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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Melpomene Institute for Women's Health Research., ed. The bodywise woman: Reliable information about physical activity and health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1993.

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2

Elaine, Levenson, ed. Teaching children about physical science: Ideas and activities every teacher and parent can use. 2nd ed. New York: TAB Books, 1994.

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3

Diabetes information for teens: Health tips about managing diabetes and preventing related complications, including facts about insulin, glucose control, healthy eating, physical activity, and learning to live with diabetes. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2011.

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4

Small, Eric. Kids & sports: Everything you and your child need to know about sports, physical activity, and good health : a doctor's guide for parents and coaches. New York: Newmarket Press, 2002.

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5

Adolescent health sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about adolescent growth and development, puberty, sexuality, reproductive health, and physical, emotional, social, and mental health concerns of teens and their parents, including facts about nutrition, physical activity, weight management, acne, allergies, cancer, diabetes, growth disorders, juvenile arthritis, infections, substance abuse, and more; along with information about adolescent safety concerns, youth violence, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of resources. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2010.

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6

Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr, and Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 1 Freedom of Religion or Belief, 1.3.6 Teaching and Disseminating Materials (Including Missionary Activity). Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0011.

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This chapter reviews the international standards providing for teaching and disseminating religious materials as well as concerning missionary activity. Articles 18 of the UDHR and ICCPR explicitly refer to the freedom to manifest one’s religion or belief in ‘teaching’, which is complemented in the subsequent article about the freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. In addition, article 6 of the 1981 Declaration specifically guarantees freedom to write, issue, and disseminate relevant publications in these areas; to teach a religion or belief in places suitable for these purposes; and to establish and maintain communications with individuals and communities in matters of religion or belief at the national and international levels. While it is prohibited to use or threaten physical force or to coerce individuals in other ways, missionary activities should not be curtailed through vague concepts, such as ‘inducement’, ‘allurement’, or ‘unethical conversion’, which still exist in several national criminal law provisions against ‘proselytism’.
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7

Blanco, Margarita. THE RELATIONSHIP OF HEALTH BELIEFS TO PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG OLDER ADULTS. 1987.

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8

Research, Women's Health. The Bodywise Woman: Reliable Information About Physical Activity and Health. Prentice Hall Trade, 1990.

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9

Institute, Melpomene. The Bodywise Woman: Reliable Information About Physical Activity and Health. Human Kinetics Publishers, 1990.

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10

The Bodywise woman: Reliable information about physical activity and health. New York: Prentice Hall Press, 1990.

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11

Washington (State). Dept. of Health., ed. Adolescent physical activity: Information for adults who care about teens. [Olympia, Wash.]: Washington State Dept. of Health, 2000.

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12

Research, Women's Health. The Bodywise Woman: Reliable Information About Physical Activity and Health. Prentice Hall Trade, 1990.

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13

Teachers' beliefs about purposes as reflected in teaching practices: A study in elementary school physical education. 1992.

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14

Teachers' beliefs about purposes as reflected in teaching practices: A study in elementary school physical education. 1990.

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15

A study of the implicit beliefs about curriculum and instruction of physical education teachers with varying years of experience. 1985.

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16

A study of the implicit beliefs about curriculum and instruction of physical education teachers with varying years of experience. 1987.

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17

Cultural values, beliefs, and attitudes of immigrant Chinese women towards physical activity and exercise: A qualitative inquiry. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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18

Kriemler, Susi. Exercise, physical activity, and cystic fibrosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199232482.003.0033.

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Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic autosomal recessive disease of the Caucasian race, generally leading to death in early adulthood.1 The frequency of the gene carrier (heterozygote) is 1:20–25 in Caucasian populations, 1:2000 in African-Americans, and practically non-existent in Asian populations. The disease occurs in about 1 in every 2500 life births of the white population. Mean survival has risen from 8.4 years in 1969 to 32 years in 2000 due to improvements in treatment. The genetic defect causes a pathological electrolyte transport through the cell membranes by a defective chloride channel membrane transport protein [cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)]. With respect to the function, this affects mainly the exocrine glands of secretory cells, sinuses, lungs, pancreas, liver, and the reproductive tract of the human body leading to a highly viscous, water-depleted secretion. The secretion cannot leave the glands and in consequence causes local inflammation and destruction of various organs. The main symptoms include chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease with a progressive loss of lung function, exocrine and sometimes endocrine pancreas insufficiency, and an excessive salt loss through the sweat glands.1 A summary of the signs and symptoms of CF will be given with a special emphasis on the effect of exercise performance and capacity.
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19

Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng, and Anne Bardsley. Conceptual background to healthy growth and development. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0002.

