Journal articles: 'Belfries'

1

Calzavara, Luigi, and Maurizio Brizzi. "geometry of Venice." Advances in Methodology and Statistics 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.51936/havv8635.

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Having observed that ancient Venice belfries are located in such a way that they generate many Pythagorean triangles, having a great number of vertices in common, it has been decided to test the null hypothesis of random location by statistical and probabilistic methods. A simple index, called Pythagorean Ratio, is proposed, for checking which triangles are to be considered as Pythagorean. Then, a Monte Carlo simulation is performed, generating samples of "random belfries" in the historical kernel of Venice; a Poisson model seems to fit very well the number X of Pythagorean triangles. Combining this number with the number of connections, the null hypothesis is rejected. Adding a further belfry (S.Simeon Grande) to the original group of belfries, the significance becomes even higher.

2

Woolley, David. "Bats in Belfries (and Naves and Chancels)." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 17, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x14000891.

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For many years, probably for centuries, bats have hunted and roosted in churches. They have now become less than welcome. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, a church in Bedfordshire placed a bounty of 6d per dozen on the heads of the animals, and in the 1930s the organist of Binsey found himself unable to distinguish the black keys from the white because the colours were obscured by bat droppings. The problem, therefore, is not new. More recently, a debate in the House of Lords, initiated by Lord Cormack, a former Second Church Commissioner, produced a short-lived but vigorous spate of articles and letters in the national press. Complaints about the activities of bats came from far and wide, from North Yorkshire to Northampton and Oxford. The problem seems to be especially acute in East Anglia, however. The greatest cause for complaint was the damage caused to woodwork, floor tiles, alabaster memorials and monumental brasses by faeces and urine. As a moment's reflection shows, these are corrosive (the latter more so) and the effects can be disastrous. In any case, where bats are present in any numbers, someone has the distasteful task of trying to remove the droppings and the urine stains on pews, window sills and floors each time the church is used. It is not unknown for bats to defecate on the heads of incumbents at the altar, which raises questions as to the consequences of bat infestation for the health of clergy, congregations and other church users, over and above the damage to buildings and their contents.

3

Davenport-Hines, R. "New Bats in Old Belfries, or Some Loose Tiles." English Historical Review CXXI, no. 494 (December 1, 2006): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel360.

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Curti, Emanuela, Stefano Podestà, and Lorenzo Scandolo. "Simplified Mechanical Model for the Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Belfries." International Journal of Architectural Heritage 6, no. 6 (November 2012): 605–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2011.594932.

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Marjetič, Aleš, and Polona Pavlovčič Prešeren. "Position determination of church belfries in the D96/TM coordinate system." Geodetski vestnik 62, no. 04 (2008): 587–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2018.04.587-603.

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Cuesta, Angel Martinez. "Augustinian Recollect History of Siquijor (1794-1898)." Philippine Social Science Journal 2, no. 2 (January 2, 2020): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.52006/main.v2i2.87.

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During the Spanish rule Siquijor Island was under the alcalde mayor of Bohol in 1864, after being part of Cebu for decades. The lone town of Siquijor was separated from Dumaguete and created into a parish in 1781. It was handed over to the Recollects in 1794 and in 1800 it had 5,000 inhabitants. The growth of Christianity finds its roots in the intense systematic missionary activity by Augustinian Recollects who established four more parishes. They constructed stone churches, belfries, kumbentos, roads, municipal edifices and even water depositories. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the towns underwent cholera and smallpox outbreaks, typhoons, Moro piratical raids, locust plagues and earthquakes (1886, 1897). During famine, the Recollects distributed corn among parishioners. Juan Félix de la Encarnación, author of the iconic Diccionario español bisaya, bisaya español, served Siquijor for thirty years. The huge kumbento of Lazi was completed by Toribio Sánchez in 1891.

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CARTER, KAREN E. "The Affair of the Pigeon Droppings: Rural Schoolmasters in Eighteenth-Century France." Rural History 27, no. 1 (March 3, 2016): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679331500014x.

