Journal articles on the topic 'Bekehren (The Middle High German word)'
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1
Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in Wolframs „Parzival“ im Umfeld vor allem frühmittelhochdeutscher Rhetorik." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 79, no. 3 (November 28, 2019): 338–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340157.
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Abstract This article researches alliterating word-pairs in Wolframs ‘Parzival’. First, all examples from the text are collected and analyzed to elucidate their occurrence in the Old and Middle High German context. It becomes clear which word-pairs have been inherited from Old and (Early) Middle High German, and which were possibly the making of Wolfram himself. In doing so, the inventory of alliterating word-pairs in the early language phases of German is expanded with a few more specimens. We also gain a deeper understanding of their role in the Middle High German courtly novel.
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Jeep, John M. "Heinrich von Veldeke's and the Tradition of the Alliterating Word-Pair." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 103–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-066001008.
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Building on recent findings from Early Middle High German literature, this study compiles and analyses for the first time completely the circa eighty alliterating word-pairs from Heinrich's , a work dated just after the evasive temporal boundary between Early Middle High and Middle High German (circa 1170). Comparisons are established to pairs from Heinrich's somewhat earlier texts and comprehensive data available on Old High and Early Middle High German. Methodology considers speculation on the figurative nature of some of the expressions and formal issues related to idiomatic usage.
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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare im Minnesang (neben Hartmann, Walther und Wolfram)." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 80, no. 3 (November 24, 2020): 303–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340187.
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Abstract Building on studies on alliterating word-pairs in Old and Early Middle High German (including early Minnesang poets, Gotfried von Straßburg, Hartmann von Aue, Walther von der Vogelweide und Wolfram von Eschenbach), this study collects and analyses the remaining Minnesang poets of the Classic Period (Des Minnesangs Frühling), tracing the use of extant and the emergence of new alliterating word-pairs while establishing their literary rhetorical context. Thus, the early history of the German alliterating word-pairs is extended within the Middle High German era.
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Peresada, Igor. "THE ORDER OF STUDY OF VOWEL SOUNDS IN INTRODUCTORY AND PHONETIC COURSES IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE (ON THE MATERIAL OF STATISTICAL AND DIACHRONIC STUDIES)." Modern Tendencies in Pedagogical Education and Science of Ukraine and Israel: the Way to Integration, no. 9 (September 20, 2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2218-8584-2018-9-183-188.
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Most ancient vowels in the period of the birth of the German language are revealed. The phonetic structure of a single-root German word in the Old High German and Middle High German periods of the development of the German language is described. The statistical frequency of using vowels in the above periods has been determined. Key words: vowels and consonants, Old High German and Middle High German periods, frequency of use
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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in der frühmittelhochdeutschen Genesis: Nachträge zum Bestand." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 4 (March 16, 2016): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340051.
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A new edition of the “Wiener Genesis” provides data relevant to the extant listings of alliterating word-pairs in early attestations of German. A complete catalogue of the word-pairs locates the collection from the Early Middle High German text within the body of Early German literature. Three new earliest word-pair attestations are documented, while issues of word sequence, alliteration, and transmission are discussed.
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Fomicheva, Aleksandra Andreevna. "Lexical polysemy and homonymy in the Middle High German language in light of the problematic of lexical synonymy and lexical-semantic analysis." Litera, no. 8 (August 2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2021.8.36311.
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Based on the compositions of pre-courteous epic poetry and chivalric romance written in the Middle High German language, this article reviews the problem of lexical polysemy in relation to the phenomena of homonymy and synonymy, as well as the problem of structural description of lexis. The need for comprehensive examination of polysemous lexemes in the Middle High German language, which includes structural analysis of the meaning of polysemous word and the lexical-thematic group and/or synonymic row it belongs to, well as the study of contextual implementation of the meanings of polysemous word, is substantiated by the principle of diffusivity of meanings of polysemous word that complicates comprising dictionary definitions and creates difficulties for the researcher in distinguishing the meanings of a polysemous word and separating polysemy from homonymy. Based on the example of lexical-thematic group for denomination of edged weapon in the Middle High German Language, the author demonstrates the appropriateness of using lexical-semantic analysis for establishing systemic relations between the analyzed lexemes, as well as postulates the importance of the context in determination of the structure of polysemous word. Discussion of the given examples from the compositions of pre-courteous epic poetry and chivalric romance written in the Middle High German language is accompanied by the author’s clarifications to the dictionary definitions of the lexemes under review. The conclusion is made on feasibility of the authorial approach towards detection of the discrepancies between lexicographic data and use of the lexeme in the texts written in the Middle High German language. The author also believes that this research is valuable from the perspective of lexicographic practice.
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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in den späteren Werken Hartmanns von Aue: Iwein, Gregorius, Der arme Heinrich." Yearbook of Phraseology 9, no. 1 (November 1, 2018): 51–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2018-0005.
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AbstractBuilding upon recent phraseological studies of Old High and Middle High German texts, the alliterating word pairs in the later works of Hartmann von Aue are catalogued and analyzed philologically, thus contributing to an emerging complete listing of the paired rhetorical expressions through the Early Middle High German period, here Hartmann’s major courtly Arthurian romance, Iwein, his religious tale Gregorius, and Der arme Heinrich. Each pair is listed, described in the context in which it appears, and compared with any extant pairs from earlier German works. Previous research on the pair is reviewed. Hence, we trace the evolution of these expressions, in some cases through centuries. On the one hand, Hartmann employs alliterating expressions that date to the Old High German period, while on the other hand apparently creates new, or at least not previously documented ones. As in findings in earlier texts, pairs recorded on multiple occasions are likely to have been used by other authors. Typical for medieval German texts - when compared to similar modern expressions - is the insight that there is a fair amount of variation concerning the sequence of the alliterating elements and/or the inclusion of morpho-syntactic modifiers such as pronouns, possessives, adjectives, or adverbs. When known, later examples of the alliterating word-pairs are cited, albeit for obvious reasons only in an incomplete fashion. Two updates on the emerging Old High and Early Middle High German word-pair catalogue are included. Finally, a complete listing of the alliterating word-pairs in Hartmann’s works is provided. The long-term project continues to chart the emergence of German alliterating word-pairs chronologically, here within the first decade of the thirteenth century.
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Ягупова, Л. Н. "On Variability and Dynamics in Linguohistorical Aspect (Based on Middle High German Manuscripts)." Иностранные языки в высшей школе, no. 4(59) (February 10, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2021.59.4.001.
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Статья продолжает цикл публикаций автора об именном словообразовании средневерхненемецкого языка. Она фокусируется на исследовании префиксальных имен существительных с after- на материале корпуса аутентичных рукописей, представляющих разные типы и жанры текста, временные отрезки и диалектные ареалы. Основными принципами исследования являются динамика развития системы словообразования в течение всего средневерхненемецкого периода и вариативность, обусловленная географическим и частично жанровым факторами. Прослеживаются пути становления и развития, направление изменений в области префиксального именного словообразования с after- в средневерхненемецкий период и в целом в истории немецкого языка. This article continues the author’s publications on the noun derivation of the Middle High German. It focuses on the investigation of prefix nouns with after- on the basis of a corpus of authentic manuscripts which represent different types and genres of texts, time periods and dialectal areas. The main principles of the investigation are the dynamics of word-building system development during all the Middle High German period and the variability caused by geographical and, partly, genre factors. There have been traced ways of formation and development, tendencies of prefix nouns word-building changes in Middle High German and generally in history of the German language.
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Jeep, John M. "Frühmittelhochdeutsche stabreimende Wortpaare im Pilatus." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 82, no. 3 (October 26, 2022): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340264.
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Abstract New insights into the composition date of the Early Middle High German “Pilatus” suggest that the phraseology of the work should now be reassessed in the context of the literature of Early Middle High German. A first-time complete catalogue of the alliterating word-pairs in “Pilatus” is presented with a discussion of each pair in its context and with respect to its history.
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Jeep, John M. "Herzog Ernst: Stabreimende Wortpaare im Umfeld des Frühmittelhochdeutschen." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 78, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340124.
