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Journal articles on the topic 'Beidellite'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 February 2022

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1

Yamada, H., H. Nakazawa, K. Yoshioka, and T. Fujita. "Smectites in the montmorillonite-beidellite series." Clay Minerals 26, no. 3 (September 1991): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1991.026.3.05.

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AbstractSmectites in the montmorillonite-beidellite pseudo-binary system were synthesized from glass at the hydrothermal conditions 100 MPa and 250–500°C. Products were analysed by X-ray powder diffraction for randomly oriented and glycolated samples, and also according to the Greene-Kelly test. A new mixed-layer mineral consisting of regularly interstratified montmorillonite-beidellite was found below 400°C for M50B50 composition, where M and B denote the compositions of ideal Na-montmorillonite and Na-beidellite, respectively. Montmorillonite was obtained as a single phase below 375°C in the composition range from M100B0 to M78B22. Above 375°C, montmorillonite decomposed into an assemblage of beidellite, saponite and a silica mineral. Beidellite as a single phase was synthesized below 400°C for M0B100 composition. Above 450°C, Na-rectorite (regularly interstratified paragonite-beidellite), Mg-free dioctahedral smectite and/or Mg-rich trioctahedral smectite appeared together with silica minerals. These smectites showed the same swelling behaviour as that of montmorillonite. Phase relations in the montmorillonite-beidellite pseudo-binary system indicate no complete solid-solution series.

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2

Cuadros, J. "Kaolinite/Montmorillonite Resembles Beidellite." Clays and Clay Minerals 42, no. 5 (1994): 643–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1994.0420517.

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3

Garfinkel-Shweky, D., and S. Yariv. "Metachromasy in clay dye systems: the adsorption of acridine orange by Na-beidellite." Clay Minerals 34, no. 3 (September 1999): 459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985599546361.

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AbstractThe adsorption of the metachromic dye acridine orange (AO) by Na-beidellite was investigated by visible spectroscopy. Different types of clay-AO association were identified from the appearance and location of absorption bands α or β. The colloidal properties were determined from curves of the absorbance vs. the degree of saturation. Three regions were identified in the absorbance curve. In the first region beidellite is peptized with small amounts of AO and the dye penetrates into the interlayer space where it undergoes metachromasy due to π interactions between the aromatic entity and the oxygen plane of the clay. With larger amounts of AO (second region), the clay flocculates due to the aggregation of the dye cations in the interparticle space of the flocs. In excess AO (third region), beidellite is gradually peptized, forming small tactoids with monomeric AO in the interlayer space and at the same time adsorbing dimeric and polymeric AO cationic species at the solid-liquid interface. Compared with the other smectites, AO shows the greatest tendency to undergo metachromasy in the presence of beidellite.

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4

Scholtzová, Eva, L’uboš Jankovič, and Daniel Tunega. "Stability of Tetrabutylphosphonium Beidellite Organoclay." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 15 (March 19, 2018): 8380–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b01042.

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5

Kloprogge, J. Theo. "Characterization of Synthetic Na-Beidellite." Clays and Clay Minerals 38, no. 4 (1990): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1990.0380410.

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6

Kloprogge, J. T. "Hydrothermal Synthesis of Ammonium-Beidellite." Clays and Clay Minerals 43, no. 1 (1995): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1995.0430117.

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7

Grauby, Olivier, Sabine Petit, Alain Decarreau, and Alain Baronnet. "The beidellite-saponite series: an experimental approach." European Journal of Mineralogy 5, no. 4 (July 22, 1993): 623–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/5/4/0623.

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8

Santos, H. S., A. M. Cesio, M. Gauna, V. F. Justo, and C. Volzone. "Structural changes of Cr-beidellite treated up to 1350 °C in oxygen or nitrogen atmospheres." Cerâmica 64, no. 369 (March 2018): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132018643692215.

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Abstract Beidellite clay mineral after intercalation of OH-Cr(III) species were thermally analyzed up to 1350 °C in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres. OH-Cr-beidellite can be used as a pillared clay precursor for catalysis or as adsorbent applications. However, in this paper beidellite enriched in chromium were analyzed at different thermal treatments up to high temperature for evaluating structural changes for possible future ceramic applications. The structural changes were followed by thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction. The thermal treatment of OH-Cr-beidellite in oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres developed different mineralogical phases up to 1050 °C, but at higher temperatures, the same phases were developed in both atmosphere treatments. Eskolaite phase (Cr2O3) appeared in the sample after heating at 400 °C in oxygen atmosphere, whereas grimaldite (CrO-OH) in nitrogen atmosphere, maintaining the starting phases. At 1000 °C the raw clay minerals disappeared, as it is knew. At 1050 °C in nitrogen atmosphere, grimaldite was absent and eskolaite appeared. At 1350 °C in the samples calcined in both atmospheres, quartz, cristobalite and mullite as the main phases and in lower contents aluminum oxide and aluminum-chromium oxide [(Al,Cr)2O3] were present.

