationships as less desirable or valuable for one’s life). Relationship desire and dismissal scores were associated with participants’ happiness with their romantic experiences, relationship satisfaction, having experienced relationship cycling, marriage intentions, and general interest in being in a romantic relationship. Therefore, we concluded that the Brief Measure of Relationship Importance provides a reliable and valid assessment of young adults’ romantic relationship attitudes. We discuss how our measure can be used in future research on young adults’ romantic relationship development.
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Cunningham, Anne E., Jamie Zibulsky, Keith E. Stanovich, and Paula J. Stanovich. "How Teachers Would Spend Their Time Teaching Language Arts." Journal of Learning Disabilities 42, no. 5 (June 12, 2009): 418–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022219409339063.
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As teacher quality becomes a central issue in discussions of children’s literacy, both researchers and policy makers alike express increasing concern with how teachers structure and allocate their lesson time for literacy-related activities as well as with what they know about reading development, processes, and pedagogy. The authors examined the beliefs, literacy knowledge, and proposed instructional practices of 121 first-grade teachers. Through teacher self-reports concerning the amount of instructional time they would prefer to devote to a variety of language arts activities, the authors investigated the structure of teachers’ implicit beliefs about reading instruction and explored relationships between those beliefs, expertise with general or special education students, years of experience, disciplinary knowledge, and self-reported distribution of an array of instructional practices. They found that teachers’ implicit beliefs were not significantly associated with their status as a regular or special education teacher, the number of years they had been teaching, or their disciplinary knowledge. However, it was observed that subgroups of teachers who highly valued particular approaches to reading instruction allocated their time to instructional activities associated with other approaches in vastly different ways. It is notable that the practices of teachers who privileged reading literature over other activities were not in keeping with current research and policy recommendations. Implications and considerations for further research are discussed.
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Muncer, Steven J., Shirley Taylor, and Jonathan Ling. "LAY AND PROFESSIONAL PERSPECTIVES OF THE CAUSES OF HEALTH: A COMPARATIVE NETWORK APPROACH." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 29, no. 4 (January 1, 2001): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2001.29.4.365.
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Lay and professional interpretations of the structure of causal factors previously demonstrated to be influencing health were examined through network analysis. Fifty-three first level registered nurses and sixty-three social science students were asked to complete network adjacency grids for factors that affect health. There is considerable agreement between the lay and professional view – with stress, lifestyle, health knowledge, work and home environment forming a nexus of causes, along with physical constitution and exposure to illness which have direct links to health. The impacts of both a belief in alternative medicine and religiosity, which have been suggested to influence beliefs about health, were also investigated. Religiosity had no major effect on the model. Believers in alternative medicine rated causal links involving stress higher, but showed no difference in their ratings of the importance of medical treatment. The results are compared and contrasted with previous work which used factor analysis.
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Medin, Eva, and Göran Jutengren. "Children’s Perspectives on a School-Based Social and Emotional Learning Program." Children & Schools 42, no. 2 (April 2020): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cs/cdaa007.
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Abstract Research has indicated that social and emotional learning (SEL) programs can offer benefits to students and school environments. However, students’ experiences of participation in such programs have not received as much attention. This focus group study describes elementary students’ (N = 23) experiences of and beliefs about participation in a school-based SEL program commonly used in Sweden, Life Skills Training. The results suggest questionable acceptability of the program by the students, indicating a clear belief that the school’s implementation of the program was due to their problematic behavior. Although students experienced the program content as predictable, consistent, and structured, there was great variation in their attitudes toward the program: Both strong negative and positive attitudes were revealed. The students also expressed discomfort with the personal nature of the discussions promoted by the program and uncertainty about its place in the school setting. These findings can inform SEL program implementation.
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Auer-Spath, Irina, and Judith Glück. "Respect, attentiveness, and growth: wisdom and beliefs about good relationships." International Psychogeriatrics 31, no. 12 (April 11, 2019): 1809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161021900022x.