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Abstract As part of an ongoing larger project collecting and analyzing the alliterating word-pairs in early German (especially Old and Early Middle High German) texts, we turn to Herzog Ernst in an effort to assess the anonymous author’s use of the widely used rhetorical device in the context of earlier and then contemporary praxis. For the first time, the entire body of word pairs in Herzog Ernst are documented and studied in their narrower and broader contexts, including questions of literary genre, semantics, pragmatics, and stylistics. Findings from earlier studies are included and assessed, where necessary also emended. Hence, we have a better appreciation of the author’s rhetoric in its Early Middle High German and especially the Spielmannsepos context.
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Schuhmann, Roland. "Ahd. slecko m. ‚Schnecke‘." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 81, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340210.
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Abstract Under the forms listed for the lemma Old High German snecko m. ‚snail‘ also a variant ‹ slecco › is mentioned. The ‑l‑ must then be the result either of a scribal error, a dissimilation or an assimilation. However, there is in Dutch a word for snail that also shows ‑l‑, Middle Dutch slecke (f.). It is argued here that Old High German slecko is a separate lemma that corresponds to Middle Dutch slecke.
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Jeep, John M. "Der ‘Münchener Psalter’ aus dem 14. Jahrhundert." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 79, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 54–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340143.
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Abstract A fourteenth-century version of Notker’s translation of the psalms with commentary yields 58 alliterating Middle High German word-pairs. These are compared with Notker’s original Old High German text, whereby phonological, morphological, semantic and syntactic changes are noted. In studying the transmission of the Biblical text, both continuity and change become evident.
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Crudu, Mihai. "Von Hof über hofieren zu höflich ... Zur deutschen Höflichkeit aus linguistischer Sicht." Bukarester Beiträge zur Germanistik 5, no. 5/2023 (December 2, 2023): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.62229/bbzg5-23/7.
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This paper aims at analyzing the concept of politeness (Höflichkeit) from a linguistical point of view, starting from the ethymon Old High German / Middle High German hof and its original meanings. We follow the semantical and structural evolution of the output word up to the current state of the language by researching the word family with its different nuances, e.g. Hof, Gehöft, höfisch, Höfling, and also compounds as Hofgut, Hofschranze, hoffähig, Friedhof, Fronhof, Fuhrhof etc. Thus arises an overview of the semantical potencies of the analyzed lexeme.
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Kuroda, Susumu. "Funktionsabspaltung des Suffixes -ig beim Verbbildungsmuster mit -igen." Zeitschrift für Wortbildung / Journal of Word Formation 4, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/zwjw.2020.01.01.
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Abstract This article deals with the development of -igen verbs in German since the Old High German period, demonstrating that this can be regarded as a process in which the adjective formation morpheme -ig gradually develops into a component of a word formation pattern that derives transitive verbs from nouns. An -igen-verb can be descended not only from an -ig-adjective (würdig – würdigen) but also from a noun without an intermediary -ig-adjective (Pein – *peinig – peinigen). In this article, it is claimed that a word formation pattern with -ig develops over time. The emergence of this word formation pattern can be described as a “reanalysis” of the verb structure accompanied by a “resegmentation” of the original word structure and a semantic “remotivation” of the established unit. It is also pointed out that this development is particularly evident in the Middle High German period.
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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in den früheren Werken Hartmanns von Aue: Erec, Klage, Minnesang." Yearbook of Phraseology 7, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/phras-2016-0004.
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Abstract Building upon recent phraseological studies on Old High and Middle High German texts, the alliterating word pairs in the early works of Hartmann von Aue are catalogued and analyzed philologically, thus contributing to an emerging complete listing of the paired rhetorical expressions through the Early Middle High German period. The first extant courtly Arthurian romance, Hartmann's Erec, a shorter piece of his known as Diu Klage, and a handful of poems he composed are by all indications from the last decade of the twelfth century, despite later manuscript transmission. Each pair is listed, described in the context in which it appears, and compared with any extant pairs from earlier German works. What emerge are insights into the evolution of these expressions, in some cases through centuries. On the one hand, Hartmann employs alliterating expressions that date to the Old High German period, while on the other hand apparently creating new ones. As in findings in earlier texts, pairs recorded on multiple occasions are likely to have been used by other authors. Typical for medieval German texts – when compared to similar modern expressions – is the insight that there is a fair amount of variation concerning the sequence of the alliterating elements and/or the inclusion of morpho-syntactic modifiers such as pronouns, possessives, adjectives, or adverbs. Modern translations of Hartmann's works into German and English show just how varied these phrases can appear in translation. When known, later examples of the alliterating word-pairs are cited, albeit for obvious reasons only in an incomplete fashion. The long-term project is designed to continue to chart the emergence of the early German alliterating word-pairs chronologically.
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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in Deutsche Versnovellistik des 13. bis 15. Jahrhunderts." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 81, no. 1 (May 14, 2021): 16–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340217.
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Abstract The recently published compendium of 175 German verse tales from the 13th–15th century (Deutsche Versnovellistik des 13. bis 15. Jahrhunderts) includes never-before-published material in critical edition, so that a survey of the alliterating word-pairs within this arguably hard to define genre seems desirable. Some 380 pairs are collected and analysed within the context of each tale, with special attention paid to earlier transmission of the pairs or their innovative nature, respectively. Following a methodology that has been employed to cover all of Old and Early Middle High German and much of classical High German, the history of this durable rhetorical device is extended well into the late medieval era. Further surveys will help to fill in remaining gaps in coverage of the history of the alliterating word-pair in German.
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Jeep, John M. "Handschrift W Gottfrieds von Strassburg und das stabreimende Wortpaar—i." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 1 (April 4, 2016): 31–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340003.
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A long-term project tracing the history of the alliterating word-pair in the earliest recorded stages of German returns to Gottfried von Straßburg on the occasion of a new edition of manuscript W. For the first time, each and every such pair is documented and analysed within the context of Tristan, including comprehensive findings in recent studies on alliterating word-pairs in Old High and Early Middle High German, and in comparison with Ranke’s edition. Gottfried’s use of the pair consitutes a major factor within his rhetorical arsenal. Related yet different phraseological phenomena are also addressed in the context of philological research on Gottfried’s work.
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Jeep, John M. "Handschrift W Gottfrieds von Strassburg und das stabreimende Wortpaar — ii." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 76, no. 2 (June 24, 2016): 208–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340018.
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A long-term project tracing the history of the alliterating word-pair in the earliest recorded stages of German returns to Gottfried von Straßburg on the occasion of a new edition of manuscript W. For the first time, each and every such pair is documented and analysed within the context of Tristan, including comprehensive findings in recent studies on alliterating word-pairs in Old High and Early Middle High German, and in comparison with Ranke’s edition. Gottfried’s use of the pair consitutes a major factor within his rhetorical arsenal. Related yet different phraseological phenomena are also addressed in the context of philological research on Gottfried’s work.
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Werner, Martina. "Three diachronic sources for the development of -erei-based synthetic compounds in German." Word Structure 13, no. 3 (November 2020): 347–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0175.
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This article investigates the historical development of synthetic compounds with the suffix -erei, such as German Buchleserei ‘book reading’. Synthetic compounding has been attested in older language stages of German, as in Old High German kirihwihî ‘church consecration’ or Middle High German bluotspîunge ‘blood spitting’. In the history of the German language, synthetic compounds are the last step in the development of a nominalizing suffix. Suffixes attach first to simplex bases (such as German Leserei ‘reading’), and only afterwards can they form synthetic compounds with a compound base (such as Bücherleserei ‘reading of books’). The development of verbal synthetic compounding results from three different sources: a) a suffixal pattern based on compound nominals (such as exocentric Freigeist ‘free spirit’ becomes Freigeisterei ‘free spiritedness’), where the pattern develops the ability to nominalize VPs (such as Nichtstuerei ‘doing nothing’); b) root compounds which develop the ability to take a deverbal head suffixed by -erei (such as Venus–Nascherey ‘Venusian nibbling’); and c) low-frequency - erei-compounds which originate from inherited idiomatic compound verbs (such as Ehebrecherei ‘adultery’, lit. ‘marriage-breakery’ > ehebrechen (V) ‘to commit adultery’, lit. ‘to marriage-break’). The paper delineates the three developments for different word formation types which lead to the morphological distribution of present-day German.
