Relevant bibliographies by topics / Belgian law

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Belgian law'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 September 2024

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Belgian law.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Belgian law"

1

Naudts, L. "Belgium ∙ Belgian Constitutional Court Nullifies Belgian Data Retention Law." European Data Protection Law Review 1, no. 3 (2015): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/edpl/2015/3/8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Garzaniti, Laurent. "Belgium: Belgian Law on Money Laundering." Journal of Financial Crime 3, no. 1 (February 1995): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb025686.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Glos, George E. "Astreinte in Belgian Law." International Journal of Legal Information 13, no. 1-2 (April 1985): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500018370.

Full text
Abstract:
Astreinte proceedings, a well known feature of the French law of civil procedure, has been recently introduced into the Belgian legal system. The introduction was brought about by statutory means, the Law of January 31, 1980, that actually introduced into Belgian law the provisions of a Benelux convention on astreinte to apply uniformly in Belgium, Holland and Luxembourg. The provisions are based on those of the Dutch law rather than French law so that what is taken over from the French law relates mainly to the fundamental concept of astreinte and its name.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Sagaert, Vincent. "The UNIDROIT Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment: a Belgian Perspective." European Review of Private Law 12, Issue 1 (February 1, 2004): 75–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2004008.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract: Despite the major crisis in Belgian aircraft industry, Belgium has not signed the UNIDROIT Convention on International Interest so far. This contribution analyses the traditional financing techniques which are used within this industry according to national Belgian law, and the compatibility of the Convention with the concepts of Belgian security and finance law. The contribution entails the conclusion that there are no decisive points of incompatibility between the Convention and the system of Belgian law. Hence, it is highly recommendable that Belgian government assumes the economic benefits of the Convention and takes the necessary steps in view of the implementation of the Convention for Belgian aircraft industry.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Vandamme, Thomas. "Prochain Arrêt: La Belgique!" European Constitutional Law Review 4, no. 1 (February 2008): 127–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019608001272.

Full text
Abstract:
Belgian Constitutional Court beats all in referrals to EU Court – How come? – Origin and evolution of Belgian federalism – Permanent reform – Modest origins of present constitutional court – Use of Belgian and EC law to widen its channels – Identification of Belgian constitutional rules with EC rules – Statutory extension of Court's powers – Use of techniques in referral of Advocaten voor de Wereld – Translation of national constitutional issue into a European one – EC law-driven constitutional evolution in Belgium – Eventual undermining of Belgian constitutional principles
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Stijleman, Annelien. "Proof of the Facts in Belgian Administrative Law: An Analysis of the Case Law of the Belgian Council of State." Review of European Administrative Law 17, no. 1 (May 27, 2024): 21–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/187479824x17117014447490.

Full text
Abstract:
This text discusses proof of the facts in Belgian Administrative Law. In Belgium a general comprehensive theory on proof of the facts in administrative law is currently missing. There is no general Belgian legislative framework on evidence or proof of the facts as such. Monographs or academic studies that discuss proof in administrative law as such are lacking too. Therefore, the analysis in this article is based on the case law of the general and highest administrative court, the Belgian Council of State. This text discusses questions concerning the division of the burden of proof, the object of proof, the degree of certainty on the facts required, the means of evidence and the determination of their value.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hendrickx, Frank, Simon Taes, and Mathias Wouters. "Covid-19 and labour law in Belgium." European Labour Law Journal 11, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 276–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2031952520934554.

Full text
Abstract:
As Belgium and its population were heavily hit by the coronavirus, the Government adopted specific measures to address the economy and the world of work. The initiatives were deployed during the crisis but have also been designed for the exit scenario. Various measures have a strong relation with labour law. In addition to health and safety obligations, as specified in the Belgian Well-being Act, the new measures also refer to teleworking, social distancing, and have relied on the Belgian system of temporary unemployment.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Foblets, Marie-Claire. "THE ADMISSIBILITY OF REPUDIATION: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DUTCH, FRENCH AND BELGIAN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." Hawwa 5, no. 1 (2007): 10–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920807781787662.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis article reports on the most recent developments in Dutch, French and Belgian private international law concerning the problem of the recognition of repudiation. The comparison among the three systems—Dutch, French and Belgian—points to a noticeable disparity: France and Belgium have recently opted to strengthen their treatment of foreign repudiation. In 2005 the Netherlands decided to take a less strict approach. We review here in turn the French, Belgian, and Dutch positions.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Van Elsuwege, Peter, and Stanislas Adam. "Belgium The Limits of Constitutional Dialogue for the Prevention of Reverse Discrimination Constitutional Court, Judgment 11/2009 of 21 January 2009." European Constitutional Law Review 5, no. 2 (June 2009): 327–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019609003277.

