Dissertations / Theses: 'Belgium – History – 16th century'

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Henderiks, Valentine. "Catalogue critique de l'oeuvre d'Albrecht Bouts et les pratiques de son atelier." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210361.

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La thèse a pour objet d’établir le catalogue critique de l’œuvre d’Albrecht Bouts (1451-55 / 1549). Fils de Dirk Bouts (1410-1420 / 1475), peintre officiel de la ville de Louvain, Albrecht et son frère aîné, Dirk le Jeune (1448 / 1491), héritent de l’atelier de peinture à la mort de leur père. L’œuvre de l’aîné reste très controversée, aucun tableau ne pouvant lui être attribué avec conviction. Il en est autrement du puîné, Albrecht, à qui la paternité du Triptyque de l’Assomption de la Vierge des Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique peut être donnée avec beaucoup de vraisemblance. Le corpus de son œuvre, établi, en 1925, par Max J. Friedländer et, en 1938, Wolfgang Schöne, autour de ce retable autographe, comprend un nombre important de peintures. Ce catalogue n’a, toutefois, jamais fait l’objet d’une révision par les historiens de l’art. Seules quelques peintures ont été publiées de manière ponctuelle. Devant l’abondance des tableaux attribués au peintre, il convenait donc de réaliser une étude fondamentale afin de distinguer ses propres créations de celles de ses collaborateurs.

La thèse se compose de cinq chapitres. Le premier établit une biographie complète, sélective et chronologique, se basant sur les sources livrées par les archives de la ville de Louvain. Leur interprétation critique renouvelée et enrichie livre ainsi de nombreux arguments pour mieux définir l’individualité d’Albrecht Bouts et justifier le développement de sa carrière.

Le second chapitre concerne l’étude de l’œuvre d’Albrecht Bouts et débute par un examen approfondi de la seule peinture au caractère autographe reconnu, le Triptyque de l’Assomption de la Vierge. L’examen combiné du style et de la technique d’exécution de cette œuvre de maturité du maître permet de mettre en exergue les influences de Dirk Bouts et d’Hugo van der Goes et de définir la personnalité artistique singulière d’Albrecht Bouts. Suite à cette analyse, le catalogue de son œuvre est reconstitué de façon linéaire, depuis sa genèse jusqu’à son terme. Chacune des peintures qui lui sont attribuées est ensuite étudiée de façon chronologique et détaillée, précédée d’une notice technique préliminaire reprenant les données matérielles et bibliographiques, dans le cinquième chapitre consacré au catalogue raisonné.

La révision du corpus de l’œuvre d’Albrecht Bouts est fondée sur un travail d’attribution reposant à la fois sur l’approche stylistique traditionnelle et sur les résultats fournis par les documents de laboratoire. Une importante documentation photographique et technologique des œuvres, dont certaines inédites, a ainsi été rassemblée et sa confrontation constitue un support essentiel à la démonstration.

Le troisième chapitre propose, à partir des hypothèses émises à propos de la biographie et du catalogue des œuvres d’Albrecht Bouts, une analyse de la production de son atelier, particulièrement intense à partir de la première décennie du XVIe siècle. Dans cette partie, l’objectif n’est pas d’établir un exposé circonstancié et complet de chaque peinture abordée, mais plutôt de rassembler des groupes cohérents d’œuvres, également fondés sur une approche combinée du style et de la technique d’exécution. Un même principe de renvoi aux notices dans le catalogue raisonné est adopté.

Enfin, le quatrième chapitre est consacré à la réalisation en série d’œuvres de dévotion privée dans l’atelier du maître. De nombreuses généralités et quelques études ponctuelles ont préparé le terrain, annonçant l’importance de ce phénomène sans, toutefois, en mesurer l’ampleur. C’est pourquoi, nous lui accorderons une investigation la plus exhaustive tant sur les pratiques en vigueur dans l’atelier, que sur l’iconographique et le contexte socio-économique de la création de prototypes par Albrecht, dans la foulée de l’héritage des modèles paternels.

Ainsi, ce travail permettra de mieux cerner la personnalité d’Albrecht Bouts, de retracer son individualité artistique, mais aussi de réévaluer la participation de son atelier, afin de rétablir chacun de ces éléments à leur juste place au sein de la peinture flamande de la fin du XVe siècle et du début du XVIe siècle

The subject of the thesis is to establish a critical catalogue of Albrecht Bouts’ (1451-55/1549) work. Son of Dirk Bouts (1410-1420/1475), official painter to the city of Leuven, Albrecht and his elder brother, Dirk the Younger (1448-1491), inherited their father’s workshop after his death. The work of the elder son, Dirk the Younger, is still a discussed topic since no painting could be attributed to him with certainty. It is quite different for Albrecht who is the likely author of the Tryptich of the Assumption of the Virgin from the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts of Belgium. The corpus of his work, established in 1925 by Max J. Friedländer and in 1938 by Wolfgang Schöne based on this autograph altarpiece, includes an important number of paintings. This catalogue has however never been revised by art historians since then. Only some paintings have occasionally been published.

Considering the high number of paintings attributed to the master, there was a need to undertake a deeper study in order to distinguish Albrecht Bouts’ own creations from those of his workshop.

The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first one includes a complete, selective and chronological biography of the master, based on the data found in the archives of the city of Leuven. A newly enriched critical interpretation of these documents has allowed a better definition of Albrecht Bouts’s personality and a clearer understanding of the development of his career.

The second chapter is devoted to the study of the master’s work and starts with an in-depth examination of the Tryptich of the Assumption of the Virgin, the only painting recognized as an autograph work. The combined examination of the style and the technical execution of this altarpiece, painted during the mature period of his career, underlines both the influences of Dirk Bouts and Hugo van der Goes and helps to display his original artistic personality.

From there, the catalogue of his work is re-established, in the last chapter, from the very beginning to the end of his working life. In the last chapter devoted to the catalogue, each painting attributed to the master is carefully studied, on a chronological basis and in details, with an introductive technical note giving material as well as bibliographical information.

The review of the corpus of Albrecht Bouts’ work is based on a traditional stylistic approach and on the results given by laboratory documents. An important photographical and technological documentation of his works – some of them unpublished until now- has been gathered. Their comparison brought forward essential arguments on which our demonstration is based.

