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Journal articles on the topic 'Belgium – History – 16th century'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Poulain, Maxime, Jan Baeten, Wim De Clercq, and Dirk De Vos. "Dietary practices at the castle of Middelburg, Belgium: Organic residue analysis of 16th- to 17th-century ceramics." Journal of Archaeological Science 67 (March 2016): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2016.01.006.

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2

Rudnytska, Liudmyla. "Creation of the glass factory on the base of the village of Rokitne of Ovruch district of Volyn province." Kyiv Historical Studies, no. 2 (2018): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2018.2.4753.

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The article highlights the history of the village of Rokytne of Ovruch district in Volyn, which was founded in the 16th century. The rapid development of the village is associated with the change of owner at the end of the 19th century, the Russian nobleman V. M. Okhotnikov and the emergence of merchant of the first guild of St. Petersburg Yu. M. Rozenberg. The Belgian fund was involved with the participation of which it was built an glass enterprise the outskirt of Rokytne village. The factory worked to satisfy needs of the government and produce glass bottle of different capacity. Construction of the Rokytnе glass factory was possible in the presence of a raw material base — quartz sand and forests, which were used as fuel and as building material. Intensive development coincides with the reconstruction of the glass factory in 1900–1902 years. At the same time, a working settlement arose, whose infrastructure was constantly expanding, especially with the construction of railway connection. The number of population has also increased at the expense of employees who came to work from different parts of the Russian Empire. The administration of Rokytne glass factory provided dwelling for all workers and the representatives of small and midsize businesses and they rented the apartments for organization establishments of trade.

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3

Pavić, Radovan. "Prilozi za dopunu i modifikaciju regionalizacije Republike Hrvatske." Geoadria 13, no. 1 (January 11, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.566.

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1. The contribution considers the possibility and need for the standard regional structure of the Republic of Croatia divided into Pannonian, central (mountainous) and maritime part, to be supplemented and modifiedin the way that the central part i.e. Mountainous Croatia is defined in the dual way: The Gorski Kotar region as specially mountainous, and Lika as a special mountain depression (or mountain-encircled valley) space, thus making the undivided Mountainous Croatia.2. Instead of the expression regional division of Croatia the better expression is regional structure, because the concept of division has in itself political and geopolitical burdens. Countries normally consist of particular regions, whereas the division is something else: structure is a geographical aspect, and division has in itself political/geopolitical tension. Thus Croatia consists of regions and counties, and it is not divided in that way; Switzerland in the same way is not divided into ethnic groups, but it consists of them. However, there are those who consciously or unconsciously acknowledge ''division'' of Croatia in the way that: Istria and ''Croatia'' instead of Istria and the rest of Croatia. Unlike the mentioned, Belgium is divided (the Wallons and the Flemish), Ukraine is divided (Uniates and Eastern Orthodox).3. To understand a certain space it is necessary to have knowledge in geographical and historical sense, i.e. to perceive geography in a historical manner, and vice versa, which implies that it is the matter of historical geography, and at the same time about geographized history and historized geography.4. The major part of the work is devoted to the problem of geographical and functional location. Thus the region is specially located in the central part of Croatia, but has not taken over its central function due to many geographical, historical and geopolitical reasons.5. The position of the region can be, partly, equalled with the position in the space of "Croatian threshold", which is conquered only in the 21st century. Although centrally located in Croatia – after the Croatian space between the rivers Una and Vrbas (later Turkish Croatia) had been definitely lost in the 15th c. – the region did not also take over the role of functional central position. Consequently, the constant contrast between central location and absence of central functions remains. In historical and geographical meaning, the region, as a result, had a divisional meaning also because of relief and historical and geopolitical reasons (height relief, divisional role of the Croatian Military Border). In that way essential characteristic of the Croatian development of sovereignty is observed – it started in the maritime region, in the triangle Nin – Knin – Cetina, in this way the Zagreb region became the new region of the nucleus from the 15th and the 16th c.

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4

Joost-Gaugier, Christiane L., Colin Rowe, and Leon Satkowski. "Italian Architecture of the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 35, no. 2 (July 1, 2004): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20477014.

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5

Konstam, R. A. "16th century naval tactics and gunnery." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 17, no. 1 (February 1988): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1988.tb00619.x.

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6

Kulbaka, Jacek. "From the history of disabilities (16th-19th century)." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 38 (October 11, 2019): 19–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2018.38.2.

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The article presents various circumstances (social, legal, philosophical and scientific) connected with the care, upbringing and education of people with disabilities from the early modern era to the beginning of the 20th century. Particular attention was to the history of people with disabilities in the Polish lands. The author tried to recall the activity of leading educational activists, pedagogues and scientists – animators of special education in Poland, Europe and the world. The text also contains information related to the activities of educational and upbringing institutions (institutional, organisational, methodological and other aspects).

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7

Fernandes, Alexandre, Luiz Fernando Ferreira, Marcelo Luiz Carvalho Gonçalves, Françoise Bouchet, Carlos Henrique Klein, Takumi Iguchi, Luciana Sianto, and Adauto Araujo. "Intestinal parasite analysis in organic sediments collected from a 16th-century Belgian archeological site." Cadernos de Saúde Pública 21, no. 1 (February 2005): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2005000100037.