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AbstractThis article examines the role played by village schoolmasters in eighteenth-century rural France. Although schoolmasters were not supported or regulated by the state, as they would be a century later, they were able to navigate successfully the complex network of social relationships that existed within early modern rural society. Using the journal of one schoolmaster, Pierre Delahaye, the article demonstrates that in addition to teaching, schoolmasters also worked as record keepers for village notables, as clerks for the parish, and even cleaned the churches and belfries. The schoolmaster's position afforded him a much greater social position than might be assumed from knowledge of only his income and background, and even allowed him to serve as a mediator between the village and the curé. Thus it can be argued that schoolmasters of the eighteenth century were as important to rural society as their state supported counterparts of the nineteenth century.

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Standoli, Gianluca, Francesco Clementi, Carmelo Gentile, and Stefano Lenci. "Post-earthquake continuous dynamic monitoring of the twin belfries of the Cathedral of Santa Maria Annunziata of Camerino, Italy." Procedia Structural Integrity 44 (2023): 2066–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2023.01.264.

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Zanazzi, E., E. Coïsson, and D. Ferretti. "GIS ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC DAMAGE ON HISTORICAL MASONRY SPIRES." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W11 (May 5, 2019): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w11-1173-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Emilia 2012 earthquake highlighted the high vulnerability of historical masonry spires, at the top of bell towers. Indeed almost half of the spires, in the area hit by the seismic event, show the loss of the top. The observed collapse mechanism consists in sliding of the spire top and in the resulting overturning. Once the emergency phase has passed, it is now a duty to learn from this traumatic experience and to provide new tools for the prevention of the destructive effects of future earthquakes. In this perspective, a geodatabase was designed, using the ArcGIS Pro software, for monitoring the vulnerabilities of the surveyed spires. Indeed, as we learn from the study of the effects of past earthquakes, seismic damages are recurrent for each building typology and therefore they can be predictable and avoidable. For example, by statistically elaborating the data of the designed database, a correlation arose between the levels of damage of the spires and their type of masonry arrangement. Indeed four different masonry typologies have been distinguished. The work then focuses on three damaged spires of churches belfries, proposing three consolidation hypotheses to prevent the future loss of the rebuilt top part of the spire. The structural analyses, performed with Abaqus CAE and detailed in a different work, showed that the same intervention produces different results on the different case studies: a demonstration that there is not an “absolute” best solution, but an intervention suitable for each case.</p>

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Mondello, A., and A. Salemi. "VERNACULAR LANGUAGE WITHIN THE TRADITIONAL BELL TOWERS: BETWEEN STAIRS, LANDINGS AND FLOORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIV-M-1-2020 (July 24, 2020): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliv-m-1-2020-675-2020.

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Abstract. The monumental heritage of European historic centres is characterised by special building types that have drawn, more than others, on the vernacular language of the local traditional architecture. The traditional bell towers, even if built by a specific (but not always known) designer, often have some building elements transliterated from the construction tradition of poor and rural buildings. This language can be found in many examples from different historical periods and in faraway areas, such as Italy and Spain. The external monumentality may not correspond to a complex spatial articulation inside the towers. Instead, it is usual to find belfries in which the vertical connections and any horizontal structures are solved by wooden stairs and floors to reach the bell cell. The used materials and building techniques reveal the design simplicity but also the evidence of a lost “know-how”. Due to the nature of the materials, possible damages and lack of maintenance, many of these structures have undergone restoration or transformation works, also whit their replacement for the benefit of most modern construction systems. The research aims to underline the central importance of preventive knowledge of these traditional structures and illustrate some significant cases in Eastern Sicily, a high seismic risk area. These case studies are emblematic for the evidence of several original structures or the extreme effects of the 20th-century interventions. These last works have often compromised the historical and documentary trait of the wooden structures, introducing new vulnerabilities due to the excessive stiffening of the masonry.

11

Murray, Philip. "Re St Michael le Belfrey, York." Ecclesiastical Law Journal 26, no. 2 (May 2024): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956618x24000164.