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Busse, Ulrich. "German Loans in Early English." Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies, no. 32/4 (October 2023): 23–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.7311/0860-5734.32.4.02.
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The paper outlines the contribution of German to the word stock of English in the three periods of Old English, Middle English, and Early Modern English, or, in other words, from the early Middle Ages up to 1700, and relates these words to major cultural events, such as the Christianisation of England, the Norman Invasion, the Reformation and to the beginnings of science and technology during the Renaissance. Methodologically, the term German will be used in the sense of High German and its antecedents rather than Low German or Low Dutch. As a consequence of this approach, the impact of German on the English language during these periods is rather small in terms of numbers, but interesting and varied as far as domains of borrowing, transmission routes of words, linguistic strategies (i.e. importation v. substitution), and mode of transmission (i.e. written v. spoken) are concerned.
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Jeep, John M. "Wirnt von Grafenberg, Wigalois." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 82, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 132–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340231.
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Abstract For the first time, the alliterating word-pairs in Wirnt’s von Gravenberg “Wigalois” are completely listed and analyzed, especially in comparison with previous attestations in Old and Middle High German. Thus, the comprehensive history of the alliterating word-pair in German moves into the second decade of the thirteenth century, by which time over 1,500 such pairs are recorded. References to Ulrich’s von Zatzikhoven “Lanzelot,” often considered together with “Wigalois,” are included. Texts thought to be similar do not necessarily reveal a comparable phraseological inventory, while the authors appear to employ a similar strategy of creating new pairings.
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Fomicheva, Aleksandra Andreevna. "Stability parameter as the aspect of studying the evolution of lexical synonymy in the language of the Middle High German epic (on the example of denominations of weapon)." Litera, no. 2 (February 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.2.37466.
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Based on the example of synonymic chains as part of the lexical-thematic group of denominations of weapon in the Middle High German epic, this article demonstrates the use of the stability parameter of lexical synonyms for studying the evolutionary processes in language lexicon. Correlation between the stability parameter and the sphere of historical lexicology is drawn based on the concepts of lexical, nominative and semantic stability of the word offer by I. A. Ershova. The concept of word stability implies the presence of at least two chronological periods for comparison, which includes the stability parameter into the paradigm of methods for studying the evolution of language lexicon. This research highlights two stages in the history of German literature of the High Middle Ages: pre-courtly epic and courtly romance. Examination of the stability of lexical synonyms in the language of the Middle High German epic reveals the functionality and restrictions of this method of studying the evolution of lexicon. Reduction of the absolute values of stability parameter of the separate elements of synonymic chain to the parameter of relative stability of the entire row provides a systemic description of the evolution of lexical synonymy in the Middle High German language. Comparison of the three types of stability for different synonymic chains with transformations within their structure alongside the synonyms leads to the conclusion on the role of stability parameter in studying the evolutionary processes in lexicon as a manifestation of their presence or absence, as well as a means for determining the development vector of language vocabulary. The restrictions of this method are associated with the need to prove or expand the data on evolution of lexicon using cultural-historical and stylistic analysis.
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Dimpel, Friedrich Michael, Katharina Zeppezauer-Wachauer, and Daniel Schlager. "Der Streit um die Birne. Autorschafts-Attributionstest mit Burrows’ Delta und dessen Optimierung für Kurztexte am Beispiel der ‚Halben Birne‘ des Konrad von Würzburg." Das Mittelalter 24, no. 1 (July 11, 2019): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mial-2019-0006.
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Abstract Short epics in Middle High German are a challenge for author attribution procedures as they involve dealing with short texts, incomplete normalisation, and generic tests. Firstly, the paper discusses optimisation methods using basic form and grammar tags extracted from the ‘Mittelhochdeutsche Begriffsdatenbank’ (Middle High German Conceptual Database). As part of this, an evaluation test with normalised Middle High German texts is carried out where 20 texts with known authorship are used as ‘guessing texts’ and a further 19 works of the same authors as ‘comparison texts’. The use of grammar tags or basic forms, instead of inflected word forms leads to a deterioration of the recognition rate and the combination of basic forms or grammar tags with word forms leads to a slight improvement. Secondly, the authorship of the ‘Halbe Birne’ will be investigated with eight texts by Konrad von Würzburg, as well as a comparative corpus of 14 tales (German ‘Mären’) and seven novels. This leads to a direct calculation of which words can be specifically ascribed to Konrad von Würzburg. This method is first evaluated by determining the distinctive words on four Konrad texts; a control test on four other Konrad texts shows that a preferred use of the distinctive words leads to a significant increase in the recognition rate. Then, a Konrad-specific vocabulary is determined on the basis of eight Konrad texts. Using these distinctive words it can finally be shown that Konrad can be attributed with some certainty as the author of the ‘Halbe Birne’.
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Eberhardt, Otto. "Zur Bedeutung und Rolle von „Wirklichkeit“ und „Wahrheit“ in mittelalterlicher Literatur, mit einem besonderen Blick auf Der guote Gêrhart des Rudolf von Ems." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 83, no. 1 (June 9, 2023): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340281.
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Abstract Middle High German has no equivalent to our word “reality”. Instead the terms “wâr”, “wære”/“gewære”, and “wârheit” applied primarily. They could denote two things: either the higher reality in the divine realm, or simply everyday reality. Both are encountered in Der guote Gêrhart by Rudolf von Ems.
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Kuroda, Susumu. "Morphologische Reanalyse: Verbbildung durch -en/-igen im Alt- und Mittelhochdeutschen." Studia Germanica Posnaniensia, no. 38 (June 25, 2018): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/sgp.2017.38.09.
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The German suffixes -en/-igen serve to build a verb out of a noun or an adjective as in Arbeit ‚work’ – arbeiten ‚to work’, reif ‚ripe’ – reifen ‚to ripen’, Pein ‚torment’ – peinigen ‚to torment’, rein ‚pure’ – reinigen ‚to clean’. In many cases, however, this is only possible with a preverb, as langsam ‚slow’ – *langsamen – verlangsamen ‚to slow down’, Brille ‚spectacle’ – *brillen – bebrillen ‚to bespectacle’. By using the notion of unification developed in Construction Morphology, verbs such as verlangsamen or bebrillen above can be accounted for as a direct derivation from a noun or an adjective if one assumes the existence of a ‚unified’ word formation pattern [P-[[N/A]-en]V] as a fusion of [[N/A]-en]V and P-[V]. Since the Middle High German period, the use of -igen as a functionally equivalent to -en can be seen increasingly. This suffix is also characterizable as a unification of two conversion patterns, one with the adjectivizing suffix -ig and the other with the verbalizing -en. This process should be called ‚morphological reanalysis’ for the adjectivizing function of -ig is invalidated here. The development of ‚unified’ word-formation-patterns [P-[[N/A]-en]V] as well as the pattern with -igen can be ascertained first in Middle High German.
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Lightfoot, Douglas. "Testing the suffixoidization of German -mann '-man'." Linguistica 51, no. 1 (December 31, 2011): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.51.1.273-283.
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Throughout its history in Old High German (OHG), Middle High German, Early New High German, and Modern German (ModG), the word Mann "man" has exhibited a high degree of productivity and linguistic flexibility. It has ranged morphosyntactically from a full noun (OHG man "man"), compounded noun (OHG werolt.man "human, mortal"), affixoid (ModG Sports.mann "athlete"), indefinite pronoun (ModG man "one"), to something approaching zero (undergoing demorphologization in the OHG compound gom.man "husband, man"). The affixoid notion and its usefulness in morphology have been controversial in the literature (e.g., Schmidt 1987). Relatively recently, Stevens (2005) proposed criteria for the category affixoid, and a number of standard German grammatical and etymological references (e.g., Duden 1995) have been utilizing this term. This study involves examining modern usage of the form -mann as found in the online Spiegel newsmagazine's database, as well as the collection of historical data primarily on the forms of German -mann from the robust Titus database in Frankfurt. Stevens' (2005) criteria are evaluated and used to measure the validity of German -mann's membership in the category of suffixoid.
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Kroiß, Daniel. "Mittelhochdeutsche Sprachzeugnisse oder romantische Fälschungen?" Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur 143, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 163–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bgsl-2021-0012.