Full text
Abstract:
On 21 January 2009 the Belgian Constitutional Court terminated a long-lasting dispute over the conditions for affiliation to the care insurance scheme established by the Flemish Community. What started out as a classical conflict over the division of competences in Belgium resulted in a discussion about the impact of European Community (EC) law on the constitutional autonomy of the member states. Despite the entanglement between Belgian constitutional law and EC law, the Flemish care insurance case reveals the different perspectives of both legal orders. In this case, the dialogue between the Belgian Constitutional Court and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) through the preliminary ruling procedure could not prevent reverse discrimination.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Samoy, Ilse, and Frederik Peeraer. "The Belgian Civil Code: How to Restore its Central Position in Modern Private Law?" European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 3/4 (June 1, 2016): 601–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016037.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract: This essay addresses the status of the Belgian Civil Code in the twenty-first century. If the French revision process should have a successful outcome, Belgium will be one of the last countries to use a nineteenth century code. Does Belgium also need a revision of its Civil Code, or are there suitable alternatives? If a revision is advisable, a more fundamental question arises: How can a revised Belgian Civil Code cope with the stratification of private law and the multiple challenges every European legal system faces today? The first part of this essay briefly elucidates the challenges for the Belgian Civil Code. The second part looks for suitable responses, including (but not limited to) a possible revision of the aforementioned code. The third part will argue that a modernization of the Belgian Civil Code is essential to restore its central position in private law. Since two of the key advantages of codes are their durability and their comprehensive scope, a modern Belgian Civil Code’s content should be limited to concepts, basic principles, and general rules. Any attempt to offer an overview of private law in its entirety in a single civil code can only be detrimental to those two key advantages. Because of the limited powers of a national legislature, the further development of the law can only result from collaboration between many different actors. An unremitting emphasis on the facts underlying hard legal questions and on the legal discourse is a necessary element of such a collaborative contribution.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Belgian law"

1

De, Smet Karel, and Elke Janssens. "Criminal liability of legal entities under Belgian law: A high-level overview." Universität Leipzig, 2019. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36367.

Full text
Abstract:
The principle that legal entities can be held criminally liable was first introduced into Belgian law in 1999. Some 20 years later, Belgian Parliament reviewed the rules, and adopted a number of significant changes. The present article offers a high-level overview of the currently applicable legal regime.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Wouters, Mia. "Impact of changing regulatory environments on labour relations between pilots and airlines : the Belgian and Canadian System." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=66115.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Fouladvand, Shahrzad. "Complementarity and cultural sensitivity : decision-making by the ICC prosecutor in relation to the situations in the Darfur region of the Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2012. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/38540/.

Full text
Abstract:
The complementarity regime created by the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) marked a radical departure for international criminal justice. It represented a significant break with the Westphalian state system of national sovereignty and a step towards a regime of global governance based on the rule of law. The ICC is rooted in a Kantian notion of cosmopolitan justice where there is a need for a response to state failures to eliminate gross human rights violations. However, it has also been seen as a post-colonial court representing the hegemony of western justice and western authority over local traditions, particularly in the Islamic world. The operation of the operation of the complementarity regime does not reflect all types of juridical traditions and is therefore viewed with suspicion by nations with different criminal justice ideologies and policies. This thesis examines the practical and moral legitimacy of the complementarity regime of the ICC from two possible perspectives, both of which in their different ways support the idea of universal jurisdiction. Kant's moral philosophy represents the western justification for the regime, whereas the tradition of Islamic Shari'a epitomises the potential resistance from the developing world. Through an analysis of the exercise of prosecutorial discretion under the complementarity regime in relation to the Ituri region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Darfur situation in Sudan, the thesis examines both the logistics of the decision-making in these cases, as well as the moral justifications for intervention. The fieldwork included a six month programme of participant observation and interviewing in the Office of the ICC Prosecutor in The Hague. The ICC is an independent court with a global jurisdiction which grants the Prosecutor a broad discretion to apply the complementarity regime to meet the expectations of the entire international community, regardless of the status, national origin or state citizenship of the accused. This thesis argues that a careful consideration of the moral case for the exercise of authority under the complementarity regime is important and depends upon an understanding of the inherent differences between the Rome Statute and national justice systems. The research highlights the fact that moral obligations do not end at national borders. It asserts that a credible complementarity mechanism requires the effective prosecution of international crimes in a manner which is legitimate in terms of local culture and traditions. Otherwise, as the research demonstrates, the Court will enjoy little support, particularly as enforcement has so far focused only on Islamic or less developed countries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Barbaix, Renate. "Het contractuele statuut van de schenking : hoe anders is de overeenkomst schenking en waarom?; rechtsvergelijkende studie ban het contractuele statuut van de schenking /." Antwerpen [u.a.] : Intersentia, 2008. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz290206154inh.htm.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Sanò, Claudia <1982&gt. "Legal presumptions in national tax systems (Italy and Belgium) and in EU law." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6181/1/San%C3%B2_Claudia_Tesi.pdf.

Full text
Abstract:
The thesis deals with the concept of presumptions, and in particular of legal presumptions, in the context of national tax systems (Italy and Belgium) and EU law. The purpose was to investigate the concept of legal presumption under a twofold comparative perspective. After having provided a general overview of the common core concept of presumption in the European context, an insight in the national approach to legal presumptions was given by examining two different national experiences, namely the Italian and Belgian tax systems. At this stage, the Constitutional framework and some of the most interesting and relevant at EU level presumptive measures were explored, with a view to underlining possible divergences and common grounds. The concept of (national) legal presumption was then investigated in the context of EU law, with the attempt to systematize under a uniform perspective a matter which has been traditionally dealt with either from the merely national point of view or, at EU level, through a fragmented form. In this instance, the EU law relevant framework and the most significant EUCJ case-law, in particular in the field of customs duties, VAT, on the issue of the repayment of taxes levied in breach of EU law and in the area of direct taxation, were examined so as to construe the overall EU approach to national legal presumptions. This was done with the finality of determining if and to what extent a common analytical framework may be identified, from which were extracted certain criteria governing the compatibility of national legal presumptions with EU law.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Sanò, Claudia <1982&gt. "Legal presumptions in national tax systems (Italy and Belgium) and in EU law." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6181/.