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This chapter reviews the concepts of developmental plasticity and mismatch, critical periods for exposures, and the emergent science of epigenetics to explain how relatively subtle changes in parental behaviour can affect the outcomes of pregnancy, and why there are echoes of such influences across the whole of life. Contrary to earlier belief that embryonic and fetal development is set by a genetic programme, it is now clear that the fetus responds to cues in the in utero environment and can alter its development and metabolism accordingly. The ‘decisions’ that the developing fetus makes are embedded in its biology and are based on information it receives from its mother and, through her, about the wider environment, in terms of nutrition and physical activity but also about stress and other aspects of lifestyle.
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20

Somebody Needs To Light A Firecracker Under Me Understanding How Older Adults Make Decisions About Physical Activity. VDM Verlag, 2007.

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21

Zabludoff, Marc. EBox : Health Tips about Managing Diabetes and Preventing Related Complications: Including Facts about Insulin, Glucose Control, Healthy Eating, Physical Activity, and Learning to Live with Diabetes. Cavendish Square Publishing LLC, 2011.

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22

Augustyn, Lawton Sandra, ed. Diabetes information for teens: Health tips about managing diabetes and preventing related complications including information about insulin, glucose control, healthy eating, physical activity, and learning to live with diabetes. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2006.

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23

L, Sutton Amy, ed. Fitness and exercise sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the physical and mental benefits of fitness, including cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility, with facts about sports nutrition and exercise-related injuries and tips about physical activity and exercises for people of all ages and for people with health concerns; along with advice on selecting and using exercise equipment, maintaining exercise motivation, a glossary of related terms, and a directory of resources for more help and information. 3rd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2007.

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24

Small, Eric, and Sheryl Swoopes. Kids and Sports: Everything You and Your Child Need to Know about Sports, Physical Activity, and Good Health -- a Doctor's Guide for Parents and Coaches. HarperCollins Publishers, 2009.

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25

Shelley, Braxton D. Healing for the Soul. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197566466.001.0001.

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Between the first and last words of a Black gospel song, musical sound acquires spiritual power. During this unfolding, a variety of techniques facilitate musical and physical transformation. The most important of these is a repetitive musical cycle known by names including the run, the drive, the special, and the vamp. Through its combination of reiteration and intensification, the vamp turns song lyrics into something more potent. While many musical traditions use vamps to fill space, or occupy time in preparation for another, more important event, in gospel, vamps are the main event. Why is the vamp so central to the Black gospel tradition? What work—musical, cultural, and spiritual—does the gospel vamp do? And what does the vamp reveal about the transformative power of Black gospel more broadly? This book explores the vamp’s essential place in Black gospel song, arguing that these climactic musical cycles turn worship services into transcendent events. In the following pages, the words and music of Richard Smallwood, a paradigmatic contemporary gospel composer, anchor the book’s investigation of the convergence of sound and belief in the Gospel Imagination. Smallwood’s expansive oeuvre is especially illustrative of the eclecticism and homiletic intention that characterize gospel music. Along the way, this study brings Smallwood’s songs and the ideas that frame them into conversation with many of the tradition’s exemplars: Edwin and Walter Hawkins, Twinkie Clark, Kurt Carr, Margaret Douroux, V. Michael McKay, and Judith McAllister, among others. Focusing on choral forms of gospel song, this book shows how the gospel vamp organizes expressive activity around a moment of transcendence, an instant when the song shifts to a heightened space of musical activity. This sonic escalation fuels traffic between the seen world and another, bringing believers into contact with a host of scenes from scripture, and with the divine, too.
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26

Adolescent health sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the physical, mental, and emotional growth and development of adolescents, including medical care, nutritional and physical activity requirements, puberty, sexual activity, acne, tanning, body piercing, common physical illnesses and disorders, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, bullying, hazing, and adolescent injuries related to sports, driving, and work; along with substance abuse information about nicotine, alcohol, and drug use, a glossary, and directory of additional resources. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2007.

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27

Brennfleck, Shannon Joyce, ed. Adolescent health sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about the physical, mental, and emotional growth and development of adolescents, including medical care, nutritional and physical activity requirements, puberty, sexual activity, acne, tanning, body piercing, common physical illnesses and disorders, eating disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, bullying, hazing, and adolescent injuries related to sports, driving, and work; along with substance abuse information about nicotine, alcohol, and drug use, a glossary, and directory of additional resources. 2nd ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2007.