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Abstract For some decades, the authenticity of the German inscriptions of the castle Wildenberg in the Odenwald was rejected repeatedly. If they were created around 1200, they would be among the oldest known inscriptions written in German. This study attempts to verify the widely accepted assumption, that the inscriptions were ›forgeries‹ of the 19th century, based on epigraphic and linguistic criteria. It becomes apparent that evidence for ›forgery‹ cannot be provided based on the forms of the letters. A comparison of the preserved word and name forms shows, however, that the doubts concerning the authenticity of the inscriptions at the gate tower of the castle can be substantiated linguistically, whereas the inscriptions of the palas fit into the tradition of Middle High German texts.
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O.V., Hlushchenko. "FUNCTIONING OF MIDDLE HIGH-GERMAN DIPHTHONGS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WORK “IMPERIAL CHRONICLE” (“DER KAISERCHRONIK”)." South archive (philological sciences), no. 84 (December 23, 2020): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2020-84-12.
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The article is devoted to the genesis of diphthongs and their functioning within the word of the Middle High German (MHG) period of German language development.The aim of the given article is to study the origin, development and functioning of diphthongs on the material of MHG work “Imperial Chronicle” (“Der Kaiserchronik”).Methods. The main method of research is comparative-historical, which enabled tracing the dynamics of the formation and functioning of German diphthongs. The use of the probabilistic-statistical method contributed to obtaining data on the frequency of diphthongs in the experiment. The descriptive method was used to systematize and classify diphthongs, to describe their phonetic and lexical-grammatical features at this stage of German language development.Results. The results of the study allowed to establish the main functions of diphthongs and showed a direct correlation between the time of origin of diphthongs and the frequency of their implementation in the text. From the grammatical perspective MHG diphthongs were grouped on the principle of alternation in root morphemes, while performing the grammatical function of these word forms, which enabled distinguishing a group of “ablaut diphthongs”; from the lexical perspective MHG diphthongs were grouped into “meaningful homonymous diphthongs”. It was also found that the largest number of MHG diphthongs fall in the middle of the word: anlaut – 35 lexical units (0.8%), inlay – 390 lexical units (0.87%), auslaut – 25 lexical units (0.5%), and MHG auslaut indicators decrease, because during changes in the grammatical structure of words its inventory root morpheme becomes more significant, where the main phonetic and grammatical processes take place. Significant reduction in the implementation of diphthongs at the end of MHG words is the result of constant articulatory attenuation of sounds, which leads to the reduction of vowels, and in some cases to their complete disappearance or contraction.Conclusions. Diphthongs were living and specific linguistic phenomena in prehistoric times. MHG diphthongs were carriers of meaning, while performing phonetic and grammatical functions. The study indicates the presence of a correlation between the time of origin of diphthongs and their implementation in language (speech).Key words: ablaut, diachrony, dialect, correlation, morpheme, phoneme. Стаття присвячена ґенезі дифтонгів та їх функціонуванню в межах слова середньоверхньонімецького (свн.) періоду розвитку німецької мови.Мета. Метою запропонованої статті є дослідження зародження, розвитку та функціонування дифтонгів на матеріалі свн. твору «Хроніка імператорів» («Der Kaiserchronik»).Методи. Основним методом дослідження є порівняльно-історичний, що надав можливість простежити динаміку становлення і функціонування німецьких дифтонгів. Використання ймовірнісно-статистичного методу посприяло отриманню даних про частоту реалізації дифтонгів у проведеному експерименті. Дескриптивний метод використовувався для систематизації та кла-сифікації дифтонгів, опису їхніх фонетичних та лексико-граматичних особливостей на даному етапі розвитку німецької мови.Результати. Результатидослідження дозволили встановити основні функції дифтонгів і показали пряму кореляцію між часом зародження дифтонгів та частотою їхньої реалізації в тексті. З граматичного ракурсу свн. дифтонги були угруповані за принципом чергування в кореневих морфемах, виконуючи при цьому граматичну функцію цих словоформ, що уможливило виділити групу «аблаутних дифтонгів»; з лексичного ракурсу свн. дифтонги були об’єднані в групу «змістовні дифтонги-омоніми». Виявлено також, що найбільша кількість свн. дифтонгів припадає на середину слова: анлаут – 35 л. о. (0,8%), інлаут – 390 л. о. (0,87%), ауслаут – 25 л. о. (0,5%), а свн. ауслаутні показники зменшуються, оскільки під час змін у граматичній структурі слів більш вагомою стає його інвентарна коренева морфема, де відбуваються основні фонетичні та граматичні процеси. Значне зменшення реалізації дифтонгів у кінці свн. слова є результатом постійного артикуляторного послаблення звуків, яке призводить до редукції голосних, а в деяких випадках – до повного їх зникнення або стяжіння.Висновки. Дифтонги були живими і специфічними мовними явищами ще у прагерманські часи. Свн. дифтонги були носія-ми значення, виконуючи при цьому фонетичні та граматичні функції. Проведене дослідження свідчить про наявність кореляції між часом зародження дифтонгів та їх реалізацією в мові (мовленні).Ключові слова: аблаут, діахронія, діалект, кореляція, морфема, фонема.
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Cognola, Federica. "Il mòcheno." Linguistik Online 130, no. 6 (May 30, 2024): 59–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.129.11150.
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The aim of this article is to illustrate the Mòcheno language through a discussion of the historical development of the Mòcheno community, the etymology of the word Mòcheno, an overview of its key phonological, morphological, syntactic and lexical properties. It will be shown that the Mòcheno language is a conservative variety exhibiting typical traits of Middle-High German (1050–1350), which belongs to the Southern Bavarian dialects group. The contact with Romance varieties can surely be found but is to be considered marginal.
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Ivanov, Andrey Vladimirovich, and Rimma Anvarovna Ivanova. "Four centuries of German “happiness” in lexicographers’ interpretations." SHS Web of Conferences 122 (2021): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112201005.
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The article deals with the concept of “happiness”, represented and interpreted through lexicography. The objective of the study is to try to compare the perspectives of researchers on the origin of the word Glück, trace the development of its semantics from one generalized meaning to a set of meanings reflecting the evolution of human ideas about happiness, and identify ways of representing these ideas by lexicographic means. The authors use the methods of historical linguistic, comparative-contrastive, etymological, definitional and semantic analysis. The object of the study is German dictionaries and lexicons published from 1513 to 1888. It has been established that the concept of “happiness”, represented in the German vocabulary by the lexeme Glück, has transformed over four centuries along with the growth of people’s material and spiritual needs against the background of the gradual humanization of public life. This has led to the complication of the semantic structure of the lexeme Glück which objectifies this concept. The representation of the Glück lexeme in dictionaries dating back to the early 16th – mid-18th centuries is laconic, due to the type of dictionaries (nomenclatures, translation dictionaries) that did not feature detailed comments on the repertoire of meanings that the desired lexeme possessed. The main elements of the semantic structure of the lexeme are ‘(temporary) prosperity’, ‘bliss’, ‘luck’, ‘destiny (fate)’. The analysis of the interpretation of happiness in the mid-18th century – late 19th century allows one to make a conclusion about the complication of the semantic structure of the lexeme Glück due to a philosophical reinterpretation of this concept and its integrated conveyance by appropriate lexicographic means. The etymology of the word Glück remains unclear. It is assumed that the word appeared in the 13th century and retained a neutral meaning until the end of the Middle High German period when the positive connotation began to prevail in the semantics of the word.
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Purwitasari, Ana. "SYNTAX STUDIES IN HISTORICAL LINGUISTICS: WORD ORDER IN ENGLISH AND GERMAN AS INDO-GERMANIC LANGUAGES." Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (January 17, 2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/bs_jpbsp.v17i2.9653.