Full text
Abstract:
The thesis deals with the concept of presumptions, and in particular of legal presumptions, in the context of national tax systems (Italy and Belgium) and EU law. The purpose was to investigate the concept of legal presumption under a twofold comparative perspective. After having provided a general overview of the common core concept of presumption in the European context, an insight in the national approach to legal presumptions was given by examining two different national experiences, namely the Italian and Belgian tax systems. At this stage, the Constitutional framework and some of the most interesting and relevant at EU level presumptive measures were explored, with a view to underlining possible divergences and common grounds. The concept of (national) legal presumption was then investigated in the context of EU law, with the attempt to systematize under a uniform perspective a matter which has been traditionally dealt with either from the merely national point of view or, at EU level, through a fragmented form. In this instance, the EU law relevant framework and the most significant EUCJ case-law, in particular in the field of customs duties, VAT, on the issue of the repayment of taxes levied in breach of EU law and in the area of direct taxation, were examined so as to construe the overall EU approach to national legal presumptions. This was done with the finality of determining if and to what extent a common analytical framework may be identified, from which were extracted certain criteria governing the compatibility of national legal presumptions with EU law.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Goffaux, Patrick. "L'inexistence des privilèges de l'administration et le pouvoir d'exécution forcée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211677.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Lambert, H. "The right of political asylum and the status of refugees in Belgium, Switzerland and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304452.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Labelle, Chantal. "Etude historico-critique de l'institutionnalisation de la bioéthique au Québec et en Belgique par une approche contextuelle et transdisciplinaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209796.

Full text
Abstract:
La bioéthique a émergé aux États-Unis à la fin des années 1960. Peu de recherches ont porté sur son institutionnalisation dans d'autres pays ;les cas du Québec et de la Belgique sont ici étudiés.

Son émergence dans ces régions est, comme aux États-Unis, influencée par les questions suscitées par l'expérimentation chez l'humain à partir de la fin des années 1970. Dans ces trois régions, les premières formes d'institutionnalisation ont été celles de comités dont le mandat est de réviser les protocoles de recherches impliquant des sujets humains.

Peu de temps après les États-Unis, des centres de recherche universitaires ont été mis en place au Québec à la fin des années 1970 et au début des années 1980. Ces mêmes institutions sont retrouvées en Belgique à la moitié des années 1980. Il apparaît que dans ces trois régions les acteurs alors impliqués sont majoritairement des théologiens. La philosophie de l'époque ne s'intéresse pas aux questions éthiques suscitées par les avancées technoscientifiques du domaine médical.

À la fin des années 1980, davantage d'instruments procéduraux ont été publiés par diverses institutions québécoises afin d'encadrer les pratiques. Parallèlement, des programmes d'étude en bioéthique amènent le domaine à se professionnaliser. La période est marquée en Belgique par le débat entourant l'interruption de grossesse. Il devient évident que d'autres questions éthiques devront être débattues et personne ne souhaite que perdure la tension entre catholiques et laïques. Le colloque la Bioéthique dans les années '90 a permis la rencontre des acteurs dans un climat plus serein.

En 1996, après six ans de discussions, a été mis en place un Comité consultatif de bioéthique en Belgique. Son fonctionnement et la nature de ses avis tiennent compte de la présence de quatre piliers dans la culture belge, soit les Flamands, les Wallons, les catholiques et les laïques. Ce comité est devenu l'institution phare de la bioéthique. Il influence depuis les débats politiques et plusieurs lois du domaine de la bioéthique ont été votées. On remarque que dans les deux régions à l'étude, le langage du droit est de plus en plus présent et rend la bioéthique davantage juridicisée. Ainsi, au départ réflexive, la bioéthique est devenue davantage normative. Tant au Québec qu'en Belgique, les institutions de bioéthique sont de moins en moins un lieu de discussions et de rencontres qui permettent les échanges et la réflexion commune dans la durée.

--------

Bioethics emerged in the United States in the late 60's. Little research has been done on the institutionalization of bioethics in other countries ;the cases of Quebec and Belgium have been studied in this work, through documentary studies and interviews with twenty players in the domain.

Its emergence in those regions was, like in the United States, influenced by questions raised in the late 70's about the use of human subjects in studies. In Quebec and Belgium, the first forms of institutionalization were ethics committees who were given the mandate to revise experimental protocols.

Following the United States, at the end of the 70's and the beginning of the 80's, research centers were put in place in Quebec. In Belgium, they were set up in the mid 80's. In those three regions, it appears that theologians were the first to be involved. Philosophy, in those days, was not interested with ethical questions raised by medical technoscience advances.

By the end of the 80's, more procedural instruments were published by institutions in Quebec to guide ethic practices. In a parallel direction, universities offered more programs in bioethics and brought the discipline to become professionalized. This period was marked in Belgium by the debate over abortion. It became apparent that other ethical issues would have to be discussed, but nobody wanted to endure the tension between Catholics and Seculars. The conference Bioethics in the 90's brought together the players of the field in a calmer setting.

In 1996, after six years of discussions, the Advisory Committee on Bioethics was set in place in Belgium. Its function and the nature of its views reflect the presence of the four pillars in the Belgian culture :the Flemish, the Walloons, the Catholics and the Seculars. This Committee has become the flagship institution of bioethics. It influences political debates and several laws in the field of bioethics have been passed since its inception. In Quebec and in Belgium, the language of law is becoming more present and makes bioethics more « juridicialized ». Thus, initially more reflexive, bioethics is becoming more normative. In both regions, bioethical institutions are less and less an arena of discourse where meetings permit long exchanges and philosophical reflection.