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28

Henricks, Thomas S. Play and the Physical Environment. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0007.

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This chapter examines the intersection between human capability and the physical environment, and more specifically between active play and material forms. It begins by discussing the evolution of human capability from an anthropological perspective and describes some distinguishing characteristics of the human species, including its persistent immaturity. It then considers different patterns of physical play that emerge during the life course, along with outdoor play and object play. It also explores the relationship between environments—both natural and artificial—and playful expression and concludes with an analysis of the character and consequences of physical play. The chapter argues that vigorous activity is not a hallmark of play and instead emphasizes the importance of physical play as a way of thinking concretely about the world.
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29

Veblen, Thomas, Kenneth Young, and Antony Orme. The Physical Geography of South America. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195313413.001.0001.

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The Physical Geography of South America, the eighth volume in the Oxford Regional Environments series, presents an enduring statement on the physical and biogeographic conditions of this remarkable continent and their relationships to human activity. It fills a void in recent environmental literature by assembling a team of specialists from within and beyond South America in order to provide an integrated, cross-disciplinary body of knowledge about this mostly tropical continent, together with its high mountains and temperate southern cone. The authors systematically cover the main components of the South American environment - tectonism, climate, glaciation, natural landscape changes, rivers, vegetation, animals, and soils. The book then presents more specific treatments of regions with special attributes from the tropical forests of the Amazon basin to the Atacama Desert and Patagonian steppe, and from the Atlantic, Caribbean, and Pacific coasts to the high Andes. Additionally, the continents environments are given a human face by evaluating the roles played by people over time, from pre-European and European colonial impacts to the effects of modern agriculture and urbanization, and from interactions with El Niño events to prognoses for the future environments of the continent.
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30

Diabetes sourcebook: Basic consumer health information about type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes, monogenic forms of diabetes, and insulin resistance, with guidelines for lifestyle modifications and the medical management of diabetes, including facts about insulin, insulin delivery devices, oral diabetes medications, self-monitoring of blood glucose, meal planning, physical activity recommendations, foot care, and treatment options for people with kidney failure; along with a section about diabetes complications and co-occurring conditions, a glossary of related terms, and directories of resources for additional help and information. 4th ed. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics, 2008.

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31

Buhlmann, Ulrike, and Andrea S. Hartmann. Cognitive and Emotional Processing in Body Dysmorphic Disorder. Edited by Katharine A. Phillips. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190254131.003.0022.

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According to current cognitive-behavioral models, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by a vicious cycle between maladaptive appearance-related thoughts and information-processing biases, as well as maladaptive behaviors and negative emotions such as feelings of shame, disgust, anxiety, and depression. This chapter provides an overview of findings on cognitive characteristics such as dysfunctional beliefs, information-processing biases for threat (e.g., selective attention, interpretation), and implicit associations (e.g., low self-esteem, strong physical attractiveness stereotype, and high importance of attractiveness). The chapter also reviews face recognition abnormalities and emotion recognition deficits and biases (e.g., misinterpreting neutral faces as angry) as well as facial discrimination ability. These studies suggest that BDD is associated with dysfunctional beliefs about one’s own appearance, information-processing biases, emotion recognition deficits and biases, and selective processing of appearance-related information. Future steps to stimulate more research and clinical implications are discussed.
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32

Alexander, Larry. Duties to Act Triggered by Creation of the Peril. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190683450.003.0010.

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In the criminal law, there is no general duty to rescue others from peril. Rather, duties to rescue are triggered in specific ways, including by having created the victim’s peril. This trigger of the duty is the concern in this chapter. Some cases of creation of the victim’s peril are easy because one has taken an act that will cause harm in a way unmediated by the victim’s or others’ beliefs in the absence of a “rescue.” There are other cases, such as those of belief-mediated imperiling, that are not easy and indeed are quite puzzling. The other group of puzzling cases of imperiling are those in which one is a link in the causal chain that results in the victim’s peril but not the proximate physical cause of that peril. Duties to rescue are complex because the omitter’s culpability turns on his beliefs about several distinct facts.
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33

Johnsen, Bredo. Reflective Equilibrium Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190662776.003.0011.