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ABSTRACTObjectives:Human beings are social entities – our development occurs in and through interaction with others. Thus, it seems likely that relationships influence the development of wisdom, especially long-term intimate relationships in which couples share many important life experiences, and that wisdom, in turn, influences relationships. How wisdom relates to characteristics of intimate relationships has received little attention in the research literature. As a first step in a research program addressing this question, this study analyzed associations between participants’ levels of wisdom and their views of a good relationship.Design and Participants:A sample of 155 individuals aged 23-90 years participated in two sessions including semi-structured qualitative interviews and questionnaires.Measurements:The participants were interviewed about their views of a good intimate relationship. Wisdom was measured using a self-report scale and two open-ended performance measures.Results:Wisdom was significantly related to some of the content categories identified in participants’ views about a good relationship, although some correlations differed between wisdom measures. Emphasizing the relevance of mutual respect and conscious attention in relationships was related to both performance measures of wisdom. Paying considerate attention to the relationship and viewing it as a chance for personal development were each related to one measure of wisdom.Conclusions:The results support the notion that wisdom is related to how participants regulate long-term relationships. We consider them as a promising first step in a research program investigating the dynamic interrelation between wisdom and intimate relationships.
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Jidong, Dung Ezekiel, Di Bailey, Tholene Sodi, Linda Gibson, Natéwindé Sawadogo, Deborah Ikhile, David Musoke, Munyaradzi Madhombiro, and Marcellus Mbah. "Nigerian cultural beliefs about mental health conditions and traditional healing: a qualitative study." Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice 16, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmhtep-08-2020-0057.
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Purpose This study aims to explore how cultural beliefs and traditions are integral to understanding indigenous mental health conditions (MHCs) and traditional healing (TH). However, Nigerian cultural beliefs about MHCs and TH are under-researched. Design/methodology/approach This study adopted a qualitative design using critical realist and social constructionist perspectives to explore Nigerian mental health-care practitioners (MHCPs) and lay participants’ (LPs) views regarding MHCs and TH. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were used to select 53 participants (MHCPs = 26; LPs = 27; male = 32; female = 21) in four Nigerian cities (Ado-Ekiti, Enugu, Jos and Zaria). Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analysed through thematic analyses. Findings The data sets revealed three overarching themes, namely, existing cultural beliefs about MHCs as spiritual curse; description of TH as the first treatment modality for MHCs; and perceived stigma associated with MHCs and help-seeking behaviours. Originality/value A study on Nigerian cultural beliefs and TH contributes meaningfully to mental health systems. Future research and policy initiatives could explore ways of optimising TH practices and community awareness programmes to increase access to mental health care in Nigeria.
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Ataev, Gamzat D., and Sergey B. Burkov. "IDEOLOGICAL CONCEPTS AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE PRISULAK TRIBES IN THE MIDDLE BRONZE AGE." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 14, no. 4 (December 27, 2018): 96–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch14496-116.
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The article is devoted to the study of ideological concepts and the social structure of the population of one of the archaeological formations of the North-Eastern Caucasus of the Middle Bronze Age - the Prisulak culture. The work is based on the analysis of burial and religious monuments, the study of which allows revealing various religious concepts and rituals of the cult nature of the local population of the Middle Bronze Age. Examination of the burial structures and the rite of the early group of burials of the burial mounds of the Prisulak district testifies to the diversity of the burial structures and the great diversity of the funerary rites. Ground pits, stone tombs, small stone boxes were revealed: with stretched, seated and crouched bones oriented in the east, southeast, south and south-west directions. In the funeral rite of the early group of burials, along with ancient and local elements, features characteristic of the tribes of the North Caucasus and the steppes of Southeast Europe are noted. A comprehensive study of the burial structures and rituals, as well as cult objects of the Prisulak culture during the Middle Bronze Age, made it possible to highlight many of the problems associated with ideological concepts and social organization of society, to find out the genesis of culture and the ethnocultural contacts of the local population with adjacent tribes. A study of the materials of the Prisulak monuments made it possible to get an idea of the spiritual culture of the population of the region in question: to reveal that the tribes of the Middle Sulak basin in the Middle Bronze Age had complex and diverse beliefs, among which ideas about the “soul”, “afterlife”, magical and protective practices, animal and nature cults, and other cosmological beliefs were of a great significance.