Doctorat en Philosophie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Brühl-Moser, Denise. "Die schweizerische Staatsleitung : im Spannungsfeld von nationaler Konsensfindung, Europäsierung und Internationalisierung ; mit Bezügen zu Belgien, Deutschland, Frankreich, Grossbritannien und Österreich /." Bern : Stämpfli, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/524327785.pdf.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Belgian law"

1

de, Vos Diego, Roeges Luc, Hulle K. van, and AEDBF-Belgium, eds. New Belgian banking law. London: Wiley Chancery, 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Hubert, Bocken, and Bondt Walter de, eds. Introduction to Belgian law. Bruxelles: Bruylant, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

André, Alen, Tilleman Bernard, and Peeters Patrick, eds. Treatise on Belgian constitutional law. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Deschrijver, Dirk. Standard business contracts under Belgian law. Brussel: Larcier, 2006.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Tiberghien, Albert. Belgian taxation: An outline. 5th ed. Deventer: Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Broe, Luc De. Tax and accounting aspects of leasing under Belgian law and the Belgian-US tax treaty. Brussels: Etablissements Emile Bruylant, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Anspach, Lionel E. F. Dictionary of Anglo-Belgian law =: Dictionnaire de droit anglo-belge. Littleton, Colo: F.B. Rothman, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Craenen, Godelieve. The institutions of federal Belgium: An introduction to Belgian public law. 2nd ed. Leuven: Acco, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Verbeke, Christian F. Belgian law: An annotated bibliographic guide to reference materials, 1803-1993. Bruxelles, Belgique: C.B.B.B.-B.C.B.B., 1994.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Samoy, Ilse, and Bruno Lambrecht. Consortium agreements for research projects: Multiparty agreements under Belgian contract law. Cambridge: Intersentia, 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Belgian law"

1

De Tavernier, Pieter. "Children as Tortfeasors under Belgian Law." In Tort and Insurance Law, 63–109. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-211-31132-7_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

De Tavernier, Pieter. "Children as Victims under Belgian Law." In Tort and Insurance Law, 29–44. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-31131-8_3.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Tieberghien, Julie. "The Reform of Belgian Drug Law." In Change or Continuity in Drug Policy, 125–43. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017. | Series: Routledge frontiers of criminal justice: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315472379-8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Maes, Christophe, and Bas Leijssenaar. "Constituent power in the Belgian National Congress and the 1831 Belgian Constitution." In Sovereignty, Civic Participation, and Constitutional Law, 116–34. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039525-9.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Wautelet, Patrick. "Belgium: Foreign Law in Belgian Courts – From Theory to Practice." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 63–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56574-3_2.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Stuyck, Jules. "Belgian Report: Example of an Integrated Approach." In Law Against Unfair Competition, 139–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71882-6_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Geenens, Raf. "Sovereignty without sovereignty The Belgian solution." In Sovereignty, Civic Participation, and Constitutional Law, 270–96. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003039525-18.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Kruithof, Marc. "Disgorgement of Profits in Belgian Private Law." In Disgorgement of Profits, 89–120. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18759-4_5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Christians, Louis-Léon, and Adriaan Overbeeke. "Religious Rules and Principles in Belgian Law." In Religious Rules, State Law, and Normative Pluralism - A Comparative Overview, 91–115. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28335-7_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Walleyn, Luc. "Universal Jurisdiction: Lessons from the Belgian Experience." In Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, 394–406. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-6704-757-9_14.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Belgian law"

1

"PROBA-II Payload: Belgian mini Space Weather Observatory." In 55th International Astronautical Congress of the International Astronautical Federation, the International Academy of Astronautics, and the International Institute of Space Law. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.iac-04-iaa.4.11.2.07.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Cantarella, Jacques, and Brigitte Roger. "Third National Inventory of Nuclear Liabilities: Main Findings, Lessons Learned." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96270.

Full text
Abstract:
The safe management of a country’s radioactive substances in both the short and the long term implies a cost to its present society and necessitates financial resources to cover these costs. Once they are needed, these financial resources may prove to be insufficient or even completely lacking, leading to a nuclear liability. By virtue of article 9 of the Belgian law of 12th December 1997, the Belgian Government wishes to avoid the occurrence of such nuclear liabilities. This law charges ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials with the mission to draw up a register of the localisation and the state of all nuclear sites and all sites containing radioactive substances, to estimate the costs of their decommissioning and remediation, to evaluate the existence and adequacy of the provisions for financing these future or current operations and to update the resulting inventory of nuclear liabilities on a five-yearly basis. This paper outlines the methodology put in place by ONDRAF/NIRAS to accomplish this assignment and highlights some of the results of this third inventory. It then focuses on the main recommendations ONDRAF/NIRAS made to the Belgian Government on the field of avoiding potential nuclear liabilities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Cosemans, Christian, Jacques Cantarella, and Gerda Bal. "The Inventory of Nuclear Liabilities: A Mission of Public Interest." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16317.

Full text
Abstract:
The safe management of a country’s radioactive substances in both the short and the long term implies a cost to its present society and necessitates financial resources to cover these costs. Once they are needed, these financial resources may prove to be insufficient or even completely lacking, leading to a nuclear liability. By virtue of article 9 of the Belgian law of 12th December 1997, the Belgian Government wishes to avoid the occurrence of such nuclear liabilities. This law charges ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials with the mission to draw up a register of the localisation and the state of all nuclear sites and all sites containing radioactive substances, to estimate the costs of their decommissioning and remediation, to evaluate the existence and adequacy of the provisions for financing these future or current operations and to update the resulting inventory of nuclear liabilities on a five-yearly basis. This paper outlines the methodology put in place by ONDRAF/NIRAS to accomplish this assignment and highlights some of the results of this exercise. It than focuses on the main recommendations ONDRAF/NIRAS made to the Belgian Government on the field of avoiding potential nuclear liabilities.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

De pooter, Vincent, David Vanleeuw, Gunter Van Zaelen, and Marnix Braeckeveldt. "Strategy and Practice in Spent Sealed Sources Management in Belgium." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16335.