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In this chapter the author clarifies reflective equilibrium theory. He answers some important questions about it that have not been addressed. The author offers an extended version of the theory. He argues that Hume, Popper, Goodman, and Quine would all have endorsed that extension. This new version, the author argues, constitutes a completely general theory of epistemic justification for our beliefs about the existence and nature of the physical world.
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34

Elizabeth Whitlark, Rachel. All Options on the Table. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501760341.001.0001.

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When is preventive war chosen to counter nuclear proliferation? This book looks beyond systemic and slow-moving factors such as the distribution of power. Instead, it highlights individual leaders' beliefs to explain when preventive military force is the preferred strategy. Executive perspective—not institutional structure—is paramount. The book makes its argument through archivally based comparative case studies. It focuses on executive decision making regarding nuclear programs in China, North Korea, Iraq, Pakistan, and Syria. The book considers the actions of US presidents John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush, as well as Israeli prime ministers Menachem Begin, Yitzhak Rabin, and Ehud Olmert. It demonstrates that leaders have different beliefs about the consequences of nuclear proliferation in the international system and their state's ability to deter other states' nuclear activity. These divergent beliefs lead to variation in leaders' preferences regarding the use of preventive military force as a counter-proliferation strategy. The historical evidence amassed in the book bears on strategic assessments of aspiring nuclear powers such as Iran and North Korea. The book argues that only those leaders who believe that nuclear proliferation is destabilizing for the international system will consider preventive force to counter such challenges. In a complex nuclear world, this insight helps explain why the use of force as a counter-proliferation strategy has been an extremely rare historical event.
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35

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y., R. M. W. Dixon, and Nerida Jarkey, eds. The Integration of Language and Society. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192845924.001.0001.

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Each language bears an imprint of the society that speaks it — speakers' relationships to each other, their beliefs and ways of viewing the world, and other facets of their social environment, alongside speakers' habitat, subsistence, and physical environment. A grammar of each language will relate to, and be integrated with, the meanings and the choices which reflect societal practices. Ihe integration of language and society, as reflected in grammatical features of languages, is what this volume is about. It starts with a typological introduction summarising the main issues relevant to the integration of language and society, with special focus on grammatical phenomena. These include honorific forms, genders and classifiers, possession, evidentiality, comparative constructions, and demonstrative systems. It is followed by several studies focused on the ways in which societal norms and beliefs are reflected in languages of diverse typological profiles. The data are drawn from languages of Australia and New Guinea (Dyirbal and Idi), South America (Chamacoco, Ayoreo, Murui, and Tariana), Asia (Japanese, Brokpa, and Dzongkka), and Africa (Iraqw). The volume advances our understanding of the ways in which non-linguistic traits have their correlates in language, and how they change if the society undergoes transformations. The outcomes will be a valuable resource for scholars and students of typology, general linguistics, linguistic and cultural anthropology, and social sciences.
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36

Dugdale, Lydia S., and Daniel P. Sulmasy. Religion and Spirituality in Internal Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190272432.003.0006.

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The internal medicine physician has a unique place in a patient’s life. Relationships might endure for years, sharing many of life’s struggles and joys. Doctors may know their patients on many levels, including whether they belong to faith traditions, religious communities, or participate in spiritual practices. Many internists feel religion and spirituality have a place in the health care setting, and there are various tools available for introducing conversations about such matters into the clinical setting. This chapter reviews the literature relevant to religion and spirituality within the context of the practice of internal medicine and proposes best practices for patient care. It suggests that physicians should respectfully inquire about their patients’ spiritual and religious beliefs, make time to address spiritual concerns as they would physical concerns, and make use of the team approach to medical care, drawing on the assistance of chaplains and lay clergy as needed.
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37

Glannon, Walter. Behavior Control, Meaning, and Neuroscience. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190460723.003.0009.

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Neuroscience challenges our beliefs about agency and autonomy because it seems to imply that we have no control of our behavior: most brain processes are not transparent to us, we have no direct access to the efferent system, and we only experience the sensorimotor consequences of our unconscious motor plans. In this chapter, Walter Glannon argues that although unconscious processes drive many of our actions, this does not imply that conscious mental states have no causal role in our behavior and that we have no control over it. He argues that some degree of unconscious neural constraint on conscious mental states is necessary to modulate thought and action and promote flexible behavior and adaptability to environmental demands. He maintains that a nonreductive materialist account of the mind–brain relation makes it plausible to claim that mental states can cause changes in physical states of the brain.
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38

Choi, Isaac. Infinite Cardinalities, Measuring Knowledge, and Probabilities in Fine-Tuning Arguments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798705.003.0006.

