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Journal articles on the topic 'Belief systems'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Lottes, Ilsa L. "Belief Systems." Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality 4, no. 1 (April 29, 1991): 37–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j056v04n01_05.

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2

Street, Brian. "Belief systems." Project Appraisal 2, no. 2 (June 1987): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688867.1987.9726613.

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3

Grubbs, Jeffrey B. "Helping Pre-Service Art Teachers Confront their Pedagogical Belief Systems." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 2, no. 10 (October 31, 2014): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol2.iss10.243.

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People are behaviorally and psychologically complex to a point that we cannot separate ourselves from our values, beliefs, and assumptions; they affect every part of our lives. In education, beliefs influence what, why, and how something is taught. The many threads of teacher belief literature have deepened our understanding of the teaching phenomenon for many decades. This article suggests that educational quality can be improved if teachers would analyze their own educational belief systems more systematically and comprehensively. The article gives a brief history of teacher belief research and suggests a framework by which teachers could analyze their thinking, beliefs, or assumptions. The article finishes with an example of how one professor integrated teacher belief research into a college course helping pre-service art educators analyze their conflicting belief systems.
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4

Langford, Tom. "Centrality in Workers' Belief Systems About Unions." Articles 48, no. 1 (April 12, 2005): 101–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/050834ar.

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In this article it is contended that the centrality (or salience) of beliefs is an important but overlooked feature of belief Systems about unions. This theme is pursued through a study of the centrality of beliefs about unions in a sample of Hamilton, Ontario workers. Each participant sorted 48 separate statements about unions, identifying those statements with which she/he most agreed and most disagreed. These data are analyzed in two distinct ways. First, the article outlines general tendencies in the centrality of belief s for the entire sample. However, people differ in what they think is most important about unions. Therefore, the article also identifies the central belief s for six typical ways of thinking about unions.
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5

Klein, Peter. "Immune Belief Systems." Philosophical Topics 14, no. 1 (1986): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philtopics198614121.

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6

Bechtel, Robert B., Victor Corral Verdugo, and Jose de Queiroz Pinheiro. "Environmental Belief Systems." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 30, no. 1 (January 1999): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022199030001008.

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7

deHaven-Smith, Lance. "Environmental Belief Systems." Environment and Behavior 20, no. 2 (March 1988): 176–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916588202003.

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8

deHaven-Smith, Lance. "Environmental Belief Systems." Environment and Behavior 20, no. 3 (May 1988): 276–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916588203002.

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9

Kinder, Donald R. "Belief systems today." Critical Review 18, no. 1-3 (January 2006): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08913810608443657.

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10

Mastergeorge, Ann M. "Maternal Belief Systems." Topics in Language Disorders 27, no. 1 (January 2007): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00011363-200701000-00007.

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11

Wereha, Tyler J., and Timothy P. Racine. "Belief in evolved belief systems: Artifact of a limited evolutionary model?" Behavioral and Brain Sciences 32, no. 6 (December 2009): 537–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x09991361.

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AbstractBelief in evolved belief systems stems from using a population-genetic model of evolution that misconstrues the developmental relationship between genes and behaviour, confuses notions of “adapted” and “adaptive,” and ignores the fundamental role of language in the development of human beliefs. We suggest that theories about the evolution of belief would be better grounded in a developmental model of evolution.
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12

Friedman, N., and J. Y. Halpern. "Modeling Belief in Dynamic Systems, Part II: Revision and Update." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 10 (March 1, 1999): 117–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.506.

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The study of belief change has been an active area in philosophy and AI. In recent years two special cases of belief change, belief revision and belief update, have been studied in detail. In a companion paper (Friedman & Halpern, 1997), we introduce a new framework to model belief change. This framework combines temporal and epistemic modalities with a notion of plausibility, allowing us to examine the change of beliefs over time. In this paper, we show how belief revision and belief update can be captured in our framework. This allows us to compare the assumptions made by each method, and to better understand the principles underlying them. In particular, it shows that Katsuno and Mendelzon's notion of belief update (Katsuno & Mendelzon, 1991a) depends on several strong assumptions that may limit its applicability in artificial intelligence. Finally, our analysis allow us to identify a notion of minimal change that underlies a broad range of belief change operations including revision and update.
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13

Lakemeyer, Gerhard. "On Perfect Introspection with Quantifying-In1." Fundamenta Informaticae 17, no. 1-2 (July 1, 1992): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1992-171-206.