Full text
Abstract:
Radioactive sources are used for a variety of purposes, e.g. in medical treatment and diagnosis, research applications, measurement, testing, detection and calibration in industry, educational activities in colleges and universities etc. As part of its mission, ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Radioactive Waste Management Agency, draws up an inventory of all radioactive substances and nuclear installations on the Belgian territory. In recent years this inventory has been used to launch specific campaigns for the collection of different types of radioactive sources. In addition to this, the Royal Decree of 23 May 2006 concerning the transposition into Belgian law of the Spent High Activity Sealed Sources and the Management of Orphan Sources Directive of the EU (2003/122/EURATOM) has led to an increase in the number of requests addressed to ONDRAF/NIRAS for the collection of these types of radioactive waste and to an intensified collaboration between ONDRAF/NIRAS and the Belgian Safety Authority FANC/AFCN towards an effective management of orphan sources. Specific properties of these spent sources such as their activity, external dose rate, weight, size and/or their invalid special form certificate may complicate the transport and final treatment and conditioning of this type of waste and that is why these operations require careful attention. An overview of the radioactive sources already collected as radioactive waste or still present in the nuclear installations, different cases and problems encountered are presented in this paper, as well as the waste management options adopted by ONDRAF/NIRAS to deal with this type of waste.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Sana, Hugues, and Clio Gielen. "The advanced Master of Space Studies at KU Leuven and Ghent University: Trends and tendencies in the program demographics." In Symposium on Space Educational Activities (SSAE). Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788419184405.013.

Full text
Abstract:
Organized by KU Leuven and Ghent University, two leading Belgian universities, the Master of Space Studies is an interdisciplinary post-master program that aims to equip students with the skills they need to initiate a career in the space sector. Beyond the deepening of their initial expertise, the program exposes the participating students to a broad range of topics, from human science (space law and policy, international organizations, project management, ...), to technical science (space missions, spacecraft and payload engineering, satellite telecommunications, ...), and exact sciences (Earth and Space observations, medical sciences, human explorations, ...) with the aim to provide the students with a broad overview of the interdisciplinary expertise required by many space projects. Initiated in the late 2000s, the program has served as a gateway into the space sector for over 100 students since its creation. After a brief introduction to the program, we present a programmatic analysis, based on quantitative and qualitative surveys of students and alumni. We present the demographic, career tracks and current professional situations of students in the last 10 years, allowing us to identify trends that affects tertiary education to space sector. We conclude by briefly highlighting other ongoing space education activities, from the Belgian antenna of ESERO to the involvement of students in CubeSpec, a 6U CubeSat platform selected as ESA in-flight demonstrator to enable low-cost versatile spectroscopy of astronomical targets
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Deckers, Jan, and Paul Luycx. "Six Years Operation Experience With the Cilva Incinerator for Radioactive Waste Treatment." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1151.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract Since the very beginning of nuclear activities in Belgium, the incineration of radioactive waste was chosen as a suitable technique for achieving an optimal volume reduction of the produced waste quantities. An experimental furnace “Evence Coppée” was built in 1960 for treatment of LLW produced by the Belgian Research Centre (CEN.SCK). Regulatory this furnace has been modified, improved and equipped with additional installations to obtain better combustion conditions and a more efficient gas cleaning system. Based on the 35 years of experience gained by the operation of the “Evence Coppée”, a new industrial nuclear incineration installation was set into operation in May 1995, as a part of the Belgian Centralised Treatment/Conditioning Facility CILVA. Up to the end of 2000, the CILVA incinerator has burnt 703 tons of solid waste and 343 tons of liquid waste. This paper describes the type of waste and the allowable radioactivity, the incineration process, heat recovery and the air pollution control devices. Special attention is given to the operation experience, capacity, volume reduction, chemical and radiological emissions and maintenance. The most important changes which improved safety, reliability and capacity are also mentioned. BELGOPROCESS, a company set up in 1984 at Dessel (Belgium) where a number of nuclear facilities were already installed is specialised in the processing of radioactive waste. It is a subsidiary of ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Nuclear Waste Management Agency. According to its mission statement, the activities of BELGOPROCESS focus on three areas: treatment, conditioning and interim storage of radioactive waste; decommissioning of shut-down nuclear facilities and cleaning of contaminated buildings and land; operating of storage sites for conditioned radioactive waste.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Cantarella, Jacques, and Ingrid Verstraeten. "National Decommissioning Management System: Experience and Lessons Learned." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4809.

