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Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioural inhibition system'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Smits, Dirk J. M., and P. D. Boeck. "From BIS/BAS to the big five." European Journal of Personality 20, no. 4 (June 2006): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.583.

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Gray (1987) proposed two systems that underlie much of our behaviour and personality. One system relates to avoidance or withdrawal behaviour, called the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS), whereas the other system relates to approach behaviour, called the Behavioural Approach System (BAS). In two samples, it was investigated whether individual differences in surface of personality as described by the Big Five can be explained by BIS/BAS. Neuroticism and Extraversion could be explained well by BIS/BAS, but also for Agreeableness and Conscientiousness consistent findings were obtained. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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2

Leone, Luigi, Marco Perugini, Richard P. Bagozzi, Antonio Pierro, and Lucia Mannetti. "Construct validity and generalizability of the Carver–White behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system scales." European Journal of Personality 15, no. 5 (September 2001): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.415.

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The factorial structure and invariance of the BIS/BAS scales of Carver and White were assessed across three samples from the USA, UK, and Italy. Previous validation studies of the BIS/BAS scales relied on individual samples drawn from English‐speaking populations only and failed to formally assess generalizability. The current study shows that the four‐factor structure proposed by Carver and White—i.e. one BIS and three BAS facets—achieved satisfactory psychometric properties in all three samples and that measurement invariance was obtained across countries. Latent mean differences due to gender and country were also investigated. Theoretical issues concerning the validity of the BIS/BAS scales are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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3

Le, Thuc Nghi. "Emotional management and behavioural inhibition system in service failures." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 27, no. 2 (2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2017.083763.

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4

Le, Thuc Nghi. "Emotional management and behavioural inhibition system in service failures." International Journal of Services and Operations Management 27, no. 2 (2017): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijsom.2017.10004626.

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5

Bowins, Brad E. "Augmenting Behavioural Activation Treatment with the Behavioural Activation and Inhibition Scales." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 2 (July 18, 2011): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000415.

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Background: Although behavioural activation therapy is effective for depression there is always room for improvement, and also the need to extend this treatment modality to anxiety disorders. Method: A search was conducted for an easy to apply and effective method of achieving these aims. Results: To both enhance the effectiveness of behavioural activation treatment for depression and facilitate its extension to anxiety disorders, it is proposed that the Behavioral Approach/Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) be incorporated. BIS/BAS Scales are easy to administer and evaluate ensuring that there is minimal added complexity. Overall, BAS, BAS subscale (Drive, Reward Responsiveness, and Fun Seeking) and BIS scores provide valuable information pertaining to a person's approach and avoidance responses. This general information, plus that derived from specific scale items, can be used to guide more focused and effective behavioural activation strategies. Brief case examples are provided to demonstrate how the BIS/BAS Scales can be applied. Conclusion: BIS/BAS Scales offer an easy to apply and effective means of enhancing behavioural activation therapy for depression and extending this treatment modality to anxiety disorders.
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6

MCNAUGHTON, N. "The role of the subiculum within the behavioural inhibition system." Behavioural Brain Research 174, no. 2 (November 11, 2006): 232–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2006.05.037.

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7

Cooper, Andrew, Rapson Gomez, and Helen Aucote. "The Behavioural Inhibition System and Behavioural Approach System (BIS/BAS) Scales: Measurement and structural invariance across adults and adolescents." Personality and Individual Differences 43, no. 2 (July 2007): 295–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.11.023.

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8

Quilty, Lena C., and Jonathan M. Oakman. "The assessment of behavioural activation—the relationship between positive emotionality and the behavioural activation system." European Journal of Personality 18, no. 7 (November 2004): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.530.

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Much personality research suggests that the variance in personality can be accounted for by a few dimensions, often hypothesized to be connected to neurological circuits. Gray's (1982) behavioural activation system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) in particular propose to explain for a variety of behaviour. This investigation sought to determine whether Positive Emotionality is an appropriate measure of the BAS, and how Tellegen's (1985) constructs are related to BAS activity. Measures of BAS and Positive Emotionality were administered to undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that, while Positive Emotionality can be used as an indicator of BAS activity, it is better conceived of as a distinct, correlated construct. In addition, not all components of Positive Emotionality were related to BAS activity, and BAS was further related to components of Negative Emotionality and Constraint. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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9

Netto, I., V. Bostan, L. McCarthy, A. Laursen, K. Gilbride, M. Mehrvar, and R. Pushchak. "Automated image analysis of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) for measuring sublethal effects of three model contaminants." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 8 (October 1, 2012): 1708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.387.

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The short-term impacts of atrazine (herbicide), tributyltin (organometal) and copper on the behaviour of Euglena gracilis Klebs (Euglenophyta) were assessed. First, the ECOTOX automated image analysis system was used, which measured swimming velocity, cell shape, percentage of cells swimming upwards, and randomness of swimming. Next, visual observation by microscopy was used to measure percentage of cell motility and cell shape. Behavioural changes can be used as an indicator of stress in less than 24 h, potentially making them suitable for inclusion in early-warning systems for water quality. Findings indicate that E. gracilis is a very sensitive organism to copper, showing inhibition of motility with visual observation at 0.8 μmol/L within 1 h. The image analysis system was in general less sensitive than visual observation for detecting behavioural changes after incubation in copper. In contrast, after exposure to organic contaminants atrazine and tributyltin, the ECOTOX system detected small changes in the number of cells swimming upwards (antigravitactic behaviour) at higher concentrations.
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10

Muris, Peter, Cor Meesters, Elske de Kanter, and Petra Eek Timmerman. "Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation system scales for children: relationships with Eysenck’s personality traits and psychopathological symptoms." Personality and Individual Differences 38, no. 4 (March 2005): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.007.