The third chapter, which builds on the two first ones, consists of an analysis of Albrecht Bouts’ workshop production, which was particularly active at the beginning of the XVIth century. The purpose was not to study thoroughly each painting but to extract coherent groups of works thanks to the same combined examination of style and technique. Like the master’s autograph work, each painting is subject to a careful study in the critical catalogue.

Finally, the fourth chapter is dedicated to the serial production of private devotional works carried out in the master’s workshop. There were already many general writings and some occasional studies on the subject, but none of them really measured the importance of the mass production. We therefore undertook a deep and thorough research on the workshop practices ,on the iconography and on the social-economical context of the realisation of works by Albrecht following the prototypes created by his father.

The thesis contributes to a better knowledge and understanding of the life, the personality and the work of Albrecht Bouts and re-evaluates the participation of his workshop. This will give to each of these elements its proper place in the Flemish Masters Painting of the end of the XVth and the beginning of the XVIth centuries.

Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Anthony, Danielle Tina. "Intimate Invasion: Andeans and Europeans in 16th Century Peru." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1515105243237725.

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Roberts, Dunstan Clement David. "Readers' annotations in sixteenth-century religious books." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610579.

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Davis, Lydia. "British travellers and the rediscovery of Sicily, 16th-19th century." Thesis, Southampton Solent University, 2006. http://ssudl.solent.ac.uk/579/.

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This project deals with the early period of what could be termed the 'Grand Tour' in Sicily, a subject which has previously been covered only in a small number of academic works. In particular, it looks at the history of British travel and travellers to Sicily, placing particular emphasis on the way in which classical considerations prompted, guided and inspired visitors to the island. Whilst covering a wide time span which ranges from the 8th until the 20th centuriy AD, the main body of the work focuses on the period between 1550 and 1770 and provides a study of the major British travellers to Sicily during this period - most particularly the journeys of Thomas Hoby in the 16th century, George Sandys and Isaac Basire in the 17th and John Breval in the early 18th century. It also looks at the cultural construction of Sicily itself during this period, and the major Latin and Italian historical sources which influenced, and in some cases were influenced by, travellers and writers from Britain. Much of this work involves the in-depth analysis of several of the major geographical and antiquarian texts from the 16th, 17th and early 18th centuries both in English and Italiaan. The results suggest that rather than the more traditional view of Sicily as a late addition to the Grand Tour, relatively undiscovered until the 1770s, the island had in fact generated a significant amount of interest from numerous erudite British travellers and antiquarians, who made a small but nevertheless important contribution to the body of work written upon the island and its culture and antiquities

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Martínez, Martínez Franklin de Jesús. "Cowlonialism : Colonialism, cattle and landscapes in 16th century New Spain." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418884.

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Cattle are not endemic to the American continent. Nevertheless, they are present and thrive in many landscapes, all the way from Canada to Argentina. The narratives about the process of colonisation of the American continent include human actors, but there is very little literature in comparison that deals on the influence of cattle in landscapes in the continent. In this thesis, I will contribute to the discussion about more-than-human processes of landscape modification, by analysing archival sources from the New Spain. This region included a big part of the West of the United States, Mexico and Central America. The period I analyse, between 1550 and 1602, represents the first decades of encounter between the Spanish settlers and indigenous communities, in the region of New Spain, where the Spanish established administrative institutions to manage their empire. The documents that I analysed showcase the transformations that cattle caused in the landscape, from how indigenous people lived, to what plants and crops could be cultivated. Inspired by Multi-species studies, ethography, and the concepts of “animal” and “landscape”, I use Actor-Network Theory to create a thoroughly described network of relations. In my analysis, I find that cattle influenced the activities that were performed in the landscape, as well as the ways that other actors interacted with each other. These actions, complemented by religious, economic and cultural ideas that circulated during the XVI century, would form what I call Cowlonialism, a regime of ideas and practices where cattle invade the land and displace their inhabitants, exercising power over other actors.

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Monette, Barbara. "The Anabaptist Contributions to the Idea of Religious Liberty." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/5060.

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The relationship between ideas and history is important in order to understand the past and the present. The idea of religious liberty and the realization of that ideal in sixteenth-century Europe by the Anabaptists in Switzerland and South Germany in the 1520s was considered to be revolutionary in a society characterized by the union of church and state. The main impetus of the idea of religious liberty for the Anabaptists was the application of the New Testament standard of the Christian church, which was an independent congregation of believers marked only by adult baptism. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the contributions of the Swiss Anabaptists to the idea of religious liberty by looking at the ministries and activities of three major leaders of the early Swiss movement: Conrad Grebel, Michael Sattler, and Balthasar Hubmaier. This thesis takes up the modern form of religious liberty as analyzed by twentieth-century authorities, as a framework for better understanding the contributions of the Anabaptists. My research then explores the establishment of the first Anabaptist church in history, the Zollikon church outside of Zurich, and examines its organization membership, motives, and strategies for evangelizing Switzerland. In all areas influenced by the Anabaptists, there was considerable acceptance of their doctrine of a separated church. Their teaching on liberty of conscience also influenced people in towns such as Zollikon and Waldshut. Possible historical links between the Anabaptist doctrines and establishment of later Baptist denominations are shown.

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Bishop, Jennifer Jane. "Precious metals, coinage, and 'commonwealth' in mid-Tudor England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708796.

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True, Thomas-Leo Richard. "Power and place : the Marchigian Cardinals of Sixtus V." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648270.

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Glowark, Erik. "The Christianization of Japan During the First Thirty Years of the Jesuit Apostolate." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/11510.

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viii, 169 p.
The Jesuit mission to Japan (1549-1639) has long attracted the attention of historians because it coincided with a number of developments in Japanese history: increasing contact with Western powers, political reunification, and the transition to early modernity. However, few historians have placed the Jesuit mission in the wider context of Christianization, a process that many different peoples and cultures globally experienced during the premodern and early modern periods. This study examines Japan's participation in the world-historical process of Christianization during the first thirty years of the Jesuit apostolate. Making extensive use of Jesuit documents written between 1548 and 1561, this study demonstrates how the Japanese of the sixteenth century experienced Christianization and how that experience connected them to other missionized peoples and cultures across time and space.
Committee in charge: Jeffrey Hanes, Chairperson; Andrew Goble, Member; Robert Haskett, Member
10000-01-01

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LaCerva, Daniel Anthony. "Purepècha y Pescado: Food, Status, and Conquest in 16th Century Michoacán." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1503004991079327.