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9

Martin, F., S. Petit, A. Decarreau, Ph Ildefonse, O. Grauby, D. Beziat, Ph de Parseval, and Y. Noack. "Ga/Al substitutions in synthetic kaolinites and smectites." Clay Minerals 33, no. 2 (June 1998): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985598545598.

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AbstractThe Ga for A1 substitution in kaolinites and smectites was studied using clay synthesis from initial gels having an (Al + Ga)/Si ratio of kaolinites andMGa = Ga/(Ga + A1) ratio ranging from 0 to 1. Only kaolinite was obtained for MGa in the range 0-0.10. For higher MGa, synthesized clays were both kaolinite and beidellite, or pure beidellites. The evolution of b cell parameters, and the appearance of avAI-OH-Ga absorption band at 3600 cm-1in FFIR spectra, proves the progressive substitution of AI by Ga in kaolinite. The low substitution of AI by Ga in kaolinite can be correlated with the large difference in ionic radii between Al3+and Ga3+which causes a large increase in cell dimensions. By contrast, the incorporation of Ga in smectites is easy and can be complete.

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10

Cheikh, Dorsaf, Fátima García-Villén, Hatem Majdoub, César Viseras, and Memia Benna Zayani. "Chitosan/beidellite nanocomposite as diclofenac carrier." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 126 (April 2019): 44–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.205.

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11

Christidis, G., and A. C. Dunham. "Compositional variations in smectites. Part II: alteration of acidic precursors, a case study from Milos Island, Greece." Clay Minerals 32, no. 2 (June 1997): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1997.032.2.07.

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AbstractThe smectites present in some bentonites from the Island of Milos, Greece, derived from acidic rocks, have been examined by XRD and electron microprobe. The possible influence of loss of alkalis during analysis and contamination by fine grained Si-phases on microanalyses has also been evaluated. Smectites are closely associated with opal-CT and their composition ranges from beidellite to Tatatilla-type montmorillonite. Their chemistry is dominated by negative relationships between Mg and AlVI and Si and total Al. However, it cannot be resolved whether there is a solid-solution between the smectites or whether the variation observed is due to mechanical mixing of domains with different composition.The role of Fe is of minor importance reflecting an inherited factor imposed by the parent rock, but the role of the fluid phase is also important. Beidellite occurs in the rims, while Tatatilla-type montmorillonite, often associated with free opal-CT, is formed in the interior of the altered shards, indicating a variable degree of Si release during glass dissolution. The formation of beidellite is not necessarily associated with Mg uptake.

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12

He, Hongping, Shichao Ji, Qi Tao, Jianxi Zhu, Tianhu Chen, Xiaoliang Liang, Zhaohui Li, and Hailiang Dong. "Transformation of halloysite and kaolinite into beidellite under hydrothermal condition." American Mineralogist 102, no. 5 (May 1, 2017): 997–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5935.

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Abstract Understanding clay mineral transformation is of fundamental importance to unraveling geological and environmental processes and to better understanding the unique structure and property of phyllosilicates. To date, two pathways have been identified, i.e., the transformation among 2:1 type clay minerals (e.g., illitization of smectite) and from 2:1 type to 1:1 type (e.g., kaolinization of smectite). However, the transformation of 1:1 to 2:1 type is less commonly observed. In this study, hydrothermal experiments were conducted to investigate the possibility of the transformation of 1:1 type clay minerals (i.e., halloysite and kaolinite) into 2:1 ones (i.e., beidellite). The obtained products were characterized by XRD, TG, FTIR, 27Al and 29Si MAS NMR, and HRTEM. XRD patterns of the hydrothermal products display characteristic basal spacing of smectite group minerals at 1.2–1.3 nm with dramatic decrease/disappearance of the (001) reflection of halloysite and kaolinite. This is consistent with HRTEM observations, in which clay layers with a thickness of 1.2–1.4 nm are observed in all hydrothermal products and the Si/Al ratio determined by EDS analysis is close to that of beidellite. The basal spacing increases to ~1.70 nm upon ethylene glycolation, displaying swelling ability of the resultant minerals. The consumption of surface OH in precursor minerals during the transformation leads to a dramatic decrease of mass loss of dehydroxylation and merging of the well resolved OH stretching vibrations in precursor minerals into one at ca. 3667 cm−1, which is indicative of beidellite. These results demonstrate that both halloysite and kaolinite can be converted to 2:1 beidellite under hydrothermal condition, and the transformation of halloysite is easier than that of kaolinite. Such transformation of 1:1 clay minerals to 2:1 ones could be a new pathway for the transformation of clay minerals in nature. Meanwhile, the substitution of Al3+ for Si4+ is found in all newly formed beidellite, suggesting the chemical composition of the newly formed Si-O tetrahedral sheet is different from the one inherited from the precursor clay minerals. This can well explain the formation of “polar layer” in mixed-layer phyllosilicates. These findings are of high importance for better understanding the transformation among clay minerals and unique structure of mixed-layer phyllosilicates.

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13

Kloprogge, J. T., E. Booy, J. B. H. Jansen, and J. W. Geus. "The Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Properties of Hydroxy-Al and Hydroxy-Ga Pillared Montmorillonite and Beidellite." Clay Minerals 29, no. 2 (June 1994): 153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1994.029.2.02.

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AbstractThe pillaring process of montmorillonite and beidellite with Al and Ga polymers has been studied using XRD, IR, 27Al, 71Ga, and 29Si MAS NMR, TGA, TEM, N2 adsorption and chemical analyses. The Al adsorption maximum for montmorillonite is close to 5.5 mEq Al/g clay, whereas the maximum for Ga is higher. Basal spacings of both Ga- and Al-pillared clays vary between 16.7 and 18.8 Å. Freeze-drying of pillared products followed by calcination yielded more regular pillared structures. Pillaring montmorillonite increased the BET surface area from 35 m2/g to 350 m2/g mainly by the creation of micropores <20 Å in diameter. The Al-pillared clays are thermally stable to ∼700°C. Calcination of pillared montmorillonite liberates protons from the pillar, which diffuse into the clay sheet, lowering the thermal stability. In pillared beidellite, mainly silanol groups are formed by breaking Si-O-Al bonds. No reaction is observed between pillars and montmorillonite upon calcination, whereas in pillared beidellite a structural transformation links the pillar to inverted tetrahedra of the tetrahedral sheet. The basal spacing of Ga-pillared montmorillonite collapses to 9.5 Å at 350°C due to the Ga polymer decomposing to Ga3+ cations.

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14

Kloprogge, J. T., and R. L. Frost. "Infrared emission spectroscopy of Al-pillared beidellite." Applied Clay Science 15, no. 5-6 (December 1999): 431–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-1317(99)00025-3.

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15

Malla, P. B. "Problems in Identification of Montmorillonite and Beidellite." Clays and Clay Minerals 35, no. 3 (1987): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350310.

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16

Čapková, Pavla, Miroslav Pospíšil, Jocelyn Miehé-Brendlé, Miroslava Trchová, Zdenek Weiss, and Ronan Le Dred. "Montmorillonite and Beidellite Intercalated with Tetramethylammonium Cations." Journal of Molecular Modeling 6, no. 12 (December 2000): 600–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s0089400060600.

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17

Fesharaki, O., E. García-Romero, J. Cuevas-González, and N. López-Martínez. "Clay mineral genesis and chemical evolution in the Miocene sediments of Somosaguas, Madrid Basin, Spain." Clay Minerals 42, no. 2 (June 2007): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2007.042.2.05.

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AbstractA mineralogical and microtextural study of Somosaguas Miocene deposits, located in the Madrid Basin (western Madrid, Spain), was carried out using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy, whereas crystal chemistry data were obtained by analytical electron microscopy-transmission electron microscopy and electron icroprobe analysis. Four stratigraphic sections were studied, compising detrital rocks representing intermediate and distal facies from alluvial fan deposits. The predominant source area of these sediments was the granitic rocks of the Spanish Central System with a lesser contribution of metamorphic rocks. Clayey arkoses are the most abundant rocks of these sections, typical of granite alteration under warm, semi-arid climates. The mineralogy is characterized by phyllosilicates, followed by feldspars and quartz. The data obtained reveal mineral mixtures of detrital (quartz, feldspars, kaolinite, micas and chlorite), transformed (illite and beidellite) and neoformed (montmorillonite) origin. Clay minerals resulted from interactions between detrital minerals and meteoric waters. Two trends of degradation of micas are detected. The first shows a transition from muscovites and dioctahedral illites, to beidellites. The other trend is defined by the biotite degradation to beidellites with different layer charge and octahedral Fe content. Montmorillonites were neoformed from the hydrolysis and weathering of primary minerals (feldspars and muscovite). Magnesian clay minerals such as sepiolite, palygorskite and trioctahedral smectites, extremely abundant in the centre of the basin, were not detected in Somosaguas sediments.

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18

Ilsouk, Mohamed, Mustapha Raihane, Benaissa Rhouta, Remo Merijs Meri, Janis Zicans, Jana Vecstaudža, and Mohammed Lahcini. "The relationship of structure, thermal and water vapor permeability barrier properties of poly(butylene succinate)/organomodified beidellite clay bionanocomposites prepared by in situ polycondensation." RSC Advances 10, no. 61 (2020): 37314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07521c.

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The exploitation of beidellite clay (BDT), used as a nanofiller in the preparation of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/organoclay biodegradable nanocomposites, was investigated. Their thermal and water vapor barrier properties were also studied.

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19

Meunier, A., B. Velde, and L. Griffault. "The reactivity of bentonites: a review. An application to clay barrier stability for nuclear waste storage." Clay Minerals 33, no. 2 (June 1998): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985598545462.

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AbstractThe thermal stability of bentonites is of particular interest for containment barriers in nuclear waste storage facilities. The kinetics of smectite reactions have been investigated under laboratory conditions for some time. The variables of time, chemical composition and temperature have been varied in these experiments. The results of such an assessment are that there are about as many kinetic values deduced from experiments as there are experiments.Experiments using natural bentonite to study the smectite-to-illite conversion have been interpreted as a progressive transformation of montmorillonite to illite. It is highly probable that the initial reaction product is not illite but a high-charge beidellite + saponite + quartz mineral assemblage which gives, then, beidellite-mica interstratified mixed-layer minerals. These experimental reactions are noticeably different from those of diagenesis, being closer to reactions in hydrothermal systems.

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20

Aggarwal, Vaneet, Hui Li, and Brian J. Teppen. "TRIAZINE ADSORPTION BY SAPONITE AND BEIDELLITE CLAY MINERALS." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, no. 2 (2006): 392. http://dx.doi.org/10.1897/05-264r.1.

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21

Yanagisawa, K., T. Kusunose, K. Ioku, N. Yamasaki, P. B. Malla, and S. Komarneni. "Hydrothermal synthesis of Na beidellite from coprecipitated gel." Journal of Materials Science Letters 15, no. 10 (1996): 861–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00592711.

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22

Aghzzaf, Ahmed Aït, Benaissa Rhouta, Jean Steinmetz, Emmanuel Rocca, Lionel Aranda, Aziza Khalil, Jacques Yvon, and Lahcen Daoudi. "Corrosion inhibitors based on chitosan-heptanoate modified beidellite." Applied Clay Science 65-66 (September 2012): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.04.025.

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23

Montes, M. L., F. Barraqué, A. L. Bursztyn Fuentes, M. A. Taylor, R. C. Mercader, J. Miehé-Brendlé, and R. M. Torres Sánchez. "Effect of synthetic beidellite structural characteristics on the properties of beidellite/Fe oxides magnetic composites as Sr and Cs adsorbent materials." Materials Chemistry and Physics 245 (April 2020): 122760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.122760.

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24

Clayton, T., and R. B. Pearce. "Alteration mineralogy of Cretaceous basalt from ODP Site 1001, Leg 165 (Caribbean Sea)." Clay Minerals 35, no. 4 (September 2000): 719–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985500547043.

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AbstractSecondary clay minerals observed in the two uppermost basalt lava flows at ODP Site 1001, in the Caribbean Sea, drilled from the large igneous province of Cretaceous age, result from low-temperature alteration processes. Alteration mainly proceeds by circulation and diffusion of sea water. Six different types of clay mineral assemblage were recognized. Initial alteration with oxygenated sea water involves Fe and K fixation, creating visible oxidation halos parallel to the sides of cracks and fissures. A saponite/ beidellite mixture, interstratified smectite-glauconite, interstratified glauconite-nontronite and Fe oxyhydroxides are obtained depending on the distance from fluid conduits. The presence of beidellite may be due to enhanced Al mobilization resulting from high fluid flux. These early minerals are cross-cut by thin veins of pure celadonite or glauconite with further vesicle infill. Late-stage alteration is typified by the formation of saponite and takes place under closed reducing conditions resulting from deposition of the sedimentary overburden.

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25

Beaufort, D., G. Berger, J. C. Lacharpagne, and A. Meunier. "An experimental alteration of montmorillonite to a di + trioctahedral smectite assemblage at 100 and 200°C." Clay Minerals 36, no. 2 (June 2001): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985501750177942.

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AbstractHydrothermal experiments were performed at 100 and 200°C and at different clay:water ratios in order to investigate the transformation of smectitic layers during the alteration of a montmorillonitic starting material. This study focused on three phenomena: (1) the amount and localization of charge within the layer of the newly-formed dioctahedral smectite; (2) the stacking of low- and high-charge layers in the dioctahedral smectitic material; and (3) the neoformation of trioctahedral smectites.In all of the runs, the formation of beidellite from montmorillonite induced morphological changes in clay particles which suggests a reaction proceeding by a dissolution-crystallization mechanism. Illite layers were detected in K-saturated montmorillonite runs after the transformation of ∼50% of the starting montmorillonite into beidellite (i.e. after 5 months of reaction with distilled water at 200°C). These illite layers were interstratified with both high-charge and low-charge dioctahedral smectites in a hypothetical three-component mixed-layer mineral.

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26

Gaudin, A., O. Grauby, Y. Noack, A. Decarreau, and S. Petit. "Accurate crystal chemistry of ferric smectites from the lateritic nickel ore of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia). I. XRD and multi-scale chemical approaches." Clay Minerals 39, no. 3 (September 2004): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855043930136.

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AbstractLateritic weathering profiles developed on serpentinized peridotites of Murrin Murrin (Western Australia) exhibit thick smectite zones (10–15 m). The smectites from plasma and fissures were characterized by XRD, chemical analyses (ICP-AES, SEM-EDX and TEM-EDX) and Mo¨ssbauer spectroscopy. These Fe-rich smectites, previously described as nontronites, are in fact more complex. Their layer charges originate from both the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets. Plasma and notably fissure smectites exhibit, from the bulk sample scale to the particle scale, large and continuous Al for (Fe+Cr) substitutions, covering a chemical gap previously described for dioctahedral smectites ranging between nontronite and beidellite end-members. Lastly, they exhibit an octahedral occupancy slightly above 2, due to a low (Mg+Ni) trioctahedral contribution. Thus, the smectites occurring in weathering profiles of ultrabasic rocks can have actual chemistries intermediate between four dioctahedral end-members (beidellite, nontronite, montmorillonite and previously rarely described ferric-montmorillonite) and a trioctahedral one ((Mg+Ni)-saponite).

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27

Ratajczak, Tadeusz, Elżbieta Hycnar, and Piotr Bożęcki. "The beidellite clays from the Bełchatów lignite deposit as a raw material for constructing waterproofing barriers." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 33, no. 2 (June 27, 2017): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2017-0014.

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Abstract Disposal sites for both industrial and communal waste are hazardous for the natural environment due to the accumulated materials and their chemical, physical and biological transformations. The products of these processes migrating at a significant distance contaminate mainly underground waters, surface waters and soils. The spreading of the pollutants may be prevented by horizons of clay rocks that form natural geological barriers. The clay rocks of properly selected parameters may be used in the environmental engineering for constructing artificial water-sealing layers. The mineral, chemical, physico-chemical and physico-mechanical properties of the beidellite clays occurring within the lignite deposit in Bełchatów were studied to find out whether they meet the criteria of waterproofing engineering contained in the Polish recommendations and instructions. The results indicate that the beidellite clays of Bełchatów are rocks suitable for this kind of environmental engineering and may be used in constructing the barriers preventing the migration of effluents from landfills.

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28

Abdrakhimova, E. S., and V. Z. Abdrakhimov. "Transformations of iron oxides during roasting of beidellite clay." Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 54, no. 1 (January 2009): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036023609010100.

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29

Aldega, L., J. Cuadros, A. Laurora, and A. Rossi. "Weathering of phlogopite to beidellite in a karstic environment." American Journal of Science 309, no. 8 (October 1, 2009): 689–710. http://dx.doi.org/10.2475/08.2009.03.

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30

Brandt, Kerstin B. "Gallium and Chromium Substitution for Aluminum in Synthesized Beidellite." Clays and Clay Minerals 46, no. 2 (1998): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1998.0460203.

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31

Öncel, M. S. "Adsorption of copper(II) from aqueous solution by Beidellite." Environmental Geology 55, no. 8 (December 4, 2007): 1767–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-1127-6.

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32

Ghrab, Sana, Sébastien Balme, Marc Cretin, Samir Bouaziz, and Mourad Benzina. "Adsorption of terpenes from Eucalyptus globulus onto modified beidellite." Applied Clay Science 156 (May 2018): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2018.02.002.

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33

Yanagisawa, K., T. Kusunose, K. Ioku, N. Yamasaki, P. B. Malla, and S. Komarneni. "Hydrothermal crystallization mechanism of sodium beidellite from amorphous gel." Journal of Materials Science Letters 14, no. 24 (1995): 1770–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00271003.

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34

Abdrakhimova, E. S. "Recycling of Slag from the Smelting of Ferro in the Production of Earthquake Resistant Brick Based on Clay Beidellite." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-7-32-36.

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A method for producing ceramic earthquake-resistant bricks based on beidellite clay used as a binder and slag from the smelting of ferrotitane used as an aluminum-containing thinning agent is considered. The resulting brick corresponded to the M150 brand, from which it is possible to build buildings of more than 10 floors.

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35

Lee, Yongmoon, Pyosang Kim, Hyeonsu Kim, and Donghoon Seoung. "Comparative Compressibility of Smectite Group under Anhydrous and Hydrous Environments." Materials 13, no. 17 (August 27, 2020): 3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13173784.

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High-pressure synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction studies of smectite group minerals (beidellite, montmorillonite, and nontronite) reveal comparative volumetric changes in the presence of different fluids, as pressure transmitting media (PTM) of silicone oil and distilled water for anhydrous and hydrous environments at room temperature. Using silicone oil PTM, all minerals show gradual contraction of unit-cell volumes and atomistic interplane distances. They, however, show abrupt collapse near 1.0 GPa under distilled water conditions due to hydrostatic to quasi-hydrostatic environmental changes of water PTM around samples concomitant with the transition from liquid to ICE-VI and ICE-VII. The degrees of volume contractions of beidellite, montmorillonite, and nontronite up to ca. 3 GPa are ca. 6.6%, 8.9%, and 7.5% with bulk moduli of ca. 38(1) GPa, 31(2) GPa, and 26(1) GPa under silicone oil pressure, whereas 13(1) GPa, 13(2) GPa, and 17(2) GPa, and 17(1) GPa, 20(1) GPa, and 21(1) GPa under hydrostatic and quasi-hydrostatic environments before and after 1.50 GPa, respectively.

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36

Madejová, J., J. Bujdák, S. Petit, and P. Komadel. "Effects of chemical composition and temperature of heating on the infrared spectra of Li-saturated dioctahedral smectites. (II) Near-infrared region." Clay Minerals 35, no. 5 (December 2000): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985500547205.

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AbstractDiffuse reflectance spectra in the near-infrared region are presented for Li-saturated smectites heated up to 200°C. The smectites included three montmorillonites, an Fe-beidellite and a ferruginous smectite. Unheated samples showed a complex band near 7060 cm-1 assigned to the first overtone of the OH-stretching mode of structural hydroxyl groups and bound H2O. The OH combination bands appeared in the 4600-4300 cm-1 region. Spectra of heated montmorillonites showed an upward shift and splitting of the OH-overtone band into two components near 7170 and 7110 cm-1. The presence of a band near 7170 cm-1, assigned to the overtone of the AlMgLiOH-stretching vibration, implied that local trioctahedral domains were created upon Li(I) fixation in the previously vacant octahedral positions of montmorillonites. The OH combination bands were shifted to higher frequencies and a new band appeared near 4472 cm-1 in the spectra of montmorillonites heated to temperatures in excess of 130°C. No features indicating Li(I) in the structure of Fe-beidellite or ferruginous smectite were observed in the NIR spectra.

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Volzone, C., and L. B. Garrido. "Retention of OH-Al complexes by dioctahedral smectites." Clay Minerals 36, no. 1 (March 2001): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985501547394.

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AbstractDioctahedral smectites (Cheto- and Wyoming-type montmorillonites and a beidellite) were treated with two hydrolysed OH-Al solutions (0.02 M in Al) containing different OH-Al complexes. The ratio of ∼3.25 mmol of Al per gram of smectite was used. The total Al and the presence of OH-Al species in solution before and after reaction with smectites were determined by the kinetics of Al-Ferron reaction colour development. The composition of the Al species retained by smectites was not the same as that present in the original solution added. The slow-reacting complexes present in the solution were preferentially adsorbed by dioctahedral smectites. Smectites prepared from slow-reacting polymer solutions showed changes in interlayer separation,b–dimension, order along thecaxis and spectroscopic properties, after storage at room temperature. The OH-Al Cheto-type montmorillonite prepared from both solutions showed more retention of Al, best stability at room temperature and after thermal treatment at 550°C than interlayered OH-Al Wyoming-type montmorillonite and OH-Al beidellite smectites.

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Ammar, Marwa, Walid Oueslati, Hafsia Ben Rhaiem, and Abdesslem Ben Haj Amara. "XRD profile modeling approach tools to investigate the effect of charge location on hydration behavior in the case of metal exchanged smectite." Powder Diffraction 28, S2 (September 2013): S284—S300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715613000973.

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This work aims to investigate the hydration behavior and structural properties of two dioctahedral smectites with contrasting location charge (beidellite SbId-1 and montmorillonite SWy-2) according to the nature of the bivalent compensator heavy metal cations (i.e. Hg (II), Ni (II), Ba (II) and Mg (II)). This study is achieved using XRD profile modeling approach based on the simulation of the 00l reflection which allowed us to determine structural characteristics along the c* axis related to the nature, abundance, size, position and organization of exchangeable cation and water molecule in the interlamellar space along the c* axis. The obtained results show that a heterogeneous hydration behavior is systematically observed in all studied samples and the structural models, used to fit samples with tetrahedral charge, are more heterogeneous than smectite with an octahedral sheets substitution. In the case of exchanged beidellite specimen, the proposed models are described by a mixed layer structure with variable abundance containing respectively, dehydrated (0W), mono-hydrated (1W) and bihydrated (2W) layers. Whereas, in the case of the montmorillonite, the absence of 0W hydration state is noted.

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Sondi, Ivan, and Velimir Pravdić. "Electrokinetics of Natural and Mechanically Modified Ripidolite and Beidellite Clays." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 181, no. 2 (August 1996): 463–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcis.1996.0403.

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Yamada, Hirohisa. "Isothermal Treatments of Regularly Interstratified Montmorillonite-Beidellite at Hydrothermal Conditions." Clays and Clay Minerals 41, no. 6 (1993): 726–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1993.0410611.

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Paul, Blain, Dongjiang Yang, Xuzhuang Yang, Xuebin Ke, Ray Frost, and Huaiyong Zhu. "Adsorption of the herbicide simazine on moderately acid-activated beidellite." Applied Clay Science 49, no. 1-2 (June 2010): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.04.004.

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Maurin, Vanessa, Céline Croutxé-Barghorn, Xavier Allonas, Jocelyne Brendlé, Julia Bessières, André Merlin, and Eric Masson. "UV powder coatings containing synthetic Ag-beidellite for antibacterial properties." Applied Clay Science 96 (July 2014): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.03.013.

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43

Sequeira Braga, M. A., C. Leal Gomes, J. Duplay, and H. Paquet. "Clay minerals in the Namacotche Pegmatite Group from Zambezia Province, Mozambique: main constituents of late-stage secondary paragenesis." Clay Minerals 43, no. 4 (December 2008): 597–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2008.043.4.06.

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AbstractNamacotche gem-bearing pegmatites of Alto Ligonha pegmatite district are heterogeneous, strongly fractionated, and have large Li and Ta and extremely large Cs contents. Clay samples were collected in fracture infillings and dilation cavities with gemstones and were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), polarized light microscope, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and chemical analyses. The <2 μm fraction contains cookeite, illite, illite-smectite and suggested irregular mixed-layer cookeite-smectite, beidellite, montmorillonite, kaolinite and goethite.The XRD patterns of chlorite and their d values suggest the presence of ‘di-trioctahedral chlorite’ similar to cookeite-Ia polytype. Cookeite chemical analyses show that Li contents range from 0.82 to 1.08 atoms per half unit cell.A close relationship has been established between occurrences of gemstones and clay minerals. Some important textures and crystal chemistry are discussed.The main gemstones related to the Namacotche Pegmatite are: morganite (pink cesian beryl), kunzite (spodumene) and elbaite tourmaline. As the mechanisms responsible for the gemstone formation take place at low temperature, the clay minerals paragenesis cookeite ± cookeite-smectite interstratification ± beidellite + montmorillonite ± illite-smectite interstratification, represents a late-stage secondary paragenesis, generated by hydrothermal alteration.

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Moreno-Rodríguez, Daniel, Ľuboš Jankovič, Eva Scholtzová, and Daniel Tunega. "Stability of Atrazine–Smectite Intercalates: Density Functional Theory and Experimental Study." Minerals 11, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11060554.

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Atrazine (A) is one of the most applied herbicides and has a negative impact on the environment and health. Density functional theory (DFT) and experimental methods were used in the study of the immobilization of atrazine in two smectites, montmorillonite (Mt) and beidellite (Bd), as well as in their organically modified structures. Four systems were examined: A-Mt and A-Bd, as well as the structures modified by tetramethylphosphonium cation (TMP), A-TMP-Mt and A-TMP-Bd. The calculations revealed a flat arrangement of the atrazine in the interlayer space of both smectites with higher stability of beidellite structures. The presence of the TMP cation increased the fixation of atrazine in both organically modified smectites. The calculated vibrational spectra allowed a detailed analysis of the overlapping bands observed in the experimental FTIR spectra and their correct assignment. Further, selected FTIR bands unambiguously assigned to atrazine and both smectites served for the estimation of the adsorbed amount of atrazine. It was shown that the adsorption capacity of both TMP-modified smectites did not increase in comparison to the adsorption capacity of unmodified smectite samples.

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45

Madejová, J., J. Bujdák, S. Petit, and P. Komadel. "Effects of chemical composition and temperature of heating on the infrared spectra of Li-saturated dioctahedral smectites. (I) Mid-infrared region." Clay Minerals 35, no. 5 (December 2000): 739–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985500547160.

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AbstractInfrared spectroscopy in the mid-IR region was used to follow the structural changes occurring in five Li-saturated dioctahedral smectites upon heating. The smectites included three montmorillonites, an Fe-beidellite and a ferruginous smectite. Fixation of Li+ ions in the structure even upon heating at 120°C caused the appearance of an AlMgLiOH-stretching band near 3670 cm–1 in the spectra of all three montmorillonites. This band confirmed the presence of Li(I) in the previously vacant octahedral positions in montmorillonites. No similar band was observed in the spectra of ferruginous heated smectites with prevailing tetrahedral charge. A gradual upward frequency shift and decrease in intensity of the AlAlOH-bending band showed that Li(I) present in the hexagonal cavities causes pronouncedperturbation of this OH-bending mode. The Li(I) present in the octahedral sheets causes small perturbations of the OH-bending mode near 850 cm–1 and activation of a new OH-bending mode near 803 cm–1. Reversible changes in the positions of the stretching Si–O and bending OH bands in the spectra of Fe-beidellite and a ferruginous smectite proved that Li was present in these minerals primarily in the hexagonal holes of the tetrahedral sheets.

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Ezzeddine, Imene, Nouha Ghorbel, Mohamed Ilsouk, Mourad Arous, Mohammed Lahcini, F. Z. Bouharras, Mustapha Raihane, and Ali Kallel. "Dielectric and thermal characteristics of Beidellite nanoclay-reinforced poly(butylene succinate)." Materials Chemistry and Physics 258 (January 2021): 123855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2020.123855.

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47

Miehé-Brendlé, J., L. Khouchaf, J. Baron, and M. H. Tuilier. "Structural Study of Interlayer Zr Particles in Exchanged and Pillared Beidellite." Le Journal de Physique IV 7, no. C2 (April 1997): C2–951—C2–952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:1997297.

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Catrinescu, Cezar, Carmen Teodosiu, Matei Macoveanu, Jocelyne Miehe-Brendlé, and Ronan Le Dred. "Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of phenol over Fe-exchanged pillared beidellite." Water Research 37, no. 5 (March 2003): 1154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00449-9.

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Brigatti, Maria Franca, Daniele Malferrari, Luca Medici, and Luciano Poppi. "Effect of Amino Acids on the Retention of Copper by Beidellite." Environmental Engineering Science 20, no. 6 (November 2003): 601–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/109287503770736113.

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50

Kawano, Motoharu. "X-ray Powder Diffraction Studies on the Rehydration Properties of Beidellite." Clays and Clay Minerals 39, no. 1 (1991): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/ccmn.1991.0390110.

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