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St Michael le Belfrey (‘the Belfrey’) is a 16th century parish church in the shadow of York Minster. It sits in the charismatic evangelical tradition of the Church of England. With a large, young and vibrant congregation, the Belfrey is a Resource Church and plays a significant role in the life of the Diocese of York, the Northern Province and, more broadly, the Church of England. Through a petition described as ‘of the highest quality’, it sought a faculty for a dramatic re-ordering of its interior, proposals that had been at least 14 years in the development.

12

Croce, Pietro. "Nonlinear Dynamics of Swinging Clapper Bells under Arbitrary or Resonant Forcing Functions." Applied Sciences 10, no. 16 (August 10, 2020): 5528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10165528.

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Study of swinging clapper bells involves aspects encompassing sound and acoustic engineering, mechanical engineering, and structural engineering. From the musical point of view, clapper bells are directly played idiophone instruments, where the playing device, the clapper, although directly excited, is not explicitly controlled by the bell ringer. The achievement of a clear and optimal sound mainly depends on the acoustic characteristics of the bell and on the regularity of the clapper strokes, which is not only governed by the ringing style and the relevant parameters of clapper and bell but also by the real time corrections to the excitation introduced by trained bell ringers. In fact, despite centuries of experience allowed to optimize the bell performances, standardizing proportions and mounting arrangements, effective sound control requires some fine tuning of the forcing function. Another crucial topic, especially in view of assessing existing structures, regards the evaluation of time histories of the actions transmitted by the bell to the pivots and the study of the interactions between the bell and the supporting structures, belfries, and bell-towers. “Ringability” of swinging bells and bell-structure interactions are usually tackled in the framework of rigid body dynamics, so arriving at an initial value problem, governed by a system of two second order nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs), whose solutions are piecewise-defined functions. In the relevant literature, numerical solutions of the system are commonly sought using built-in algorithms provided in advanced software packages; since the use of such general algorithms is subject to some restrictions, especially regarding the forcing functions, validity of the results is often limited. The present study focuses on an innovative procedure to solve the equations of motion. The method, extremely fast and effective, is based on original numerical explicit-implicit predictor-corrector integration algorithms with constant time step, duly validated reproducing the outcomes of relevant reference case studies. Each time the clapper strikes the bell a new “piece” of the solution is initialized, so avoiding user interventions in the elaboration phase. Independently on the oscillation amplitude and on the duration of the considered time interval, the algorithms can successfully manage undamped oscillations; friction and viscosity damped oscillations; free oscillations in transient and stationary phases; and can be applied also to solve stiff equations. Furthermore, the capability of the proposed methods to deal with arbitrary forcing functions is particularly innovative. The outcomes of relevant case studies, regarding the oscillations of the old tenor bell of the Great St. Mary church in Cambridge, confirm the potentialities of the method, also highlighting some topical issues, involving, for example, the assessment of damping equivalence. Finally, a pioneering feature of the algorithms is their ability to handle and to define “resonant” forcing functions, continuously tuning the frequency of the excitation to the natural frequency of the oscillation, according to the oscillation amplitude.

13

Kliukas, Romualdas, Arūnas Jaras, and Rimantas Kačianauskas. "INVESTIGATION OF TRAFFIC‐INDUCED VIBRATION IN VILNIUS ARCH‐CATHEDRAL BELFRY." TRANSPORT 23, no. 4 (December 31, 2008): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.323-329.

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The influence of city traffic‐induced vibration on Vilnius Arch‐Cathedral Belfry is investigated. Two sources of dynamic excitation are studied. Conventional city traffic is considered to be a natural source of excitation while excitation imposed artificially by moving a heavily loaded truck is considered to be the source of increased risk excitation. The influence of induced vibrations is recorded by accelerometers located in various positions of the Belfry's structures and shown by accelerograms. Dynamic effects are evaluated by considering acceleration magnitudes and response spectra. A comparative analysis of both effects is presented and conclusions and recommendations are provided.