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Parasite eggs found in organic remains collected from medieval structures in Raversijde (medieval name: Walraversijde), a village on the northern coast of Belgium, are discussed. The eggs were identified as Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura, both human parasites. Species identification allowed elucidating the origin of the organic sediments and the structures, in this case latrines used by humans. Capillaria sp. and free-living nematode larvae were also found in the latrine. Although neither parasite burden nor prevalence rates could be measured, the abundance of human intestinal parasite eggs indicated a high infection rate in the village residents, reflecting very poor sanitation.

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8

Waddell, Peter J. A. "The disassembly of a 16th century galleon." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 15, no. 2 (May 1986): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1986.tb00562.x.

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9

Noonkester, Myron C., and Boris Ford. "The Cambridge Cultural History, Volume 3: 16th Century Britain." Sixteenth Century Journal 24, no. 3 (1993): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2542161.

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10

Bach-Szczawińska, Cecylia. "On the history of Krynki in the 16th century." Studia Podlaskie, no. 20 (2012): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2012.20.01.

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11

Bołdyrew, Aleksander, and Karol Łopatecki. "Volley fire in Europe in the mid-16th century." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana, no. 2 (30) (2021): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.201.

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The article explores the application of volley fire in European armies in the mid-16th century. On the basis of Polish sources, the authors established that shooting volleys was applied by Polish infantry in 1558. There was also training in collective loading and shooting conducted by a commander every few days. Fire was conducted in the Turkish manner, i. e. having fired a salvo the rank would kneel and load the weapon in this position. The painting referred to in the article «The Battle of Orsha» (created in the 1530s or 1540s) shows the West European manner of conducting combat by an infantry unit. It involved setting the shooters in three ranks and alternating firing at enemy positions with a simultaneous countermarch. This suggests that the method described for the first time by the Spanish in 1592 was spread half a century earlier. The sources show that in the mid-16th century, volley fire was known in vast Eurasian tracks from remote China, through the Ottoman Empire to the western ends of Europe. The difference lay in the way of conducting the volley fire, and the most effective form of fire applied in battles was invented by the Dutch in the 1590s. As a result of the enlargement of weapon size and the introduction of muskets, the method proposed by Tarnowski of loading firearms in kneeling position became increasingly obsolete.

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Truong, Anh Thuan, and Thi Vinh Linh Nguyen. "Trade Activities and the Spread of Christianity by Portugal: Port of Faifo (Vietnam)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 1 (2022): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.109.

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In the 16th and 17th centuries, Faifo (Hoi An, Quang Nam province) emerged as one of the busiest international trading ports in Southeast Asia in general and in Vietnam in particular. At the same time, in Europe, Portugal and its formidable navy discovered a new maritime route to Asia. Using this knowledge, the Portuguese became one of the first Western states to explore this part of the world and laid the foundation for trade and missionary activities in a number of different countries and locations there. Among them, Faifo (in Vietnam) was a notable example. In fact, for almost a century (from the second half of the 16th century to the middle of the 17th century), the Portuguese had established business relationships and played an important role in trading activities in Faifo. Meanwhile, the Portuguese Crown strongly supported the Jesuit priests, aiding them in becoming the first Catholic missionary force based in Vietnam, thereby allowing for the introduction and spread of Christianity in Faifo as well as in other locations around Cochinchina. However, at the end of the 17th century, for a number of different factors, Portugal gradually lost its important role in trading and missionary activities in the port of Faifo. This article examines the Portuguese commercial and missionary activities in Faifo in the 16th and 17th centuries. It also aims to make a specific contribution to clarifying the relationship of exchange between Vietnam and Portugal in the 16th and 17th centuries.

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13

Cram, David, and Ruth Campbell. "A 16th-century case of acquired Dysgraphia." Historiographia Linguistica 19, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.19.1.04cra.

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Summary The purpose of this article is to draw attention to one of the earliest historical reports, to the authors’ knowledge, of a specific acquired agraphia: the first-hand account of a man who lost his ability to use letters in writing as a result of a battle injury in 1536. The description occurs as an interpolation in Thomas Wilson’s Arte of Rhetorique (1553), in the course of a discussion of the localisation of the memory in the head. The case is described in sufficient detail to allow a tentative identification of the sort of disorder that was involved.

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14

De Raedt, I., K. Janssens, and J. Veeckman. "Compositional distinctions between 16th century çon-de-Venise’ and Venetian glass vessels excavated in Antwerp, Belgium." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, no. 3 (1999): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a808385a.

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15

Deforce, Koen. "The historical use of ladanum. Palynological evidence from 15th and 16th century cesspits in northern Belgium." Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 15, no. 2 (December 13, 2005): 145–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00334-005-0021-y.

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16

Lehmann, L. Th. "Underwater archaeology in 15th and 16th-century Italy." International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 20, no. 1 (February 1991): 9–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.1991.tb00290.x.