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Agents with perfect introspection may have incomplete beliefs about the world, but they possess complete knowledge about their own beliefs. This fact suggests that the beliefs of introspective agents should be completely determined by their objective beliefs, that is, those beliefs that are only about the domain in question and not about other beliefs. Introspection and logical reasoning alone should suffice to reconstruct all other beliefs from the objective ones. While this property has been shown to hold for propositional belief logics, there have so far only been negative results in the case of first-order belief logics with quantifying-in. In this paper we present a logic of belier with quantifying-in, where the beliefs of a perfectly introspective agent are indeed uniquely determined by the objective beliefs. The result is obtained by weakening the notion of belief of an existing logic that does not have this property.
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14

Hohashi, Naohiro. "A Family Belief Systems Theory for Transcultural Family Health Care Nursing." Journal of Transcultural Nursing 30, no. 5 (June 6, 2019): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043659619853017.

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To enable culturally congruent family health care nursing, the family belief systems theory proposed by Hohashi can be utilized. The family belief systems theory, developed through family ethnographic studies and questionnaire surveys conducted in the United States, Japan, China, Indonesia, and the Philippines, explains (a) structurization of a system, based on the family member’s beliefs as cognition criteria, in which family member’s emotions, decisions/acts, and physical responses (including health problems) occur; and (b) the process in which family beliefs are formed from family members’ beliefs, by which intentional decisions/acts by the family (family decision making, family self-management, etc.) are performed. By identifying the mechanism of family belief systems, the nursing professional, through support for family/family members’ beliefs, can completely change the intentional decisions/acts by the family.
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15

ROHRSCHNEIDER, ROBERT. "Environmental Belief Systems in Western Europe." Comparative Political Studies 26, no. 1 (April 1993): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414093026001001.

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For most parts of the 20th century, class and religious predispositions guided individuals' perceptions of the political space in Western Europe. Recently, however, analysts have noted the weakening of class and religious cleavages. Moreover, new social movements emerged in Western Europe, despite the inapplicability of traditional class and partisan cues to ecological issues. In light of the presumed lack of sophistication of mass publics, these developments raise the following question. What mental structures, if any, do individuals employ in evaluating competing Old and New Politics issues? In an attempt to answer the question, we analyze citizens' environmental belief systems in four West European countries. We find that environmental belief systems are substantially constrained by general political predispositions in Germany and the Netherlands. In contrast, environmental attitudes are significantly less constrained in France and Great Britain. These crossnational variations in belief systems constraint are attributed to varying activity levels of environmental elites. The implications of these findings for the sources of belief systems constraint and for the sophistication of mass beliefs are assessed.
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16

Chirove, Munyaradzi, David Mogari, and Ogbonnaya Ugorji. "Students’ mathematics-related belief systems and their strategies for solving non-routine mathematical problems." Waikato Journal of Education 27, no. 3 (December 9, 2022): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15663/wje.v27i3.822.

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This study explored students’ mathematics-related beliefs and the relationship between the beliefs and their strategies for solving non-routine mathematical problems. The study was guided by Daskalogianni and Simpson’s 2001 belief systems categories and strategies for non-routine mathematical problems. The participants were 625 grade 11 students from five high schools in Tshwane North District, Gauteng province of South Africa. Data were collected using a mathematics beliefs questionnaire, a mathematics problem-solving test and interview. Quantitative and qualitative research techniques were used for data analysis. It was found that the students held all the three belief systems (utilitarian, systematic and exploratory) at different degrees of intensity and the belief systems and strategies for problem-solving had a weak positive linear relationship, and there were no statistically significant differences among mean scores of the students holding systematic, exploratory and utilitarian beliefs. They apply unsystematic guess, check and revise; systematic guess, check and revise; systematic listing; looking for patterns; consider a simple case; modelling; logical reasoning; no logical reasoning; trial-and-error and use a formula in solving non-routine mathematical problems. Furthermore, it was found that the systematic belief system could explain the students’ behaviour in problem-solving more than the exploratory and utilitarian belief systems.
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17

Hilpinen, Risto. "Belief Systems as Artifacts." Monist 78, no. 2 (1995): 136–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/monist19957828.