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This chapter deals with two different problems in which infinity plays a central role. It first responds to a claim that infinity renders counting knowledge-level beliefs an infeasible approach to measuring and comparing how much we know. There are two methods of comparing sizes of infinite sets, using the one-to-one correspondence principle or the subset principle, and it argues that we should use the subset principle for measuring knowledge. The chapter then turns to the normalizability and coarse tuning objections to fine-tuning arguments for the existence of God or a multiverse. These objections center on the difficulty of talking about the epistemic probability of a physical constant falling within a finite life-permitting range when the possible range of that constant is infinite. Applying the lessons learned regarding infinity and the measurement of knowledge, the chapter hopes to blunt much of the force of these objections to fine-tuning arguments.
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39

Saylor, Eric. Race, “Realism,” and Fate in Frederick Delius’s Koanga. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036781.003.0005.

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This chapter examines how race intersects with questions of “realism” and fate in Frederick Delius's Koanga, which features black characters as its protagonists as well as examples of African American folk music. Based on an episode from George Washington Cable's novel The Grandissimes, Koanga is a nineteenth-century story of love, jealousy, and betrayal centered on Koanga, an enslaved West African prince and voudon priest, and Palmyra, a quadroon maidservant. This chapter first provides a background on Koanga's genesis and textual variations before discussing its seeming contradiction: the dramatic portrayal of Koanga and Palmyra as a reflection of period beliefs about the Otherness of blacks; and its treatment of the exoticism of “blackness,” both physical and musical, as an attractive quality integral to achieving its dramatic and musical aims. It argues that Koanga revives many familiar tropes of racial exoticism and manifests troubling new resonances concerning questions of destiny and free will.
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40

Suls, Jerry, and Ladd Wheeler. On the Trail of Social Comparison. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.13.

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Social comparison, a major source of social influence, refers to the selection and utilization of information about other people’s standings and opinions to make accurate self-assessments or to protect or enhance self-esteem. We survey the development of comparison theory over six decades, its ambiguities, and reformulations based on the psychology of attribution and social cognition. Selective comparisons allow people to gauge how well they have fulfilled their potential and capacity to accomplish important tasks, and whether their beliefs, values, and actions are appropriate and worthwhile. Exposure to superior and inferior targets shifts self-evaluations toward (assimilation) or away (contrast) from the targets, depending on the kinds of information made cognitively accessible by the situation or by individual differences. To illustrate comparison’s effects on social influence, applications, such as the effects of academic tracking on self-esteem and effects of large social networks on mental and physical health outcomes, are described.
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41

Tapias, Maria. Moving Sentiments. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039171.003.0006.

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This chapter examines how emotions are influenced by migration by drawing on particular communication strategies deployed in the context of the migratory process: practices of silence, secrecy, and obfuscation. It asks what happens when emotions “travel,” what new ways of feeling and modalities of interacting with others emerge in the process of international migration, and whether affect is reconfigured by migration. To address these issues, the chapter explores changing conceptualization of emotions and practices of secrecy as Bolivians migrate to Spain in search of better economic opportunities. It first considers how emotions are constructed in Bolivia and reconstructed in Spain, as well as the ways in which envy, its relationship to sorcery, and fears of physical or economic harm “travel” across borders. It also explains how envy was reconfigured and how it affected interactions between Bolivians in Spain before concluding with a discussion of what migrants and family members intimately tell one another—and, more important, what they hide—and how it reflects the extent to which “traditional” health beliefs about illness and affect remain vibrant.
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42

Nishime, Leilani. Queer Keanu. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038075.003.0002.

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This chapter uses the specific example of Keanu Reeves in order to trace how the specter of homosexuality both responds to and redirects a reading of Reeves as multiracial. The celebrity culture surrounding Reeves, particularly the flurry of news activity that accompanied his supposed marriage to David Geffen in the mid-1990s, coincided with the passage of the Clinton Administration's “Don't Ask, Don't Tell” policy and popular media discussions about gay visibility. Reeves' star persona demonstrates how, following the push for multicultural inclusion and representation in the 1980s and 1990s, queer and anti-queer coming out rhetoric reframed ethical concerns about racial passing. Supported by an analysis of Reeves' movie reviews and his publicity photos during this decade, the chapter argues that critics' and fans' repeated characterization of Reeves as a bad actor reflects beliefs about racial authenticity and concerns about both racial and sexual passing.
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43

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, and chest X-ray. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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44

Mueller, Christian. Acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0009_update_001.