14

Powell, Richard. "ChamberMade, Vic Hoyland's 75th Birthday Concert, St Michael le Belfrey, York, 25 September 2021." Tempo 76, no. 300 (April 2022): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0040298221000966.

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While an atmosphere of reconnection has inevitably surrounded many recent concert experiences, the sense of reunion in the sixteenth-century surroundings of St Michael le Belfrey – in the shadow of York Minster – on this early autumn evening was more tangible than usual. Friends, colleagues and followers of Vic Hoyland were that night finally able to gather, nearly a year later than originally planned, to celebrate the 75th birthday of a composer who has spent more than five decades of his life carving a distinctive path through the British music scene.

15

Saviano, Anella, Federica Raucci, Gian Marco Casillo, Chiara Indolfi, Alessia Pernice, Carmen Foreste, Asif Jilani Iqbal, Nicola Mascolo, and Francesco Maione. "Present Status and Future Trends of Natural-Derived Compounds Targeting T Helper (Th) 17 and Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 (mPGES-1) as Alternative Therapies for Autoimmune and Inflammatory-Based Diseases." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 18, 2020): 6016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246016.

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Several natural-based compounds and products are reported to possess anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activity both in vitro and in vivo. The primary target for these activities is the inhibition of eicosanoid-generating enzymes, including phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenases (COXs), and lipoxygenases, leading to reduced prostanoids and leukotrienes. Other mechanisms include modulation of protein kinases and activation of transcriptases. However, only a limited number of studies and reviews highlight the potential modulation of the coupling enzymatic pathway COX-2/mPGES-1 and Th17/Treg circulating cells. Here, we provide a brief overview of natural products/compounds, currently included in the Italian list of botanicals and the BELFRIT, in different fields of interest such as inflammation and immunity. In this context, we focus our opinion on novel therapeutic targets such as COX-2/mPGES-1 coupling enzymes and Th17/Treg circulating repertoire. This paper is dedicated to the scientific career of Professor Nicola Mascolo for his profound dedication to the study of natural compounds.

16

Reilly, Lisa, and Mary B. Shepard. "“Sufferance fait ease en temps”: word as image at St Michael-le-Belfrey, York." Word & Image 32, no. 2 (April 2, 2016): 218–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666286.2016.1167577.

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Maffei, Massimo E. "Plant Natural Sources of the Endocannabinoid (E)-β-Caryophyllene: A Systematic Quantitative Analysis of Published Literature." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 18 (September 7, 2020): 6540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21186540.

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(E)-β-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural sesquiterpene hydrocarbon present in hundreds of plant species. BCP possesses several important pharmacological activities, ranging from pain treatment to neurological and metabolic disorders. These are mainly due to its ability to interact with the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) and the complete lack of interaction with the brain CB1. A systematic analysis of plant species with essential oils containing a BCP percentage > 10% provided almost 300 entries with species belonging to 51 families. The essential oils were found to be extracted from 13 plant parts and samples originated from 56 countries worldwide. Statistical analyses included the evaluation of variability in BCP% and yield% as well as the statistical linkage between families, plant parts and countries of origin by cluster analysis. Identified species were also grouped according to their presence in the Belfrit list. The survey evidences the importance of essential oil yield evaluation in support of the chemical analysis. The results provide a comprehensive picture of the species with the highest BCP and yield percentages.

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Smeriglio, Antonella, Mariarosaria Ingegneri, Maria Paola Germanò, Luigi Miori, Giulia Battistini, Federica Betuzzi, Paola Malaspina, Domenico Trombetta, and Laura Cornara. "Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Monarda didyma L. Growing in Trentino (Northern Italy) for Cosmeceutical Applications." Plants 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2023): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants13010112.