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17

Stagl, Justin. "The methodising of travel in the 16th century." History and Anthropology 4, no. 2 (January 1990): 303–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02757206.1990.9960802.

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18

Butel, Paul, and François Crouzet. "Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 16, no. 1 (March 1998): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610900007096.

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Among the colonial powers of the early modern period, France was the last to emerge. Although, the French had not abstained from the exploration of fhe New World in the 16th century: G. de Verrazano discovered the site of New York (1524), during a voyage sponsored by King Francis I; Jacques Cartier sailed up the St. Lawrence to Quebec and Montreal (1535). From the early 16th century, many ships from ports such as Dieppe, St. Malo, La Rochelle, went on privateering and or trading expeditions to the Guinea coast, to Brazil, to the Caribbean, to the Spanish Main. Many French boats did fish off Newfoundland. Some traded in furs on the near-by Continent. Moreover, during the 16th century, sporadic attempts were made to establish French settlements in «Equinoctial France» (Brazil), in Florida, in modern Canada, but they failed utterly. Undoubtedly, foreign wars against the Habsburgs, during the first half of the 16th and of the 17th centuries, civil «wars of religion» during the second half of the 16th century, political disorders like the blockade of La Rochelle or the Fronde during the first part of the 17th century, absorbed the attention and resources of French rulers, despite some ambitious projects, like those of Richelieu, for overseas trade. As for the port cities they tried to trade overseas but they were isolated and not strong enough (specially during die wars of religion) to create «colonies». Some small companies, which had been started in 1601 and 1604, to trade with the East Indies, were very short-lived, and the French did not engage seriously in Asian trade before 1664.

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19

Dehqan, Mustafa, and Vural Genç. "Kurdish Emirs in the 16th-Century Ruus Registers." Der Islam 96, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 87–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/islam-2019-0003.

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Abstract Sharaf Khān, author of the Sharaf-nāma, is the most energetic early modern champion of Kurdish history. One problem with the standard account of Sharaf Khān is that it organizes Kurdish history according to the author’s own classifications, rather than according to the administrative entities of the overlord empires, the Ottomans and Safavids; and that Sharaf Khān had access only to certain sources which are specific to the principalities. This indicates that one must be careful to use all claims of Sharaf Khān about particular Kurdish emirs, because not all that pertains to the understanding of 16th-century Kurdish emirs is included in the Sharaf-nāma. One way of resolving this inconsistency is to refer to the Ottoman archives. What we want to emphasize in this paper is the importance of the ruus registers for Kurdish history, which, we think, is less widely recognized. In what follows, we shall deal with the Kurdish materials given in the ruus registers.

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20

Dehqan, Mustafa, and Vural Genç. "The Kurdish Emirate of Brādōst, 1510-1609." Oriente Moderno 99, no. 3 (October 7, 2019): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22138617-12340222.

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Abstract The Brādōst Kurdish emirate, ruling over Rawāndiz and adjoining areas including parts of Urmīya, is one of the numerous Kurdish ruling families of Kurdistan, which succumbed to the conquering Ottoman and Safavid arms in the 16th-century. While Ardalān, Ḥakkārī, Chamīšgazak, and many other Kurdish emirates were yielded to the several recent studies, Brādōst remained a neglected Kurdish emirate. By analyzing written documents produced during the 16th-century — from both Ottoman and Safavid sources — a better understanding can be had of what political interactions were possible at this emirate in Ottoman-Safavid frontier history. This paper critically contributes to scholarly discussions of 16th-century political history of Brādōst and Ottoman-Safavid borderlands.

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21

Rasmussen, Knud. "Disputable Issues in the Russian History of the 16th Century." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (April 2019): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.2.2.

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Knud Rasmussen (1930–1985) was a famous Danish historian, Professor at Institute of Slavic Studies at University of Copenhagen, specialist in medieval Russia, author of a dozen of scientific monographs published in large editions including in Russian. In 1973, he defended his thesis titled “The Livonian crisis of 1554–1561”. According to the list of works published by J. Lind, 13 publications are devoted to the epoch of Ivan the Terrible. This article, published for the first time, is presented in the form of a report at the conference in Hungary. The scientist consistently outlined the main tasks and problems related to the study of Russian history abroad, in particular, in Denmark. He told what plan was built for the team of Danish historians who decided in the early 1970s to prepare a textbook on Russian history in the form of a problem historiographic course for Danish students, and how this plan was implemented. The study of works on Russian history and their systematization helped the team of Danish historians, which included K. Rasmussen, develop a special historiographic method and its principles, which led to developing understanding of the problematic historical field as a whole and placing individual research in it. As a result, a multivolume manual was written; by the time of K. Rasmussen’s speech, 3 volumes were published, covering the period of Russian history from the 17th to the 20th century inclusive. K. Rasmussen worked on preparing a volume on the Russian history of the 16th century. In the second part of his speech (article), the author shared his thoughts on the chosen approach to the assessment of historiography and spoke about the content of this volume, where he outlined the controversial problem of enslaving peasants, discussions on the reasons for backwardness of Russian cities as the basis of Moscow defeats in Livonia, possible ways of Russian revival, on the state and its institutions and on the development of historical events in the field of domestic policy. This volume was published after the death of the author in the same year: Rasmussen Knud. Ruslands historie i det 16. Arhundrede: En forsknings-og kildeoversigt. Kobenhavn, 1985. 161 s. Bibliography about K. Rasmussen: Lind J. Creative Way Knud Rasmussen (on the 10th anniversary of his death) // Archeographic Yearbook for 1995. – Moscow : Nauka, 1995. – P. 160–165; Lind J. H. Knud Rasmussen in memoriam // Jacob Ulfeld. Travel to Russia. – M. : Languages of Slavic culture, 2002. – Р. 17–25; Vozgrin V. E. Knud Rasmussen and Zans Bagger – Danish historians of Russia // Proceedings of the Department of the History of New and Newest Times of St. Petersburg State University. – 2016. – № 16 (2). – Р. 205–219. The abstract is prepared by Candidate of Sciences (History), Associate Professor N.V. Rybalko.