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18

Womack, William M. "Parents' Cultural Belief Systems." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 36, no. 11 (November 1997): 1636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199711000-00034.

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19

Usó-Doménech, J. L., and J. Nescolarde-Selva. "What are Belief Systems?" Foundations of Science 21, no. 1 (January 14, 2015): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-015-9409-z.

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20

Das, Joy. "Environment and Belief Systems." Environmental Philosophy 19, no. 2 (2022): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/envirophil2022192125.

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21

Pössel, Patrick. "Dysthymia and Major Depression: Distinct Conditions or Different Stages Along a One-Dimensional Continuum?" Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 17, no. 4 (October 2003): 335–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/jcop.17.4.335.52542.

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Until recently researchers have discussed whether dysthymia and major depression represent distinct conditions or rather different stages along a one-dimensional continuum. This study addresses this question by examining the belief systems of normal, dysthymic, and depressed participants. We explored participants’ beliefs and differentiated between positive and negative as well as between core and peripheral beliefs. Normal participants showed fewer negative beliefs and negative peripheral beliefs than the dysthymic group, whereas normal participants had more positive beliefs and positive core beliefs as well as fewer negative core beliefs than the depressed group. The hypothesized one-dimensional continuum could not be demonstrated for the belief systems. Instead, the data point to the conclusion that our idea of a one-dimensional continuum reaching from normal to dysthymic to depressed was too simple. Apparently, the differences in the belief systems reported here are related to the chronic character and severity of the mood disorder.
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22

PERRUSSEL, LAURENT, and JEAN-MARC THÉVENIN. "(DIS)BELIEF CHANGE AND ARGUED FEED-BACK DIALOG." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 13, no. 05 (October 2005): 511–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488505003631.

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This paper focuses on the features of belief change in a multi-agent context where agents consider beliefs and disbeliefs. Disbeliefs represent explicit ignorance and are useful to prevent agents to entail conclusions due to their ignorance. Agents receive messages holding information from other agents and change their belief state accordingly. An agent may refuse to adopt incoming information if it prefers its own (dis)beliefs. For this, each agent maintains a preference relation over its own beliefs and disbeliefs in order to decide if it accepts or rejects incoming information whenever inconsistencies occur. This preference relation may be built by considering several criteria such as the reliability of the sender of statements or temporal aspects. This process leads to non-prioritized belief revision. In this context we first present the * and − operators which allow an agent to revise, respectively contract, its belief state in a non-prioritized way when it receives an incoming belief, respectively disbelief. We show that these operators behave properly. Based on this we then illustrate how the receiver and the sender may argue when the incoming (dis)belief is refused. We describe pieces of dialog where (i) the sender tries to convince the receiver by sending arguments in favor of the original (dis)belief and (ii) the receiver justifies its refusal by sending arguments against the original (dis)belief. We show that the notion of acceptability of these arguments can be represented in a simple way by using the non-prioritized change operators * and −. The advantage of argumentation dialogs is twofold. First whenever arguments are acceptable the sender or the receiver reconsider its belief state; the main result is an improvement of the reconsidered belief state. Second the sender may not be aware of some sets of rules which act as constraints to reach a specific conclusion and discover them through argumentation dialogs.
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23

Richman, Diana R. "Working Together: Belief Systems of Individuals and Organizations." Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 6, no. 4 (January 1992): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0889-8391.6.4.231.

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Individuals and organizations establish and maintain relationships to fulfill their needs and goals. When their expectations are met, their relationship is mutually beneficial. However, throughout their dynamic career development cycle belief systems may diverge and result in workplace issues. This article emphasizes the need to recognize the cognitive component in developing programs to reduce individual/organizational problems. Conflicting and incompatible belief systems are described, and a rational-emotive approach is recommended for identifying and modifying the unrealistic, rigidly maintained beliefs in the individual/organizational relationship.
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24

Spruin, Elizabeth, Ria Baker, Ioanna Papadaki, Anke Franz, and Emma Alleyne. "Exploring the belief systems of domestic abuse victims: an exploratory study." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 3, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-10-2016-0028.