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Acute dyspnoea is a very common symptom in the acute cardiac care setting. In contrast to current beliefs, acute dyspnoea, as the leading symptom in the emergency department, is associated with about twice the mortality risk, compared to acute chest pain. Rapid and accurate identification of the cause of dyspnoea is critical to the initiation of specific and effective treatment. In most patients, a rapid and accurate diagnosis in the emergency department can be achieved by a combination of vital signs, including pulse oximetry, detailed patient history, physical examination, blood tests (including natriuretic peptides—BNP, NT-proBNP, or MR-proANP), venous blood gases, and C-reactive protein in all patients, and D-dimers in selected patients, electrocardiograms, chest X-ray, and more recently also lung ultrasound. It is key to remember that the prevalence of acute heart failure in unselected patients with acute dyspnoea is about 50%. Therefore, a high awareness for the presence of acute heart failure is mandatory. Acute heart failure, pneumonia, obstructive pulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), pulmonary embolism, and anxiety disorders represent more than 90% of all cases with acute dyspnoea in the emergency department. In about 10–15%, two acute causes (e.g. acute heart failure and pneumonia) may be present and require combined treatment. Transthoracic echocardiography should be immediately performed in all patients with acute dyspnoea and shock, and in those patients in whom the diagnosis remains uncertain, even after initial work-up.
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45

Weinberg, David H. Recovering a Voice. Liverpool University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764104.001.0001.

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This book focuses on the largely ignored efforts by the Jews of France, Belgium, and the Netherlands to reconstruct their lives after the Second World War. The book presents the challenges that were faced both in the national context and in the world Jewish arena and examines how they were dealt with. The book reviews the action taken to revive Jewish communities in the three countries, remodelling them as efficient, self-sustaining, and assertive bodies that could meet new challenges. With the creation of the State of Israel, Jews who stayed in western Europe had to defend their decision to do so while nevertheless showing public support for the new nation. There was also a felt need to respond quickly and effectively to any sign of antisemitism. In addition, tensions arose between Jews and non-Jews concerning wartime collaboration in deportations, and the need to memorialize Jewish victims of Nazism. The Cold War offered challenges of its own: the perceived need to exclude communist elements from communal affairs was countered by a resistance to pressures from American Jewish leaders to sever links with Jews in eastern Europe. Yet beneath the show of assertiveness, Jewish life was fragile, not only because of the physical depletion of the population and of its leadership but because the Holocaust had shaken religious beliefs and affiliations and had raised questions about the value of preserving ethnic and religious identity. At the same time, new forms of Jewish consciousness had evolved, meaning that Jewish leaders had to provide for diverse educational, religious, and cultural needs. This book demonstrates how, with the aid of international Jewish organizations, Jewish survivors used unprecedented means to meet unprecedented challenges.
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46

Chrisman, Matthew. Belief, Agency, and Knowledge. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898852.001.0001.

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Epistemology is not just about the nature of knowledge or the analysis of concepts such as ‘knows’ and ‘justified’, it’s also about what we ought to believe and how we should investigate and reason about what is the case. This is a book focused on these normative aspects of epistemology. More specifically, it is concerned with the nature of epistemic norms and the relation these have to the value of knowledge and the structure of doxastic agency. The first part develops a theory of doxastic agency according to which believers exercise agency with respect to their beliefs primarily in the always ongoing activity of maintaining systems of belief. The second part develops an account of the grip epistemic norms have on us and the nature of our epistemic values, which explains these in terms of the way a state, such as a person’s belief, can be subject to robust “state norms” and valued accordingly for its stability within the practices constitutive of epistemic communities. The third part proposes inferentialist foundations for a meta-epistemological theory of epistemic discourse that takes seriously the idea that knowledge attributions are partly normative and hence should be partly classified on the ‘ought’ side of the division between claims about what reality is like and claims about what people ought to do, think, and feel.
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47

Cohen, Julie E. Between Truth and Power. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246693.001.0001.