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Rahman, Mushtaqur. "A History of Arab-Islamic Geography (9th-16th Century AD)." American Journal of Islam and Society 14, no. 4 (January 1, 1997): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v14i4.2223.

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“Everything you ever wanted to know about the Arab-Islamic contribution togeography (but have had no time to learn up to now),” aptly describes SayyidMaqbool Ahmad‘s A History of Arab-Islamic Geography, which is a descriptionof the Arab-Islamic contribution to geography between the sixth and nineth centuries.To the uninitiated reader, the book may seem like a spider’s web; there isa guiding thread to follow, but that thread is hard to find and easy to lose.Barring language difficulty and the insipid organization of the text, the book ismonumental. It clarifies a number of misconceptions and provides authenticdetails about Arab-Islamic geography.The book is based on over 50 years of painstaking research of Arabicpalimpsests and chronicles and their translations into English and otherEuropean languages. It was the late Professor Hamilton Gibb of St. JohnsCollege (Oxford University), a shining light among Western Orientalists, whoasked Ahmad in 1945 for research on the subject. Following his mentor, Ahmadhas done a remarkable job of distilling much of the chaotic and contentious mattersrelating to Arab-Islamic geography. Never before has anyone attempted toprovide detailed “basic data” on Arab-Islamic geography. Contrary to whatmany Western Orientalists believe, the Arabs-in addition to being inheritorsand preservers of Greek, Indian, and Persian knowledge-made significant contributionsto geography. It was partly the contribution of Nasir al-Din Tusi(astronomy), al-Battani (astronomy), Mohammed Musa al-Khwarizmi (mathematics),Ibn al-Haytham (optics), Abul-Rayhan al-Biruni (astronomy, physics),Ibn Sina (medicine), Al-Jazari (mechanics), Al-Sharif al-Idrisi (geography), Al-Masudi (geography), Ibn al-Nafis (blood circulation), Ibn Majid (magnetic compass),and others to science and technology.that motivated the IndustrialRevolution of Europe.The book is organized into two parts and twenty-two chapters to present thevast literature by subject and chronological order. Part I of the book has threesections and nine chapters, which discuss the origins of scientific geography,astronomical and philosophical literature, reports of the explorers and Arabembassies, and regional discussions. These chapters are conclusive that Arab-Islamic scientific geography began with Al-Ma’mun (813-833 AD), who establishedthe first academy, known as Bayt al-Hikmu (the House of Wisdom). As aresult, in Baghdad after the middle of the ninth century, general and descriptivegeographical works began appearing. Included in this section are also chapterson the Iraqi and Balkhi school of geography. Chapters 10 through 15 discuss theimportant regional, philosophical, and astronomical geography works whichappeared in Baghdad. lbn Khurdadbih was the fit writer on the subject andhence can be called the father of Arab-Islamic geography. His Kirub ul-Musalikwu ul-Mumulik (Book of Roads and Kingdoms) is a classic.Two appendices, one concerning the Waqwaq Islands and the other concerningModification of Ptolemy’s Geography by Al-Idrisi, are the most revealingparts of the book because the location of the Waqwaq Islands and Al-Idrisi’smodification of Ptolemy’s map have long baffled Orientalists. Waqwaq Islands(ul-Juzur al-Wuqwuq) were fit mentioned in Ibn Khurdashbih’s Kitab ul-Musulik wu a1 -Mamulik. Appendix 2, Al-Idris’s modification of Ptolemy’s map, ...

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23

Galtsin, Dmitrii D. "Froben Prints and Polemics on Religion in Early Modern Eastern Europe." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 67, no. 2 (2022): 578–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2022.216.