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This research aims to describe the development of syntax in English and German diachronically and involves a broader inquiry into English and German as sister languages rooted from Germanic language. In this research, the author gathered data from manuscripts written in both the English and German languages produced at particular times. This research used descriptive-qualitative method. The results showed that: 1) Diachronically, English and German have gone through four periods in their syntax patterns development; 2) Old English and Old High German sentence patterns are apparently the same, adopting SVO-structure; 3) The existence of conjunction separates the verb and object in German, but it does not change anything in the English word-order, from Middle English to Modern English; 3) Early Modern English verbs should be put in the second position. However, Early New High German verb is placed in agreement with the conjunction since conjunction influences the position of the verb and object.Keywords: Syntax; Germanic languages; historical linguistics; Indo-Germanic languagesPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan sintaksis dalam bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jerman secara diakronik dan merupakan penelitian yang diperluas terkait bahasa Inggris dan bahasa Jerman sebagai rumpunbahasa yang berasal dari bahasa Jermanik. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis mengumpulkan data dari manuskrip yang ditulis dalam keduabahasa tersebut, bahasa Inggris danJerman,pada waktu tertentu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Secara diakronik, bahasaInggris dan Jerman telah melalui empat periode dalam pengembangan pola sintaksisnya; 2) Pola kalimat bahasaInggris lama dan Jerman lama tampaknya sama, yaitu memilikistruktur SVO; 3) Adanya konjungsi yang memisahkan kata kerja dan benda dalam bahasa Jerman, tidak mengubah apapun dalam ketentuankata perintah padabahasa InggrisdaribahasaInggrisAbad Pertengahan ke bahasa Inggris Modern; 3) Kata kerja bahasa Inggris di awalmasabahasaInggrisModern harus diletakkan di posisi kedua. Namundemikian, kata kerja bahasaJermanditempatkan bersama konjungsi sejakkonjungsimempengaruhi posisi kata kerja dan objek.Kata kunci: Sintaksis; bahasa Jerman; linguistik historis; bahasa Indo-JermanKata kunci: Sintaksis; bahasa Jerman; linguistik historis; bahasa Indo-Jerman
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Fertig, David. "Morphological Change Through Phonological Analogy: 2nd Person Singular -s → -st and Related Developments in Germanic." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 31, no. 1 (February 15, 2019): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147054271800003x.
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Almost all existing accounts of the change of the 2nd person singular verbal agreement ending -s to -st in Old English and Old High German attribute the development to some combination of reanalysis of forms with enclitic subject pronouns ending in -stu and analogy based on a handful of mainly preterite-present verbs that already had 2nd person singular -st in the present indicative in Proto-(West)-Germanic. These factors retain a role in the analysis presented here, but I argue that the operative mechanisms are essentially phonological in nature, licensed ultimately by certain neutralizing processes such as degemination, rather than involving the spread of an existing -st morpheme, grammaticalization of an enclitic subject pronoun, or relocation of a morphological boundary. This analysis also sheds light on the relationship of the 2nd person singular change to the more general phenomenon of word-final t accretion seen in dozens of words such as German Axt ‘ax’ < Middle High German ackes or English against < earlier agains.*
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Loma, Aleksandar. "On old Serbian metallurgical terms: bliznica." Juznoslovenski filolog 78, no. 2 (2022): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi2202207l.
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Old Serbian bliznica is attested around 1350 in a passage dealing with iron melting. Since the mid-1600s the word has been recorded by early lexicographers, glossing it as ?steel?. Today bliznica and its shorter variant blizna are used in the same meaning by vernacular speakers of Eastern Serbia, Western Bulgaria and Macedonia, but formerly the word?s area extended far to the west, to Western Serbia, Bosnia and Dubrovnik. Although limited to a part of South Slavic, blizna, bliznica ?steel? is traditionally interpreted as an inherited word, going back to the PIE root *bhlei??- ?beat?, together with Lat. fl?gere, Latv. bli?zt id., Lith. blyz?? ?flaw in fabric?, Common Slavic *blizna / *blizno id., also ?scar, bruise?, *bliz? ?near, close?, etc. Such a derivation and generally a prehistoric origin of the word in question seem doubtful. More probably, it was borrowed from the tongue of the ?Saxons?, i.e. German mining experts who had come to Serbia in the 13th century. Presumably blizn-reflects a Middle High German compound with ?sen ?iron? as its head, preceded by bl? ?lead?, or perhaps by the verbal stem of bl?-en ?blow?. In the former case, a variety of iron would have been named *bl?-?sen > *bl?sen, most probably after its leaden colour, and in the latter the denomination *bl?-?sen might be interpreted as a calque of Latin flatum ferri, an iron mass produced by blowing bellows.
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Schaller, Helmut Wilhelm. "The German heritage in Balkan languages." Slavia Meridionalis 15 (September 25, 2015): 2–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sm.2015.002.
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The German heritage in Balkan languagesAll Balkan languages show some German elements in their vocabulary, beginning with Old Bulgarian Bible texts up to modern Balkan languages, including Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, Albanian, Romanian and Modern Greek. Etymologies of Balkan words and German words must be distinguished. Loanwords in Balkan languages are confined to words which are traceable back to Germanic languages, e. g. Gothic, Old and Middle High German and contemporary German. Not only the word store but also onomastics were occasionally influenced by German languages, but it is not possible to speak of a German substrat or adstrat in the way we can speak of a Thracian or Illyrian substrat, or Greek or Romance adstrat. Dziedzictwo germańskie w językach bałkańskichW słownictwie każdego z języków bałkańskich występują pewne germańskie elementy, poczynając od starobułgarskich tekstów biblijnych, a kończąc na współczesnych językach bałkańskich, jakimi są: bułgarski, macedoński, serbski, albański, rumuński i nowogrecki. W badaniach nad etymologią należy wyraźnie rozgraniczać dwa nurty rozwojowe: germański i bałkański. Katalog zapożyczeń ograniczamy do wyrazów obecnych w językach bałkańskich, których etymologię możemy prześledzić wstecz do gockiego, staro- i środkowo-wysoko-niemieckiego oraz współczesnego niemieckiego. Nie tylko słownictwo, lecz także onomastyka wykazują okazjonalnie wpływy niemieckie, jednak w żadnym razie nie ma podstaw, by mówić o germańskim substracie czy adstracie w takim sensie, w jakim mówimy o substracie trackim czy iliryjskim, bądź adstracie romańskim lub greckim.
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Jeep, John M. "Stabreimende Wortpaare in Wolframs “Willehalm”, “Titurel” und in seiner Lyrik." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 79, no. 4 (April 6, 2020): 517–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340165.
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Abstract This study presents a first-time complete accounting and analysis of the alliterating word-pairs in Wolfram’s “Willehalm,” “Titurel,” and his poetry, representing the completion of a project to survey Wolframs’ complete oeuvre. Each pair is described philologically within the work in which it appears, relevant earlier or parallel occurrences are noted, and on occasion the further life of the pair is discussed. A complete listing integrates the 98 pairs from “Parzival.” This rounds out studies of the major Middle High German classical works of courtly literature, cataloguing Wolfram’s use of the rhetorical device following similar studies of Hartmann von Aue and Gottfried von Strassburg.
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Ivanov, Andrey, and Rimma Ivanova. "Lexeme Glück in German Dictionaries of the 16th — 19th Centuries: Lexicographic Representation and Interpretation of Its Conceptual Content." Nizhny Novgorod Linguistics University Bulletin, no. 53 (March 31, 2021): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47388/2072-3490/lunn2021-53-1-9-22.
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The article discusses the concept “happiness” as represented and interpreted in lexicography. The aim of the study is to compare existing theories about the origin of the word Glück, to trace the development of its semantics from one generalized meaning to a set of meanings that reflects a gradual evolution of people’s ideas about happiness, and to identify ways of representing these ideas by lexicographic means. Using methods of historical-linguistic, compara-tive, etymological, definitional, and semantic analysis, the authors examine German dictionaries and lexicons published in the period from 1513 to 1888 and establish that in those four centuries the concept “happiness,” represented in the German vocabulary by the lexeme Glück, underwent significant transformation, as material and spiritual needs of people kept changing against the background of gradual humanization of their social life, which, in its turn, led to added complexity in the semantic structure of the lexeme Glück that embodies this concept. Descriptions of the lexeme Glück in dictionaries dating from the beginning of the 16th to mid-18th century are very concise due to the type of these dictionaries (nomenclators, translated dictionaries) and do not involve detailed comments on the full range of meanings that the lexeme had. The main elements of the semantic structure of the lexeme are ‘(temporary) well-being,’ ‘bliss,’ ‘luc ,’ and ‘fortune (fate)’ (glu c fall, glu c elig eit, wol tand, zeit-liche Wolfart). Analyzing interpretations of the lexeme Glück in the mid-18th — late 19th century dictionaries, the authors conclude that the semantic structure of the lexeme became more complicated due to philosophical rethinking of the concept and its integrated dissemination through dictionaries. The etymology of the word Glüc is still unclear. It is assumed that the word appeared in the 13th century and retained a neutral meaning until the end of the Middle High German period when a positive connotation began to prevail in the semantics of the word.