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This book explores the relationships between legal institutions and political and economic transformation. It argues that as law is enlisted to help produce the profound economic and sociotechnical shifts that have accompanied the emergence of the informational economy, it is changing in fundamental ways. We are witnessing the emergence of legal institutions adapted to the information age, but their form and their substance remain undetermined and are the subjects of intense struggle. One level for legal-institutional transformation involves baseline understandings of entitlement and disentitlement. Both lawyers and laypeople tend to think of legal entitlements as relatively fixed, but the ongoing transformation in political economy has set things in motion in ways that traditional accounts do not contemplate. In particular, the datafication of important resources and the shift to a platform-based, massively intermediated communications environment have profoundly reshaped both the organization of economic activity and the patterns of information exchange. The authority of platforms is both practical and normative, and it has become both something taken for granted and a powerful force reshaping the law in its own image. Another level for legal-institutional transformation involves the structure and operation of regulatory and governance institutions. Patterns of institutional change in the networked information era express a generally neoliberalized and managerialist stance toward the law’s projects and processes. They reflect deeply embedded beliefs about the best uses of new technological capabilities to manage legal and regulatory processes and account for activities of legal and regulatory concern.
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48

Broadbent, Alex. Philosophy of Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612139.001.0001.

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Philosophy of Medicine seeks to answer two questions: (1) what is medicine? and (2) what should we think of it? The first question is motivated by the observation that medicine has existed and continues to exist in many different forms in different times and places. There is no activity or belief that is common to all medical traditions in all times and places. What, if anything, makes us count these activities as varieties of the same thing—namely, medicine? The book distinguishes the goal and business of medicine, arguing that the goal is cure, while the business of medicine cannot be, because medical traditions have been too hit-and-miss at achieving cure. The core medical competence is identified as engaging with the project of understanding the nature and causes of disease. A model of health is also required to say what medicine is, since health is part of its subject matter, and a novel theory of health as a secondary property is offered. In the second part of the book, the proper epistemic attitude to medicine is considered. Contrary to much contemporary work, the book argues against positions setting very rigid constraints on what counts as admissible evidence in forming beliefs either about whole traditions or about specific interventions. Thus both Evidence-Based Medicine and Medical Nihilism are rejected. Instead a view called Medical Cosmopolitanism is developed from Appiah’s corresponding work in ethics. The view is applied to alternative and non-Mainstream traditions, as well as to the project of decolonizing medicine.
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49

Baobaid, Mohammed, Lynda Ashbourne, Abdallah Badahdah, and Abir Al Jamal. Home / Publications / Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada Pre and Post Migration Stressors and Marital Relations among Arab Refugee Families in Canada. 2nd ed. Hamad Bin Khalifa University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5339/difi_9789927137983.