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The article explores the Froben prints stored at the Rare Books Department of the Library of the Russian Academy of Science (Biblioteka Akademii Nauk) in Saint Petersburg. For three generations in the 16th century, Basel printers the Frobens influenced European intellectual life like no other publishing establishment, contributing to the spread of early Latin and Greek Christian literature, which determined both the development of theology and the humanities. Some copies of Froben prints are conspicuous for the history of their use which is intrinsically connected with various kinds of religious polemics in 16th and 17th century Eastern Europe. The focus of the article is the copies of Froben’s Opera omnia of St Augustine which underwent censorship in monastic libraries of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th and 17th century. The article traces the history of a number of Froben copies which belonged to notable Polish Protestants of the 16th and 17th centuries (Andrzej Trzecieski, Nicholas Radziwill the Black (“Czarny”), Andrzej Dobrzanski). The examination of the connections of Eastern European Protestants, which enabled vigorous exchange of books with Western Europe, bringing, for instance, a book from the library of the great Dutch cartographer Gerhard Mercator to the hands of a provincial Polish pastor, is carried out. Finally, the article addresses the marginalia left by Simeon of Polotsk on one of his books. These marginalia throw some new light on the question of Simeon’s genuine theological views. By examining the history of the copies from the Library of the Russian Academy of Science through the marginalia left in the 16th and 17th centuries by people of various religions, the article assesses Froben copies as a source on confessional and intellectual history of the period.

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Kadir, Hatib Abdul. "History of the Moluccan's Cloves as a Global Commodity." Kawalu: Journal of Local Culture 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/kawalu.v5i1.1871.

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Abstract This paper focuses on the history of spice trade in Moluccas. Using two main approaches of firstly, Braudel, I intend to examine the histoty of spice trade in Moluccas in the 16th century in relation with the changing of the structure of economy that affected the social and political relations of the Moluccans. Secondly, applying Wallerstein approaches, I find out that trading activities from the 16th century until today have created a wide gap between post-colonial Moluccas and the Europeans. To conclude, I argue that economic activities have always been accompanied by forcing political power, such as monopoly and military power. Consequently, they have created unequal relations between the state and society

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25

Tremp, Kathrin Utz. "Preachers by Night. The Waldensian Barbes (15th–16th century)." Church History and Religious Culture 90, no. 1 (2010): 102–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187124110x506554.

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26

Benfatto, Miriam. "The Work of Isaac Ben Abraham Troki (16th Century)." Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus 17, no. 1-2 (May 15, 2019): 102–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455197-01701006.

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The Jewish anti-Christian polemical literature includes in its arguments the figure of Jesus of Nazareth, since one of its main goals is to discredit certain attributes of the Christian Messiah. This literature, however, has been so far almost completely overlooked in the Leben-Jesu-Forschung. The present paper draws attention to the figure of Jesus that can be seen in the famous text of Isaac ben Abraham Troki, the Sefer Hizzuq Emunah (end of the 16th century), whose controversial deconstruction of the Christological figure of Jesus allows us to discover a particular type of historical construction.

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Haneca, Kristof, Ria De Boodt, Valérie Herremans, Hilde De Pauw, Joris Van Acker, Carl Van de Velde, and Hans Beeckman. "Late Gothic Altarpieces as Sources of Information on Medieval Wood Use: A Dendrochronological and Art Historical Survey." IAWA Journal 26, no. 3 (July 15, 2005): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-02603001.

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Wooden altarpieces are important features of European medieval material culture, especially of the Late Gothic Fine Arts from the 15th and 16th century. Many of them were carved in the Brabantine towns of Antwerp, Brussels and Mechelen in present-day Belgium. Although they were highly esteemed and exported all over Europe, little is known about their production process. In order to understand the context of the creation of the altarpieces, a detailed analysis of the wood has been completed to supplement and test historical documentation and art historical approaches. Tree-ring patterns and anatomical features of 209 wooden sculptures from collections of different museums were analyzed. Tree-ring analysis proved the 15th –16th century origin of the sculptures but also allowed a detailed technical characterization of the carversʼ basic material. The striking uniformity of the grain and the sawing pattern revealed that medieval woodcarvers preferred quarter sawn oak lumber, imported from the Baltic area. Stylistic and iconographic hypotheses concerning the current setting of several altarpieces could be founded, based on the wood anatomical and dendrochronological observations. Intensive collaboration between wood biologists and art historians proved to be essential in order to reconstruct the creation process of carved wooden altarpieces.

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Haneca, Kristof, Ria De Boodt, Valérie Herremans, Hilde De Pauw, Joris Van Acker, Carl Van de Velde, and Hans Beeckman. "Late Gothic Altarpieces as Sources of Information on Medieval Wood Use: A Dendrochronological and Art Historical Survey." IAWA Journal 26, no. 3 (2005): 273–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000116.