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Blakeway, Amy Louise. "Regency in sixteenth-century Scotland." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/252207.

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Hall, Matthew. "Lyon publishing in the age of Catholic revival, 1565-1600." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/16276.

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This PhD dissertation focuses upon the role of Lyon's printing industry in the revival of Catholicism in the second half of the sixteenth century. Lyon was one of Europe's premier cities; booming trade and tolerant attitudes had been catalysts for its growth. It possessed one of the finest and most renowned printing industries on the continent. Reputations were turned upside down by the development of evangelical activism in the 1560s. By the late 1560s the city was once more firmly placed in the Roman Catholic camp. Lyon's presses joined in the newly found Catholic sentiment. Presses produced a vast range of texts necessary for the reconstruction of the Church. From the start, the commerce of the book and the fate of Catholic revival were closely bound together. Within a decade of the fall of the Protestant regime, Catholic authors and publishers produced steady streams of violent pamphlet literature aimed towards the eradication of the Huguenot. With a powerful combination of theological tomes and a flood of book and pamphlet literature addressed to a wider audience, Lyon's printing presses held an important role in the progress of Catholic revival. Chapter one sketches core aspects of the history of the printing industry in Lyon from its inception in the 1470s until 1600. Chapter two concentrates on the production of pamphlet literature between 1565 and 1588, the years of Catholic victory and the period leading up to the radical developments of the Holy Catholic League. Chapter three extends the survey of the period 1565 until 1588 by addressing the body of larger religious books published. Chapters four and five explore the role of pamphlet literature during Lyon's adherence to the Leaguer, and then Royalist movement. Chapter six examines the production of larger religious books throughout the years 1589 until 1600. This study of Lyon's place in print culture demonstrates that our preconceptions of the book culture - seen through the predominantly German model - cannot be accurately imposed across European printing centres. Contrary to the German experience print culture and the Counter-Reformation were inextricably linked. Moreover, French Catholic authors were prepared to confront the evangelical movement in the medium of print. By doing so Catholic authors and publishers fully utilised the weapons that had brought Protestantism so much success, making them their own.

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Crawford, David John. "Courts of conscience : English Archdeacons' courts at the time of the Reformation, c.1515-1558." Phd thesis, Faculty of Arts, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/9735.

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Strickrodt, Silke. "Afro-European trade relations on the western slave coast, 16th to 19th centuries." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2616.

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This thesis deals with the Afro-European trade on the Western Slave Coast from about 1600 to the 1880s, mainly the slave trade but also the trade in ivory and agricultural produce. The Western Slave Coast comprises the coastal areas of modem Togo and parts of the coastal areas of Ghana and Benin. For much of the period under discussion, this region was dominated by two kingdoms, the kingdom of the Hula (or Pla), known to European traders as Great or Grand Popo, after its coastal port (in modern Benin), and the kingdom of the Ge (Gen/Guin/Genyi), known to European traders as Little Popo, after its main coastal port (in modern Togo). In the nineteenth century, two more ports of trade appeared in the region, Agoud (in modem Benin) and Porto Seguro (in modern Togo). In terms of the Afro-European trade, this was an intermediate area between regions of greater importance to slave traders, the Gold Coast to the west and the eastern Slave Coast (mainly the kingdom of Dahomey) to the east. This thesis gives a detailed reconstruction of the political and commercial developments in the region, especially for the period from the 1780s and the 1860s. The discussion is based mainly on archival material from British, French and African archives, but also makes use of a wide range of published accounts, mainly in English, French and German, and information from oral traditions. Beyond its immediate local interest, the thesis contributes to our understanding of the operation of the Afro-European trade and its impact on African middleman societies. The intermittent commercial success of 'the Popos' illustrates the dynamics of the trade especially clearly. The Western Slave Coast is placed into the wider transatlantic trade network and its role in the trade re-evaluated. The link between the local and overseas economy is illustrated by the centrality of the lagoon, which is discussed in detail. Other important issues that are addressed include the role of the canoemen in the trade, the transition from the slave trade to the palm oil trade and the Afro-Brazilian settlement at Agoue.

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Robert-Nicoud, Vincent Corentin. "The world upside-down in sixteenth-century French literature and visual culture." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:1c0536cf-ffcf-4324-a626-19075e1acca8.

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To call something 'inverted' or 'topsy-turvy' in the sixteenth century is, above all, to label it as abnormal, unnatural and going against the natural order of things. The topos of the world upside-down brings to mind a world returned to its initial state of primeval chaos, in which everything is inside-out, topsy-turvy and out of bounds: fish live in trees, children rule over their parents, wives command their husband and rivers flow back to their source. This thesis undertakes a detailed account of the development of the topos of the world upside-down in sixteenth-century French literature and visual culture. By examining different uses of this topos - comic, moralising and polemical - it relates the transformations of the topos to religious, social and political conflicts of the period. To explain the shift of this topos from comic and moralising device to satirical and polemical tool, this thesis argues that troubled times produce troubled texts. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, two kinds of evidence will be examined: Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 present diachronic evidence of the 'polemicisation' of the topos of the world upside-down in literary genres of the period (adages, paradoxes and emblems) and within François Rabelais's body of work; Chapter 3 and 4 provide synchronic evidence of the polemical use of the topos of the world upside-down during the French religious wars in Huguenot and Catholic polemic and in depictions of socio-political turmoil. Charting the variety of uses of the topos of the world upside-down throughout the sixteenth century, this thesis connects the world upside-down and its historical context; and contributes to the scholarship on religious polemic.

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McMillan, Catherine Elizabeth. "Aberdeen and the Reformation: Implementation and Interpretation of Reform." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/711.