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The study is funded by Doha International Family Institute (DIFI), a member of Qatar Foundation, and is a collaboration between the Muslim Resource Centre for Social Support and Integration of London, Ontario; University of Guelph, Ontario; and University of Calgary, Alberta, all located in Canada; and the Doha International Family Institute, Qatar. The study received research ethics approval from the University of Guelph and the University of Calgary. This study aims to assess the impact of pre- and post-migration on marital relationships and family dynamics for Arab refugee families resettled in Canada. The study also examines the role of professional service providers in supporting these Arab refugee families. The unique experiences of Arab families displaced from their countries due to war and political conflict, and the various hardships experienced during their stay in transit countries, impact their family relations and interactions within the nuclear family context and their interconnectedness with their extended families. Furthermore, these families encounter various challenges within their resettlement process that interrupt their integration. Understanding the impact of traumatic experiences within the pre-migration journey as well as the impact of post-migration stressors on recently settled Arab refugee families in Canada provides insight into the shift in spousal and family relationships. Refugee research studies that focus on the impact of pre-migration trauma and displacement, the migration journey, and post-migration settlement on family relationships are scarce. Since the majority of global refugees in recent years come from Arab regions, mainly Syria, as a result of armed conflicts, this study is focused on the unique experiences of Arab refugee families fleeing conflict zones. The Canadian role in recently resettling a large influx of Arab refugees and assisting them to successfully integrate has not been without challenges. Traumatic pre-migration experiences as a result of being subjected to and/or witnessing violence, separation from and loss of family members, and loss of property and social status coupled with experiences of hardships in transit countries have a profound impact on families and their integration. Refugees are subjected to individual and collective traumatic experiences associated with cultural or ethnic disconnection, mental health struggles, and discrimination and racism. These experiences have been shown to impact family interactions. Arab refugee families have different definitions of “family” and “home” from Eurocentric conceptualizations which are grounded in individualistic worldviews. The discrepancy between collectivism and individualism is mainly recognized by collectivist newcomers as challenges in the areas of gender norms, expectations regarding parenting and the physical discipline of children, and diverse aspects of the family’s daily life. For this study, we interviewed 30 adults, all Arab refugees (14 Syrian and 16 Iraqi – 17 males, 13 females) residing in London, Ontario, Canada for a period of time ranging from six months to seven years. The study participants were married couples with and without children. During the semi-structured interviews, the participants were asked to reflect on their family life during pre-migration – in the country of origin before and during the war and in the transit country – and post-migration in Canada. The inter - views were conducted in Arabic, audio-recorded, and transcribed. We also conducted one focus group with seven service providers from diverse sectors in London, Ontario who work with Arab refugee families. The study used the underlying principles of constructivist grounded theory methodology to guide interviewing and a thematic analysis was performed. MAXQDA software was used to facilitate coding and the identification of key themes within the transcribed interviews. We also conducted a thematic analysis of the focus group transcription. The thematic analysis of the individual interviews identified four key themes: • Gender role changes influence spousal relationships; • Traumatic experiences bring suffering and resilience to family well-being; • Levels of marital conflict are higher following post-migration settlement; • Post-migration experiences challenge family values. The outcome of the thematic analysis of the service provider focus group identified three key themes: • The complex needs of newly arrived Arab refugee families; • Gaps in the services available to Arab refugee families; • Key aspects of training for cultural competencies. The key themes from the individual interviews demonstrate: (i) the dramatic sociocul - tural changes associated with migration that particularly emphasize different gender norms; (ii) the impact of trauma and the refugee experience itself on family relation - ships and personal well-being; (iii) the unique and complex aspects of the family journey; and (iv) how valued aspects of cultural and religious values and traditions are linked in complex ways for these Arab refugee families. These outcomes are consist - ent with previous studies. The study finds that women were strongly involved in supporting their spouses in every aspect of family life and tried to maintain their spouses’ tolerance towards stressors. The struggles of husbands to fulfill their roles as the providers and protec - tors throughout the migratory journey were evident. Some parents experienced role shifts that they understood to be due to the unstable conditions in which they were living but these changes were considered to be temporary. Despite the diversity of refugee family experiences, they shared some commonalities in how they experi - enced changes that were frightening for families, as well as some that enhanced safety and stability. These latter changes related to safety were welcomed by these fami - lies. Some of these families reported that they sought professional help, while others dealt with changes by becoming more distant in their marital relationship. The risk of violence increased as the result of trauma, integration stressors, and escalation in marital issues. These outcomes illustrate the importance of taking into consideration the complexity of the integration process in light of post-trauma and post-migration changes and the timespan each family needs to adjust and integrate. Moreover, these families expressed hope for a better future for their children and stated that they were willing to accept change for the sake of their children as well. At the same time, these parents voiced the significance of preserving their cultural and religious values and beliefs. The service providers identified gaps in service provision to refugee families in some key areas. These included the unpreparedness of professionals and insufficiency of the resources available for newcomer families from all levels of government. This was particularly relevant in the context of meeting the needs of the large influx of Syrian refugees who were resettled in Canada within the period of November 2015 to January 2017. Furthermore, language skills and addressing trauma needs were found to require more than one year to address. The service providers identified that a longer time span of government assistance for these families was necessary. In terms of training, the service providers pinpointed the value of learning more about culturally appropriate interventions and receiving professional development to enhance their work with refugee families. In light of these findings, we recommend an increased use of culturally integrative interventions and programs to provide both formal and informal support for families within their communities. Furthermore, future research that examines the impact of culturally-based training, cultural brokers, and various culturally integrative practices will contribute to understanding best practices. These findings with regard to refugee family relationships and experiences are exploratory in their nature and support future research that extends understanding in the area of spousal relationships, inter - generational stressors during adolescence, and parenting/gender role changes.
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50

Henricks, Thomas S. Play’s Nature. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039072.003.0006.

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This chapter examines the link between play and nature, or more specifically, the human body. Our feats of thinking, feeling, and acting depend profoundly on structures of the body and the brain. Decisions to play are conditioned by our physical forms. Feelings about what we are doing—registered as sensations and emotions—arise from long-established physical processes. And we move through the world only as our bodies permit. Understanding play means understanding these physical processes. In that context, the chapter focuses on the consequences of play for physiology. It reviews studies of bodily movement, brain activity, consciousness, and affect in both humans and animals. It also explores animal play, classic theories of physical play, the role of the organism in play, play as an expression of surplus resources, and the role of brain in play.
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