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Wooden altarpieces are important features of European medieval material culture, especially of the Late Gothic Fine Arts from the 15th and 16th century. Many of them were carved in the Brabantine towns of Antwerp, Brussels and Mechelen in present-day Belgium. Although they were highly esteemed and exported all over Europe, little is known about their production process. In order to understand the context of the creation of the altarpieces, a detailed analysis of the wood has been completed to supplement and test historical documentation and art historical approaches. Tree-ring patterns and anatomical features of 209 wooden sculptures from collections of different museums were analyzed. Tree-ring analysis proved the 15th–16th century origin of the sculptures but also allowed a detailed technical characterization of the carvers' basic material. The striking uniformity of the grain and the sawing pattern revealed that medieval woodcarvers preferred quarter sawn oak lumber, imported from the Baltic area. Stylistic and iconographic hypotheses concerning the current setting of several altarpieces could be founded, based on the wood anatomical and dendrochronological observations. Intensive collaboration between wood biologists and art historians proved to be essential in order to reconstruct the creation process of carved wooden altarpieces.

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GOSZCZYŃSKI, Artur. "The Magnates of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 16th-18th century: towards Sejmiks. Ciechanowiec May 24-27, 2022." Historia i Świat 11 (September 10, 2022): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/his.2022.11.25.

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Schalm, O., D. Caluwé, H. Wouters, K. Janssens, F. Verhaeghe, and M. Pieters. "Chemical composition and deterioration of glass excavated in the 15th–16th century fishermen town of Raversijde (Belgium)." Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy 59, no. 10-11 (October 2004): 1647–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2004.07.012.

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Dibbets, Geert R. W. "Dutch philology in the 16th and 17th century." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.04dib.

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Summary Within a hundred years the first Dutch vernacular orthographies and grammars were published in the Netherlands, as contributions to the cultivation of the language. In a number of these books the authors assumed the independence of the several Dutch dialects; in other publications we find the tendency towards a cultivated language, or we see that the authors started from the existence of a Refined Standard Dutch. However that may be the orthographists and grammarians aimed at the cultivation of written and spoken Dutch. Generally the grammarians did not pay much attention to two traditional areas of the grammar: orthographia and prosodia, but the etymologia was stressed: the theory of the parts of speech, and – to a lesser degree – the syntaxis. The influence of Latin grammar on Dutch was enormous, but could not prevent particularly van Heule (1633) and Leupenius (1653) from following their own course, for the most part within the traditional framework. In doing so the grammarians based themselves on the language usage, in which the nature of the language was given a concrete form.

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Lyman, Marie, Amanda Stinchecum, Monica Bethe, and Margot Paul. "Kosode: 16th-19th Century Textiles from the Nomura Collection." Monumenta Nipponica 40, no. 4 (1985): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2384842.

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Lowry, S. T. "Private Money and Public Currencies: The 16th Century Challenge." History of Political Economy 28, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 310–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182702-28-2-310.

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Metan, Saskia. "Editorische Verflechtungen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 64, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2019-0029.

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Summary Among the various descriptions of „Sarmatia“ which have been printed in the 16th century, the works of Maciej z Miechowa, Marcin Kromer and Alessandro Guagnini possessed the largest distribution: Published between 1517 and 1578, their works – containing information about the geography, history and population of the eastern part of the European continent – were reprinted and translated several times at several places until the middle of the 17th century. With a focus on paratexts and metatextual comments, the present article considers the entangled history of their editions in the 16th and 17th century and deduces receptions of these texts.

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Santangelo, Paolo. "A Neo-Confucian Debate in 16Th Century Korea." T'oung Pao 76, no. 4 (1990): 234–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853290x00083.

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Essary, Kirk. "Passions, Affections, or Emotions? On the Ambiguity of 16th-Century Terminology." Emotion Review 9, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754073916679007.

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The history of emotions is notably fraught with semantic anxiety, and a great deal of ink has been spilt in attempts to clarify emotion terminology, with respect to both historical and contemporary usage. Because the 16th century is both a momentous time of linguistic change for European languages (including Latin), and often for some reason neglected by historians of emotion trying to tell a longer story about emotion terminology, this article provides an overview of how 16th-century lexicons and prominent humanist authors handle the basic Latin emotion terms affectus and passio. It suggests further that 16th-century usage confounds Thomas Dixon’s assertion that “classical Christian” usage consists of a generally firm distinction between the two terms.

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van Impe, Ellen. "The Rise of Architectural History in Belgium 1830–1914." Architectural History 51 (2008): 161–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00003063.

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On the map of nineteenth-century architectural historiographies in Western Europe, Belgium has so far remained a blind spot. While the country’s architectural history of the nineteenth century has already received some (if selective) international attention, with a somewhat disproportionate focus on the Art Nouveau, the historiography arising alongside of it has largely remained outside the picture. Meanwhile, considerations as to Belgium’s particular situation, which presumably influenced its architecture, equally apply to its historiography; for instance its design as a crossroads of influences, as demonstrated in research into the Belgian Catholic Gothic Revival and into nineteenth-century (architectural) history in general, among cases one could cite. While interesting because of its own particularities, Belgium also represents a type of ‘smaller European country’ created in the nineteenth century, whose architectural history has been characterized as ‘often fascinating precisely in the extent to which [these countries] present attempts to resolve the inherent contradictions between the major interpretive models and prescriptions of the English Pugin-Ruskin tradition, French Rationalism, and the more archaeological approach of the Cologne school’. The relatively limited corpus of Belgian architectural historiography — at least when compared with the historiographies of the United Kingdom, France or Germany — is an additional advantage, since it makes the field of study more easily definable and thus allows for more detailed study.

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Jekele, Ilona. "Representation of the Livonian clergy in 13th–16th century sigillographic sources." Studia Slavica et Balcanica Petropolitana 29, no. 1 (2021): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu19.2021.105.

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The paper focuses on the investigation of the sigillographic sources — pendant wax seals, that belonged to the representatives of Livonian Bishops and Archbishops of Riga. For the investigation, more than 700 pendant wax seals from the Latvian State Historical Archive’s Fund No. 8 — “Archives of Internal Magistrate of Riga” were analyzed. The paper focuses on the wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Archbishopric of Riga, and representatives of the Livonian Bishoprics. Analysis of the seals of Livonian clergy reveal that several stages can be distinguished in their development. The earliest wax seals that belonged to the representatives of the Livonian clergy display a well-known image – a bishop seated on a throne holding his regalia. For earliest seals it was common to use uncolored wax, these seals mostly were round in shape but the transition to the pointed oval shape took place during the 13th-century. By the middle and end of the 13th-century seals transitioned into use of red wax. During this time also first double-sided seals (where the reverse can be considered as the counterseal) appeared. In this period bishops and archbishops are depicted standing in the church surroundings, indicating the seal owner’s status and rank. In the 14th-century the use of the family coat of arms also appears. Counterseals in 15th-16th-cenuries are used separately as the great seal and counterseal and the depiction used in them represent the importance of the cult of Virgin Mary in Livonia. Nevertheless, Livonian clergymen also used their family coat of arms for self-representation. Medieval religious communities were specialists in symbolization. During the middle ages they adopted and readjusted their own equivalent of self-representation devices used not only in sigillographic sources but also in artistic and architectural works.

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REGEV, Shaul. "The Attitude towards theconversosin 15th-16th Century Thought." Revue des Études Juives 156, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 117–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/rej.156.1.519374.

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Медведь, А. Н. "GIOVAN BATTISTA BELLUZZI AND HIS «TREATISE ON FORTIFICATIONS OF EARTH»." Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), no. 264 (December 3, 2021): 376–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.25681/iaras.0130-2620.264.376-387.

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Статья посвящена «Трактату о земляных укреплениях» (1554 г.) итальянского фортификатора XVI в. Джамбаттисты Белуцци. Описываются разделы трактата, отмечаются особенности создания земляных укреплений в Италии XVI в. Высказывается гипотеза о связи технологий создания итальянских земляных укреплений и подобных крепостей в Московском великом княжестве. The article is devoted to the «Treatise on earth Fortifications» (1554) written by the military architect of the 16th century Giovan Battista Belluzzi. It describes sections of the treatise, and highlights distinctive features of earthwork fortifications in Italy in the 16th century. According to the hypothesis presented in the paper, there is a link between the technology of building Italian earth fortifications and that of similar fortresses in the Grand Duchy of Moscow.

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Spierenburg, Pieter. "H.C. Erik Midelfort, A History of Madness in 16th-Century Germany." Crime, Histoire & Sociétés 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2000): 127–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/chs.838.

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Albert, D. M. "The History of Ophthalmology: The Middle Ages, 16th and 17th Century." Archives of Ophthalmology 104, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050130037012.

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43

Taylor, Larissa Juliet, and A. Lynn Martin. "Plague? Jesuit Accounts of Epidemic Disease in the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 30, no. 1 (1999): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2544981.

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Krajíc, Rudolf, Zdeněk Měřínský, and Pavel Vařeka. "Archaeology of the 16th–20th century in the Czech Republic." Archaeologia historica, no. 2 (2017): 367–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/ah2017-2-1.

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Norman, Corrie, and Kenneth Stow. "Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century." Sixteenth Century Journal 33, no. 3 (2002): 922. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4144103.

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46

Liseitsev, Dmitrii, and Richard Bland. "Reconstructing the Late 16th-and 17th-Century Muscovite State Budget." Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 17, no. 1 (2016): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/kri.2016.0015.

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Meskens, Ad. "Wine gauging in late 16th- and early 17th-century antwerp." Historia Mathematica 21, no. 2 (May 1994): 121–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/hmat.1994.1013.

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GRIGONIS, EVALDAS. "ŠVENTOJO RAŠTO LEIDINIAI VILNIAUS UNIVERSITETO BIBLIOTEKOS XVI AMŽIAUS KNYGŲ FONDUOSE." Knygotyra 56 (January 1, 2011): 149–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kn.v56i0.1506.

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Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Retų spaudinių skyriusUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01122 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: evaldas.grigonis@mb.vu.ltStraipsnyje analizuojami XVI a. Šventojo Rašto leidiniai, saugomi Vilniaus universiteto bibliotekos Retų spaudinių skyriaus fonduose. Pateikiama statistinės informacijos apie šių spaudinių kalbinį pasiskirstymą, leidimo vietas, kai kurie iš jų nagrinėjami plačiau, žvilgsnį telkiant į vietinius leidėjus, kurių spaustuvėse pasirodė dabar VUB esantys minėto laikotarpio Šventraščiai. Taip pat analizuojami šių knygų nuosavybės ženklai (proveniencijos), remiantis jais aptariamas buvusių LDK vienuolynų ar apskritai vienuolijų (jos buvo dažniausios Biblijos skaitytojos) sąlytis su spausdintiniu Dievo Žodžiu, atkreipiamas dėmesys į nemažos dalies Šventojo Rašto leidinių (jų leidėjų ir komentatorių) sąsajas su protestantizmu.Reikšminiai žodžiai: Šventasis Raštas, Biblija, XVI a., Vulgata, lotynų kalba, Vilniaus universiteto biblioteka, nuosavybės įrašai, Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė, Katalikų bažnyčia, vienuolynai, Reformacija Europoje, draudžiamųjų knygų sąrašai, leidėjai, spaustuvininkai, iliustracijos.PUBLICATIONS OF THE HOLY SCRIPT IN THE BOOK COLLECTIONS OF THE 16TH CENTURY AT VILNIUS UNIVERSITY LIBRARYEVALDAS GRIGONIS AbstractThe Holy Script has already lost its special significance to an ordinary Western man in modern times, although since the entrenching of Christianity in the 4th century A.D. the Holy Script was for long centuries the main cultural text of the European civilization. No wonder the first printed book from which the era of the printed word began in the culture of the world was the so-called 42-Line Bible of J. Gutenberg (in Latin, published in c. 1456).There are in total 149 pieces (or separate parts) of the Bible in the Vilnius University Library, issued between 1501 and 1600. The majority of these editions were published in Latin (70% of the Bibles), so it is natural that in the 16th century the printed Latin Bible (Vulgate) experienced its age of flowering in Europe (in total, 438 editions of Vulgate were issued ). The path of the Holy Scripture to the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) varied from such Catholic countries as France (the latter “presented” the bulk – over 25% – of Bibles kept at the Vilnius University Library from the 16th century), Belgium, Poland, Italy, Austria to such a “heretical” land as England, or such Protestant towns as Geneva, Basel, Strasbourg, Zurich and quite a few towns of Lutheran Germany such as Nuremberg, Frankfurt am Main, Leipzig, Rostock, etc. There is also the Holy Script published in the GDL – the famous Brest (or Radvila) Bible (issued in 1563). The wide geography of the publications’ origin as well as the miscellaneous (from the point of view of confessions) cast of Bibles’ editors, commentators, translators or publishers raises certain questions about the existence of ecclesiastical discipline in the GDL, for in accordance with various Indices librorum prohibitorum (Indexes of Prohibited Books), which were obligatory for Catholics, almost 46% of the 16th-century Holy Scriptures in the present Vilnius University Library were forbidden to be used at one time. On the other hand, the markings of ownership (provenances) in these books show that of all the 16th-century Bibles kept at the Vilnius University Library, which have such markings (91 copies), even over ¾ for some time belonged to monasteries, Catholic churches and colleges. Furthermore, more than half of private owners consisted of Catholic clergy and monkery. Talking of separate monasteries, the provenances also indicate that the majority of the 16th-century Bibles found their way to the Vilnius University Library from the Grodno Dominicans; the most affluent “donors”among monkhood were Franciscans (including both Observants and Conventuals). These findings, though indirectly, indicate the influence of Western and Central Europe on the religious life of the 16th-century GDL through the Holy Script – the fundamental writing for Christians.

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Vidmar, Tadej. "The Development and the Demise of Protestant Provincial Schools in Inner Austria." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. History 65, no. 4 (2020): 1147–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu02.2020.408.

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This paper analyzes and clarifies motivations and reasons for a short but intensive development of the secondary level of schooling followed by a sudden end, especially of the so-called Provincial schools, in three Inner Austrian lands (Carniola, Styria and Carinthia) in the 16th century. The situation regarding the organization of schooling in the 16th century was incomparable with the situation in the states headed by the Protestant rulers. Nevertheless, a type of Protestant gymnasium emerged here, which was called Provincial school (Landschaftsschule) and which also required some prior elementary knowledge for enrollment. For each of the three lands — Carniola, Carinthia and Styria — the establishment of the Provincial School was the first actual opportunity for the foundation of a central institution providing not only elementary knowledge, but also higher levels of education partly comparable to the curricula of the faculties of arts. Unfortunately, at the end of the 16th century, the development of the Provincial Schools was forcibly stopped. The article is based upon a thorough analysis and comparison of the relevant primary and secondary sources (in Latin, Slovene, German and English). The results show that all three school underwent similar phases of development and the same sudden termination, despite different inner circumstances, material foundations and time frame. In any case, the three Provincial Schools played an important part in the development of humanistic education on the territory of modern Republic of Slovenia and the Republic of Austria.

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Verschaffel, Tom. "The modernization of historiography in 18th-century Belgium." History of European Ideas 31, no. 2 (January 2005): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.histeuroideas.2003.11.003.

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