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Gast, Volker, and Robert Borges. "Nouns, Verbs and Other Parts of Speech in Translation and Interpreting: Evidence from English Speeches Made in the European Parliament and Their German Translations and Interpretations." Languages 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2023): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010039.
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This study investigates the distributions of word classes in English speeches made in the European Parliament and their German (written) translations and simultaneous interpretations. For comparison, a sample of original German speeches and a selection of political interviews are used. The study is motivated by the intention to understand the relationship between the type of mediation and communicative modes: mediated spoken language is compared to unmediated spoken language and to mediated written language. The results show that the interpretations exhibit a less nominal style than the translations, in this respect resembling unplanned spoken conversation. Other quantitative findings, such as a high frequency of adverbs, also point to a register effect, but interpretations have a hybrid status and can be located somewhere in the middle, between the register of the source text (parliamentary speech) and unplanned spoken discourse. The results are discussed against the background of the mechanisms that presumably underlie the choices made by translators (processing, register and strategies).
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Naumov, Nikolay. "The Petition of the Bohemian Estates to Sigismund of Luxemburg in the Year 1419: Analysis of the Sources." Slavianovedenie, no. 4 (2022): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869544x0021055-3.
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The paper examines the Old Czech and the Middle High German versions of the petition that was sent to Sigismund of Luxemburg by the Bohemian estates after the death of his brother King Wenceslas in 1419. The author has drawn the conclusion that both versions did have a common Old Czech archetype that was modified in both cases. The German translation is to be considered as the final version received by Sigismund: it had been composed not by the court chancery, but by the petitioners themselves. As lay people they have partly ignored, partly misunderstood what the Bohemian clergymen and scholars have expressed in the archetype: 1) the papal charters that set the divine service to a stop they considered being such document that set somebody to an office; 2) two requests are excluded from the final version, the first request demanding the unobstructed promotion of a master degree to the students of Prague university and second one asking for the convocation of a new council of the Catholic Church that would legitimate the utraquism; 3) the noetic notion of freedom from the Old Czech version («the freedom to God’s Law and God’s Word») has been profanized in the final German version: it has been considered a privilege to be granted by the monarch («the freedom of God’s Law and Word… to all Christian people»), while the utraquism is said to be not only the Law of God, but also as a terrestrial law allegedly imposed by King Wenceslas and to be renewed by his brother.
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Kregždys, Rolandas. "Neaiškios etimologijos Klaipėdos krašto hidronimai: Ketvergio upalis, Neknupis, Plocis, Rikinė, Župė / Župis." Acta humanitarica academiae Saulensis 30 (December 19, 2023): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/ahas.2023.30.4.
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The article newly actualizes the etymology of the hydronyms Ketvergio upalis, Neknupis, Plocis, Rikinė, Župė / Župis, situated in Klaipėda Region.
Given the typology of the indicated morphophonetic changes in the word structure – change of the initial affricate č- to voiceless guttural K-, one can state that the first hydronym belongs to Slavonicisms, i.e., Ketvergio upalis is to be related to Lithuanian substantive četvergas ‘Thursday’.
It has been stated that the semantic connotation of the onym is to be based on the etymological analysis of the hydronym Turkupis situated in the Lowlanders area of Raseiniai. It is to be assumed that the primary semmeme of the hydronym Ketvergio upalis should be reconstructed in accordance with the meaning *‘the river flowing near bazaar; noisy river’.
The name of the stream Neknupis is interpreted as an authentic factographic relict of the Baltic Lexis. The primary form *Meknupis ‘a stream full of ides’ is reconstructed, i.e., the change of initial consonant *M- is presupposed, cf. N- ← *M- ↔ -n- (due to regressive assimilation). The connotation of the onym is related to the referent ide, as the type of the fish is very typical to the fauna of the stream.
The last three hydronyms have been found to be formed of the Germanic words. It is to be assumed that the authentic onyms of Baltic origin were changed with these Germanisms:
(1) the onym Plocis (other variants are also possible: Plazis 1912, Plažės ežeras 1994, Plazės gamtinis draustinis 2016, Plačias, Plocė 1959, Pluokis [Pluocis] 1998, Plocė 1959, [German variants] Plotsee, Plazis-Teich, Plazis-See) is related to German hydronym Plötzensee ‘roach lake’ (cf. also German toponyms Plötzenbruch, Plötzbusch, Plötzenhof ↔ Plötzenteich). The primary Lithuanian forms *Plakis ↔ *Plakė ‘roach lake’ are likely to be reconstructed. The authentic Lithuanian hydronym *Plakis in the long run was replaced by Germanism Plocis;
(2) etymological analysis of the hydronym Rikinė (Rikio upė) is based on formal identity between morphological cluster -rike used in the West German toponymy and dialectal German substantive, used in East Prussia, Rick ‘a long pole; transverse; pole stuck in the ground; a type of fence’, related to Middle Low German substantive recke / rik ‘a long, thin pole’, rek / rekke ‘fence; a hedge, planted in the middle of the field; grating etc.’, rieke / rikke ‘hedge, quickset’, Middle High German substantive ric, ricke ‘fence, narrow road etc.’ (cf. Old Saxon hydronyms Geld-rike, Lun-rike and toponym Led-rike). The primary Lithuanian forms *Siauroji, *Siaurukė are reconstructed;
(3) it is to be assumed that the origin of the hydronyms Župė / Župis (cf. other variants: Szopis, Szopebach, Szob 1725, Szope 1912, 1939), implied by Lithuanian dialectal Germanism zupė ‘soup, mess, skilly’, presuppose the change of the initial consonant, i.e., *Z- → Ž-, typical of the subdialects of Lowlanders. The above-mentioned variants Szopis etc., due to the vocal element -o-, can evidently be related to Middle Low German substantive soppe, sope ‘soup, broth’. The authentic Lithuanian form *Sriuba is reconstructed, cf. hydronym Sriùbupis (from the area of Lowlanders) originated from Lithuanian substantive sriubà ‘pottage; bouillabaisse etc.’.
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Murray, Alan V. "Formulaic Language in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle." Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik 79, no. 1 (April 12, 2019): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18756719-12340144.
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Abstract This paper investigates formulaic syntax in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (German: Livländische Reimchronik), a Middle High German (MHG) verse history composed around 1290. A common syntactical formula is a unit formed with the adjective vrô (‘glad’, ‘happy’, ‘joyful’) or its negative variant unvrô, together with the verbs sîn (‘be’) or werden (‘become’), with a genitive object: NP-Nom + SÎN/ WERDEN + NP-Gen + (un)vrô (e.g. der meister was der rede vrô). In almost every case the adjective (un)vrô occurs in end position, so that it can be rhymed with another common word, e.g. dô (‘then’) or sô (‘thus’). An important variation is introduced with the demonstrative pronoun des: Pro-Dem-Gen + SÎN/WERDEN + NP-Nom + (un)vrô. This construction has the metrical function of filling a complete line, but it also functions as a discourse marker: it comments positively or negatively on an episode it follows or introduces. The high frequency of this construction in this text compared to its occurrence in other genres written in rhyming couplets suggests that the author was more conservative and less inventive than his contemporaries. In addition he also drew more frequently on the vocabulary and conventions of heroic poetry in which formulaic language was very common. It is argued that the employment of formulaic phrasing and syntax are connected with the sociolinguistic circumstances of the recitation of the chronicle.
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Bishop, Dorothy V. M., Clara R. Grabitz, Sophie C. Harte, Kate E. Watkins, Miho Sasaki, Eva Gutierrez-Sigut, Mairéad MacSweeney, Zoe V. J. Woodhead, and Heather Payne. "Cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages in bilinguals assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound." Wellcome Open Research 1 (July 28, 2021): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9869.2.