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11

Dempsey, R. C., P. A. Gooding, and S. H. Jones. "A prospective study of bipolar disorder vulnerability in relation to behavioural activation, behavioural inhibition and dysregulation of the Behavioural Activation System." European Psychiatry 44 (July 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.005.

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AbstractBackground:The weak regulation, or “dysregulation”, of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS) is implicated in the development and recurrence of bipolar disorder. However, there has been a lack of prospective studies investigating the predictive role of BAS dysregulation in relation to bipolar-vulnerability. Furthermore, no studies have tested the prospective predictive utility of the DYS self-report measure of BAS dysregulation in an analogue sample. The goal of the current study was to redress this gap.Methods:Participants (n = 127) completed baseline self-report measures of mood symptoms (Internal States Scale [ISS]), the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), behavioural activation, inhibition and dysregulation of BAS (BIS/BAS and DYS), and at six months, the Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ).Results:Linear regression analysis indicated a significant main effect of BAS Dysregulation, and a significant interaction between BIS and BAS Fun Seeking, on prospective MDQ scores whilst controlling for baseline mood symptoms and HPS scores. The interaction effect indicated that the relationship between high BAS Fun Seeking and follow-up MDQ scores was strongest when BIS scores were high, whilst the lowest MDQ scores were observed for a combination of low BAS Fun Seeking and high BIS. However, DYS scores were the stronger predictor of MDQ scores compared to the BAS Fun Seeking and BIS interaction.Conclusions:Bipolar-vulnerability is prospectively associated with heightened BAS Dysregulation, as measured by the DYS subscale, similar to prior findings in clinical samples. Further research investigating the longer-term associations between BAS Dysregulation with the development of clinically significant bipolar mood symptoms is required.
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12

Serrano-Ibáñez, Elena R., Carmen Ramírez-Maestre, Rosa Esteve, and Alicia E. López-Martínez. "The behavioural inhibition system, behavioural activation system and experiential avoidance as explanatory variables of comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress symptoms." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 1581013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1581013.

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13

Beaton, Alan A., Imogen H. Kaack, and Philip J. Corr. "Handedness and behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system (BIS/BAS) scores: A replication and extension of Wright, Hardie, and Wilson (2009)." Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 20, no. 5 (February 20, 2015): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357650x.2015.1016530.

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14

Studer, Joseph, Stéphanie Baggio, Meichun Mohler-Kuo, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, and Gerhard Gmel. "Factor structure and psychometric properties of a French and German shortened version of the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System scales." International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 25, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1486.

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15

Sauer, Sebastian, Harald Walach, and Niko Kohls. "Gray’s Behavioural Inhibition System as a mediator of mindfulness towards well-being." Personality and Individual Differences 50, no. 4 (April 2011): 506–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.11.019.

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16

Vindas, Marco A., Ida B. Johansen, Ole Folkedal, Erik Höglund, Marnix Gorissen, Gert Flik, Tore S. Kristiansen, and Øyvind Øverli. "Brain serotonergic activation in growth-stunted farmed salmon: adaption versus pathology." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 5 (May 2016): 160030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160030.

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Signalling systems activated under stress are highly conserved, suggesting adaptive effects of their function. Pathologies arising from continued activation of such systems may represent a mismatch between evolutionary programming and current environments. Here, we use Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in aquaculture as a model to explore this stance of evolutionary-based medicine, for which empirical evidence has been lacking. Growth-stunted (GS) farmed fish were characterized by elevated brain serotonergic activation, increased cortisol production and behavioural inhibition. We make the novel observation that the serotonergic system in GS fish is unresponsive to additional stressors, yet a cortisol response is maintained. The inability of the serotonergic system to respond to additional stress, while a cortisol response is present, probably leads to both imbalance in energy metabolism and attenuated neural plasticity. Hence, we propose that serotonin-mediated behavioural inhibition may have evolved in vertebrates to minimize stress exposure in vulnerable individuals.
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17

Caseras, X., R. Torrubia, and J. M. Farré. "Is the Behavioural Inhibition System the core vulnerability for cluster C personality disorders?" Personality and Individual Differences 31, no. 3 (August 2001): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00141-0.

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18

Levita, Liat, Catherine Bois, Andrew Healey, Emily Smyllie, Evelina Papakonstantinou, Tom Hartley, and Colin Lever. "The Behavioural Inhibition System, anxiety and hippocampal volume in a non-clinical population." Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders 4, no. 1 (2014): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-5380-4-4.

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19

Corr, Philip J. "Automatic and Controlled Processes in Behavioural Control: Implications for Personality Psychology." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 5 (August 2010): 376–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.779.

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This paper highlights a number of unresolved theoretical issues that, it is argued, continue to impede the construction of a viable model of behavioural control in personality psychology. It is contended that, in order to integrate motivation, emotion, cognition and conscious experience within a coherent framework, two major issues need to be recognised: (a) the relationship between automatic (reflexive) and controlled (reflective) processing and (b) the lateness of controlled processing (including the generation of conscious awareness)—phenomenally, such processing seems to ‘control’ behaviour, but experimentally it can be shown to postdate the behaviour it represents. The implications of these two major issues are outlined, centred on the need to integrate theoretical perspectives within personality psychology, as well as the greater unification of personality psychology with general psychology. A model of behavioural control is sketched, formulated around the concept of the behavioural inhibition system (BIS), which accounts for: (a) why certain stimuli are extracted for controlled processing (i.e. those that are not ‘going to plan’, as detected by an error mechanism) and (b) the function of controlled processing (including conscious awareness) in terms of adjusting the cybernetic weights of automatic processes (which are always in control of immediate behaviour) which, then, influence future automatically controlled behaviour. The relevance of this model is illustrated in relation to a number of topics in personality psychology, as well related issues of free–will and difficult–to–control behaviours. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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20

IWATSUKI, KENJI, and YUTAKA NAITOH. "Behavioural Responses to Light in Paramecium Bursaria in Relation to its Symbiotic Green Alga Chlorella." Journal of Experimental Biology 134, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134.1.43.

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The behavioural responses to light in the ciliate Paramecium bursaria Focke, which normally contains hundreds of the symbiotic green alga Chlorella in its cytoplasm, were analysed quantitatively to clarify the mechanisms governing photoreception in the cell. P. bursaria was found to possess three kinds of photoreceptor systems for (1) the step-up photophobic response (system I), (2) the step-down photophobic response (system II), and (3) the photokinetic response (system III). Under the influence of light, the symbiotic algae inhibited systems I and III, but activated system II. Thus the cells showed the avoiding reaction when they encountered shade (the step-down photophobic response), and consequently gathered in the light region (photoaccumulation). Inhibition of system I and activation of system II were assumed to be mediated by products of the blue-light effect of the algae, while inhibition of system III was due to photosynthetic products of the algae. The cells whose algae were experimentally removed gathered in the shade (photodispersal) due to the avoiding reaction exhibited by them when they encountered a lighted region (the step-up photophobic response mediated by system I). Lowered swimming velocity and increased frequency of spontaneous changes in the swimming direction in the shade (photokinetic responses mediated by system III) also caused photodispersal.
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21

VOLLMER-CONNA, UTÉ. "Acute sickness behaviour: an immune system-to-brain communication?" Psychological Medicine 31, no. 5 (July 2001): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003841.

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Over the past 20 years, psychoneuroimmunological research has produced a large body of evidence that challenges the historically dominant view that the immune system operates in an autonomous manner independent of other physiological systems. Today, there is little doubt that the brain and the immune system are intimately linked and capable of reciprocal communication (Ader et al. 1991). Despite the acknowledged bi-directional nature of the brain–immune system connection, the predominant focus of study has been on the effects of psychological and behavioural events (e.g. stress) on immune responses and disease processes, and the mechanisms underlying such effects (see Kusnekov & Rabin, 1994; Maier et al. 1994; Rozlog et al. 1999). However, considerable interest in the possibilities of immune-system-to-brain communication was initiated by a seminal paper considering the biological basis of behaviour in sick animals (Hart, 1988). Subsequently, the immunological determinants of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes associated with acute illness, as well as with more chronic psychopathological states (e.g. depression) have become the subject of rapidly expanding areas of research (e.g. Kent et al. 1992; Lloyd et al. 1992; Hickie & Lloyd, 1995; Maes et al. 1995a; Rothwell & Hopkins, 1995; Dantzer et al. 1996; Maier & Watkins, 1998; Vollmer-Conna et al. 1998; Maes, 1999).The main objective of this editorial is to provide a succinct overview of current knowledge of the normal behavioural correlates of acute infective illness, their adaptive function and underlying mechanisms. Elucidation of the processes involved in the appearance, maintenance and inhibition of ‘normal’ sickness behaviour is important if extrapolations from this phenomenon to more chronic psychopathological conditions are to provide more than a new label for poorly understood non-specific symptom clusters.
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Slobodskaya, Helena R. "Two Superordinate Personality Factors in Childhood." European Journal of Personality 25, no. 6 (November 2011): 453–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.810.

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The study presents the superordinate structure of personality measured by the Inventory of Child Individual Differences (ICID) and its links with behavioural approach system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS), problem behaviour and family environment measures in parent reports of 1780 Russian children aged 3–17 years and 573 adolescent self–reports. Two higher–order factors, α comprising Agreeableness, Conscientiousness and Neuroticism (reversed), and β comprising Openness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability, were confirmed across gender and age. Structural model linking BAS with α and BIS with β was supported. α was negatively associated with externalising problems and β was negatively related to internalising problems. The links with family cohesion, punishment, westernisation and affluence supported the external validity of the Big Two. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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23

Murtazina, Elena P., Irina S. Matyul’ko, and Boris V. Zhuravlev. "The Dominance Behavioural System: A Review of Psychophysiological Features and Neurobiological Markers." Journal of Medical and Biological Research, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z036.

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This article provides a review of the literature data on the association between personal characteristics belonging to the behavioural dominance system and various psychophysiological, hormonal, and neurobiological indices. Social and behavioural features characteristic of dominance and subordination are described. The review discusses the studies showing the relationship between the indices of dominant or subordinate behaviours and adaptive capacity as well as levels of trait and state anxiety of individuals in different social contexts. Further, the key hormonal mechanisms underlying social dominance are reviewed. The dual-hormone hypothesis of dominance regulation under social stress is illustrated through studies showing the correlation between the changes in adrenocortical and sex hormone levels and their joint effect on the regulation of hierarchical status. Individual characteristics of prevalence or balance between the behavioural activation (motivation of gaining reward) and inhibition (motivation of avoiding failure) systems were found to play a crucial role in achieving higher dominance and the formation of ideas about one’s own social status. In addition, the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms involved in the regulation of social hierarchical relationships are discussed. The review describes the features of brain activation during social interaction, including dominance and subordination, as well as context-dependent perception of one’s own social status and that of the opponent. The behavioural dominance system is proposed to be considered in the framework of the theory of functional systems, its architectonics, and central principles (interaction between its components, afferent synthesis, decision making, action program, and action result acceptor). Based on the systemic principles, social factors can be viewed as major environmental and triggering stimuli which affect the afferent synthesis, modulate the action program, and change the appraisal of results achieved by individuals during social interactions.
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24

MacDonald, Kevin. "What do Children Want? A Conceptualisation of Evolutionary Influences on Children's Motivation in the Peer Group." International Journal of Behavioral Development 19, no. 1 (March 1996): 53–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502549601900105.

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This paper presents an evolutionary perspective on children's resourcedirected behaviour in peer groups. It is argued that reciprocity is theoretically expected to be the fundamental rule of resource exchange in peer relationships of friendship. Children are therefore expected to be attracted to peers who are similar to themselves on a wide variety of traits. These traits are viewed as resources in peer relationships, and individual differences in these traits represent a resource environment for children. In this paper, the resource environment represented by individual differences in several evolved motivational systems will be emphasised. The discussion focuses on such three evolved systems, the sensation seeking/impulsivity system, the human affectional system, and the behavioural inhibition system. It is concluded that individual differences in these systems are important for understanding friendship and sociometric status in children's peer relationships.
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25

McNaughton, Neil, and Jeffrey A. Gray. "Anxiolytic action on the behavioural inhibition system implies multiple types of arousal contribute to anxiety." Journal of Affective Disorders 61, no. 3 (December 2000): 161–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00344-x.

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26

Poleszak, Ewa, Sylwia Wośko, Karolina Sławińska, Elżbieta Wyska, Aleksandra Szopa, Katarzyna Świąder, Andrzej Wróbel, et al. "Influence of the endocannabinoid system on the antidepressant activity of bupropion and moclobemide in the behavioural tests in mice." Pharmacological Reports 72, no. 6 (March 27, 2020): 1562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43440-020-00088-0.

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Abstract Background Though there are several classes of antidepressant drugs available on the pharmaceutical market, depression that affects globally over 320 million people is still undertreated. Scientists have made attempts to develop novel therapeutical strategies to maximize effectiveness of therapy and minimize undesired reactions. One of the ideas is use of either dual-action agents or combined administration of two substances that affect diverse neurotransmissions. Thus, we investigated whether the selected CB receptor ligands (oleamide, AM251, JWH133, and AM630) can have an impact on the activity of bupropion and moclobemide. Bupropion belongs to the dual acting drugs, whereas moclobemide is an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Methods The mice forced swim test and the tail suspension test were applied in order to determine the potential antidepressant-like activity, whereas the HPLC method was used in order to assess the brain concentrations of the tested antidepressants. Results An intraperitoneal injection of sub-effective doses of oleamide (5 mg/kg), AM251 (0.25 mg/kg), and AM630 (0.25 mg/kg) increased activity of bupropion (10 mg/kg) in both behavioural tests. Effects of moclobemide (1.5 mg/kg) were potentiated only by AM251. These results were not influenced by the hypo- or hyperlocomotion of animals. Conclusion The outcomes of the present study revealed that particularly activation or inhibition of the CB1 receptor function may augment the antidepressant activity of bupropion, whereas only inhibition of the CB1 receptor function manages to increase activity of moclobemide. Most probably, an interplay between CB receptor ligands and bupropion or moclobemide takes place at the cellular level.
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Kaye, S., M. J. White, and I. M. Lewis. "Behavioural Inhibition System response to conflicting advertisement cues: Road safety messages vs. motor vehicle promotional advertisements." Personality and Individual Differences 60 (April 2014): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.07.462.

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Taylor, Jeanette, Mark Reeves, Lisa James, and Leonardo Bobadilla. "Disinhibitory trait profile and its relation to Cluster B personality disorder features and substance use problems." European Journal of Personality 20, no. 4 (June 2006): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.585.

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Certain personality and motivational traits may present vulnerability towards disinhibitory psychopathology (e.g. antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse). Cluster analysis was used to separately group 306 women and 274 men on impulsivity, Constraint, Negative Emotionality, behavioural activation system (BAS), and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) scores. As expected, a ‘disinhibited’ group with low Constraint, high impulsivity, weak BIS, and strong BAS emerged that showed elevated drug use problems, and histrionic and antisocial personality disorder features across gender. A ‘high affectivity’ group with high Negative Emotionality and strong BIS also showed elevated drug use problems and personality disorder features. Results suggested that two different trait profiles are associated with disinhibitory psychopathology and both may present vulnerability toward the development of such disorders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Dolenc, B., L. Sprah, and M. Dernovsek. "P01-203-Motivational systems and trait impulsivity in euthymic outpatients with bipolar mood disorder and healthy volunteers." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71914-9.

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ObjectivesAlthough previous studies have suggested that bipolar disorder symptoms could result from increased impulsivity and vulnerability of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS), the association of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) with the disorder remains unclear.AimsGiven that motivational systems, especially BAS, and impulsivity are closely intertwined, we aimed to assess the associations between BIS and BAS and impulsivity among healthy volunteers and remitted bipolar outpatients.Methods70 euthymic bipolar outpatients and 70 healthy controls were self assessed with the BIS/BAS Scale and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale.ResultsOur data revealed elevated BIS and BAS sensitivity (Figure 1a) as well as impulsivity (Figure 1b) in the group of bipolar outpatients. Both motivational systems seem to be unrelated to the trait impulsivity.ConclusionsOur results indicate that BIS/BAS sensitivity and impulsivity represent a distinct trait. Furthermore, elevated BIS and BAS sensitivity and impulsivity in the euthymic phase of the disorder could represent an indicator of relatively stable personal traits which persist throughout all phases of the illness, thus signifying a vulnerability factor that could be relevant in the early diagnostic picture of affective disorders.
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Vanzoelen, Deborah, and Marie L. Caltabiano. "The role of social anxiety, the behavioural inhibition system and depression in online gaming addiction in adults." Journal of Gaming & Virtual Worlds 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgvw.8.3.231_1.

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31

Moore, Roger A., Matthew Mills, Paul Marshman, and Philip J. Corr. "Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) sensitivity differentiates EEG theta responses during goal conflict in a continuous monitoring task." International Journal of Psychophysiology 85, no. 2 (August 2012): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.06.006.

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32

Dangoumau, N., A. K. A. Toguyeni, and E. Craye. "Functional and behavioural modelling for dependability in automated production systems." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 216, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 389–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954405021520058.

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Within the exploitation of the automated production systems (APS) framework, supervision and monitoring take the dependability into account. In order to reach these objectives, a method is being developed at the Laboratoire d'Automatique et d'Informatique Industrielle de Lille in a supervision and monitoring framework. The main functions are detection, diagnosis, modes management and faults recovery. This paper focuses on two kinds of modelling: functional modelling and behavioural modelling. On the one hand, these models are used to implement the diagnosis and the modes management functions. On the other hand, the complementarity of these models enables them to be used within the alarm processing system framework. Indeed, the design of intelligent alarm processing systems (IAPS) is a critical problem. One common problem is the number of alarms that operators have to manage. This paper focuses on the problem of the management of avalanches of alarms after the occurrence of failures in a complex process. To deal with this problem, different types of alarm are defined from the functional and behavioural modelling of the process to be surveyed. Filtering rules, based on the concepts of validation and inhibition, are also proposed.
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33

Taylor, A. M., T. Bus, R. Sprengel, P. H. Seeburg, J. N. P. Rawlins, and D. M. Bannerman. "Hippocampal NMDA receptors are important for behavioural inhibition but not for encoding associative spatial memories." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1633 (January 5, 2014): 20130149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0149.

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The idea that an NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long-term potentiation-like process in the hippocampus is the neural substrate for associative spatial learning and memory has proved to be extremely popular and influential. However, we recently reported that mice lacking NMDARs in dentate gyrus and CA1 hippocampal subfields ( GluN1 Δ DGCA1 mice) acquired the open field, spatial reference memory watermaze task as well as controls, a result that directly challenges this view. Here, we show that GluN1 Δ DGCA1 mice were not impaired during acquisition of a spatial discrimination watermaze task, during which mice had to choose between two visually identical beacons, based on extramaze spatial cues, when all trials started at locations equidistant between the two beacons. They were subsequently impaired on test trials starting from close to the decoy beacon, conducted post-acquisition. GluN1 Δ DGCA1 mice were also impaired during reversal of this spatial discrimination. Thus, contrary to the widely held belief, hippocampal NMDARs are not required for encoding associative, long-term spatial memories. Instead, hippocampal NMDARs, particularly in CA1, act as part of a comparator system to detect and resolve conflicts arising when two competing, behavioural response options are evoked concurrently, through activation of a behavioural inhibition system. These results have important implications for current theories of hippocampal function.
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Wacker, Jan, Mira‐Lynn Chavanon, Anja Leue, and Gerhard Stemmler. "Trait BIS predicts alpha asymmetry and P300 in a Go/No‐Go task." European Journal of Personality 24, no. 2 (March 2010): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.740.

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Inspired by the revised Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) theory the present study probed the association between individual differences in Trait BIS and electroencephalogram indicators of conflict processing/inhibition. Sixty‐nine male participants either high or low in Trait BIS completed a Go/No‐Go task while the electroencephalogram was recorded. As expected, Trait BIS was associated with the No‐Go‐anteriorisation of the P300 event‐related potential (i.e. an index of response inhibition presumably generated in the dorsal anterior cingulate—an area implicated in conflict processing) and with No‐ Go‐related changes towards left frontal alpha activity (i.e. presumably more activity in right prefrontal cortex—an area implicated in response inhibition). These findings support the role of conflict processing attributed to BIS functioning in the revised theory. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Piotti, Patrizia, Mariangela Albertini, Lidia Pia Trabucco, Lucia Ripari, Christos Karagiannis, Claudio Bandi, and Federica Pirrone. "Personality and Cognitive Profiles of Animal-Assisted Intervention Dogs and Pet Dogs in an Unsolvable Task." Animals 11, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 2144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11072144.

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Dogs are biologically predisposed to communicate with humans in cooperative contexts. They show individual differences in dog–human communication and inhibition, potentially enhanced by life experience, e.g., Animal-Assisted Interventions. This study aimed to investigate whether dogs’ personality, defined by biologically meaningful neural circuits described in the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality (RST), predicted dogs’ communication, task orientation, emotional state, and approach of an unsolvable task. We also investigated the differences between dogs experienced in Animal-Assisted Interventions (AAI) and inexperienced dogs. The results indicated that a high sensitivity to the RST personality trait related to managing uncertainty (Behavioural Inhibition System, BIS) predicted fewer task orientations but increased referential and non-referential looking, which we interpreted as a way to obtain directions from the owner. Conversely, a high sensitivity to the traits reflecting tendencies to approach rewards (Behavioural Approach System, BAS) and avoid punishment (Fight–Flight–Freeze System, FFFS) predicted lower looking. High sensitivity to the FFFS also predicted more frequent task orientations, which we interpreted as frustration. Finally, the dogs in the AAI program looked more at their owner and were less oriented towards the task. These results provide empirical evidence of individual differences tied to the psychobiological personality traits in canine cognitive skills. Understanding such cognitive profiles may have an enormous impact on activities that rely upon dog–human collaborative interaction.
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Keough, Matthew T., Jeffrey D. Wardell, Christian S. Hendershot, R. Michael Bagby, and Lena C. Quilty. "Fun Seeking and Reward Responsiveness Moderate the Effect of the Behavioural Inhibition System on Coping-Motivated Problem Gambling." Journal of Gambling Studies 33, no. 3 (October 20, 2016): 769–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10899-016-9646-2.

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Wytykowska, Agata, and Maria Lewicka. "Learning the affective value of target categories: The role of category valence and the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS)." Personality and Individual Differences 50, no. 7 (May 2011): 944–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.09.003.

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Määttänen, Ilmari, Liisa Keltikangas-Järvinen, Heikki Swan, Lauri Toivonen, Kimmo Kontula, Mirka Hintsanen, Saija Alatupa, and Taina Hintsa. "Stress Proneness in Molecularly Defined Long QT Syndrome: A Study Using Temperament Assessment by Behavioural Inhibition System Scale." Stress and Health 29, no. 2 (August 30, 2012): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smi.2441.

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Brakemeier, E. L., and M. Berger. "ECP07-01 - Cbasp workshop - introduction into the cognitive - behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (cbasp) to treat depression." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73508-8.

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The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis of Psychotherapy (CBASP) by James McCullough is the only psychotherapeutic intervention specifically designed for chronic forms of depression. CBASP integrates behavioural, cognitive, interpersonal, and psychodynamic theories and strategies.The approach focuses on problems resulting from maltreatment and inhibition of maturation in early childhood by using the therapeutic relationship in a personal disciplined way. In addition, other interpersonal strategies such as the Significant Other History, the proactive Transference Hypothesis, and the Interpersonal Discrimination Exercise are used to overcome preoperational thinking. By means of another specific technique, the Situation Analysis, patients learn to focus on the negative consequences of their usual behaviour and to use efficient social problem-solving strategies.In a large study involving over 600 patients with chronic Major Depression, CBASP proved to be effective. The combination of an antidepressant and CBASP was the most beneficial treatment condition. Particularly effective was CBASP for the subgroup of chronically depressives with an early childhood trauma.In the workshop the theoretical basis will be taught, the specific techniques will be shown by live and video demonstrations, and they will be practised.
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Du Rocher, Andrew R., Jessica Barker, Monika I. Chalupka, Anna France, Raisa S. Habib, Joel H. Holzer, Bethany M. R. Johnston, Heather Mee, Imaan Mohammed, and Rebecca Quail. "Are reinforcement sensitivity personality constructs and attentional control important predictors of restrictive disordered eating?" International Journal of Personality Psychology 7 (October 19, 2021): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21827/ijpp.7.37818.

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The revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (rRST) perspective on personality suggests that a neuropsychological behavioural inhibition system (BIS), behavioural approach system (BAS), and a fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) produce the key personality traits involved in approach and avoidance behaviours. This perspective on personality can be used as a framework for understanding psychopathology. Self-report research on rRST suggests that restrictive disordered eating relates to elevated BIS sensitivity, elevated FFFS sensitivity, and possibly dysfunctional BAS sensitivity. Disordered eating can also relate to reduced trait mindfulness, which is a broadly defined construct. Trait mindfulness is positively correlated with attentional control (AC) which is a more specific component of our cognitive architecture that incorporates attentional focusing and attentional shifting processes. It is unknown how BIS and AC interact to predict restrictive disordered eating. We tested how self-reported BIS, BAS, and FFFS sensitivity, AC, and trait mindfulness relate to restrictive disordered eating in 464 healthy participants, and 177 participants with a history of psychiatric disorder. We provide new evidence that elevated restrictive disordered eating relates to reduced self-reported AC abilities (in addition to elevated BIS, and elevated FFFS sensitivity). We illustrate that the combination of high BIS and low AC predicts high levels of restrictive disordered eating (but not in all participants), whereas low BIS and high AC predicts lower levels of restrictive disordered eating (but not in all participants). We discuss how understanding the relationship between personality and attentional control can inform the design of future intervention studies.
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van Zeeland, Eveline, and Jörg Henseler. "The behavioural response of the professional buyer on social cues from the vendor and how to measure it." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2016-0135.

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Purpose Vendors’ social cues – physical or behavioural hints – have an impact on the professional buyer. However, little is known about that impact. The purpose of this paper is to place knowledge about the impact of social cues that other disciplines acquired in the context of business-to-business (B2B) marketing to contribute constructively to the research agenda. Design/methodology/approach By integrating findings on the processing of social cues and the behavioural response from the disciplines of neuroscience, biology and psychology (specifically the behavioural inhibition system [BIS]/behavioural activation system [BAS]-theory), this paper aims to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on the automatic evaluation of vendors by professional buyers. Findings Social cues are likely to be of substantial value in the (first) encounter between buyer and seller. Positively evaluated social cues create an approach-motivated behavioural intention, whereas negatively evaluated ones create avoidance. This process is probably predominantly mediated by trust and moderated by personality and contextual factors. Research limitations/implications This paper stimulates research about the impact of social cues in a B2B context. While such knowledge would add practical value, this paper also explores possibilities for managers to use neuroscientific techniques to assess and train sales agents. Originality/value The impact of social cues is hardly covered in the B2B marketing literature, but they have an important impact on B2B decision-making. The conceptual framework combines the BIS/BAS theory (approach/avoidance) with the SOR-model (stimulus-organism-response), which is unique to the B2B marketing field.
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Armstrong, J. Douglas, and Jano I. van Hemert. "Towards a virtual fly brain." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1896 (June 13, 2009): 2387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0308.

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Models of the brain that simulate sensory input, behavioural output and information processing in a biologically plausible manner pose significant challenges to both computer science and biology. Here we investigated strategies that could be used to create a model of the insect brain, specifically that of Drosophila melanogaster that is very widely used in laboratory research. The scale of the problem is an order of magnitude above the most complex of the current simulation projects, and it is further constrained by the relative sparsity of available electrophysiological recordings from the fly nervous system. However, fly brain research at the anatomical and behavioural levels offers some interesting opportunities that could be exploited to create a functional simulation. We propose to exploit these strengths of Drosophila central nervous system research to focus on a functional model that maps biologically plausible network architecture onto phenotypic data from neuronal inhibition and stimulation studies, leaving aside biophysical modelling of individual neuronal activity for future models until more data are available.
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Li, Zuojin, Jun Peng, Liukui Chen, Chen Gui, and Lei Song. "An Energy Computing Method Inspired from Visual Cognitive Function for Dynamic Behavioural Detection in Video Frames." International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 8, no. 3 (July 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcini.2014070101.

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The brain visual cortical simple cells have strong response to notable edges with directivity and contrast of light and dark, as well as the non-classical receptive fields of the neurons in visual cortex that have inhibition function to small light-spot stimulation. Because of this property, human vision system contrast sensitivity tends to dynamic videos. This paper, based on biological visual features, constructs an energy-computing model for dynamic video behaviors analysis, and designs computing methods for strengthening selectivity to directions of edges and inhibiting energy of non-significant areas in the images. The experiment is conducted on 30,000 frames of dynamic behaviors in video and shows 90% accuracy, which proves that the proposed method is capable to simulate the function of visual cortex simple cells, i.e. the enhancement to directional selection, and the inhabitation function of non-classical receptive fields, as well as extract energy features of dynamic behaviors in video. This contributes a choice for computer image processing and improves the understanding of machine vision.
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Papachristou, Harilaos, Marios Theodorou, Klavdia Neophytou, and Georgia Panayiotou. "Community sample evidence on the relations among behavioural inhibition system, anxiety sensitivity, experiential avoidance, and social anxiety in adolescents." Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science 8 (April 2018): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcbs.2018.03.001.

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45

Brennan, Peter A., and Keith M. Kendrick. "Mammalian social odours: attraction and individual recognition." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1476 (November 8, 2006): 2061–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1931.

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Mammalian social systems rely on signals passed between individuals conveying information including sex, reproductive status, individual identity, ownership, competitive ability and health status. Many of these signals take the form of complex mixtures of molecules sensed by chemosensory systems and have important influences on a variety of behaviours that are vital for reproductive success, such as parent–offspring attachment, mate choice and territorial marking. This article aims to review the nature of these chemosensory cues and the neural pathways mediating their physiological and behavioural effects. Despite the complexities of mammalian societies, there are instances where single molecules can act as classical pheromones attracting interest and approach behaviour. Chemosignals with relatively high volatility can be used to signal at a distance and are sensed by the main olfactory system. Most mammals also possess a vomeronasal system, which is specialized to detect relatively non-volatile chemosensory cues following direct contact. Single attractant molecules are sensed by highly specific receptors using a labelled line pathway. These act alongside more complex mixtures of signals that are required to signal individual identity. There are multiple sources of such individuality chemosignals, based on the highly polymorphic genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or lipocalins such as the mouse major urinary proteins. The individual profile of volatile components that make up an individual odour signature can be sensed by the main olfactory system, as the pattern of activity across an array of broadly tuned receptor types. In addition, the vomeronasal system can respond highly selectively to non-volatile peptide ligands associated with the MHC, acting at the V2r class of vomeronasal receptor. The ability to recognize individuals or their genetic relatedness plays an important role in mammalian social behaviour. Thus robust systems for olfactory learning and recognition of chemosensory individuality have evolved, often associated with major life events, such as mating, parturition or neonatal development. These forms of learning share common features, such as increased noradrenaline evoked by somatosensory stimulation, which results in neural changes at the level of the olfactory bulb. In the main olfactory bulb, these changes are likely to refine the pattern of activity in response to the learned odour, enhancing its discrimination from those of similar odours. In the accessory olfactory bulb, memory formation is hypothesized to involve a selective inhibition, which disrupts the transmission of the learned chemosignal from the mating male. Information from the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems is integrated at the level of the corticomedial amygdala, which forms the most important pathway by which social odours mediate their behavioural and physiological effects. Recent evidence suggests that this region may also play an important role in the learning and recognition of social chemosignals.
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Lorian, Carolyn N., and Jessica R. Grisham. "The Safety Bias: Risk-Avoidance and Social Anxiety Pathology." Behaviour Change 27, no. 1 (April 1, 2010): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.27.1.29.

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AbstractBackground:The pervasive tendency to avoid perceived risks has been recently implicated in the maintenance of anxiety pathology, and more specifically, social phobia. Social anxiety symptoms are thus hypothesised to be associated with a global risk-avoidant decision-making bias.Aim:This study investigated: (1) the relationship between risk-avoidance and social anxiety symptoms using both self-report and behavioural measures of risk-taking; and (2) whether risk-avoidance mediates the relationship between a dispositional vulnerability to anxiety (Behavioural Inhibition System [BIS] sensitivity) and social anxiety symptoms.Method:Fifty-five undergraduate students completed self-report measures assessing for social anxiety symptoms, risk-taking across various domains, and BIS sensitivity. Risk-avoidance was also assessed using a behavioural computer task.Results:As hypothesised, risk-avoidance correlated significantly with both social anxiety and BIS. Multiple regression analyses revealed that risk-avoidance served as a partial mediator between BIS and social anxiety.Conclusion:These results confirm the hypothesised relationship between BIS, risk-avoidance, and social anxiety symptoms. Risk-avoidance is one possible mechanism by which personality characteristics may be linked to anxiety pathology.
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Balconi, Michela, and Roberta Finocchiaro. "Deficit in rewarding mechanisms and prefrontal left/right cortical effect in vulnerability for internet addiction." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 28, no. 5 (March 9, 2016): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.9.

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ObjectiveThe present research explored the cortical correlates of rewarding mechanisms and cortical ‘unbalance’ effect in internet addiction (IA) vulnerability.MethodsInternet Addiction Inventory (IAT) and personality trait (Behavioural Inhibition System, BIS; Behavioural Activation System, BAS) were applied to 28 subjects. Electroencephalographic (EEG, alpha frequency band) and response times (RTs) were registered during a Go-NoGo task execution in response to different online stimuli: gambling videos, videogames or neutral stimuli. Higher-IAT (more than 50 score, with moderate or severe internet addiction) and lower-IAT (<50 score, with no internet addiction).ResultsAlpha band and RTs were affected by IAT, with significant bias (reduced RTs) for high-IAT in response to gambling videos and videogames; and by BAS, BAS-Reward subscale (BAS-R), since not only higher-IAT, but also BAS and BAS-R values determined an increasing of left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity (alpha reduction) in response to videogames and gambling stimuli for both Go and NoGo conditions, in addition to decreased RTs for these stimuli categories.ConclusionThe increased PFC responsiveness and the lateralisation (left PFC hemisphere) effect in NoGo condition was explained on the basis of a ‘rewarding bias’ towards more rewarding cues and a deficit in inhibitory control in higher-IAT and higher-BAS subjects. In contrast lower-IAT and lower-BAS predicted a decreased PFC response and increased RTs for NoGo (inhibitory mechanism). These results may support the significance of personality (BAS) and IAT measures for explaining future internet addiction behaviour based on this observed ‘vulnerability’.
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Corr, Philip J., Allison Tynan, and Veena Kumari. "Personality Correlates of Prepulse Inhibition of the Startle Reflex at Three Lead Intervals." Journal of Psychophysiology 16, no. 2 (January 2002): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//0269-8803.16.2.82.

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Abstract The acoustic startle reflex (ASR) is modulated by a number of experimental factors, the most important of which in the field of psychopathology is weak prestimulation: The ASR is reliably reduced if preceded briefly by a weaker stimulus (i. e., the prepulse), an effect known as prepulse inhibition (PPI). PPI is thought to reflect centrally-mediated sensorimotor gating of stimuli, preventing cognitive overload and behavioural confusion. PPI is impaired in a variety of psychiatric disorders, notably schizophrenia, as well as in individuals who score high on psychometric measures of psychosis proneness. Two experiments examined the association of personality (trait emotionality) and PPI at three prepulse-to-pulse intervals (30, 60 and 120 ms). Consistent with previous reports, findings from both experiments showed highly significant PPI (defined as percentage reduction in the amplitude of the ASR), which increased with prepulse-to-pulse interval (30 < 60 < 120 ms). A novel finding was that, in both experiments 1 (N = 36) and 2 (N = 63), the trait of neuroticism was negatively correlated with PPI; in addition, a measure of positive incentive motivation (i. e., Behavioural Activation System, Drive subscale; BAS-Drive) was also negatively correlated with PPI. These trait emotionality associations were independent of gender. Possible causal explanations of these personality associations are outlined. It is concluded that, in order to clarify the aetiological role of sensorimotor gating in psychopathological conditions (e. g., schizophrenia, often entailing emotional activation), trait emotionality variance should be routinely examined in future PPI studies.
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Randjelovic, Kristina, and Nikola Cirovic. "Social anxiety and rumination in the context of the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory and the mediation model of social anxiety." Psihologija, no. 00 (2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/psi200702034r.

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The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between temperament, ruminative thought style and social anxiety using latent variable modeling. Before examining the integrated model that specifies the relations between the constructs, relevant measurement issues were examined. The study was conducted on a heterogeneous sample from the general population that included 1,029 participants (62.1% female) aged 19 to 79. The findings show that the Behavioural Inhibition System is the most important vulnerability factor for the development of social anxiety, and it has both a direct effect and an indirect one through the ruminative thought style. Also, Freeze has an additional contribution to the increased experience of social anxiety. The Behavioural Approach System has complex effects on social anxiety - with a direct protective effect, and indirectly - with a facilitation of the ruminative thought style. Thus, BAS can also act as a risk factor. The findings support the revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory and provide a basis for the extension of the Kimbrel?s Mediation Model of Social Anxiety
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Krupić, Dino. "HIGH BAS AND LOW BIS IN OVERCONFIDENCE, AND THEIR IMPACT ON MOTIVATION AND SELF-EFFICACY AFTER POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PERFORMANCE." Primenjena psihologija 10, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.19090/pp.2017.3.297-312.

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Self-confidence, motivation, and performance outcome are vital for goal-directed behaviour. However, people do not react to a positive and negative performance in the same way. This study examines (a) the relationship between self-confidence and approach/avoidance motivation, and (b) how approach- and avoidance-oriented individuals respond to a performance outcome. The study was conducted on 93 participants. The first part of the study examined the relationship between self-confidence and approach/avoidance motivation within Reinforcement sensitivity theory, while the second part examined changes in motivation and self-efficiency in overconfident, avoidance- and approach-oriented individuals, following the positive and negative performance. Approach and avoidance tendencies were assessed by Reinforcement Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) and Sensitivity to Punishment Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ). Correlational analysis showed that the Behavioural Approach System (BAS) and Sensitivity to Reward (SR) correlated positively, while Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) and Sensitivity to Punishment (SP) correlated negatively with confidence. In addition, moderated regression analysis showed that (a) high BIS, SP and SR individuals were strongly demotivated following the negative performance, (b) while overconfident and high BAS individuals maintained their initial motivation. On the other hand, motivation in high SR, but not in the high BAS and overconfident individuals, increased after the positive performance. None of the scales predicted the change of self-efficacy either after the positive or negative performance. High BAS and low BIS in overconfident individuals may explain why they strive more toward the final goal despite drawbacks. The theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed in the paper.
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