Full text
Abstract:
Since 1980, the National Agency ONDRAF/NIRAS has been responsible by law for the safe management of all radioactive waste produced in Belgium, including decommissioning waste. In 1991, its responsibility was extended by Royal Decree of 16.10.91 to the field of decommissioning, its main specific assignments being: • The collection and evaluation of data (physical and radiological inventories) from nuclear plants; • The approval of decommissioning programmes, including decommissioning cost evaluations and mechanisms of funding. Already in the early 90s, ONDRAF/NIRAS started with the implementation of its own integrated data processing system, recording the physical and radiological inventories of nuclear plants and allowing the evaluation of the quantities of decommissioning materials and waste as well as of the decommissioning costs of the plants. In 1997, the law on the inventory of nuclear liabilities of 12.12.97 completed and enforced the decree of 1991, stating that the agency will: • Draw up a register specifying the location and condition of all nuclear facilities and all sites containing radioactive substances on Belgian territory; • Estimate the cost of decommissioning and cleaning up these facilities and sites; • Evaluate the availability of sufficient funds to carry out these future or ongoing operations; • Update the inventory every five years. As a result, during these last few years, ONDRAF/NIRAS had to deal with an increasing amount of decommissioning data (submission of inventories, new decommissioning plans and also a first batch of five-yearly revisions) concerning a larger diversity of facility types (enlargement of activities to “smaller” licensees, like universities, hospitals, etc). Simultaneously and consequently, ONDRAF/NIRAS faced the need to integrate a larger range of field-experienced decontamination and dismantling techniques, performed by different decommissioning companies, in order to obtain more refined and “pertinent” cost evaluations. For the same purposes, it appeared necessary to consider alternative waste processing possibilities, especially for very low-level waster arising from decommissioning activities. In 2000, ONDRAF/NIRAS started to upgrade its Decommissioning Management System (DMS) in order to enhance the quality of the database (integrity, intrinsic validity, extrinsic validity, completeness and accuracy) and simultaneously to develop the flexibility and the abilities of the evaluation functions. This paper presents and describes the latest version of the ONDRAF/NIRAS DMS (the data model, interface facilities, and the calculation and reporting possibilities) putting emphasis on experience gained and on some of the first lessons learned. The two first sections of this paper give an overview of the National Agency’s main missions and outline the information and data collection process in the framework of decommissioning and inventory. Indeed, the context in which the updated DMS was developed and the difficulties encountered during the data collection process should inform the reader about the way the upgrading of the data system has been thought out and the alternatives the National Agency had to deal with. In the third section, the main functionalities of the DMS modules are set out in concrete terms, the main modules being: • The “Inventories” module, recording their physical and radiological inventories for the sites that fall within the scope; • The “Techniques” module, integrating measurement, decontamination, dismantling and special recycling techniques, as well as their unit cost elements; • The “Waste” module, integrating standard and special waste categories, their packaging, transportation and processing possibilities, as well as their unit cost elements; • The “Nominal Forecast” module, linking an inventory to selected techniques and waste costs, associated with the “best estimate” reference calculation scenario; • The “Scenario” module, dealing with the storage and evaluation of alternative scenarios (pessimistic or optimistic ones, deferred dismantling, etc). The last section focuses on experience gained through developing the upgraded DMS and putting it into operation. Some potentialities of the upgraded DMS are also discussed.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Cool, Wim, Elise Vermariën, William Wacquier, and Janez Perko. "The Long-Term Safety and Performance Analyses of the Surface Disposal Facility for the Belgian Category A Waste at Dessel." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96208.

Full text
Abstract:
ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials, and its partners have developed long-term safety and performance analyses in the framework of the license application for a surface disposal facility for low level radioactive waste (category A waste) at Dessel, Belgium. This paper focusses on the methodology of the safety assessments and on key results from the application of this methodology. An overview is given (1) of the performance analyses for the containment safety function of the disposal system and (2) of the radiological impact analyses confirming that radiological impacts are below applicable reference values and constraints and leading to radiological criteria for the waste and the facility. In this discussion, multiple indicators for performance and safety are used to illustrate the multi-faceted nature of long-term performance and safety of the surface disposal. This contributes to the multiple lines of reasoning for confidence building that a positive decision to proceed to the next stage of construction is justified.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Kursten, B., F. Druyts, N. R. Smart, D. D. Macdonald, R. Gens, L. Wang, E. Weetjens, and J. Govaerts. "Review of Passive Corrosion Studies of Carbon Steel in Concrete in the Context of Disposal of HLW and Spent Fuel in Belgium." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96275.

Full text
Abstract:
The Supercontainer (SC) design is the preferred option for the final disposal of high level nuclear waste and spent fuel in Belgium. The SC consists of a carbon steel overpack surrounded by a very thick concrete buffer, contained within a stainless steel envelope. In this highly alkaline environment of the annulus and under normal conditions (without the ingress of aggressive species), the carbon steel overpack will be protected by a passive oxide film, which is believed to result in very low and almost negligible uniform corrosion rates. This paper discusses the modeling efforts simulating the evolution of various parameters that can potentially influence the corrosion processes (temperature, pH, saturation degree and concentration of aggressive species). The outcome of the Belgian experimental program to study the passive uniform corrosion of carbon steel in concrete is also addressed. Long-term uniform corrosion rates are determined using different independent techniques (hydrogen gas measurements by means of manometric gas cells or pressure transducers, long-term passive current density measurements).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Butarbutar, Russel. "Notional Interest Deduction Regime in Belgium: What Indonesia Should Learn to Design the CFC Regulation?" In 3rd International Conference on Law and Governance (ICLAVE 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200321.013.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Belgian law"

1

Pauwels, Teun. The impact of the Russia–Ukraine War on ties between the Vlaams Belang in Belgium and the Putin regime. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), March 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/rp0013.