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Purpose Support service provisions for domestic abuse victims have typically focussed on the immediate risk and etiological factors associated with abuse. Consequently, there is limited research exploring more persistent and pervasive factors involved in this cycle of abuse, such as subjective experiences and beliefs held by victims of domestic abuse. The purpose of this paper is to preliminary explore individual experience of domestic abuse including the belief systems of participants. Increasing our understanding of key factors and beliefs in the experience of domestic abuse could enable support services to create more long-term sustainable support for victims. Design/methodology/approach In total, 12 women with a history of domestic abuse participated in an exploratory interview about their general beliefs and thoughts surrounding their domestic abuse experience. Interviews were analysed using thematic analysis. Findings The thematic analysis identified four belief themes: personal responsibility, antisocial attitudes, environmental factors and negative attitudes towards police. Practical implications The paper highlights the value of understanding subjective, personalized experiences and beliefs of domestic abuse victims; identifies the importance of belief systems as potential treatment targets for domestic abuse victims; and acknowledges an avenue for more effective support provision for victims of domestic abuse. Originality/value This preliminary study offers new insights into the role of belief systems amongst a sample of domestically abused women. Understanding the significance of personalized, subjective experiences of domestic abuse victims is a step towards designing and implementing effective interventions. The findings further emphasize the need for more empirical research and theory development within the area of beliefs and domestic abuse victims.
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Alhassan, Yussif Nagumse, Hazel Barrett, Katherine E. Brown, and Kayleigh Kwah. "Belief systems enforcing female genital mutilation in Europe." International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare 9, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhrh-05-2015-0015.

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Purpose – Despite numerous studies on FGM, little is known about belief systems that support FGM in the EU. The purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamic nature of belief systems and enforcement mechanisms that perpetuate FGM among three African migrant communities in the EU. Design/methodology/approach – This paper is based on data collected through community-based participatory action research in three communities: Eritrean and Ethiopian community in Palermo, Italy; Guinea Bissauan community in Lisbon, Portugal; and Senegalese and Gambian community in Banyoles, Spain. A total of 24 FGDs and 70 in-depth narrative interviews were conducted for the research. Findings – The research finds that belief systems supporting the practice of FGM among African migrants in the European diaspora are similar to those in their home countries. Beliefs structured around religion, sexuality, decency, marriage and socialisation are particularly significant in perpetuating FGM in the study migrant communities. These are enforced through sanctions and social expectations from the migrants’ home and host communities. Research limitations/implications – Members of the migrant communities that were the focus of this research are ethnically diverse; therefore it is possible that differences in the practice of and views on FGM by various ethnicities may have been masked. Also, due to close linkages between the migrants and their home countries it was hard to delineate beliefs that are specific to the host countries. In addition, it was difficult to assess the level of education of the migrants and how this may have impacted on their beliefs due to their contrasting and inconsistent educational backgrounds. Originality/value – This paper provides evidence to show that the practice of FGM among migrants in the EU is driven by both social norms and individual (parent) behaviour and therefore there is a need for interventions to focus on individual behaviour change and social norm transformation techniques. It also suggests that beliefs around FGM have remained socially significant among migrants despite their exposure to European culture because such beliefs are used to promote the moral standards of girls, marriageability of women, respectability of families, and the assertion of cultural and religious identity in the migrants’ new environment. The paper further underscores the role of migrants’ European context as well as the home country in strengthening beliefs that perpetuate FGM in the EU.
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26

Fatic, Aleksandar. "Religious faith and the modalities of tolerance in a liberal society." Theoria, Beograd 56, no. 1 (2013): 59–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1301057f.