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In the burgh of Aberdeen in northeast Scotland, the realm's Reformation of 1559-1560 and the subsequent alteration of the religious landscape were unwelcome developments. Although national authorities required reform, the burgh's powerful governing local oligarchy, mainly comprised of wealthy Catholic burgesses, dictated the speed and shape of conformity to the new religion. Existing scholarship on Aberdeen in the 1560s has concentrated on the ways in which Aberdeen's leaders responded to the Reformation rather than the reasons behind those responses. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to further the understanding of the implementation and interpretation of the Reformation and Reformed Protestantism in Aberdeen from c. 1560 to 1568. Aberdeen's town council records from 1559 to 1568 and kirk session legislation from 1562-1563 and 1568 are the foundational primary sources for this study. Close textual analysis makes visible the many layers of meaning contained within these sources and unearths the common threads that run throughout. Additional primary sources, such Confession of Faith, Book of Discipline, and relevant entries from the records of St Andrews' kirk session, serve to place Aberdeen in the larger national context and, in many aspects, highlight the burgh's comparative religious conservatism. Chapter One of this thesis provides an overview of the national political and religious history from the early 1540s to the early 1570s. Chapter Two focuses on Aberdeen's response to the Reformation Crisis of 1559-1560 and the subsequent implementation of reform from 1560 to 1568 as administered by the burgh's civic authorities. Finally, Chapter Three explores and explains the interpretation of the Reformation and Reformed Protestantism by the town council and the kirk session. This thesis concludes that the town council of Aberdeen deftly maneuvered through the twists and turns of the Reformation and its immediate aftermath and was successful not only in retaining relative local autonomy, but also in restricting the pace and determining the character of reform. Furthermore, the burgh's kirk session sought common ground between Catholicism and Reformed Protestantism in doctrine and discipline and was able to distract attention from matters of religious belief and practice by concentrating on the regulation of moral behavior.

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Kwok, Yiu-wah, and 郭耀華. "The role of Chinese in Mongolia in the develoipment of Ming-Mongol relationship during the Jiajing Reign (1522-1567)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31950942.

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Taylor, Katie. "Communicating mathematics through vernacular books in Elizabethan England." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.607744.

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Nicholls, Sophie Eugenie Bay. "France and the Catholic League, 1576-1594." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610419.

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Sobers-Khan, Nur Anna Helene. "Slaves without shackles : forced labour and manumission in the Galata court registers, 1560-1572." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608134.

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Owens, Travis J. "Beleaguered Muslim fortresses and Ethiopian imperial expansion from the 13th to the 16th century." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA483490.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Middle East, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Lawson, Letitia ; Kadhim, Abbas. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on August 26, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-48). Also available in print.

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Haar, Christoph Philipp. "Household, community and power in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Jesuit thought." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709084.

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Schneider, Leann G. "Capturing Otherness on Canvas: 16th - 18th century European Representation of Amerindians and Africans." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1437430892.

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Park, Simon. "Diogo Bernardes and 'O Lima' (1596) : poetry, patronage, and print in early modern Portugal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cc5da494-8e61-4e94-abbc-2093396352ba.

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This thesis examines how the fortunes of poets and the status of poetry were changing at the end of the sixteenth century in Portugal. Centring on the long-neglected verse epistles in Diogo Bernardes's 'O Lima' (1596), I re-evaluate our sense of what it meant to be a poet when writing verse was not a sure-fire way to earn a living and when lyric poetry was regularly lampooned as trifling and immoral. Bernardes's surprisingly forthright cartas, I argue, offer new insights into the protagonists and procedures of literary patronage in Portugal. I use a combination of close readings and sociological methods to illuminate the practical strategies and rhetorical brinkmanship that Bernardes deployed in his quest for favour and highlight the frustrations and moral dilemmas of seeking the support of powerful, but fickle, patrons. Bernardes was a particularly remarkable writer for having printed his verse during his lifetime, and so I also trace how lyric verse was slowly legitimated as a cultural product during the sixteenth century and offer a case study of how an author's reputation was forged in the collaborative enterprise of print, then re-formed by the work of readers, thereby shedding light on the complex mechanisms of early modern canon formation. Paradoxically, I demonstrate that unequivocal praise of a writer's work can harm, rather than help, their chances of remaining in the canon. Although Bernardes's work is an echo chamber for these deep reverberations from the broader history of literature, this thesis also listens closely to Bernardes's distinctive poetic voice and allows it to speak out. Playful, candid, mercurial, it is a poetic voice that here seeks a wider audience.

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Tosh, William Patrick. "Testimonies of affection and dispatches of intelligence : the letters of Anthony Bacon, 1558-1601." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2013. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/9075.

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This thesis explores the affective and professional relationships that sustained the intelligence network of Anthony Bacon (1558-1601), a gentleman-traveller and spymaster for the earl of Essex. Through a series of interventions in the extensive Bacon papers in Lambeth Palace Library, I present four manuscript-based case studies that cast light on a host of relationship-paradigms particular to early modern English culture that are today poorly understood. Chapter 1 focuses on Anthony Bacon’s relationship with the Puritan Nicholas Faunt, and argues for a new understanding of the language of ardent affection between men that acknowledges the influence on such language of Reformed theology. Chapter 2 explores the correspondence of Bacon with Anthony Standen, an imprisoned Catholic spy, and suggests that the early modern prison may have been a facilitating institution in the creation of instrumental friendship between men. Chapter 3 examines the Inns of Court. I argue that the Inns’ concern for the values of friendship was reflected in the widespread political patronage system that operated out of the four societies, a system that was recognised and manipulated by powerful men. In Chapter 4 I explore a context in which the influence of friendship networks was deleterious: the unstable and unhappy political secretariat of the earl of Essex. I argue that the earl’s outmoded concept of ardent service was as damaging to his own household as it was to his relationship with the queen. Taken as a whole, this thesis argues for a new awareness of the place of feeling and the role of friendship in our understanding of relationships between men in the sixteenth century.

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Underwood, Lucy Agnes. "Childhood, youth and Catholicism in England, c.1558-1660." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610368.

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Conway, Martin. "The Rexist movement in Belgium, 1940-1944." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1989. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c65f3221-b732-4789-b3fd-e8aa8045c52b.

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The Rexist movement led by Léon Degrelle was the principal francophone collaborationist grouping in German-Occupied Belgium during the Second World War. In the 1930s, the Rexists had been a movement on the Catholic right of the political spectrum who advocated the replacement of the outmoded parliamentary regime by a more authoritarian New Order which would enable a return to the spiritual values of the Catholic faith. Soon after the Belgian defeat of May 1940, they emerged as enthusiastic advocates of an agreement with the apparently victorious German invaders and in January 1941 Degrelle publicly declared his support for the Nazi cause. This resulted in a marked decline in popular support for Rex but did not bring it the German recognition which he craved. Only in the summer of 1941 with the formation of a Légion Wallanie which fought with some distinction alongside the German armies on the Eastern Front was the basis created for closer links between the German authorities and Rex. Subsequently, many Rexists were appointed by the Vehrmacht administrators of Belgium to positions of public responsibility and in January 1943 Degrelle announced the abandonment of his former belief in a unitary Belgian state in favour of the absorption of the francophone Walloons into a Germanic empire. During the latter war years, the Rexists were often the target of attacks by Resistance groups and the atmosphere of fear created by these attacks together with the opportunistic efforts of Degrelle to .forge an alliance with the SS led to a progressive radicalization of the movement. By 1944, the Rexists had become a beleaguered marginal grouping who increasingly resorted to violence to counter their many enemies and in September 1944 many Rexists fled from the Allied liberators to exile in the German Reich.

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Cumber, Janey. "Tudor Abingdon : the experience of change and renewal in a sixteenth century town." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3a40ab4c-6bd1-4a88-be9a-36185f7ef591.

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This thesis is an early modern urban study that focuses both on national trends and events but also acknowledges the distinctive nature of the individual town. It takes a holistic approach to economic, administrative and socio-cultural changes and developments in a small but significant Berkshire town. The years after the dissolution of Abingdon abbey in 1538 were a critical time of losses, problems and opportunities for Abingdon. In the light of the town's successful development later in the century how serious were the challenges that it faced and what factors contributed to its survival? After a historiographical introduction and discussion of sources, two chapters investigate the town's medieval development under monastic lordship. The central chapters explore different aspects of change in Abingdon during the reformation period. In practical administrative terms the town's response was opportunistic and positive, due to a happy convergence of government policy and the continuity of local elite leadership. Economic and social strength and diversity gave stability, and a detailed rental survey demonstrates how the acquisition of public and private property benefited the town's elite. However, cultural and religious changes had some ill effects. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss Abingdon's successful administrative, economic and social development under the new institutions of the borough and Christ's Hospital established in the 1550s. Experienced leading men were supported by a thriving middling group of tradesmen. A brief discussion about the relationship between civic culture, civil discipline and puritanism later in the 1500s follows. The thesis concludes that Abingdon's resilience and survival was based on its diversified economic development and on social and cultural continuities. Abingdon's richly documented experience of reformation change demonstrates the need for continuing research into individual towns and offers an important contribution to our understanding of the age of reformation in English urban history.

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Meshal, Reem A. "Straddling the sacred and the secular : the autonomy of Ottoman Egyptian courts during the 16th and 17th centuries." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21241.

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The autonomy of the shari` a courts in Ottoman-Egypt during the 16th and 17th centuries, is the subject of this thesis. Specifically, it pursues the question of formalization (the incorporation of courts and their functionaries into the civil apparatus of the state) and, relatedly, the legal innovations which accompanied this policy (the merger of siyasa to shari `a and the development of the qanun ), gauging the implications of both for the judiciaries independence from the state. With regards to procedural law, it finds the courts to be the autonomous domain of its practitioners, muftis and qadis, while concluding that formalization renders the efficacy of the courts dependent on the fortunes of the state. With respect to the two innovations described above, it finds that in the contemplative realm of law, the manipulations of the state spurred certain legal trends without affording the state a place in the domain of law.

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Parker, Shannon Kathleen. "The honourable estate : marital advice in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/26895.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze advice about marriage written in England during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The first chapter focuses on marital counsel contained in letters, the second on advice offered by Protestant clergymen, and the third on various kinds of popular literature which discussed marriage and women. The contents of the works are described, as is the historical and literary context in which they were written. Although the form, purpose, and significance of the marital counsel varies, the advice itself is remarkably consistent. The central concern of the authors is how a man can select a good wife and how the woman should comport herself after marriage; only the works written by clerics describe the husband's marital responsibilities to any significant extent. The implication is that a successful marriage would result if the man chose his wife wisely and if, once chosen, the woman conformed to his and society's expectations. However, advice tells us only what people were saying, not what they were doing; it is prescriptive, not descriptive. Moreover, when examining works which dealt with wedlock, one becomes aware of the essentially literary nature of much of the counsel—many authors simply repeated or expanded on clichés. Their words do not provide us with insight into their own thoughts or matrimonial relations, but inform us as to the accepted, conventional mode of discussing marriage during this period.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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Chernoff, Graham Thomas. "Building the Reformed Kirk : the cultural use of ecclesiastical buildings in Scotland, 1560-1645." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8176.

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This thesis examines the built environment and culture of Scotland between 1560 and 1645 by analysing church buildings erected during the period. The mid-sixteenth century ecclesiastical Reformation and mid-seventeenth-century political and ecclesiastical tumult in Scotland provide brackets that frame the development of this physical aspect of Scottish cultural history. This thesis draws most heavily on architectural and ecclesiastical history, and creates a compound of the two methods. That new compound brings to the forefront of the analysis the people who produced the buildings and for whom the church institution operated. The evidence used reflects this dual approach: examinations of buildings themselves, where they survive, of documentary evidence, and of contemporary and modern maps support the narrative analysis. The thesis is divided into two sections: Context and Process. The Context section cements the place of the cultural contributions made by ecclesiastical buildings to Scottish history by analysing the ecclesiastical historical, theological, and political contexts of buildings. The historical analysis helps explain why, for example, certain places managed to build churches successfully while others took much longer. The creative tension between these on-the-ground institutions and theoretical ideas contributed to Scotland’s ability to produce cultural spaces. The Process section analyses the narratives of individual buildings in several different steps: Preparing, Building, Occupying, and Relating. These steps connected people with the physical entity of a church building. The Preparing chapter shows how many reasons in Scotland there were to initiate a building project. The Building chapter uses financial, design, and work narratives to tease out the intricacies of individual church stories. Occupying and Relating delve into later histories of individual congregations to understand how churches sat within the world about them. Early modern Scottish church building was immensely varied: the position, style, impact, purpose, and success of church buildings were different across the realm. The manner people building and using churches reacted to their environments played no small role in forming habits for future action. Church buildings thus played a role establishing who early modern Scottish people were, what their institutions did, and how their spirituality was lived daily.

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Saunders, Austen Grant. "Marked books in early modern English society (c.1550-1700)." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.648630.

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SANCHEZ, CAMACHO Alberto. "'Up and down' : Genoese financiers and their relational capital in the early reign of Philip II." Doctoral thesis, European University Institute, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/1814/69995.

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Defence date: 26 January 2021
Examining board: Professor Regina Grafe (European University Institute); Professor Luca Molà (University of Warwick); Professor Carmen Sanz Ayán (Universidad Complutense de Madrid); Professor Manuel Herrero Sánchez (Universidad Pablo de Olavide)
This doctoral thesis analyses the process of state construction in the early modern period from a joint perspective that amalgamates the agencies of state officials, lending communities, and local elites in the Hispanic Monarchy during the four initial years of Philip II’s reign. The project examines the convergence of private agendas inside and outside the royal administration, which were channelled by the Genoese lending community to overcome the consolidation of royal short-term debt in 1557 and its consequences. The application of an institutional approach, based on the works of Avner Greif, to the analysis of the social organisations that prevented a failure of coordination in the Hispanic Monarchy offers a fresh perspective on a topic normally assessed under predatory models. The specific study of two Genoese lenders who contributed to the establishment of a more viable and efficient financial system in the monarchy, Costantin Gentil and Nicolao de Grimaldo, provides details about how interregional transactions and local economies contributed to the consolidation of the early modern state.

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Simpson, Andrew Robert Craig. "Early modern studies of the Scottish legal past : tradition and authority in sixteenth century Scots law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609474.

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Moore, Francis Arthur. "Gloucester Diocese and the advance of Protestantism, 1541-1580." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683120.

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Panofré, Charlotte Anne. "Printing Protestant texts under Mary I : the Marian exiles' publishing strategies in their European context, 1553-58." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708245.

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莊小屛 and Siu-ping Amy Chong. "The chansons of Claudin de Sermisy in Attaingnant's Chansons nouvellesand other early collections." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31225871.

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Rossi, Guido. "The development of insurance in the XVI century : the London Book of Orders." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608035.

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Wood, Sienna M. "Chansons, madrigales and motetz a 3 parties by Noe Faignient| A Composer's Debut in 16th-Century Antwerp." Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3743677.

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Chansons, madrigales & motetz a 3 parties of 1568 is one of two volumes that constitute the debut of Antwerp composer Noe Faignient (c.1537-1578). This musical collection (henceforth CM&M a 3) survives only in manuscript in three partbooks held at the Stifts- och Landsbiblioteket in Linkoping, Sweden and has never before appeared as a complete modern edition. Like its sister volume for 4, 5, and 6 voices, Faignient?s 3-voice collection contains French chansons, Italian madrigals, Latin motets, and Dutch liedekens. A multi-genre debut was well chosen for the diverse city of Antwerp, the center of commerce and culture in the Low Countries in the 16th century, and for international distribution in pursuit of patronage or permanent employment abroad. The commercial value of chansons, madrigals, and motets had been well established in Western Europe by this time, but liedekens did not share the international marketability of the other genres. Liedekens are included in CM&M a 3 not for commercial reasons, but as vehicles of political propaganda and expressions of national identity corresponding with the outbreak of the Dutch Revolt against Spanish rule of the Low Countries. Faignient?s posture of religious nonalignment in CM&M a 3 parallels early rebel propaganda, but also reveals the composer to be a careerist; one of many composers of his generation to separate his professional and creative activities from religion in order to serve his professional ambitions and his political ideals amid the turbulence of the Reformation.

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Milstein, Joanna M. "The Gondi family : strategy and survival in late sixteenth-century France." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2579.

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This thesis details the rise to power of one of the great families of late sixteenth-century France, the Gondi. Antoine de Gondi, the last of fifteen children, left his native Florence to settle permanently in France in the first decade of the sixteenth century. Like many other Italian immigrants of his time, he established himself in Lyon as a merchant and banker. He later bought the Seigneurie du Perron, and married a woman of Piedmontese origin, Marie-Catherine de Pierrevive. Catherine de’ Medici met the couple and soon after invited them to court, giving them positions in the royal households. Antoine’s children, most notably Albert and Pierre, distinguished themselves at court, and not long afterwards were awarded the highest offices of state and church. Albert became Marshal of France in 1573, and Pierre became Bishop of Paris in 1570. At the same time, they proved themselves indispensable servants to the monarchy, and served the crown diplomatically, politically and financially, both in France and on foreign missions. Both brothers had large Parisian real estate holdings, both inside and outside the city centre. The essential role of the Gondi women in family strategy is also analysed. Albert and Pierre’s sister, Jeanne, became Prioress at the royal Priory of Saint-Louis de Poissy. The cousins of Albert and Pierre, Jean-Baptiste and Jérôme Gondi, stayed closely connected to the world of international banking and, together with other bankers, facilitated loans to the increasingly insolvent crown. The Gondi were often targets of anti-Italian hostility from various segments of French society, and contemporary perceptions of the Gondi family are examined. This study shows the family’s deployment of and reliance on close kin to expand their web of influence throughout France and abroad. This dissertation details the many mechanisms employed by the Gondi family to consolidate and expand their influence during the tumultuous French wars of religion.

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Graheli, Shanti. "The circulation and collection of Italian printed books in sixteenth-century France." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7809.

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This thesis is an examination of the circulation networks and the patterns of collection of Italian printed books in France in the sixteenth century. Although the cultural relations between the Italian and French territory have been studied, a systematic survey to assess the impact of books on the shaping of the French Renaissance has never been attempted. The first section of this study examines the trade routes and networks which facilitated the circulation of Italian printed books across the French territory. Because of the nature of the French early modern book trade, focused primarily on two major centres (Paris and Lyon), a geographical division has been adopted in investigating this phenomenon. Chapter one explores the trade networks existing in sixteenth-century Lyon, from the powerful Compagnie des Libraires to the activity of the libraires italianisants in the second half of the century. Chapter two examines the importance of Italian editions in Paris. Chapter three is devoted to the circulation of Italian books in the provinces and the impact of large regional centres and trade routes on the availability of books locally. Chapter four investigates private networks and their importance in making specific texts available to French readers. The second section of this study investigates the status and importance of Italian printed books within French Renaissance libraries. Chapter five looks into the development of the French Royal library and the role played by Italian items in defining its identity as an institution. Chapter six examines the presence of Italian books in French aristocratic and courtly collections. Chapter seven is devoted to the libraries of the French literary milieu, analysing the extent to which Italian books were cherished as literary exemplars, particularly with regard to vernacular texts. Chapter eight examines the presence of Italian books in professional collections, with particular attention here given to texts in Latin and other scholarly languages imported from Italy. The conclusion draws all of these strands together, looking at the specific role played by Italian culture, through the printed book, on the development of the French Renaissance. A catalogue of about 2,400 Italian printed books with early modern French provenance is included as an appendix volume. This data provides the evidential basis for this study.

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Doney, Simon. "The lordship of Christ in the theology of the Elizabethan Separatists with particular reference to Henry Barrow." Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683212.

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Carpenter, Thomas. "Oxford University in the reign of Mary Tudor." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d622ede8-4cdc-4bf7-acd8-471031eb28a7.

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This thesis addresses a significant, though largely unexplored, part of the Marian Counter-Reformation. Queen Mary and her ministers expected the University of Oxford's contribution to the success of their plans for the English Church to be decisive. From her letter to the University in August 1553, only weeks after her accession, in which she announced her intention of laying the foundations of her ecclesiastical policy in Oxford, the academy underwent a transformation. After decades of trauma which had left the University poor, empty and (literally, in some parts) crumbling, Mary's reign gave the University a purpose, something which had been difficult to discern since the Dissolution of the Monasteries had deprived it of a large proportion of its students and lecturers. Mary and, after November 1554, Reginald Cardinal Pole undertook an extensive programme designed to reform and restore the University, a programme which was willingly and tirelessly taken up by those sympathetic to it in the University. This had its theological, ecclesiastical, liturgical and architectural elements, each of which will be considered in this thesis. Its central claim is not just that the existing picture of Mary Tudor's Church is incomplete without the inclusion within it of the restoration of Catholicism in Oxford, but that it is in Oxford, and perhaps only there, that all the different elements of her religious policy can be seen for what they are: a consistent whole, conceived and executed with one purpose: the reintegration of the English Church into the universal Catholic body.

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Carvalho, Guida Maria Gomes. "16th century images of Japanese garden art: analysis of the jesuit's texts published in Portugal." Master's thesis, ISA/UL, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/17814.

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Mestrado em Arquitetura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The dissertation theme focus on how the Portuguese Jesuit manuscripts describe Japanese gardens for the first time in Europe. This research belongs to a larger project led by Cristina Castel-Branco since 2012 and applied to cities and landscapes that have been described during the 16th century by the Portuguese Jesuits. The first Missionary group arrived in Japan in 1549 led by Saint Francis Xavier (1506-1552). During their stay (1549-1643), they wrote numerous letters to the remaining members of the Company of Jesus and a few books reporting the progression of the Japanese Mission. In these documents they described the country they saw and gave their opinion on the local daily practices. The data obtained for the research project was supplied by paragraphs of texts containing information on Japanese garden, cities and landscapes, found within these texts, which are the most relevant 16th century documents published in Portugal on the subject. The findings of the present work confirms that the Jesuits writings contain significant information on Japanese garden art and make it possible the comparison between the images found and the images of the 16th century Japanese garden produced in Japan. Garden art and theory was analysed to provide a background of how the gardens observed by the Jesuits were and had evolved trough time. The selected passages describe the gardens of the powerful personalities and institutions of the time. Some of these places have survived until the present day, and were visited for the sake of this project. They suggest that the defined programs that label the Japanese gardens of the sixteen century nowadays were more vast and flexible than what is generally acknowledge and may be a contribution for Japanese Garden Art
N/A

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Saint-Amour, Pascal. "Market integration : France's grain markets of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61806.

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Müller, Horst. "The “Poor of Christ” and their significant impact on setting the scene for the 16th Century Reformation." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/74736.

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During the 500th Commemoration of the Reformation in 2017 a huge emphasis was placed on the main Reformation characters of 1517, especially Martin Luther. Those that preceded him were side-lined. Jan Huss was hardly mentioned, although the 600th anniversary of his execution by fire was only two years earlier, in 2015. Valdes of Lyon did not feature at all. This study shows that this lay person, Valdes, about whom hardly anything is known, had a significant impact on the 16th Century Reformation. This impact is not immediately obvious. The researcher reveals it by looking at the movement that resulted from his conversion in 1174, normally called the Waldenses, but in this study referred to as Poor of Christ, a name that they identified themselves with. The research does not focus on the Romanesque part that later formed the Waldensian Church, but on those living and ministering in the Holy Roman Empire, especially the German region. Original sources such as papal letters, inquisition reports and reports of eyewitnesses of that time are researched and the information gathered. Through historical contextual analysis and synthesis, the information is brought together to show the impact that the Poor of Christ ultimately had in their own context and beyond. The researcher shows how the Roman Church, instead of engaging with these lay preachers, tried to silence and eradicate them over a period of 350 years. This action harmed the church itself more than it did the people it was fighting against. The study shows how doctrines and decrees were formulated in reaction to the Poor of Christ, which became major issues in the run-up to the Reformation. The study shows an important link between the Poor of Christ and the Augustinian Order, that is generally not taken note of, and throws a different light on why the Augustinian Order played such an important role in producing Reformation Theologians. Further, the research shows how the underground lay movement influenced the thinking in cities and regions in Germany which became the first strongholds of the 16th Century Reformation, and that through their ministry the basics of Solus Christus and sola scriptura where already taught and practised in homes and families for generations prior to 1517. The researcher argues that Martin Luther and the other prominent Reformers were not the originators of the 16th century Reformation. Unlike Jan Hus a hundred years before, they succeeded because the climate in Europe, and especially Germany, had changed due to the presence and ministry of the Poor of Christ. The real force behind the Reformation were not the theologians, but the lay men and women who for generations shaped Christ- centred values, who, for 350 years prior to 1517 had already been studying and teaching scripture in the local vernacular. This study hopes that the Poor of Christ will become part of main stream Reformation teaching, a place the movement deserves. The study heightens the historical value of this research by showing how core aspects of the Poor of Christ can help the church today to be resilient and relevant. Their authentic way of living their faith is an example worth following. Church leadership are reminded of the importance of servant leadership, and all theologians are reminded that the real strength of the church lies in the lay people who are not dependent on clergy, but empowered to live and share what they believe.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Church History and Church Policy
PhD
Unrestricted