Full text
Abstract:
The populist Radical Right party, Vlaams Belang (VB), has consistently proved itself a successful electoral competitor in Belgian politics. Already in 2004, the party obtained 24% of the vote in Flanders, focusing on issues such as immigration, Flemish nationalism, crime and law and order. As of 2007, however, the party faced increasing competition from the Flemish nationalist party Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA), which has been able to present itself as a democratic alternative to the populist VB. In recent years, the VB has tended to radicalize rather than moderate its tone to differentiate itself from competitors. While foreign policy has not been a salient issue within VB ideology, various party members have developed close ties to the Putin regime since 2010. For example, Filip Dewinter, a prominent member of the VB, has met Russian officials and appeared in Russian media. Following the invasion of Ukraine, the VB was forced to shift its position on Putin’s regime. The current leader, Tom Van Grieken, has admitted he was seriously mistaken about Putin. Even Dewinter has strongly condemned Putin. At the same time, the VB remains sceptical about sanctions against Russia.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Boustati, Boustati. Narcotics Flows Through Eastern Africa: the Changing Role of Tanzania and Mozambique. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.074.

Full text
Abstract:
In the last few decades, the southern route’s use for drug trafficking gained prominence as increased law enforcement and unrest in the Middle East made the traditional ‘Balkan route’ less viable. This southern route transports drugs, mainly heroin, from its production in Afghanistan to Pakistan or Iran, to eastern Africa – including Tanzania and Mozambique- and consequently to South Africa, after which it is moved to Europe (Aucoin, 2018; Otto & Jernberg, 2020). Notable targets of trafficking via the southern route have been the United Kingdom, Belgium, and the Netherlands (UNDOC, 2015). It is difficult to know for certain the quantities of drugs being trafficked through eastern Africa, but the literature puts it at up to 40 tonnes, with 5 of those staying behind, while the rest is transported overseas (Haysom et al., 2018a, 2018b). Due to various political and economic shifts, methamphetamines produced in Afghanistan recently also began to be trafficked alongside heroin shipments through the southern route, with recent estimates putting it at 50% of drugs being trafficked (Eligh, 2021). Most of the literature agrees that, in recent years, drug trafficking routes in eastern Africa have shifted due to political changes, but there is no evidence to suggest that the amount being trafficked have decreased.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Rezaie, Shogofa, Fedra Vanhuyse, Karin André, and Maryna Henrysson. Governing the circular economy: how urban policymakers can accelerate the agenda. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.027.

Full text
Abstract:
We believe the climate crisis will be resolved in cities. Today, while cities occupy only 2% of the Earth's surface, 57% of the world's population lives in cities, and by 2050, it will jump to 68% (UN, 2018). Currently, cities consume over 75% of natural resources, accumulate 50% of the global waste and emit up to 80% of greenhouse gases (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). Cities generate 70% of the global gross domestic product and are significant drivers of economic growth (UN-Habitat III, 2016). At the same time, cities sit on the frontline of natural disasters such as floods, storms and droughts (De Sherbinin et al., 2007; Major et al., 2011; Rockström et al., 2021). One of the sustainability pathways to reduce the environmental consequences of the current extract-make-dispose model (or the "linear economy") is a circular economy (CE) model. A CE is defined as "an economic system that is based on business models which replace the 'end-of-life' concept with reducing, alternatively reusing, recycling and recovering materials in production/distribution and consumption processes" (Kirchherr et al., 2017, p. 224). By redesigning production processes and thereby extending the lifespan of goods and materials, researchers suggest that CE approaches reduce waste and increase employment and resource security while sustaining business competitiveness (Korhonen et al., 2018; Niskanen et al., 2020; Stahel, 2012; Winans et al., 2017). Organizations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation and Circle Economy help steer businesses toward CE strategies. The CE is also a political priority in countries and municipalities globally. For instance, the CE Action Plan, launched by the European Commission in 2015 and reconfirmed in 2020, is a central pillar of the European Green Deal (European Commission, 2015, 2020). Additionally, more governments are implementing national CE strategies in China (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2018), Colombia (Government of the Republic of Colombia, 2019), Finland (Sitra, 2016), Sweden (Government Offices of Sweden, 2020) and the US (Metabolic, 2018, 2019), to name a few. Meanwhile, more cities worldwide are adopting CE models to achieve more resource-efficient urban management systems, thereby advancing their environmental ambitions (Petit-Boix & Leipold, 2018; Turcu & Gillie, 2020; Vanhuyse, Haddaway, et al., 2021). Cities with CE ambitions include, Amsterdam, Barcelona, Paris, Toronto, Peterborough (England) and Umeå (Sweden) (OECD, 2020a). In Europe, over 60 cities signed the European Circular Cities Declaration (2020) to harmonize the transition towards a CE in the region. In this policy brief, we provide insights into common challenges local governments face in implementing their CE plans and suggest recommendations for overcoming these. It aims to answer the question: How can the CE agenda be governed in cities? It is based on the results of the Urban Circularity Assessment Framework (UCAF) project, building on findings from 25 interviews, focus group discussions and workshops held with different stakeholder groups in Umeå, as well as research on Stockholm's urban circularity potential, including findings from 11 expert interviews (Rezaie, 2021). Our findings were complemented by the Circular Economy Lab project (Rezaie et al., 2022) and experiences from working with municipal governments in Sweden, Belgium, France and the UK, on CE and environmental and social sustainability.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Galili, Naftali, Roger P. Rohrbach, Itzhak Shmulevich, Yoram Fuchs, and Giora Zauberman. Non-Destructive Quality Sensing of High-Value Agricultural Commodities Through Response Analysis. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570549.bard.