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The paper discusses three aspects of belonging to religious systems of belief within a modern liberal society, namely (1) the sincerity and consistency of belief, (2) the possibility of exteriorization of belief through broader social interactions or transactions, and (3) the relationship between religious belief and the modern concept of affirmative tolerance, or affirmation of differences, which has become a pronounced public policy in multicultural liberal societies. The author argues that, while negative tolerance allows sincere religious belief to flourish in the private sphere and for benevolence to be shown to those who are seen as mistaken in their beliefs, affirmative tolerance opens an array of logical issues. The demand to extend potential substantive validation to opposed beliefs produces the ricochet effect of de-validating one?s own beliefs. This creates difficulties for religious communities when issues at stake are beliefs that, in the respective belief-systems, are definitive of the moral goodness and moral badness. Upon a more careful examination of the logical relations between the soteriological promises characteristic of what is sometimes called the ?substantive? layer of religiousness, on the one hand, and the public expectation of a tolerant coexistence of religious communities on a social level, on the other hand, it becomes clear that the tolerance required can only be a negative tolerance. Any expectation of affirmative tolerance de-values the soteriological script of the respective system of religious belief, and is thus likely to lead to serious disturbances in a liberal context of multi-cultural coexistence. The author argues that the recent political announcements of a ?failure of the multicultural experiment? are caused by the aggressive pursuit of ?affirmative tolerance? rather than by any in-built intolerance of others in any of the large religious belief systems now prevalent in the liberal democratic world.
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27

Dempsey, Jill M., Jay C. Kimiecik, and Thelma S. Horn. "Parental Influence on Children’s Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity Participation: An Expectancy-Value Approach." Pediatric Exercise Science 5, no. 2 (May 1993): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.5.2.151.

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This investigation examined parental influence on children’s moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) participation via an expectancy-value model that included parents’ behavior, parents’ beliefs about their children’s MVPA, and children’s beliefs about their MVPA. The influence of parents on their children’s MVPA was investigated via questionnaires tapping the belief systems of fourth- and fifth-grade children (n=71) and their parents (n=69). Self-reported MVPA was assessed for parents and children. Correlational analyses demonstrated a number of significant relationships between parents’ belief systems and children’s MVPA behavior and children’s belief systems and their physical activity participation. Based on hierarchical regression analyses, there was no evidence of a positive relationship between parents’ physical activity behavior (role modeling) and children’s physical activity behavior. Parents’ perceptions of their children’s MVPA competence was the only parent belief system variable related to children’s MVPA participation. In addition, children’s task orientation and expectancies significantly predicted their MVPA participation.
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28

CHAINBI, WALID, ABDELMAJID BEN-HAMADOU, and MOHAMED JMAIEL. "A BELIEF-GOAL-ROLE THEORY FOR MULTIAGENT SYSTEMS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 15, no. 03 (May 2001): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001401000964.

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Agent-oriented techniques represent a promising approach for engineering complex systems where interaction is probably the most important single characteristic. Accordingly, the recent years have witnessed the emergence of different approaches for the study of intelligent agent-based systems. One such architecture views the system as a rational agent having certain mental attitudes of Belief, Desire and Intention (BDI). This paper explores a particular type of rational agent, a Belief-Goal-Role agent. Unlike most previous work, our approach has been to characterize the mental state of the agents that leads them to take part in cooperative action. Hence, beliefs, goals and roles are relevant to our study of cooperation which have lead to the identification of communication concepts (beliefs and goals) and organization concepts (roles). The model is formalized by expressing it as a theory in a first-order, multi-modal, and linear-time logic. We use labeled transition systems to deal with the truth conditions of the formulae of our theory as well as with the behavioral semantics of our agents. We illustrate our work with the well-known prey/predator game.
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29

Smith, Noel W. "Belief systems--a psychological analysis." Mankind Quarterly 25, no. 3 (1985): 195–225. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.1985.25.3.1.

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30

Reynolds, P. A. "Belief systems and international relations." International Affairs 65, no. 1 (1988): 115–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2620988.

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31

Titiev, Robert. "Diagnosis of Ailing Belief Systems." Journal of Philosophical Research 18 (1993): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jpr_1993_7.

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32

de Beer, Fanie. "Media, information and belief systems." Communicatio 25, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02500169908537876.

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33

van der HOEK, WIEBE. "Systems for Knowledge and Belief." Journal of Logic and Computation 3, no. 2 (1993): 173–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/3.2.173.

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34

Thorne, Sally. "Health belief systems in perspective." Journal of Advanced Nursing 18, no. 12 (December 1993): 1931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18121931.x.

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35

Rate, Lyman T., Scott W. Sumerall, Renee E. Prew, and Rachel M. Linnemeyer. "Belief Systems of Homeless Veterans." Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless 12, no. 3 (July 2003): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2003.11739487.