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Background: Lateralised language processing is a well-established finding in monolinguals. In bilinguals, studies using fMRI have typically found substantial regional overlap between the two languages, though results may be influenced by factors such as proficiency, age of acquisition and exposure to the second language. Few studies have focused specifically on individual differences in brain lateralisation, and those that have suggested reduced lateralisation may characterise representation of the second language (L2) in some bilingual individuals. Methods: In Study 1, we used functional transcranial Doppler sonography (FTCD) to measure cerebral lateralisation in both languages in high proficiency bilinguals who varied in age of acquisition (AoA) of L2. They had German (N = 14) or French (N = 10) as their first language (L1) and English as their second language. FTCD was used to measure task-dependent blood flow velocity changes in the left and right middle cerebral arteries during phonological word generation cued by single letters. Language history measures and handedness were assessed through self-report. Study 2 followed a similar format with 25 Japanese (L1) /English (L2) bilinguals, with proficiency in their second language ranging from basic to advanced, using phonological and semantic word generation tasks with overt speech production. Results: In Study 1, participants were significantly left lateralised for both L1 and L2, with a high correlation (r = .70) in the size of laterality indices for L1 and L2. In Study 2, again there was good agreement between LIs for the two languages (r = .77 for both word generation tasks). There was no evidence in either study of an effect of age of acquisition, though the sample sizes were too small to detect any but large effects. Conclusion: In proficient bilinguals, there is strong concordance for cerebral lateralisation of first and second language as assessed by a verbal fluency task.
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DONAVIN, GEORGIANA. "THE VIRGIN MARY AS LADY GRAMMAR IN THE MEDIEVAL WEST." Traditio 74 (2019): 279–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tdo.2019.8.
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The Virgin Mary, as Mother of the Word, has long been associated with early literacy training in the medieval West, an association that, as this article argues, connects her to The Marriage of Philology and Mercury's Lady Grammar. While Gary P. Cestaro has demonstrated the ways in which representations of Lady Grammar became more maternal throughout the medieval period, this article demonstrates how and why the Virgin Mother took on the persona of Lady Grammar in both verbal and material arts from the High to the Late Middle Ages. It explores the famous sculptures of the Virgin and Lady Grammar on the Royal Portal at Chartres Cathedral, the writings of grammatical theorists that led to these depictions, and the thirteenth-century artes poetriae that portray Mary as a Christian Grammatica. From St. Augustine's declaration that grammar is a “guardian” to the claims of Gervais of Melkley, John of Garland, and Eberhard the German that Mary is the mother of beautiful expressions, grammatical thought and practice in the medieval West led to a characterization of the Virgin, guardian of the Word in her womb and parent to Wisdom, as the supreme teacher and exemplar of Latin. Adopting Lady Grammar's iconography of the nourishing breast, classroom text, and punitive whip, the Virgin Mary is not only connected to basic Latin instruction but also comes to embody its principles.
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Horodilova, T. "NEGATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE HISTORY OF GERMAN: THE CASE OF MULTIPLE NEGATION." Вісник Житомирського державного університету імені Івана Франка. Філологічні науки, no. 1(96) (September 6, 2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/philology.1(96).2022.75-86.
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This paper discusses the evolutionary path of sentence negation development in the history of the German language. The peculiarities of means of multiple negation realization in the studied periods of the language development have been analyzed, taking into account changes in the paradigm of negative markers of Old, Middle, and Early New High German. In terms of polynegation, the attention has been focused on the negative concord, accompanied by a preverbal marker and an additional negative adverb or pronoun. It has been found that the implementation of the negative concord involves a single semantic core of negation. The reasons for the transition from double to single negation in the appropriate period of the German language development have been highlighted. The study of the mechanisms of grammaticalization made it possible to trace the development of negative grammatical constructions, namely the loss of syntactic independence and morphological diversity of elements in the syntactic paradigm. The gradual nature of sentence negation has been presented according to Jespersen's cycle, which reflects the weakening of the mononegative proclitic with its subsequent strengthening with the help of an additional negative pronoun, and, as a result, the return to the mononegative model in which the second negative element was implemented. A particular attention has been paid to the phenomenon of grammatical redundancy and its manifestations in the transformation of the negative model in diachrony. In linguistic studies, grammatical redundancy is characterized as a property or language behavior when the same function is realized by two or more means. The gradual elimination of the additional negative element contributed to the isolation of the mononegative model inherited by Modern German. It has been also shown that structural changes in negative sentences are closely related to a relatively free or limited word order.
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Liberman, Anatoly. "An Etymological Dog Kennel, or Dog Eat Dog: Icelandic setja upp við dogg, Engl. to lie doggo, Engl. dog, and Engl. it’s raining cats and dogs." Scandinavistica Vilnensis, no. 14 (May 27, 2019): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/scandinavisticavilnensis.2019.10.
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There is a rare slangy British English phrase to lie doggo “to lie hid”. The earliest known example is dated in the OED to 1882. Doggo looks like dog + o (with -o, as in weirdo, typo, and so forth), but a formation consisting of an animal name followed by the suffix -o would have no analogs. Some light on the origin of lie doggo may fall from the Modern Icelandic idiom sitja upp við dogg ‘to sit or half-lie, supporting oneself with elbows’. Doggur, known from texts since the eighteenth century, occurs with several other verbs. Also, sitja eins og doggur ‘sit motionless, look distraught’ and vera eins og doggur ‘to be motionless’ exist. Doggur has nothing to do with dogs, because the Scandinavian word for “dog” is hund-. The origin of the English noun dog is obscure, but, contrary to the almost universal opinion, the word is not totally isolated. In some German dialects, the diminutive forms dodel, döggel, and the similar-sounding tiggel ~ teckel occur. Perhaps dog and its continental look-alikes were originally baby words. The same sound complexes as above sometimes mean ‘a cylindrical object’ (such are Icelandic doggur and Middle High German tocke). Two of the basic meanings of those words were probably ‘round stick; doll’. Although the evidence is late, we can risk suggesting that lie doggo also contains the name of some device that was current not too long ago in the European itinerant handymen’s lingua franca. The overall image looks nearly the same as in the phrase dead as a doornail. In English, folk etymology connected doggo with the animal name and misled even professional lexicographers and etymologists. Finally, of some relevance is the English idiom it rains cats and dogs, whose forgotten earliest form was it rains cats and dogs and pitchforks with their points downwards. Apparently, the original idea was that a downpour of sharp objects fell to the ground.
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Dolgorukova, Natalya M., Darya A. Strizhkova, and Kseniya V. Babenko. "What does wafna mean? Towards the reception of a medieval Latin song, “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis…”, in English-language literature." Shagi / Steps 10, no. 2 (2024): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2412-9410-2024-10-2-256-267.
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Our article is devoted to a detailed historical, linguistic, and cultural commentary and a new Russian translation of the song “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis” from Carmina Burana, a LatinGerman manuscript written in the first quarter of the 13th century. Our research presents an analysis of the topoi and allusions to sacred texts found in this drinking song; it also explores the context of its creation. This song provides the first mention of the fabulous and paradisiacal land of Cockaigne, an imaginary place of extreme luxury and ease where physical comforts and pleasures are always immediately at hand. In the song the abbot wins a gambling game, and the loser exclaims wafna. The word wafna is a hapax, probably of a German origin, and, according to different scholars and medievalists, it may have different meanings. Due to this mysterious exclamation, “Ego sum abbas Cucaniensis” is frequently reflected in English literature: in the 20th and 21st centuries different authors belonging to “popular” and “high” culture have used this word in their texts. However, in their works the word wafna did not fully correlate with its original meaning, but instead, due to its unique use in the above context, became a kind of marker of “goliardic” themes (primarily in connection with gambling and alcohol). There are several reasons for this. To begin with, the song’s popularity in the English-speaking environment (while apparently not being widely disseminated in the Middle Ages) is explained by the fact that it was among the first translations of poems from Carmina Burana into English by J. A. Symonds in 1884; later, in 1935–1936, it was included in Carl Orff’s cantata by the same name, texts from which were subsequently often read in schools and universities in Latin classes. Moreover, Symonds leaves the word wafna untranslated, which encourages readers to seek their own interpretations and create their own associations, just as English-language writers of subsequent eras continue to do.