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Monarda didyma L. (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal and aromatic herb native to eastern North America and now is also cultivated in Northern Italy, which shows terminal heads of bright scarlet-red flowers, subtended by a whorl of red-tinged leafy bracts. Starting from 2018, M. didyma flowering tops have been included in the Belfrit List of botanicals. However, to date studies on the crude extract of this plant are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the morphological and anatomical features of the flowering tops and the phytochemical profile of their ethanolic and hydroglyceric extracts (EE and HGE, respectively). HGE was the richest in total phenols (105.75 ± 5.91 vs. 64.22 ± 3.45 mg/100 mL) and especially in flavonoids (71.60 ± 5.09 vs. 47.70 ± 1.27 mg/100 mL), as confirmed also by LC-DAD-ESI-MS. Fifty-three polyphenols were identified and quantified. Even if they showed a common polyphenolic profile, EE and HGE showed quantitative differences. Flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins were the most expressed metabolites in HGE, whereas flavonols were the most expressed metabolites in EE. These features confer to HGE the highest antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic properties, detected by several in vitro and in vivo assays, highlighting a promising use of this plant extract for skincare applications.

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Koopmans, Rachel. "Early Sixteenth-Century Stained Glass at St. Michael-le-Belfrey and the Commemoration of Thomas Becket in Late Medieval York." Speculum 89, no. 4 (October 2014): 1040–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713414001675.

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20

Standoli, G., E. Giordano, G. Milani, and F. Clementi. "Model Updating of Historical Belfries Based on Oma Identification Techniques." International Journal of Architectural Heritage, February 11, 2020, 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1723735.

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21

Jaimes, Miguel A., Fernando Peña, and Luis Baltazar-Mora. "Seismic Risk of Church Belfries Supported on Seismic Isolation Systems." International Journal of Architectural Heritage, January 22, 2024, 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2024.2305195.

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22

Sokolowski, Michael Randolph. "Public Space, Urban Identity and Conflict in Medieval Flanders." Mount Royal Undergraduate Humanities Review (MRUHR) 2 (December 22, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/mruhr95.

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Ideas of public space can say a lot about the societies that create them. A clear example of this was its use in Flanders during the medieval period. People within Flanders found themselves in a unique situation having one of the highest amounts of urban densities in Europe. This allowed for a distinct urban identity emerge. Within the urban centres of Flanders a distinct political culture had been fostered which caused many examples of conflict within cities themselves and against the nobility of Flanders, France and Burgundy. By looking at examples of these conflicts a distinct urban identity appears. This urban identity allowed public space to be used as a tool by the people of Flanders in order to protect their political rights and liberties. To see the use of public spaces as a tool Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the construction of public space must be understood. Once Lefebvre’s theories are understood specific spaces may be looked at in order to see what role they played in the urban identity of the Flemish cities and how these identities wrapped up in public spaces were used as tools during times of conflict, revolt and rebellion. The spaces that provided the best examples of this were the distinct borders of towns defined by walls and defences, belfries and marketplaces.

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Hořická, Jana, and Jan Pustějovský. "Adaptive reuse of factory chimneys – industrial heritage symbols and urban landmarks." Acta Polytechnica CTU Proceedings 38 (December 21, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/app.2022.38.0527.

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Industrial heritage buildings and sites are seen as an important part of urban regeneration and sustainable development strategies over the last two decades for a number of reasons. Of particular note is the genius loci that accompanies them, but also the potential to attract artists and creative industries. In this sense, factory chimneys are a strong visual element and also an important symbol. At the same time, thanks to their distinctive proportions, they have also become an unmissable part of the urban structure of cities, in which they can assume a compositional and orienting role (a landmark), comparable with church spires or belfries with all due respect. In order to design adaptive reuse of the chimney, it is therefore necessary to place it in a context that is not only spatial but also symbolic, both in relation to its immediate surroundings and in a wider context. Often, however, the subject of the new use of the chimney is only raised when at least the material context of the chimney was irreversibly altered; in extreme situations, the chimney is the only surviving element of the original structure. However, the lost authenticity – the originality of the preserved building structure or technological flow – also opens up new meanings and other possibilities for the use of a solitary chimney in a transformed environment. The contribution introduces adaptive reuse possibilities of the industrial chimneys within the sustainable urban development, considering both industrial heritage values and specific chimney construction limits.

Journal articles on the topic 'Belfries'

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