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36

Dahle, Kjell. "Environment, development and belief systems." Futures 25, no. 10 (December 1993): 1070–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-3287(93)90075-5.

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37

Bueno, Otávio. "Belief Systems and Partial Spaces." Foundations of Science 21, no. 1 (January 22, 2015): 225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10699-015-9416-0.

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38

Pereira, Sara, and José Luis Pais-Ribeiro. "VALIDATION OF THE SBI-15 SCALE - SYSTEMS OF BELIEF INVENTORY." Psicologia, Saúde & Doença 22, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15309/21psd220109.

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39

Philpot, Tasha S., and Eric McDaniel. "Black Religious Belief Systems and Political Participation." National Review of Black Politics 1, no. 3 (July 2020): 374–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nrbp.2020.1.3.374.

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Political science research has shown that attending religious institutions promotes Blacks’ political participation by developing civic norms, skills, and networks. Fewer studies, however, examine what role religious beliefs play in promoting the political participation of African Americans. Inasmuch as religious beliefs are at the heart of what binds people to their religious institutions, it is also important to examine how variations in the way people conceptualize their religious duties affect their willingness to engage the political system. Thus, this article adds to the existing research by examining two religious belief systems prominent in Afro-Christianity: the Prosperity Gospel, which emphasizes individualism and divine favor; and the Social Gospel, which emphasizes working to achieve a just society. Using original survey data, the analyses find that the Social Gospel is associated with higher levels of political engagement and participation among Blacks, while the Prosperity Gospel is associated with lower levels.
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40

Hongsuwan, Pathom. "The Myths of the Buddha’s Relics of the Tai People: Reflections on the Relationship Between Buddhism and Indigenous Beliefs." MANUSYA 8, no. 3 (2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-00803001.

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This article intends to analyze the relationship between Buddhism and the indigenous beliefs that are evident in the Tai myths of the Buddha’s relics. From the analysis of the characters and their symbolic behaviour, we can see that the religious beliefs of the Tai people were very complex. The relationship between religious beliefs shown in the myths of the Tai people shows various characteristics and can be categorized into three groups: first, the conflict between Buddhism and indigenous beliefs; second, the integration of indigenous beliefs into Buddhism; and third, the integration of Buddhism into indigenous beliefs. The kind of relationship that occurs in each group is due to the variety of aspects of these beliefs that co- exist. The conflict between Buddhism and indigenous beliefs is reflected in the myth’s plot, motif and character behaviour, which is due to the conflicting behaviour of the two completely opposite belief systems in the myths. The acceptance of each offer between the two belief systems is reflected in certain sets of motifs and character behaviour. The study of the integration of the two belief systems shows the development of the mythical characters and their behaviour, thus reflecting the religious thoughts and beliefs of the Tai people.
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Feyzioğlu, Eylem Yıldız. "SCIENCE TEACHERS’ BELIEFS AS BARRIERS TO IMPLEMENTATION OF CONSTRUCTIVIST-BASED EDUCATION REFORM." Journal of Baltic Science Education 11, no. 4 (December 5, 2012): 302–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/12.11.302.

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A new Science and Technology program had been applied in Turkey since 2005. Constructivism has been the predominant influence on the program. Accordingly, science teachers are expected to have beliefs that are consistent with constructivism. However, the question of “what are the Turkish science teachers’ beliefs” is important because, the success of the program is dependent upon the teachers’ beliefs. This paper reports on the investigation of the science teachers’ beliefs about teaching science, learning science and managing behavior problems and any relationships among these belief systems. Data were collected through interviews with 18 science teachers. Results indicated that most of the science teachers held transitive beliefs about teaching science, and traditional beliefs about learning science and managing behavior problems. While teachers with 1-10 years experiences held a constructivist belief, this belief gave way to traditional belief as the teaching experience advanced. Beliefs of teachers were both interrelated and nested. Key words: classroom management, constructivism, learning science, teacher beliefs, teaching science.
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LIN, YAN, and MAREK J. DRUZDZEL. "RELEVANCE-BASED INCREMENTAL BELIEF UPDATING IN BAYESIAN NETWORKS." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 13, no. 02 (March 1999): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001499000161.