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Hartmann, Luisa-Marie, Janina Krawitz, and Stanislaw Schukajlow. "Create your own problem! When given descriptions of real-world situations, do students pose and solve modelling problems?" ZDM – Mathematics Education 53, no. 4 (February 1, 2021): 919–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11858-021-01224-7.
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AbstractAs problem posing has been shown to foster students’ problem-solving abilities, problem posing might serve as an innovative teaching approach for improving students’ modelling performance. However, there is little research on problem posing regarding real-world situations. The present paper addresses this research gap by using a modelling perspective to examine (1) what types of problems students pose (e.g., modelling vs. word problems) and (2) how students solve different types of self-generated problems. To answer these questions, we recruited 82 ninth- and tenth-graders from German high schools and middle schools to participate in this study. We presented students with different real-world situations. Then we asked them to pose problems that referred to these situations and to solve the problems they posed. We analyzed students’ self-generated problems and their solutions using criteria from research on modelling. Our analysis revealed that students posed problems that were related to reality and required the application of mathematical methods. Therefore, problem posing with respect to given real-world situations can be a beneficial approach for fostering modelling abilities. However, students showed a strong tendency to generate word problems for which important modelling activities (e.g., making assumptions) are not needed. Of the students who generated modelling problems, a few either neglected to make assumptions or made assumptions but were not able to integrate them adequately into their mathematical models, and therefore failed to solve those problems. We conclude that students should be taught to pose problems, in order to benefit more from this powerful teaching approach in the area of modelling.
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Zahnert, Thomas, Robert Mlynski, Hubert Löwenheim, Dirk Beutner, Rudolf Hagen, Arneborg Ernst, Thorsten Zehlicke, et al. "Long-Term Outcomes of Vibroplasty Coupler Implantations to Treat Mixed/Conductive Hearing Loss." Audiology and Neurotology 23, no. 6 (2018): 316–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495560.
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Objective: To evaluate the long-term safety and performance of four different vibroplasty couplers (round window, oval window, CliP and Bell coupler) in combination with an active middle ear implant. Methods: This was a multicentre, prospective, long-term study including 5 German hospitals. Thirty adult subjects suffering from conductive or mixed hearing loss were initially enrolled for the study, 24 of these were included in the final analysis with up to 36 months of postsurgical follow-up data. Bone conduction and air conduction were measured pre- and postoperatively to evalu ate safety. Postoperative aided sound field thresholds and Freiburger monosyllable word recognition scores were compared to unaided pre-implantation results to confirm performance. Additional speech tests compared postoperative unaided with aided results. To determine patient satisfaction, an established quality-of-life questionnaire developed for conventional hearing aid usage was administered to all subjects. Results: Mean postoperative bone conduction thresholds remained stable throughout the whole study period. Mean functional gain for all couplers investigated was 38.5 ± 11.4 dB HL (12 months) and 38.8 ± 12.5 dB HL (36 months). Mean word recognition scores at 65 dB SPL increased from 2.9% in the unaided by 64.2% to 67.1% in the aided situation. The mean postoperative speech reception in quiet (or 50% understanding of words in sentences) shows a speech intelligibility improvement at 36 months of 17.8 ± 12.4 dB SPL over the unaided condition. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) improved by 5.9 ± 7.2 dB SNR over the unaided condition. High subjective device satisfaction was reflected by the International Inventory for Hearing Aids scored very positively. Conclusion: A significant improvement was seen with all couplers, and audiological performance did not significantly differ between 12 and 36 months after surgery.
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Grabitz, Clara R., Kate E. Watkins, and Dorothy V. M. Bishop. "Cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages in bilinguals assessed using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound." Wellcome Open Research 1 (November 15, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.9869.1.
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Background: Lateralised representation of language in monolinguals is a well-established finding, but the situation is much less clear when there is more than one language. Studies to date have identified a number of factors that might influence the brain organisation of language in bilinguals. These include proficiency, age of acquisition and exposure to the second language. The question as to whether the cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages are the same or different is as yet unresolved. Methods: We used functional transcranial Doppler sonography (FTCD) to measure cerebral lateralisation in the first and second languages in 26 high proficiency bilinguals with German or French as their first language (L1) and English as their second language (L2). FTCD was used to measure task-dependent blood flow velocity changes in the left and right middle cerebral arteries during word generation cued by single letters. Language history measures and handedness were assessed through self-report questionnaires. Results:The majority of participants were significantly left lateralised for both L1 and L2, with no significant difference in the size of asymmetry indices between L1 and L2. Asymmetry indices for L1 and L2 were not related to language history, such as proficiency of the L2. Conclusion: In highly proficient bilinguals, there is strong concordance for cerebral lateralisation of first and second languages.
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Boris, I. R. "Formation and development of the banking system in Galicia on the eve of joining the Austrian monarchy in the second half of the 18th century." Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 1, no. 79 (October 9, 2023): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.79.1.3.
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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the formation and development of the banking system in Galicia on the eve of joining Austria in the second half of the 18th century. It is noted that the beginnings of banking in Galicia date back to the Middle Ages, in particular, during its stay as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The banking system of Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was formed and functioned in accordance with the general trends in the development of banking in Europe.
It has been established that the first banks in the current sense of the word began to appear in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the development of urban centers and crafts. Banking houses became more and more important every decade. They granted loans to Polish kings and cities (it is known that they granted loans to the city of Lviv), acted as intermediaries in obtaining loans abroad, in in Viennese banks. Banking activity in Poland since the Middle Ages has been carried out by merchant families, the most prominent of which were Schwartz, Boner, Montelupi, Volchek, Jezyfowicz. Gradually, banking business in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth began to separate from the merchants. People began to appear who were called «bankers» and for whom credit business was the main occupation. The first banker in Poland who gave himself this name was Adam Zimman.
It is shown that in the 18th century several banks were established in Galicia, which acted as commercial institutions and mostly served trade and industry. In Galicia, loans to private individuals in the XVII-XVIII centuries. provided by owners of large capital. It is known that in the middle of the XVII century. the Lviv burgher brotherhood at the Dormition Church helped its members with interest-free loans. At the same time, benevolent credit institutions began to appear, similar to the European Pious Banks (Montes pietatis). Pious banks were established by ecclesiastical organizations, often Jesuits, to provide loans to the population at comparatively lower interest rates than individual private individuals. These banks were part of the church’s fight against usury. They were usually supported by donations and contributions from church organizations and wealthy people. The money received from these sources was used to provide loans to the public against collateral. In many cases, pious banks refused to charge interest on loans and even forgave debts if the borrower was unable to repay the loan. Pious banks were popular in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, especially among the poorer population who could not afford the high interest rates charged by private financial institutions or individuals. However, over time, religious banks became less popular due to increased competition from private banks, as well as a decrease in the interest of church organizations in supporting them.
It is argued that in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th century. banking was born. The first bankers were rich burghers, such as the German Valerian Alembek, the Greek Konstantin Korniakt, or the Campian family. Prototypes of classical banks in the current sense of the word were credit societies or so-called pious banks that performed lending functions. They first specialized in mortgage loans and short-term loans. The Armenian Pious Bank became the first institution of such a plan in Lviv. Simultaneously with the development of trade and industry in the 18th century. banking institutions began to acquire more and more importance. They accepted deposits primarily from larger landowners and provided loans. Banking houses even provided loans to Polish kings and cities, including Lviv. Despite the intensification of banking activity in the 18th century, the banking system in Galicia as part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was poorly developed, and legal regulation was mostly related to issues of interest on loans granted.
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Iarmolovych, Galyna. "The Concept of Distributivity In Old High German and Middle High German Texts." Intellectual Archive 10, no. 3 (September 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/ia_2021_09_8.
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Quantification and numbers, numerals and number words have been in the focus of research on different levels of linguistical studies. The mathematical thinking and understanding of primitive arithmetical manipulations have been covered from both the mathematical and psychological points of view. The concept of distribution developed from the ability to group objects and belongs to the second wave of the mathematical understanding of primitive people. Being one of the first concepts developed in the human consciousness it stayed un-nominalised until the development of the number consequence paradigm. The distributive constructs existing in the Modern German language are a result of development from the Proto Indo European through the Proto Germanic, Old High German, and Middle High German languages. However, the modern standard concept of distributivity is built on the preceding word – i.e., a number of colloquial variations keep being used in some German dialects.