Full text
Abstract:
The objectives of this project were to develop nondestructive methods for detection of internal properties and firmness of fruits and vegetables. One method was based on a soft piezoelectric film transducer developed in the Technion, for analysis of fruit response to low-energy excitation. The second method was a dot-matrix piezoelectric transducer of North Carolina State University, developed for contact-pressure analysis of fruit during impact. Two research teams, one in Israel and the other in North Carolina, coordinated their research effort according to the specific objectives of the project, to develop and apply the two complementary methods for quality control of agricultural commodities. In Israel: An improved firmness testing system was developed and tested with tropical fruits. The new system included an instrumented fruit-bed of three flexible piezoelectric sensors and miniature electromagnetic hammers, which served as fruit support and low-energy excitation device, respectively. Resonant frequencies were detected for determination of firmness index. Two new acoustic parameters were developed for evaluation of fruit firmness and maturity: a dumping-ratio and a centeroid of the frequency response. Experiments were performed with avocado and mango fruits. The internal damping ratio, which may indicate fruit ripeness, increased monotonically with time, while resonant frequencies and firmness indices decreased with time. Fruit samples were tested daily by destructive penetration test. A fairy high correlation was found in tropical fruits between the penetration force and the new acoustic parameters; a lower correlation was found between this parameter and the conventional firmness index. Improved table-top firmness testing units, Firmalon, with data-logging system and on-line data analysis capacity have been built. The new device was used for the full-scale experiments in the next two years, ahead of the original program and BARD timetable. Close cooperation was initiated with local industry for development of both off-line and on-line sorting and quality control of more agricultural commodities. Firmalon units were produced and operated in major packaging houses in Israel, Belgium and Washington State, on mango and avocado, apples, pears, tomatoes, melons and some other fruits, to gain field experience with the new method. The accumulated experimental data from all these activities is still analyzed, to improve firmness sorting criteria and shelf-life predicting curves for the different fruits. The test program in commercial CA storage facilities in Washington State included seven apple varieties: Fuji, Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith, Jonagold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, and D'Anjou pear variety. FI master-curves could be developed for the Braeburn, Gala, Granny Smith and Jonagold apples. These fruits showed a steady ripening process during the test period. Yet, more work should be conducted to reduce scattering of the data and to determine the confidence limits of the method. Nearly constant FI in Red Delicious and the fluctuations of FI in the Fuji apples should be re-examined. Three sets of experiment were performed with Flandria tomatoes. Despite the complex structure of the tomatoes, the acoustic method could be used for firmness evaluation and to follow the ripening evolution with time. Close agreement was achieved between the auction expert evaluation and that of the nondestructive acoustic test, where firmness index of 4.0 and more indicated grade-A tomatoes. More work is performed to refine the sorting algorithm and to develop a general ripening scale for automatic grading of tomatoes for the fresh fruit market. Galia melons were tested in Israel, in simulated export conditions. It was concluded that the Firmalon is capable of detecting the ripening of melons nondestructively, and sorted out the defective fruits from the export shipment. The cooperation with local industry resulted in development of automatic on-line prototype of the acoustic sensor, that may be incorporated with the export quality control system for melons. More interesting is the development of the remote firmness sensing method for sealed CA cool-rooms, where most of the full-year fruit yield in stored for off-season consumption. Hundreds of ripening monitor systems have been installed in major fruit storage facilities, and being evaluated now by the consumers. If successful, the new method may cause a major change in long-term fruit storage technology. More uses of the acoustic test method have been considered, for monitoring fruit maturity and harvest time, testing fruit samples or each individual fruit when entering the storage facilities, packaging house and auction, and in the supermarket. This approach may result in a full line of equipment for nondestructive quality control of fruits and vegetables, from the orchard or the greenhouse, through the entire sorting, grading and storage process, up to the consumer table. The developed technology offers a tool to determine the maturity of the fruits nondestructively by monitoring their acoustic response to mechanical impulse on the tree. A special device was built and preliminary tested in mango fruit. More development is needed to develop a portable, hand operated sensing method for this purpose. In North Carolina: Analysis method based on an Auto-Regressive (AR) model was developed for detecting the first resonance of fruit from their response to mechanical impulse. The algorithm included a routine that detects the first resonant frequency from as many sensors as possible. Experiments on Red Delicious apples were performed and their firmness was determined. The AR method allowed the detection of the first resonance. The method could be fast enough to be utilized in a real time sorting machine. Yet, further study is needed to look for improvement of the search algorithm of the methods. An impact contact-pressure measurement system and Neural Network (NN) identification method were developed to investigate the relationships between surface pressure distributions on selected fruits and their respective internal textural qualities. A piezoelectric dot-matrix pressure transducer was developed for the purpose of acquiring time-sampled pressure profiles during impact. The acquired data was transferred into a personal computer and accurate visualization of animated data were presented. Preliminary test with 10 apples has been performed. Measurement were made by the contact-pressure transducer in two different positions. Complementary measurements were made on the same apples by using the Firmalon and Magness Taylor (MT) testers. Three-layer neural network was designed. 2/3 of the contact-pressure data were used as training input data and corresponding MT data as training target data. The remaining data were used as NN checking data. Six samples randomly chosen from the ten measured samples and their corresponding Firmalon values were used as the NN training and target data, respectively. The remaining four samples' data were input to the NN. The NN results consistent with the Firmness Tester values. So, if more training data would be obtained, the output should be more accurate. In addition, the Firmness Tester values do not consistent with MT firmness tester values. The NN method developed in this study appears to be a useful tool to emulate the MT Firmness test results without destroying the apple samples. To get more accurate estimation of MT firmness a much larger training data set is required. When the larger sensitive area of the pressure sensor being developed in this project becomes available, the entire contact 'shape' will provide additional information and the neural network results would be more accurate. It has been shown that the impact information can be utilized in the determination of internal quality factors of fruit. Until now,
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Belgian law' for particular source types:
Journal articles Dissertations / Theses Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography