Journal articles: 'Behavioural neuroscience of learning and memory'

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Tonegawa, Susumu, Kazu Nakazawa, and Matthew A. Wilson. "Genetic neuroscience of mammalian learning and memory." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1432 (April 29, 2003): 787–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1243.

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Our primary research interest is to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms on neuronal circuitry underlying the acquisition, consolidation and retrieval of hippocampus-dependent memory in rodents. We study these problems by producing genetically engineered (i.e. spatially targeted and/or temporally restricted) mice and analysing these mice by multifaceted methods including molecular and cellular biology, in vitro and in vivo physiology and behavioural studies. We attempt to identify deficits at each of the multiple levels of complexity in specific brain areas or cell types and deduce those deficits that underlie specific learning or memory. We will review our recent studies on the acquisition, consolidation and recall of memories that have been conducted with mouse strains in which genetic manipulations were targeted to specific types of cells in the hippocampus or forebrain of young adult mice.

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Parvez, Kashif, David Rosenegger, Michael Orr, Kara Martens, and Ken Lukowiak. "Canadian Association of Neurosciences Review: Learning at a Snail's Pace." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 33, no. 4 (November 2006): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100005291.

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ABSTRACT:While learning and memory are related, they are distinct processes each with different forms of expression and underlying molecular mechanisms. An invertebrate model system, Lymnaea stagnalis, is used to study memory formation of a non-declarative memory. We have done so because: 1) We have discovered the neural circuit that mediates an interesting and tractable behaviour; 2) This behaviour can be operantly conditioned and intermediate-term and long-term memory can be demonstrated; and 3) It is possible to demonstrate that a single neuron in the model system is a necessary site of memory formation. This article reviews how Lymnaea has been used in the study of behavioural and molecular mechanisms underlying consolidation, reconsolidation, extinction and forgetting.

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Dr. Mahima Gupta, Ms Kamal Gulati Manwani,. "THE NEUROSCIENCE ASPECTS OF ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOUR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS." Psychology and Education Journal 57, no. 9 (December 25, 2020): 6489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/pae.v57i9.3202.

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Education is considered to be a tool for providing knowledge, building character and promising a comfortable lifeto its learners. To ensure desired learning outcomes, a lot is being done in the areas of developing better curriculum, making state of the art institutions, improving teacher quality, providing digital platforms, enhancing parental involvement etc. However, when it comes to designing Pedagogical Tools based on the learning patterns of the brain, there is seen a wide gap between what is researched in laboratories and what is witnessed in our classrooms. Pedagogical practices not based on an understanding of how a learner’s brain works and what are its needs can lead to undesired behavioural consequences in them. This becomes more pronounced as learners enter into adolescence, a period in development marked with rapid changes at mental, physical, emotional and psychological levels. This paper looks into various researches that have been done in Cognitive Neuroscience and their educational implications on adolescent learners. It explores why educational practices must take into consideration the cognitive aspects of an adolescent’s brain like role of reward system, enhancing Working Memory, providing multisensory stimulus, using memory strategies, understanding learner behavior and needs etc. This paper concludes by providing insights on how learnings from these Neuroscience researches can address the issue of high risk behaviour tendencies and mental disorders amongst adolescent learners.

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Ulrich, Daniel. "Sleep Spindles as Facilitators of Memory Formation and Learning." Neural Plasticity 2016 (2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1796715.

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Over the past decades important progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of sleep spindle generation. At the same time a physiological role of sleep spindles is starting to be revealed. Behavioural studies in humans and animals have found significant correlations between the recall performance in different learning tasks and the amount of sleep spindles in the intervening sleep. Concomitant neurophysiological experiments showed a close relationship between sleep spindles and other sleep related EEG rhythms as well as a relationship between sleep spindles and synaptic plasticity. Together, there is growing evidence from several disciplines in neuroscience for a participation of sleep spindles in memory formation and learning.

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Muthu, Sakthi Jothi, Ganesh Lakshmanan, and Prakash Seppan. "Influence of Testosterone Depletion on Neurotrophin-4 in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Its Effects on Learning and Memory." Developmental Neuroscience 44, no. 2 (2022): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000522201.

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Sex steroids are neuromodulators that play a crucial role in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity, providing circuit flexibility and dynamic functional connectivity in mammals. Previous studies indicate that testosterone is crucial for neuronal functions and required further investigation on various frontiers. However, it is surprising to note that studies on testosterone-induced neurotrophin-4 (NT-4) expression and its influence on synaptic plasticity and learning and memory moderation are scanty. The present study is focused on analysing the localized influence of NT-4 on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and associated moderation in learning and memory under testosterone deprivation. Adult Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into various groups, control (Cont), orchidectomy (ORX), ORX + testosterone supplementation (ORX + T), and Cont + testosterone (Cont + T). After 2 weeks, the serum testosterone level was undetectable in ORX rats. The behavioural assessment showed a decline in the learning ability of ORX rats with increased working and reference memory errors in the behavioural assessment in the 8-arm radial maze. The mRNA and protein expressions of NT-4 and androgen receptors (ARs) were significantly reduced in the ORX group. In addition, there was a decrease in the number of neuronal dendrites in Golgi-Cox staining. These changes were not seen in ORX + T rats with improved learning behaviour indicating that testosterone exerts its protective effect on hippocampal synaptic plasticity through AR-dependent NT-4 regulation in learning and memory upgrade.

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Orlov, N., O. O'daly, D. Tracy, J. Rothwell, and S. Shergill. "Neurophysiological and behavioural effects of tDCS upon memory and learning in schizophrenia." Brain Stimulation 12, no. 2 (March 2019): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2018.12.484.

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Wang, Di, Ah-Hwee Tan, Chunyan Miao, and Ahmed A. Moustafa. "Modelling Autobiographical Memory Loss across Life Span." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 1368–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33011368.

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Neurocomputational modelling of long-term memory is a core topic in computational cognitive neuroscience, which is essential towards self-regulating brain-like AI systems. In this paper, we study how people generally lose their memories and emulate various memory loss phenomena using a neurocomputational autobiographical memory model. Specifically, based on prior neurocognitive and neuropsychology studies, we identify three neural processes, namely overload, decay and inhibition, which lead to memory loss in memory formation, storage and retrieval, respectively. For model validation, we collect a memory dataset comprising more than one thousand life events and emulate the three key memory loss processes with model parameters learnt from memory recall behavioural patterns found in human subjects of different age groups. The emulation results show high correlation with human memory recall performance across their life span, even with another population not being used for learning. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first research work on quantitative evaluations of autobiographical memory loss using a neurocomputational model.

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Holden-Dye, Lindy, and Robert J. Walker. "Invertebrate models of behavioural plasticity and human disease." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 2 (January 2018): 239821281881806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212818818068.

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The fundamental processes of neural communication have been largely conserved through evolution. Throughout the last century, researchers have taken advantage of this, and the experimental tractability of invertebrate animals, to advance understanding of the nervous system that translates to mammalian brain. This started with the inspired analysis of the ionic basis of neuronal excitability and neurotransmission using squid during the 1940s and 1950s and has progressed to detailed insight into the molecular architecture of the synapse facilitated by the genetic tractability of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Throughout this time, invertebrate preparations have provided a means to link neural mechanisms to behavioural plasticity and thus key insight into fundamental aspects of control systems, learning, and memory. This article captures key highlights that exemplify the historical and continuing invertebrate contribution to neuroscience.

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Nazir, Nausheen, Mohammad Nisar, Muhammad Zahoor, Faheem Uddin, Saeed Ullah, Riaz Ullah, Siddique Akber Ansari, Hafiz Majid Mahmood, Ahmed Bari, and Abdulrehman Alobaid. "Phytochemical Analysis, In Vitro Anticholinesterase, Antioxidant Activity and In Vivo Nootropic Effect of Ferula ammoniacum (Dorema ammoniacum) D. Don. in Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice." Brain Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11020259.

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Background: Ferula ammoniacum (D. Don) is one of the endemic medicinal plants that is traditionally used to treat a number of diseases. Although the plant has been used to enhance memory, the investigational evidence supporting the nootropic effect was unsubstantial. Hence, the rationale for this study was to assess the potential beneficial effect of F. ammoniacum seed extracts on learning and memory in mice. Methods: The powdered plant samples (aerial parts) were subjected to extraction ad fractionation. Among the extracts, crude and ethyl acetate extracts were screened for major phytochemicals through HPLC analysis. All the extracts were evaluated for the in vitro anticholinesterase (AChE and BChE) and antioxidant potentials. Among the extracts the active fraction was further assessed for improving learning and memory in mice using behavioural tests like Y-maze and novel object recognition test (NORT) using standard protocols. After behavioural tests, all the animals were sacrificed and brains tissues were assessed for the ex vivo anticholinesterase and antioxidant potentials. Results: Phytochemicals like chlorogenic acid, quercetin, mandelic acid, phloroglucinol, hydroxy benzoic acid, malic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, ellagic acid, rutin, and pyrogallol were identified in crude methanolic extract (Fa.Met) and ethyl acetate fraction (Fa.EtAc) through HPLC. Fa.EtAc and Fa.Chf extracts more potently inhibited AChE and BChE with IC50 values of 40 and 43 µg/mL, and 41 and 42 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly highest free radical scavenging potential was exhibited by Fa.EtAc fraction against DPPH (IC50 = 100 µg/mL) and ABTS (IC50 = 120 µg/mL). The extract doses, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight significantly (p < 0.01) improved the short-term memory by increasing the percent spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze test along with increasing discrimination index in the NORT that clearly indicated the enhancement in the recognition memory of mice. Conclusion: The extracts more potently scavenged the tested free radicals, exhibited anticholinesterase activities, improved the learning abilities and reduced the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice model thus suggesting that these extracts could be effectively used for the management of oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases and memory loss.

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Wong, Stephanie, Muireann Irish, Greg Savage, John R. Hodges, Olivier Piguet, and Michael Hornberger. "Strategic value-directed learning and memory in Alzheimer's disease and behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia." Journal of Neuropsychology 13, no. 2 (February 12, 2018): 328–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jnp.12152.

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Deantoni, Michele, Thomas Villemonteix, Evelyne Balteau, Christina Schmidt, and Philippe Peigneux. "Post-Training Sleep Modulates Topographical Relearning-Dependent Resting State Activity." Brain Sciences 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2021): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11040476.

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Continuation of experience-dependent neural activity during offline sleep and wakefulness episodes is a critical component of memory consolidation. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), offline consolidation effects have been evidenced probing behavioural and neurophysiological changes during memory retrieval, i.e., in the context of task practice. Resting state fMRI (rsfMRI) further allows investigating the offline evolution of recently learned information without the confounds of online task-related effects. We used rsfMRI to investigate sleep-related changes in seed-based resting functional connectivity (FC) and amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) after spatial navigation learning and relearning. On Day 1, offline resting state activity was measured immediately before and after topographical learning in a virtual town. On Day 4, it was measured again before and after relearning in an extended version of the town. Navigation-related activity was also recorded during target retrieval, i.e., online. Participants spent the first post-training night under regular sleep (RS) or sleep deprivation (SD) conditions. Results evidence FC and ALFF changes in task-related neural networks, indicating the continuation of navigation-related activity in the resting state. Although post-training sleep did not modulate behavioural performance, connectivity analyses evidenced increased FC after post-training SD between navigation-related brain structures during relearning in the extended environment. These results suggest that memory traces were less efficiently consolidated after post-learning SD, eventually resulting in the use of compensatory brain resources to link previously stored spatial elements with the newly presented information.

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Tamilarasan, Shanmugasundaram, Uthirakumar Devaraj, Ammu Ramu, Sethupathi Virumandi, Pratima Bichandarkoil Jayaram, and Balamurugan Elumalai. "Intermittent Fasting Improves Memory, Reduces Anxiety and Enhances Neurotransmitter Levels In Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)." South Asian Journal of Experimental Biology 12, no. 4 (August 4, 2022): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.38150/sajeb.12(4).p499-507.

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The zebrafish is an excellent model for social, behavioural and neuroscience studies. The brain controls food intake, energy expenditure, insulin secretion, hepatic glucose production, and glucose fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. Caloric restriction is thought to be the main reason for disease regulation. The sensory system strengthens by altering the union of neurotrophins and synapses. The experimental groups studied in this research included control, uncontrolled diet-(overfed), 12hrs, 24hrs, 48hrs intermittent fasting, respectively. The study groups were subjected to a T-maze test to examine zebrafish memory and learning changes. The novel tank test (NTT) and light and dark (LDT) tests investigated stress-like behaviour. The levels of dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine, and nor-epinephrine were measured using a spectrofluorimetric method. We found behaviour and enhanced neurotransmitter levels in the groups that were subjected to intermittent fasting than the overfed and control groups which may be due to the hippocampus derived neurotrophic factor that in areas memory power and reduce anxiety from this experiment it is evident that intermittent fasting could bring a positive outcome in memory maintenance by lowering the anxiety and thereby keeping a check in neurotransmitter levels.

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Thickpenny-Davis, Kirsten L., Jenni A. Ogden, and Kris Fernando. "The Starship Post-Traumatic Amnesia Scale: Does It Predict Outcome After Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Aged 3 to 7 Years?" Brain Impairment 6, no. 2 (September 1, 2005): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/brim.2005.6.2.101.

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AbstractThis study assesses whether the Starship Post-Traumatic Amnesia scale, developed for children aged 3 to 7 years, can predict neuropsychological impairment and behavioural outcome following mild to moderate traumatic brain injury. Participants are 19 children aged from 3 to 7 years with a GCS score of >13, and a PTA of 0–3 days. Neuropsychological outcome is measured by the NEPSY, and behavioural outcome by the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) two months after the TBI. The duration of PTA contributed to the prediction of scores on the NEPSY memory and learning domain. In all cases the longer the duration of PTA, the poorer the memory scores were. The duration of PTA did not contribute to the prediction of NEPSY visuospatial processing or attention and executive functions domain scores, or to any of the CBCL scores. This preliminary study suggests that the Starship PTA scale has good sensitivity for this very young age group, even when the TBI is mild.

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Yadang, Fanta Sabine Adeline, Yvette Nguezeye, Christelle Wayoue Kom, Patrick Herve Diboue Betote, Amina Mamat, Lauve Rachel Yamthe Tchokouaha, Germain Sotoing Taiwé, Gabriel Agbor Agbor, and Elisabeth Ngo Bum. "Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice: Neuroprotective Effects of Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Valh (Apocynaceae) Aqueous Extract." International Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 2020 (August 31, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6372059.

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Alzheimer’s disease is first characterised by memory loss related to the central cholinergic system alteration. Available drugs provide symptomatic treatment with known side effects. The present study is aimed to evaluate the properties of Carissa edulis aqueous extract on a Scopolamine mouse model as an attempt to search for new compounds against Alzheimer’s disease-related memory impairment. Memory impairment was induced by administration of 1 mg/kg (i.p.) of Scopolamine for 7 days, and mice were treated with Carissa edulis aqueous extract. Behavioural studies were performed using T-maze and novel object recognition task for assessing learning and memory and open field test for locomotion. Brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity was measured to evaluate the central cholinergic system. The level of MDA, glutathione, and catalase activity were measured to evaluate the oxidative stress level. Administration of Scopolamine shows a decrease in learning and memory enhancement during behavioural studies. A significant decrease in the time spent in the preferred arm of T-maze, in the time spent in the exploration of the novel object, and in the discrimination index of the familiar object was also observed. The significant impairment of the central cholinergic system was characterised in mice by an increase of AChE activity to 2.55±0.10 mol/min/g with an increase in oxidative stress. Treatment with the different doses of Carissa edulis (62.8, 157, 314, and 628 mg/kg orally administrated) significantly increased the memory of mice in T-maze and novel object recognition tests and also ameliorated locomotion of mice in the open field. Carissa edulis aqueous extract treatment also decreases the AChE activity and brain oxidative stress. It is concluded that administration of Carissa edulis aqueous extract enhances memory of mice by reducing AChE activity and demonstrating antioxidant properties. This could be developed into a novel therapy against memory impairment related to Alzheimer’s disease.

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Schacter, Daniel L. "The cognitive neuroscience of memory: perspectives from neuroimaging research." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1362 (November 29, 1997): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0150.

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Cognitive neuroscience approaches to memory attempt to elucidate the brain processes and systems that are involved in different forms of memory and learning. This paper examines recent research from brain-damaged patients and neuroimaging studies that bears on the distinction between explicit and implicit forms of memory. Explicit memory refers to conscious recollection of previous experiences, whereas implicit memory refers to the non-conscious effects of past experiences on subsequent performance and behaviour. Converging evidence suggests that an implicit form of memory known as priming is associated with changes in posterior cortical regions that are involved in perceptual processing; some of the same regions may contribute to explicit memory. The hippocampal formation and prefrontal cortex also play important roles in explicit memory. Evidence is presented from recent PET scanning studies that suggests that frontal regions are associated with intentional strategic efforts to retrieve recent experiences, whereas the hippocampal formation is associated with some aspect of the actual recollection of an event.

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Wester, Arie J., Renée L. Roelofs, Jos I. M. Egger, and Roy P. C. Kessels. "Assessment of Alcohol-related Memory Deficits: A Comparison between the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test and the California Verbal Learning Test." Brain Impairment 15, no. 1 (April 28, 2014): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2014.6.

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Objectives: Neuropsychological assessment of memory disorders is an important prerequisite in the treatment of patients with alcohol-related cognitive disorders. Although many memory tests are available in clinical practice, a question remains regarding which test is most appropriate for this purpose. Our study's goal was to evaluate the discriminative power of indices of a standard memory test (the California Verbal Learning Test; CVLT) versus the subtests of an ecologically valid everyday memory test (the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test; RBMT) in patients with alcohol-use disorder.Method: The patients included 136 with Korsakoff's syndrome (KS), 73 alcoholics with cognitive impairment (CI) not fulfilling the criteria for KS, and 24 cognitively unimpaired alcoholics (ALC).Results: KS patients performed significantly lower on all RBMT and CVLT variables than CI patients. ALC patients performed significantly better than CI patients on only one RBMT subtest, and had a significantly lower rate of forgetting and higher scores on free recall on CVLT. A combination of RBMT subtests and CVLT indices was able to discriminate KS patients from CI and ALC patients. The RBMT subtests could not significantly distinguish ALC from CI patients. Both rate of forgetting and a comparison between free and cued recall testing on the CVLT showed the largest between-group differences.Conclusion: Although the RBMT provides information about everyday memory performance, the CVLT indices are better able to distinguish between uncomplicated alcoholics and those with cognitive impairment or KS.

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Mkrtychian, Nadezhda, Daria Gnedykh, Evgeny Blagovechtchenski, Diana Tsvetova, Svetlana Kostromina, and Yury Shtyrov. "Contextual Acquisition of Concrete and Abstract Words: Behavioural and Electrophysiological Evidence." Brain Sciences 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11070898.

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Abstract and concrete words differ in their cognitive and neuronal underpinnings, but the exact mechanisms underlying these distinctions are unclear. We investigated differences between these two semantic types by analysing brain responses to newly learnt words with fully controlled psycholinguistic properties. Experimental participants learned 20 novel abstract and concrete words in the context of short stories. After the learning session, event-related potentials (ERPs) to newly learned items were recorded, and acquisition outcomes were assessed behaviourally in a range of lexical and semantic tasks. Behavioural results showed better performance on newly learnt abstract words in lexical tasks, whereas semantic assessments showed a tendency for higher accuracy for concrete words. ERPs to novel abstract and concrete concepts differed early on, ~150 ms after the word onset. Moreover, differences between novel words and control untrained pseudowords were observed earlier for concrete (~150 ms) than for abstract (~200 ms) words. Distributed source analysis indicated bilateral temporo-parietal activation underpinning newly established memory traces, suggesting a crucial role of Wernicke’s area and its right-hemispheric homologue in word acquisition. In sum, we report behavioural and neurophysiological processing differences between concrete and abstract words evident immediately after their controlled acquisition, confirming distinct neurocognitive mechanisms underpinning these types of semantics.

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Goulard, Roman, Cornelia Buehlmann, Jeremy E. Niven, Paul Graham, and Barbara Webb. "A unified mechanism for innate and learned visual landmark guidance in the insect central complex." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): e1009383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009383.

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Insects can navigate efficiently in both novel and familiar environments, and this requires flexiblity in how they are guided by sensory cues. A prominent landmark, for example, can elicit strong innate behaviours (attraction or menotaxis) but can also be used, after learning, as a specific directional cue as part of a navigation memory. However, the mechanisms that allow both pathways to co-exist, interact or override each other are largely unknown. Here we propose a model for the behavioural integration of innate and learned guidance based on the neuroanatomy of the central complex (CX), adapted to control landmark guided behaviours. We consider a reward signal provided either by an innate attraction to landmarks or a long-term visual memory in the mushroom bodies (MB) that modulates the formation of a local vector memory in the CX. Using an operant strategy for a simulated agent exploring a simple world containing a single visual cue, we show how the generated short-term memory can support both innate and learned steering behaviour. In addition, we show how this architecture is consistent with the observed effects of unilateral MB lesions in ants that cause a reversion to innate behaviour. We suggest the formation of a directional memory in the CX can be interpreted as transforming rewarding (positive or negative) sensory signals into a mapping of the environment that describes the geometrical attractiveness (or repulsion). We discuss how this scheme might represent an ideal way to combine multisensory information gathered during the exploration of an environment and support optimal cue integration.

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van Hooff, Johanna C., and Shirley Golden. "Validation of an Event-Related Potential Memory Assessment Procedure: Intentional Learning as Opposed to Simple Repetition." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 1 (January 2002): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.1.12.

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Abstract The main aim of this study was to investigate whether an ERP-based memory assessment procedure ( van Hooff et al., 1996 ) could be used to detect memories for items that (1) did not receive a behavioural recognition response and (2) were not intentionally learned. Participants were first required to study a short list of “neutral,” semantically unrelated words that were subsequently tested for recognition. Next, participants studied a second, different word list, which again was tested for recognition (learned targets) in a following test. In this second test, the distractors consisted of the words that were studied prior to - and had to be recognized in - the first test (learned nontargets), words that were used as distractors in the first test (repeated nontargets), and words that had not been learned or presented before (new words). Targets and both types of nontargets were presented less frequently than the new words, so essentially this test had an oddball character. Results showed that learned targets as well as learned nontargets elicited a P300 component that was largely absent for the new words and for the repeated nontargets. These results seem to imply that successful use of the ERP-based memory assessment procedure did not rely on behavioural indications of recognition, but did depend on the level of contemplation during initial study/presentation.

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Bauer, Markus, Matthew G. Buckley, and Tobias Bast. "Individual differences in theta-band oscillations in a spatial memory network revealed by electroencephalography predict rapid place learning." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 5 (January 2021): 239821282110027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23982128211002725.

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Spatial memory has been closely related to the medial temporal lobe and theta oscillations are thought to play a key role. However, it remains difficult to investigate medial temporal lobe activation related to spatial memory with non-invasive electrophysiological methods in humans. Here, we combined the virtual delayed-matching-to-place task, reverse-translated from the watermaze delayed-matching-to-place task in rats, with high-density electroencephalography recordings. Healthy young volunteers performed this computerised task in a virtual circular arena, which contained a hidden target whose location moved to a new place every four trials, allowing the assessment of rapid memory formation. Using behavioural measures as predictor variables for source reconstructed frequency-specific electroencephalography power, we found that inter-individual differences in ‘search preference’ during ‘probe trials’, a measure of one-trial place learning known from rodent studies to be particularly hippocampus-dependent, correlated predominantly with distinct theta-band oscillations (approximately 7 Hz), particularly in the right temporal lobe, the right striatum and inferior occipital cortex or cerebellum. This pattern was found during both encoding and retrieval/expression, but not in control analyses and could not be explained by motor confounds. Alpha-activity in sensorimotor and parietal cortex contralateral to the hand used for navigation also correlated (inversely) with search preference. This latter finding likely reflects movement-related factors associated with task performance, as well as a frequency difference in (ongoing) alpha-rhythm for high-performers versus low-performers that may contribute to these results indirectly. Relating inter-individual differences in ongoing brain activity to behaviour in a continuous rapid place-learning task that is suitable for a variety of populations, we could demonstrate that memory-related theta-band activity in temporal lobe can be measured with electroencephalography recordings. This approach holds great potential for further studies investigating the interactions within this network during encoding and retrieval, as well as neuromodulatory impacts and age-related changes.

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Kumaran, Kesevan Rajah, Habibah Abdul Wahab, and Zurina Hassan. "In vitro anti-cholinesterase activity and in vivo screening of Coccoloba uvifera, Mimusops elengi and Syzygium aqueum extracts on learning and memory function of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rat." Neuroscience Research Notes 4, no. 2 (June 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31117/neuroscirn.v4i2.71.

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Vascular dementia (VaD), is one of the most common types of dementia in the ageing population, initiated by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). At present, effective therapeutic approaches to cure VaD are still missing. Cholinergic system dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS) has been recognised as one of the main reasons for learning and memory impairment in VaD patients. Therefore, medications that restore the level of acetylcholine (ACh) neurotransmitter by inhibiting cholinesterase activity were proposed as a potential candidate to treat VaD patients. Permanent occlusion of bilateral common carotid arteries (POBCCA) surgery method was performed to develop CCH model in rats. The present study evaluated the anti-cholinesterase activity of three Malaysian plant methanol leaf extracts in vitro and further validated its cognitive-enhancing effects in vivo using POBCCA rats. The selected plant extracts were Coccoloba uvifera (stems), Mimusops elengi (leaves) and Syzygium aqueum (leaves). The in vitro anti-cholinesterase activities of these plants were determined using Ellman's method. The effects of selected plant extracts (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) on learning and memory functions were evaluated using a series of behavioural tests. All the selected plant extracts exhibited good anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activities in vitro, with IC50 ranging from 3.67 to 16.04 and 5.6 to 13.95 µg/mL, respectively. Extracts of S. aqueum (200 mg/kg) improve both short- and long-term recognition memories, whereas M. elengi and S. aqueum (200 mg/kg) extracts improve spatial learning. None of the extracts impaired motor and exploratory functions in POBCCA rats. In conclusion, methanol extracts of C. uvifera, M. elengi and S. aqueum showed good anti-cholinesterase activity in vitro. However, only M. elengi and S. aqueum improve learning and memory function in POBCCA rats.

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Nguyen, P. V., and R. Gerlai. "Behavioural and physiological characterization of inbred mouse strains: prospects for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of mammalian learning and memory." Genes, Brain and Behavior 1, no. 2 (April 25, 2002): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-183x.2002.10202.x.

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Vaccari Cardoso, Barbara, Iliana Barrera, Valentina Mosienko, Alexander V. Gourine, Sergey Kasparov, and Anja G. Teschemacher. "Expression of Microbial Enzymes in Mammalian Astrocytes to Modulate Lactate Release." Brain Sciences 11, no. 8 (August 10, 2021): 1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11081056.

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Astrocytes support and modulate neuronal activity through the release of L-lactate. The suggested roles of astrocytic lactate in the brain encompass an expanding range of vital functions, including central control of respiration and cardiovascular performance, learning, memory, executive behaviour and regulation of mood. Studying the effects of astrocytic lactate requires tools that limit the release of lactate selectively from astrocytes. Here, we report the validation in vitro of novel molecular constructs derived from enzymes originally found in bacteria, that when expressed in astrocytes, interfere with lactate handling. When lactate 2-monooxygenase derived from M. smegmatis was specifically expressed in astrocytes, it reduced intracellular lactate pools as well as lactate release upon stimulation. D-lactate dehydrogenase derived from L. bulgaricus diverts pyruvate towards D-lactate production and release by astrocytes, which may affect signalling properties of lactate in the brain. Together with lactate oxidase, which we have previously described, this set of transgenic tools can be employed to better understand astrocytic lactate release and its role in the regulation of neuronal activity in different behavioural contexts.

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Al-Amin, Md Mamun, Robert K. P. Sullivan, Suzy Alexander, David A. Carter, DanaKai Bradford, and Thomas H. J. Burne. "Impaired spatial memory in adult vitamin D deficient BALB/c mice is associated with reductions in spine density, nitric oxide, and neural nitric oxide synthase in the hippocampus." AIMS Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (2022): 31–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/neuroscience.2022004.

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<abstract> <p>Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in adults and is associated with cognitive impairment. However, the mechanism by which adult vitamin D (AVD) deficiency affects cognitive function remains unclear. We examined spatial memory impairment in AVD-deficient BALB/c mice and its underlying mechanism by measuring spine density, long term potentiation (LTP), nitric oxide (NO), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS) in the hippocampus. Adult male BALB/c mice were fed a control or vitamin D deficient diet for 20 weeks. Spatial memory performance was measured using an active place avoidance (APA) task, where AVD-deficient mice had reduced latency entering the shock zone compared to controls. We characterised hippocampal spine morphology in the CA1 and dentate gyrus (DG) and made electrophysiological recordings in the hippocampus of behaviourally naïve mice to measure LTP. We next measured NO, as well as glutathione, lipid peroxidation and oxidation of protein products and quantified hippocampal immunoreactivity for nNOS and eNOS. Spine morphology analysis revealed a significant reduction in the number of mushroom spines in the CA1 dendrites but not in the DG. There was no effect of diet on LTP. However, hippocampal NO levels were depleted whereas other oxidation markers were unaltered by AVD deficiency. We also showed a reduced nNOS, but not eNOS, immunoreactivity. Finally, vitamin D supplementation for 10 weeks to AVD-deficient mice restored nNOS immunoreactivity to that seen in in control mice. Our results suggest that lower levels of NO and reduced nNOS immunostaining contribute to hippocampal-dependent spatial learning deficits in AVD-deficient mice.</p> </abstract>

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Fischer, Manda, Morris Moscovitch, and Claude Alain. "Incidental auditory learning and memory-guided attention: Examining the role of attention at the behavioural and neural level using EEG." Neuropsychologia 147 (October 2020): 107586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107586.

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Smith-Ferguson, Jules, and Madeleine Beekman. "Who needs a brain? Slime moulds, behavioural ecology and minimal cognition." Adaptive Behavior 28, no. 6 (January 30, 2019): 465–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319826537.

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Although human decision making seems complex, there is evidence that many decisions are grounded in simple heuristics. Such heuristic models of decision making are widespread in nature. To understand how and why different forms of information processing evolve, it is insightful to study the minimal requirements for cognition. Here, we explore the minimally cognitive behaviour of the acellular slime mould, Physarum polycephalum, in order to discuss the ecological pressures that lead to the development of information processing mechanisms. We discuss evidence for memory, basic forms of learning and economically irrational choice in P. polycephalum. We compare P. polycephalum’s behaviour with a number of other non-neuronal organisms in order to question the evolutionary need for complex nervous systems to develop cognitive traits. By highlighting a few examples of common mechanisms, we conclude that all organisms contain the building blocks for more complex information processing. Returning the debate about cognition to the biological basics demystifies some of the confusion around the term ‘cognition’.

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McDonald, Robert J., Nancy S. Hong, and Bryan D. Devan. "The challenges of understanding mammalian cognition and memory-based behaviours: an interactive learning and memory systems approach." Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 28, no. 7 (January 2004): 719–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.09.014.

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Russell, Noah A., Arata Horii, Paul F. Smith, Cynthia L. Darlington, and David K. Bilkey. "Bilateral peripheral vestibular lesions produce long-term changes in spatial learning in the rat." Journal of Vestibular Research 13, no. 1 (September 1, 2003): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ves-2003-13102.

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In order to investigate whether bilateral peripheral vestibular lesions cause long-term impairment of spatial learning, rats were tested in a reference memory radial arm maze learning task at least 5 weeks following a bilateral labyrinthectomy (BL) or sham control lesion. All control rats reached criterion (i.e., 1 error or less, averaged across 7 trials for 3 consecutive days of training) but only 4 of the 8 BL rats had reached criterion by day 21 of the training sessions. The control rats reached criterion more quickly than the lesioned rats (Control, 7.0 ± 0.63 days, Lesioned, 15.8 ± 1.4 days, t 10 = 5.84, p < 0.0001). This difference resulted from the greater number of errors made by the BL animals. However, the latency to respond was comparable as a result of the increased locomotor activity of the BL group (i.e., ’hyperkinesis), and the overall rate of acquisition of the task, as indicated by analysis of the exponential decrease in errors over the entire training period, was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The results of this study demonstrate that BL in rats produces long-term changes in performance in a spatial reference memory task, which are not simply due to the inability to move but may relate to the way that the brain uses vestibular information to create spatial representations and determines behavioural strategies on the basis of these representations.

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Bermejo, José-Luis, Raúl Valldecabres, Israel Villarrasa-Sapiña, Gonzalo Monfort-Torres, Adrià Marco-Ahulló, and Bruno Ribeiro Do Couto. "Increased cortisol levels caused by acute resistance physical exercise impair memory and learning ability." PeerJ 10 (March 23, 2022): e13000. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13000.

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Acute physical exercise works as an activator of the responses of the human organism to stress. This is based on the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, affecting physical, physiological and psychological levels. This study aimed to analyse the effects of a single bout of high-intensity resistance exercise on cognitive-behavioural responses: visuo-spatial path learning and memory, as well as physiological responses (salivary cortisol levels). Nineteen healthy male military-trained powerlifting subjects were tested in a within-subject design on two experimental days with an interval of 48 h. The stress and cognitive variables were measured by cortisol levels and Ruff–Light trail-learning test (RULIT) test scores, respectively. The results showed the immediate influence of acute exercise on cortisol, with significantly higher cortisol levels found in subjects after completion of the acute resistance exercise. In addition, this study found a significant deterioration of memory and learning ability after a dose of intense resistance exercise. In conclusion, the study highlights the relative effects of resistance exercise on cortisol and cognitive performance depending on the intensity and type of the exercise, the moment of measurement and the cerebral areas implicated.

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Wang, Si, and Yu Zhou. "Baicalein inhibits neuroapoptosis via pathways in sevoflurane induced rats." Translational Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (July 18, 2018): 88–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tnsci-2018-0015.

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Abstract Background Baicalein, a bioactive flavonoid was explored for its capability to attenuate sevoflurane induced neuronal apoptosis and to improve behavioural and cognitive impairments. Sevoflurane is a frequently used inhalation anesthetic in neonates and children. Neonatal sevoflurane exposure causes widespread neurodegeneration and cognitive impairments. Development of compounds that could effectively prevent/reduce the adverse effects is of tremendous medical value. Methods Isolated groups of neonatal rats were regulated with baicalein (25, 50 or 100 mg/kg b.wt) from postnatal day 3 (P3) to P21 and were exposed to sevoflurane (3%; 6 h) on P7. Results: Baicalein inhibited sevoflurane induced neuroapoptosis significantly as assessed by TUNEL assay. The raised levels of cleaved caspase-3, Bad and Bax were down-regulated by baicalein with enhanced Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, xIAP, c-IAP-1, c-IAP-2 and survivin expression. Baicalein regulated JNK/ERK signalling and also activated the PI3K/Akt pathway effectively as evident from the increased Akt, phospho-Akt, GSK-3β, phospho-GSK-3β levels. Baicalein, also improved the behaviour of animals in open filed and olfactory tests. The freezing responses and the performance in Morris Water Maze tests were enhanced. Conclusion Baicalein reduced neurodegeneration and improved learning and memory retention of rats and as well modulated PI3/Akt/GSK-3β and JNK/ERK signalling pathways.

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Martin, Luis, Jonathan H. Rosales, Karina Jaime, and Felix Ramos. "Affective Episodic Memory System for Virtual Creatures: The First Step of Emotion-Oriented Memory." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2021 (October 20, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7954140.

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Episodic memory and emotions are considered essential functions in human cognition. Both allow us to acquire new knowledge from the environment, ranging from the objects around us to how we feel towards them. These qualities make them crucial functions for systems trying to create human-like behaviour. In the field of cognitive architectures (CAs), there are multiple studies covering memory and emotions. However, most of them treat these subjects in an isolated manner, considering emotions only as a reward signal unrelated to a retrieved experience. To address this lack of direct interaction, we propose a computational model that covers the common processes that are related to memory and emotions. Specifically, this proposal focuses on affective evaluations of episodic memories. Neurosciences and psychology are the bases of this model. That is, the model’s components and the processes that they carry out on the information they receive are designed based on evidence from these cognitive sciences. The proposed model is a part of Cuáyóllótl, a cognitive architecture for cybernetic entities such as virtual creatures and robots. Case studies validate our proposal. They show the relevance of the integration of emotions and memory in a virtual creature. The virtual creature endowed with our emotional episodic model improves its learning and modifies its behaviour according to planning and decision-making processes.

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Tessereau, Charline, Reuben O’Dea, Stephen Coombes, and Tobias Bast. "Reinforcement learning approaches to hippocampus-dependent flexible spatial navigation." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 5 (January 2021): 239821282097563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212820975634.

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Humans and non-human animals show great flexibility in spatial navigation, including the ability to return to specific locations based on as few as one single experience. To study spatial navigation in the laboratory, watermaze tasks, in which rats have to find a hidden platform in a pool of cloudy water surrounded by spatial cues, have long been used. Analogous tasks have been developed for human participants using virtual environments. Spatial learning in the watermaze is facilitated by the hippocampus. In particular, rapid, one-trial, allocentric place learning, as measured in the delayed-matching-to-place variant of the watermaze task, which requires rodents to learn repeatedly new locations in a familiar environment, is hippocampal dependent. In this article, we review some computational principles, embedded within a reinforcement learning framework, that utilise hippocampal spatial representations for navigation in watermaze tasks. We consider which key elements underlie their efficacy, and discuss their limitations in accounting for hippocampus-dependent navigation, both in terms of behavioural performance (i.e. how well do they reproduce behavioural measures of rapid place learning) and neurobiological realism (i.e. how well do they map to neurobiological substrates involved in rapid place learning). We discuss how an actor–critic architecture, enabling simultaneous assessment of the value of the current location and of the optimal direction to follow, can reproduce one-trial place learning performance as shown on watermaze and virtual delayed-matching-to-place tasks by rats and humans, respectively, if complemented with map-like place representations. The contribution of actor–critic mechanisms to delayed-matching-to-place performance is consistent with neurobiological findings implicating the striatum and hippocampo-striatal interaction in delayed-matching-to-place performance, given that the striatum has been associated with actor–critic mechanisms. Moreover, we illustrate that hierarchical computations embedded within an actor–critic architecture may help to account for aspects of flexible spatial navigation. The hierarchical reinforcement learning approach separates trajectory control via a temporal-difference error from goal selection via a goal prediction error and may account for flexible, trial-specific, navigation to familiar goal locations, as required in some arm-maze place memory tasks, although it does not capture one-trial learning of new goal locations, as observed in open field, including watermaze and virtual, delayed-matching-to-place tasks. Future models of one-shot learning of new goal locations, as observed on delayed-matching-to-place tasks, should incorporate hippocampal plasticity mechanisms that integrate new goal information with allocentric place representation, as such mechanisms are supported by substantial empirical evidence.

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Cacace, Silvana, Fulvio Plescia, Marco La Barbera, and Carla Cannizzaro. "Evaluation of chronic alcohol self-administration by a 3-bottle choice paradigm in adult male rats. Effects on behavioural reactivity, spatial learning and reference memory." Behavioural Brain Research 219, no. 2 (June 2011): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.01.004.

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Tamberg, Laura, Mariliis Jaago, Kristi Säälik, Alex Sirp, Jürgen Tuvikene, Anastassia Shubina, Carl Sander Kiir, et al. "Daughterless, the Drosophila orthologue of TCF4, is required for associative learning and maintenance of the synaptic proteome." Disease Models & Mechanisms 13, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): dmm042747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dmm.042747.

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ABSTRACTMammalian transcription factor 4 (TCF4) has been linked to schizophrenia and intellectual disabilities, such as Pitt–Hopkins syndrome (PTHS). Here, we show that similarly to mammalian TCF4, fruit fly orthologue Daughterless (Da) is expressed widely in the Drosophila brain. Furthermore, silencing of da, using several central nervous system-specific Gal4 driver lines, impairs appetitive associative learning of the larvae and leads to decreased levels of the synaptic proteins Synapsin (Syn) and Discs large 1 (Dlg1), suggesting the involvement of Da in memory formation. Here, we demonstrate that Syn and dlg1 are direct target genes of Da in adult Drosophila heads, as Da binds to the regulatory regions of these genes and the modulation of Da levels alter the levels of Syn and dlg1 mRNA. Silencing of da also affects negative geotaxis of the adult flies, suggesting the impairment of locomotor function. Overall, our findings suggest that Da regulates Drosophila larval memory and adult negative geotaxis, possibly via its synaptic target genes Syn and dlg1. These behavioural phenotypes can be further used as a PTHS model to screen for therapeutics.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

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Aggleton, J. P., C. Shaw, and E. A. Gaffan. "The Performance of Postencephalitic Amnesic Subjects on Two Behavioural Tests of Memory: Concurrent Discrimination Learning and Delayed Matching-To-Sample." Cortex 28, no. 3 (September 1992): 359–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80146-3.

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Hughes, R. N., and P. A. Mackney. "Foraging Behaviour and Memory Window in Sticklebacks." Behaviour 132, no. 15-16 (1995): 1241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853995x00559.

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AbstractIndividuals were collected from a residential marine population of Spinachia spinachia, an anadromous population of Gasterosteus aculeatus forma trachura and a residential freshwater population of G. aculeatus forma leiura. After maintenance for 2 months on a diet of mysid, individuals were subjected to ten, consecutive daily trials on a diet of amphipods or oligochaetes. During this period, individuals learned to handle the prey more effectively, as measured by attack efficiency, handling efficiency and handling time. Learning was similar among populations but differed between diets, being more pronounced for amphipods, which are more difficult to catch and handle than oligochaetes. Once trained to these diets, fish were tested for foraging efficiency after successively longer periods of stimulus deprivation, when they were fed a maintenance diet of mysid. All three measures of foraging efficiency with the amphipod diet, but only that based on handling time with the oligochacte diet, declined to naive levels in the residential marine and anadromous populations. No decrease in foraging efficiency with either diet occurred in the residential freshwater population. Memory window was 8 d, 10 d and > 25 d in the residential marine, anadromous and residential freshwater populations respectively. The large difference between the freshwater and two marine populations is interpreted as an adaptive response to the stability of arrays of prey, characteristic of their respective habitats.

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Ahmad, Muneeb Imtiaz, Omar Mubin, Suleman Shahid, and Joanne Orlando. "Robot’s adaptive emotional feedback sustains children’s social engagement and promotes their vocabulary learning: a long-term child–robot interaction study." Adaptive Behavior 27, no. 4 (May 6, 2019): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712319844182.

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In this article, we present an emotion and memory model for a social robot. The model allowed the robot to create a memory account of a child’s emotional events over four individual sessions. The robot then adapted its behaviour based on the developed memory. The model was applied on the NAO robot to teach vocabulary to children while playing the popular game ‘Snakes and Ladders’. We conducted an exploratory evaluation of our model with 24 children at a primary school for 2 weeks to verify its impact on children’s long-term social engagement and overall vocabulary learning. Our preliminary results showed that the behaviour generated based on our model was able to sustain social engagement. In addition, it also helped children to improve their vocabulary. We also evaluated the impact of the positive, negative and neutral emotional feedback of the NAO robot on children’s vocabulary learning. Three groups of children (eight per group) interacted with the robot on four separate occasions over a period of 2 weeks. Our results showed that the condition where the robot displayed positive emotional feedback had a significantly positive effect on the child’s vocabulary learning performance as compared to the two other conditions: negative feedback and neutral feedback.

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Li, Minjia, Lun Xie, Anqi Zhang, and Fuji Ren. "Reinforcement Emotion-Cognition System: A Teaching Words Task." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8904389.

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The goal of this paper is to suggest a system for intelligent learning environments with robots modeling of emotion regulation and cognition based on quantitative motivation. A detailed interactive situation for teaching words is proposed. In this study, we introduce one bottom-up collaboration method for emotion-cognition interplay and behaviour decision-making. Integration with gross emotion regulation theory lets the proposed system adapt to natural interactions between students and the robot in emotional interaction. Four key ideas are advocated, and they jointly set up a reinforcement emotion-cognition system (RECS). First, the quantitative motivation is grounded on external interactive sensory detection, which is affected by memory and preference. Second, the emotion generation triggered by an initial motivation such as external stimulus is also influenced by the state in the previous time. Third, the competitive and cooperative relationship between emotion and motivation intervenes to make the decision of emotional expression and teaching actions. Finally, cognitive reappraisal, the emotion regulation strategy, is introduced for the establishment of emotion transition combined with personalized cognition. We display that this RECS increases the robot emotional interactive performance and makes corresponding teaching decision through behavioural and statistical analysis.

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Lowe, Robert, and Erik Billing. "Affective-Associative Two-Process theory: A neural network investigation of adaptive behaviour in differential outcomes training." Adaptive Behavior 25, no. 1 (January 29, 2017): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059712316682999.

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In this article we present a novel neural network implementation of Associative Two-Process (ATP) theory based on an Actor–Critic-like architecture. Our implementation emphasizes the affective components of differential reward magnitude and reward omission expectation and thus we model Affective-Associative Two-Process theory (Aff-ATP). ATP has been used to explain the findings of differential outcomes training (DOT) procedures, which emphasize learning differentially valuated outcomes for cueing actions previously associated with those outcomes. ATP hypothesizes the existence of a ‘prospective’ memory route through which outcome expectations can bring to bear on decision making and can even substitute for decision making based on the ‘retrospective’ inputs of standard working memory. While DOT procedures are well recognized in the animal learning literature they have not previously been computationally modelled. The model presented in this article helps clarify the role of ATP computationally through the capturing of empirical data based on DOT. Our Aff-ATP model illuminates the different roles that prospective and retrospective memory can have in decision making (combining inputs to action selection functions). In specific cases, the model’s prospective route allows for adaptive switching (correct action selection prior to learning) following changes in the stimulus–response–outcome contingencies.

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Bouzaboul, Mounir, Abdeslam Amri, Zakaria Abidli, Hassan Saidi, Noureddine Faiz, Rabea Ziri, and Ahmed Ahami. "Relationship between executive functions and academic performance among Moroccan middle school students." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 14, no. 2 (June 2020): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1980-57642020dn14-020014.

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ABSTRACT. Executive functions (EF) play a central role in the development of social and cognitive skills and academic learning. Objective: For this reason, this study aims to determine the relationship between executive functions and academic performance among middle school students in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. Methods: This study focuses on 137 middle school students studying at four colleges located in the Middle Atlas of Morocco. The sample studied was divided into two groups: the first consisting of students with learning difficulties; and the second considered a control. To assess EF, three tests were administered to learners in both groups (Tracking Test, Stroop Test and Number Span Test). Results: In the sample, average age of the learners was 14.5±1.3 years and sex ratio was balanced. The students with learning difficulties had lower performance on tests measuring cognitive flexibility, inhibitory processes and working memory compared to the control group. Conclusion: From these results, it can be concluded that students with learning disabilities performed poorly on the three basic components of executive functions. Therefore, thorough neuropsychological diagnosis would be desirable to identify learners who may have cognitive or behavioural disorders and allow adequate intervention to improve their executive functions and subsequently their academic success.

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Vukovic, Nikola, Brian Hansen, Torben Ellegaard Lund, Sune Jespersen, and Yury Shtyrov. "Rapid microstructural plasticity in the cortical semantic network following a short language learning session." PLOS Biology 19, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): e3001290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001290.

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Despite the clear importance of language in our life, our vital ability to quickly and effectively learn new words and meanings is neurobiologically poorly understood. Conventional knowledge maintains that language learning—especially in adulthood—is slow and laborious. Furthermore, its structural basis remains unclear. Even though behavioural manifestations of learning are evident near instantly, previous neuroimaging work across a range of semantic categories has largely studied neural changes associated with months or years of practice. Here, we address rapid neuroanatomical plasticity accompanying new lexicon acquisition, specifically focussing on the learning of action-related language, which has been linked to the brain’s motor systems. Our results show that it is possible to measure and to externally modulate (using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of motor cortex) cortical microanatomic reorganisation after mere minutes of new word learning. Learning-induced microstructural changes, as measured by diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and machine learning-based analysis, were evident in prefrontal, temporal, and parietal neocortical sites, likely reflecting integrative lexico-semantic processing and formation of new memory circuits immediately during the learning tasks. These results suggest a structural basis for the rapid neocortical word encoding mechanism and reveal the causally interactive relationship of modal and associative brain regions in supporting learning and word acquisition.

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van der Plas, Mircea, Verena Braun, Benjamin Johannes Stauch, and Simon Hanslmayr. "Stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with slow rTMS enhances verbal memory formation." PLOS Biology 19, no. 9 (September 28, 2021): e3001363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001363.