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Relevance reasoning in Bayesian networks can be used to improve efficiency of belief updating algorithms by identifying and pruning those parts of a network that are irrelevant for computation. Relevance reasoning is based on the graphical property of d-separation and other simple and efficient techniques, the computational complexity of which is usually negligible when compared to the complexity of belief updating in general. This paper describes a belief updating technique based on relevance reasoning that is applicable in practical systems in which observations and model revisions are interleaved with belief updating. Our technique invalidates the posterior beliefs of those nodes that depend probabilistically on the new evidence or the revised part of the model and focuses the subsequent belief updating on the invalidated beliefs rather than on all beliefs. Very often observations and model updating invalidate only a small fraction of the beliefs and our scheme can then lead to sub stantial savings in computation. We report results of empirical tests for incremental belief updating when the evidence gathering is interleaved with reasoning. These tests demonstrate the practical significance of our approach.
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Alsuhibani, Azzam, Mark Shevlin, Daniel Freeman, Bryony Sheaves, and Richard P. Bentall. "Why conspiracy theorists are not always paranoid: Conspiracy theories and paranoia form separate factors with distinct psychological predictors." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 7, 2022): e0259053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259053.

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Paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories both involve suspiciousness about the intentions of others but have rarely been studied together. In three studies, one with a mainly student sample (N = 496) and two with more representative UK population samples (N = 1,519, N = 638) we compared single and two-factor models of paranoia and conspiracy theories as well as associations between both belief systems and other psychological constructs. A model with two correlated factors was the best fit in all studies. Both belief systems were associated with poor locus of control (belief in powerful others and chance) and loneliness. Paranoid beliefs were specifically associated with negative self-esteem and, in two studies, insecure attachment; conspiracy theories were associated with positive self-esteem in the two larger studies and narcissistic personality traits in the final study. Conspiracist thinking but not paranoia was associated with poor performance on the Cognitive Reflection Task (poor analytical thinking). The findings suggest that paranoia and belief in conspiracy theories are distinct but correlated belief systems with both common and specific psychological components.
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Więckowski, Bartosz. "Intuitionistic multi-agent subatomic natural deduction for belief and knowledge." Journal of Logic and Computation 31, no. 3 (March 26, 2021): 704–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exab013.

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Abstract This paper proposes natural deduction systems for the representation of inferences in which several agents participate in deriving conclusions about what they believe or know, where belief and knowledge are understood in an intuitionistic sense. Multi-agent derivations in these systems may involve relatively complex belief (resp. knowledge) constructions which may include forms of nested, reciprocal, shared, distributed or universal belief/knowledge as well as attitudes de dicto/re/se. The systems consist of two main components: multi-agent belief bases which assign to each agent a subatomic system that represents the agent’s beliefs concerning atomic sentences and a set of multi-agent labelled rules for logically compound formulae. Derivations in these systems normalize. Moreover, normal derivations possess the subexpression property (a refinement of the subformula property) which makes them fully analytic. Relying on the normalization result, a proof-theoretic approach to the semantics of the intensional operators for intuitionistic belief/knowledge is presented which explains their meaning entirely by appeal to the structure of derivations. Importantly, this proof-theoretic semantics is autarkic with respect to its foundations as the systems (unlike, e.g. external/labelled proof systems which internalize possible worlds truth conditions) are not defined on the basis of a possible worlds semantics. Detailed applications to a logical puzzle (McCarthy’s three wise men puzzle) and to a semantical difficulty (Geach’s problem of intentional identity), respectively, illustrate the systems. The paper also provides comparisons with other approaches to intuitionistic belief/knowledge and multi-agent natural deduction.
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Hodge, David R. "Equally Devout, but Do They Speak the Same Language? Comparing the Religious Beliefs and Practices of Social Workers and the General Public." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 83, no. 5 (October 2002): 573–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.56.