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47

Wigley, Andrew Paul. "Marketing Cold War tourism in the Belgian Congo : a study in colonial propaganda 1945-1960." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95925.

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Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on the nascent colonial tourist sector of the Belgian Congo from 1945 until independence in 1960. Empire in Africa was the last remaining vestige of might for the depleted European imperial powers following the Second World War. That might, however, was largely illusory, especially for Belgium, which had been both defeated and occupied by Germany. Post-war Belgium placed much value on its colonial role in the Belgian Congo, promoting and marketing its imperial mission to domestic and international audiences alike. Such efforts allowed Belgium to justify a system that was under fire from the new superpowers of the United States of America (USA) and the Soviet Union. This thesis makes the case that the Belgian authorities recognised the opportunity to harness the ‘new’ economic activity of tourism to help deliver pro-colonial propaganda, particularly to the USA which had a growing affluent class and where successive administrations were keen to encourage overseas travel. In building a tourism sector post the Second World War, efforts in diversifying the economy were secondary to the objective of using the marketing of tourism to actively position and promote Belgium’s long-term involvement in the Congo.

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Bouchard, Mawy 1967. "Horizons d'émergence du romant au XVIe siècle." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=38538.

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This thesis attempts to analyse the status of the 16th-century narrative---history, novel, epic---in its historical (instead of 'literary') context. The standard 'poetical' categories have been overlooked in favour of an axiology of 'truth' and 'falsehood' that overshadows all discourse from the end of the 15th to the beginning of the 17th century. Abandoning the traditional avenues of poetics (appraisal, classification, definition), this thesis studies writing and human invention in their relation to the presence or evocation of a transcendental divinity.
Christianity establishes a permanent break with both idolatrous paganism and iconoclastic Judaism so as to impose a new 'iconophile' relation to art: icons and poetical figures will be valued insofar as they constitute an evocation of the divine otherness and transcendence. Christianity encourages, within parameters rigourously established (by Tertullian, Augustine and Alain de Lille, among others) the writing of new texts dedicated to the enlightenment of faithfuls and of new Christians, as well as to the defense of faith against heresy and to the formation of clergymen. This thesis argues that medieval and many Renaissance narratives were written in this Christian perspective.
In the beginning of the 16th century, the monarchy increasingly favoured the emancipation of a learned institution that would rival the ecclesiastical university, a learned institution that would also seek to redefine the foundations of Christian faith and, in so doing, provide the king with powerful ideological weapons. The narrative---be it historical or fabulous---was initially linked to the Christian tradition, which makes of all writing an evocation of divinity. But, progressively, the narrative started to take position against the temporal dominion of the Church in favour of a power at once monarchistic and Christian (such is for instance the perspective of Dante Alighieri).
The scope of this thesis is thus twofold. On one hand, it argues that the 16th-century narrative cannot be apprehended within the parameters of our modern literary institution. That is, a text is never conceived as an imitation of reality possessing an independent status and constituting an end in itself, as will be established by the analysis of French narratives and paratextual commentaries from the 16th century (including the Illustrations de Gaule et singularites de Troyes by Jean Lemaire de Belges, the narratives of Rabelais, Helisenne de Crenne and Herberay des Essarts, and the epic poems of Ronsard and d'Aubigne). On the other hand, it studies the 'other,' historically predominant, cultural institution. In other words, it studies the absence of a 'literary' outlook as such (and therefore the absence of labelled genres such as 'the Novel', 'the Epic'), and the predominance of Christian thought in the establishment of a new secular (that is non ecclesiastical) cultural institution.

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Wilcox, Peter Jonathan. "Restoration, Reformation and the progress of the Kingdom of Christ : evangelisation in the thought and practice of John Calvin, 1555-1564." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d120d1f4-deaa-4447-9eb6-45f9e8fc3284.

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This thesis attempts to outline Calvin's practice of evangelisation in the period 1555-64 and to identify the theological basis for this activity as it is expressed in his works. It is argued that during the last ten years of his life Calvin was preoccupied with the propagation of the Gospel in France and western Europe and that echoes of this preoccupation may be discerned in his publications dating from this period. There are three parts to the thesis. Part I is chiefly historical and has two aims. The first is to convey, by a detailed study of the primary sources (including unpublished ecclesiastical correspondence), the full extent of the evangelistic enterprise which arose in Geneva after 1555 and of Calvin's role in it. The second is to show that a series of Lectures on the Old Testament Prophets which Calvin gave in 'the school' at Geneva was addressed to people caught up in this missionary endeavour and is to be read in this light. Part I concludes by identifying two themes which permeate these and other related theological expositions: 'the progress of the Kingdom of Christ 1 and 'the restoration (or reformation) of the Church'. The missionary content of these themes is established in Parts II and III of the thesis, which are consequently more theological. The sustained parallel between Part II of the thesis (which is devoted to the ecclesiological aspects of these themes) and Part III (which is devoted to their soteriological aspects) bears witness to the close connection between ecclesiology and soteriology which is characteristic of Calvin's thought about evangelisation. The identification and elucidation of this parallel is perhaps the single most important contribution made by this thesis.

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Reeves, Ryan Matthew. "The crisis of authority : foundations of evangelical political theology in England, c. 1530-1570." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609216.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Belgium – History – 16th century'

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