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Encoding of episodic memories relies on stimulus-specific information processing and involves the left prefrontal cortex. We here present an incidental finding from a simultaneous EEG-TMS experiment as well as a replication of this unexpected effect. Our results reveal that stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) leads to enhanced word memory performance. A total of 40 healthy human participants engaged in a list learning paradigm. Half of the participants (N = 20) received 1 Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC, while the other half (N = 20) received 1 Hz rTMS to the vertex and served as a control group. Participants receiving left DLPFC stimulation demonstrated enhanced memory performance compared to the control group. This effect was replicated in a within-subjects experiment where 24 participants received 1 Hz rTMS to the left DLPFC and vertex. In this second experiment, DLPFC stimulation also induced better memory performance compared to vertex stimulation. In addition to these behavioural effects, we found that 1 Hz rTMS to DLPFC induced stronger beta power modulation in posterior areas, a state that is known to be beneficial for memory encoding. Further analysis indicated that beta modulations did not have an oscillatory origin. Instead, the observed beta modulations were a result of a spectral tilt, suggesting inhibition of these parietal regions. These results show that applying 1 Hz rTMS to DLPFC, an area involved in episodic memory formation, improves memory performance via modulating neural activity in parietal regions.

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Lucia, D., D. Burgess, C. L. Cullen, E. S. Dorey, O. Rawashdeh, and K. M. Moritz. "Periconceptional maternal alcohol consumption leads to behavioural changes in adult and aged offspring and alters the expression of hippocampal genes associated with learning and memory and regulators of the epigenome." Behavioural Brain Research 362 (April 2019): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.009.

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Korshunova, Tatiana, and Alexander Martynov. "Consolidated data on the phylogeny and evolution of the family Tritoniidae (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) contribute to genera reassessment and clarify the taxonomic status of the neuroscience models Tritonia and Tochuina." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): e0242103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242103.

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Nudibranch molluscs of the family Tritoniidae are widely used neuroscience model systems for understand the behavioural and genetic bases of learning and memory. However species identity and genus-level taxonomic assignment of the tritoniids remain contested. Herein we present a taxonomic review of the family Tritoniidae using integration of molecular phylogenetic analysis, morphological and biogeographical data. For the first time the identity of the model species Tritonia tetraquetra (Pallas, 1788) and Tritonia exsulans Bergh, 1894 is confirmed. T. tetraquetra distributes across the large geographic and bathymetric distances in the North-Eastern (NE) and North-Western (NW) Pacific. In turn, at NE Pacific coasts the separate species T. exsulans is commonly occured. Thus, it reveals a misidentification of T. tetraquetra and T. exsulans species in neuroscience applications. Presence of more hidden lineages within NW Pacific T. tetraquetra is suggested. The long lasting confusion over identity of the species from the genera Tritonia and Tochuina is resolved using molecular and morphological data. We also disprove a common indication about “edible T. tetraquetra” at the Kuril Islands. It is shown that Tochuina possesses specialized tritoniid features and also some characters of “arminacean nudibranchs”, such as Doridoxa and Heterodoris. Diagnoses for the families Doridoxidae and Heterodorididae are provided. Taxonomy of the genus Doridoxa is clarified and molecular data for the genus Heterodoris presented for the first time. A taxonomic synopsis for the family Tritoniidae is provided. A new genus among tritoniid taxa is proposed. Importance of the ontogeny-based taxonomy is highlighted. The cases when apomorphic characters considerably modified in a crown group due to the paedomorphosis are revealed. Tracing of the character evolution is presented for secondary gills–a key external feature of the family Tritoniidae and traditional dendronotacean nudibranchs.

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Whiteside, Mark A., Mackenzie M. Bess, Elisa Frasnelli, Christine E. Beardsworth, Ellis J. G. Langley, Jayden O. van Horik, and Joah R. Madden. "No evidence that footedness in pheasants influences cognitive performance in tasks assessing colour discrimination and spatial ability." Learning & Behavior 48, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 84–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-019-00402-8.

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ABSTRACTThe differential specialization of each side of the brain facilitates the parallel processing of information and has been documented in a wide range of animals. Animals that are more lateralized as indicated by consistent preferential limb use are commonly reported to exhibit superior cognitive ability as well as other behavioural advantages. We assayed the lateralization of 135 young pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), indicated by their footedness in a spontaneous stepping task, and related this measure to individual performance in either 3 assays of visual or spatial learning and memory. We found no evidence that pronounced footedness enhances cognitive ability in any of the tasks. We also found no evidence that an intermediate footedness relates to better cognitive performance. This lack of relationship is surprising because previous work revealed that pheasants have a slight population bias towards right footedness, and when released into the wild, individuals with higher degrees of footedness were more likely to die. One explanation for why extreme lateralization is constrained was that it led to poorer cognitive performance, or that optimal cognitive performance was associated with some intermediate level of lateralization. This stabilizing selection could explain the pattern of moderate lateralization that is seen in most non-human species that have been studied. However, we found no evidence in this study to support this explanation.

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Nakagawasai, Osamu, Soichi Hozumi, Koichi Tan-No, Fukie Niijima, Yuichiro Arai, Hajime Yasuhara, and Takeshi Tadano. "Immunohistochemical fluorescence intensity reduction of brain somatostatin in the impairment of learning and memory-related behaviour induced by olfactory bulbectomy." Behavioural Brain Research 142, no. 1-2 (June 2003): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00383-2.

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Fraga-Marques, Mabel C., Egberto G. Moura, Sylvio Claudio-Neto, Isis H. Trevenzoli, Fabiane P. Toste, Magna C. F. Passos, Patrícia C. Lisboa, and Alex C. Manhães. "Neonatal hyperleptinaemia programmes anxiety-like and novelty seeking behaviours but not memory/learning in adult rats." Hormones and Behavior 55, no. 2 (February 2009): 272–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.11.010.

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Swanepoel, Tanya, Brian H. Harvey, Lois M. Harden, Helen P. Laburn, and Duncan Mitchell. "Dissociation between learning and memory impairment and other sickness behaviours during simulated Mycoplasma infection in rats." Brain, Behavior, and Immunity 25, no. 8 (November 2011): 1607–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2011.05.008.

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Dyer, Adrian G., Andrew D. Greentree, Jair E. Garcia, Elinya L. Dyer, Scarlett R. Howard, and Friedrich G. Barth. "Einstein, von Frisch and the honeybee: a historical letter comes to light." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 4 (May 10, 2021): 449–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01490-6.

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Abstract:

AbstractThe work of the Nobel Laureate Karl von Frisch, the founder of this journal, was seminal in many ways. He established the honeybee as a key animal model for experimental behavioural studies on sensory perception, learning and memory, and first correctly interpreted its famous dance communication. Here, we report on a previously unknown letter by the Physicist and Nobel Laureate Albert Einstein that was written in October 1949. It briefly addresses the work of von Frisch and also queries how understanding animal perception and navigation may lead to innovations in physics. We discuss records proving that Einstein and von Frisch met in April 1949 when von Frisch visited the USA to present a lecture on bees at Princeton University. In the historical context of Einstein’s theories and thought experiments, we discuss some more recent discoveries of animal sensory capabilities alien to us humans and potentially valuable for bio-inspired design improvements. We also address the orientation of animals like migratory birds mentioned by Einstein 70 years ago, which pushes the boundaries of our understanding nature, both its biology and physics.

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Oitzl, Melly S., Judith O. Workel, Marc Fluttert, Fawzia Frösch, and E. Ron De Kloet. "Maternal deprivation affects behaviour from youth to senescence: amplification of individual differences in spatial learning and memory in senescent Brown Norway rats." European Journal of Neuroscience 12, no. 10 (October 2000): 3771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00231.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioural neuroscience of learning and memory'

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