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While the profession is witnessing growing interest in addressing consumers' spiritual and religious strengths, no studies have explicitly sought to compare the religious values of social workers with those of the general public. This study uses a nationally representative data set, the General Social Survey, to compare the beliefs and practices of graduate-level (n = 53) and bachelor-level (n = 92) social workers with those of the lower, working, and middle classes. The results suggest that the contents of belief systems differ, particularly between graduate workers and the lower and working classes, with social workers being more likely to endorse liberal religious beliefs. Yet, while the belief systems differed, there was little variation in expression, as social workers were roughly as likely to attend services and consider themselves strong adherents of their faith as members of the lower, working, and middle classes. The paper concludes by discussing some of the implications of the difference in belief systems.
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Doshi, P., and P. J. Gmytrasiewicz. "Monte Carlo Sampling Methods for Approximating Interactive POMDPs." Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 34 (March 24, 2009): 297–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1613/jair.2630.

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Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) provide a principled framework for sequential planning in uncertain single agent settings. An extension of POMDPs to multiagent settings, called interactive POMDPs (I-POMDPs), replaces POMDP belief spaces with interactive hierarchical belief systems which represent an agent’s belief about the physical world, about beliefs of other agents, and about their beliefs about others’ beliefs. This modification makes the difficulties of obtaining solutions due to complexity of the belief and policy spaces even more acute. We describe a general method for obtaining approximate solutions of I-POMDPs based on particle filtering (PF). We introduce the interactive PF, which descends the levels of the interactive belief hierarchies and samples and propagates beliefs at each level. The interactive PF is able to mitigate the belief space complexity, but it does not address the policy space complexity. To mitigate the policy space complexity – sometimes also called the curse of history – we utilize a complementary method based on sampling likely observations while building the look ahead reachability tree. While this approach does not completely address the curse of history, it beats back the curse’s impact substantially. We provide experimental results and chart future work.
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Vitulli, William F. "Beliefs in Parapsychological Events or Experiences among College Students in a Course in Experimental Parapsychology." Perceptual and Motor Skills 85, no. 1 (August 1997): 273–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.85.1.273.

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16 undergraduate students completed Crawford and Christensen's 1995 12-item Extrasensory Perception Survey about attitudes toward extrasensory perception events or experiences before and after taking a ‘special topics’ course in experimental parapsychology. There were no significant differences in scale values (1–5) (within subjects) between beliefs before versus after the course. Combined (pre- and posttest) mean scale values showed that belief in life after death, belief in the existence of extrasensory perception, and belief in precognitive experiences in dreams ranked highest in endorsement while beliefs in out-of-the-body experiences, auras, or psychokinesis, ranked lowest.
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Ally, Yaseen, and Justin August. "#Sciencemustfall and Africanising the curriculum: findings from an online interaction." South African Journal of Psychology 48, no. 3 (August 14, 2018): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0081246318794829.

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Dialogue on the relevance of psychology in South Africa cannot be established if it excludes cultural belief systems and the implications they pose on the lived experiences of individuals. Dialogue on cultural beliefs, however, brings with it conflict between scientific thinking and cultural beliefs. In this article, 11,124 online comments in response to a #sciencemustfall video during the #feesmustfall 2016 protests in South Africa were analysed using a thematic content analysis. The analysis focused on online comments posted in response to the story of a protesting student recommending that #sciencemustfall and that science must be built on the belief in witchcraft and the supernatural. The findings suggest that Africanising of curricula is associated with the perception that Western scientific thinking is absolute at the expense of cultural belief systems. There was also racist resistance to Africanising the curriculum.
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Tamargo, Luciano H., Alejandro J. García, Marcelo A. Falappa, and Guillermo R. Simari. "Modeling knowledge dynamics in multi-agent systems based on informants." Knowledge Engineering Review 27, no. 1 (February 22, 2012): 87–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269888912000021.

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AbstractIn this paper, we model knowledge dynamics in agents’ belief bases in a collaborative multi-agent system (MAS). Four change operators are introduced: expansion, contraction, prioritized revision, and non-prioritized revision. For all of them, both constructive definitions and an axiomatic characterization by representation theorems are given. We formally justify minimal change, consistency maintenance, and non-prioritization principles. These operators are based on an epistemic model for multi-source belief revision in which a rational way to weigh the beliefs using a credibility order among agents is developed. The defined operators can be seen as skills added to the agents improving the collective reasoning of a MAS.
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Furnham, Adrian, and Charlotte Robinson. "Correlates of belief in climate change: Demographics, ideology and belief systems." Acta Psychologica 230 (October 2022): 103775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103775.

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