Journal articles: 'Behavioural epidemiology'

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Crawford, David, and Neville Owen. "The behavioural epidemiology of weight control." Australian Journal of Public Health 18, no. 2 (February 12, 2010): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1994.tb00215.x.

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Liao, Jiaqiang, Shaoping Yang, Wei Xia, Anna Peng, Jinzhu Zhao, Yuanyuan Li, Yimin Zhang, et al. "Associations of exposure to green space with problem behaviours in preschool-aged children." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 3 (November 29, 2019): 944–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz243.

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Abstract Background Limited evidence is available regarding the association of green-space exposure with childhood behavioural development. This study aimed to investigate the associations of exposure to green space with multiple syndromes of behavioural development in preschool children. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in Wuhan, China from April 2016 to June 2018. We recruited a sample of 6039 children aged 5–6 years from 17 kindergartens located in five urban districts of the city. We measured the greenness using average Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) within a circular buffer area of 100 metres surrounding the central point of residences and kindergartens. We calculated the residence–kindergarten-weighted greenness by assuming that children spent 16 hours per day at home and 8 hours at kindergarten. The problem behaviours of children were evaluated at kindergarten using the Childhood Behavioral Checklist (CBCL) and standardized into problem behavioural T scores. Linear mixed-effect models and linear-regression models were used to estimate the associations. Results We observed decreases in problem behaviours associated with kindergarten and residence–kindergarten-weighted surrounding greenness in preschool children. For example, a one-interquartile range increase in kindergarten and residence–kindergarten-weighted NDVI was associated with decreased T scores for total behaviour by −0.61 [95% confidence interval (CI): −1.09, −0.13) and −0.49 (95% CI −0.85, −0.12), anxiety and depression by −0.65 (95% CI: −1.13, −0.17) and −0.46 (95% CI: −0.82, −0.10), aggressive behaviour by −0.53 (95% CI: −1.01, −0.05) and −0.38 (95% CI: −0.75, −0.02) and hyperactivity and attention deficit by −0.54 (95% CI: −1.01, −0.07) and −0.48 (95% CI: −0.83, −0.12), respectively. Stratified analyses indicated that the associations of green-space exposure with problem behaviours were stronger in boys than in girls. Conclusions Children attending kindergartens with higher levels of surrounding green space exhibited better behavioural development. The mechanisms underlying these associations should be explored further.

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Bro-Jørgensen, Jakob, Daniel W. Franks, and Kristine Meise. "Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20190008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0008.

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The impact of environmental change on the reproduction and survival of wildlife is often behaviourally mediated, placing behavioural ecology in a central position to quantify population- and community-level consequences of anthropogenic threats to biodiversity. This theme issue demonstrates how recent conceptual and methodological advances in the discipline are applied to inform conservation. The issue highlights how the focus in behavioural ecology on understanding variation in behaviour between individuals, rather than just measuring the population mean, is critical to explaining demographic stochasticity and thereby reducing fuzziness of population models. The contributions also show the importance of knowing the mechanisms by which behaviour is achieved, i.e. the role of learning, reasoning and instincts, in order to understand how behaviours change in human-modified environments, where their function is less likely to be adaptive. More recent work has thus abandoned the ‘adaptationist’ paradigm of early behavioural ecology and increasingly measures evolutionary processes directly by quantifying selection gradients and phenotypic plasticity. To support quantitative predictions at the population and community levels, a rich arsenal of modelling techniques has developed, and interdisciplinary approaches show promising prospects for predicting the effectiveness of alternative management options, with the social sciences, movement ecology and epidemiology particularly pertinent. The theme issue furthermore explores the relevance of behaviour for global threat assessment, and practical advice is given as to how behavioural ecologists can augment their conservation impact by carefully selecting and promoting their study systems, and increasing their engagement with local communities, natural resource managers and policy-makers. Its aim to uncover the nuts and bolts of how natural systems work positions behavioural ecology squarely in the heart of conservation biology, where its perspective offers an all-important complement to more descriptive ‘big-picture’ approaches to priority setting. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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Javed, Nouman, Asim Bhatti, and Prasad N. Paradkar. "Advances in Understanding Vector Behavioural Traits after Infection." Pathogens 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2021): 1376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10111376.

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Vector behavioural traits, such as fitness, host-seeking, and host-feeding, are key determinants of vectorial capacity, pathogen transmission, and epidemiology of the vector-borne disease. Several studies have shown that infection with pathogens can alter these behavioural traits of the arthropod vector. Here, we review relevant publications to assess how pathogens modulate the behaviour of mosquitoes and ticks, major vectors for human diseases. The research has shown that infection with pathogens alter the mosquito’s flight activity, mating, fecundity, host-seeking, blood-feeding, and adaptations to insecticide bed nets, and similarly modify the tick’s locomotion, questing heights, vertical and horizontal walks, tendency to overcome obstacles, and host-seeking ability. Although some of these behavioural changes may theoretically increase transmission potential of the pathogens, their effect on the disease epidemiology remains to be verified. This study will not only help in understanding virus–vector interactions but will also benefit in establishing role of these behavioural changes in improved epidemiological models and in devising new vector management strategies.

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Arnot, Megan, Eva Brandl, O. L. K. Campbell, Yuan Chen, Juan Du, Mark Dyble, Emily H. Emmott, et al. "How evolutionary behavioural sciences can help us understand behaviour in a pandemic." Evolution, Medicine, and Public Health 2020, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 264–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/emph/eoaa038.

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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has brought science into the public eye and to the attention of governments more than ever before. Much of this attention is on work in epidemiology, virology and public health, with most behavioural advice in public health focusing squarely on ‘proximate’ determinants of behaviour. While epidemiological models are powerful tools to predict the spread of disease when human behaviour is stable, most do not incorporate behavioural change. The evolutionary basis of our preferences and the cultural evolutionary dynamics of our beliefs drive behavioural change, so understanding these evolutionary processes can help inform individual and government decision-making in the face of a pandemic. Lay summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought behavioural sciences into the public eye: Without vaccinations, stopping the spread of the virus must rely on behaviour change by limiting contact between people. On the face of it, “stop seeing people” sounds simple. In practice, this is hard. Here we outline how an evolutionary perspective on behaviour change can provide additional insights. Evolutionary theory postulates that our psychology and behaviour did not evolve to maximize our health or that of others. Instead, individuals are expected to act to maximise their inclusive fitness (i.e, spreading our genes) – which can lead to a conflict between behaviours that are in the best interests for the individual, and behaviours that stop the spread of the virus. By examining the ultimate explanations of behaviour related to pandemic-management (such as behavioural compliance and social distancing), we conclude that “good of the group” arguments and “one size fits all” policies are unlikely to encourage behaviour change over the long-term. Sustained behaviour change to keep pandemics at bay is much more likely to emerge from environmental change, so governments and policy makers may need to facilitate significant social change – such as improving life experiences for disadvantaged groups.

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Hughes, G., and M. Catchpole. "Surveillance of sexually transmitted infections in England and Wales." Eurosurveillance 3, no. 6 (June 1, 1998): 61–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2807/esm.03.06.00099-en.

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Owing to the unique link between the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human behaviour, the surveillance of STIs requires the collection of more demographic and behavioural data than for other infectious diseases. In order to supp

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Kanarek, N. "Global Behavioural Risk Factor Surveillance." American Journal of Epidemiology 159, no. 8 (April 15, 2004): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh113.

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Willamson, Ann, and Anne-Marie Feyer. "Behavioural epidemiology as a tool for accident research." Journal of Occupational Accidents 12, no. 1-3 (June 1990): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-6349(90)90107-7.

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Young, Marcus, Natasha Holmes, Raymond Robbins, Nada Marhoon, Sobia Amjad, Ary Serpa Neto, and Rinaldo Bellomo. "Natural language processing to assess the epidemiology of delirium-suggestive behavioural disturbances in critically ill patients." Critical Care and Resuscitation 23, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 144–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2021.2.oa1.

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Background: There is no gold standard approach for delirium diagnosis, making the assessment of its epidemiology difficult. Delirium can only be inferred though observation of behavioural disturbance and described with relevant nouns or adjectives. Objective: We aimed to use natural language processing (NLP) and its identification of words descriptive of behavioural disturbance to study the epidemiology of delirium in critically ill patients. Study design: Retrospective study using data collected from the electronic health records of a university-affiliated intensive care unit (ICU) in Melbourne, Australia. Participants: 12 375 patients Intervention: Analysis of electronic progress notes. Identification using NLP of at least one of a list of words describing behavioural disturbance within such notes. Results: We analysed 199 648 progress notes in 12 375 patients. Of these, 5108 patients (41.3%) had NLP-diagnosed behavioural disturbance (NLP-Dx-BD). Compared with those who did not have NLP-Dx-DB, these patients were older, more severely ill, and likely to have medical or unplanned admissions, neurological diagnosis, chronic kidney or liver disease and to receive mechanical ventilation and renal replacement therapy (P < 0.001). The unadjusted hospital mortality for NLP-Dx-BD patients was 14.1% versus 9.6% for patients without NLP-Dx-BD. After adjustment for baseline characteristics and illness severity, NLP-Dx-BD was not associated with increased risk of death (odds ratio [OR], 0.94; 95% CI, 0.80–1.10); a finding robust to multiple sensitivity, subgroups and time of observation subcohort analyses. In mechanically ventilated patients, NLP-Dx-BD was associated with decreased hospital mortality (OR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.65–0.99) after adjustment for baseline severity of illness and year of admission. Conclusions: NLP enabled rapid assessment of large amounts of data identifying a population of ICU patients with typical high risk characteristics for delirium. Moreover, this technique enabled identification of previously poorly understood associations. Further investigations of this technique appear justified.

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Silk, M. J., S. Carrignon, R. A. Bentley, and N. H. Fefferman. "Improving pandemic mitigation policies across communities through coupled dynamics of risk perception and infection." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1955 (July 21, 2021): 20210834. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0834.

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Capturing the coupled dynamics between individual behavioural decisions that affect disease transmission and the epidemiology of outbreaks is critical to pandemic mitigation strategy. We develop a multiplex network approach to model how adherence to health-protective behaviours that impact COVID-19 spread are shaped by perceived risks and resulting community norms. We focus on three synergistic dynamics governing individual behavioural choices: (i) social construction of concern, (ii) awareness of disease incidence, and (iii) reassurance by lack of disease. We show why policies enacted early or broadly can cause communities to become reassured and therefore unwilling to maintain or adopt actions. Public health policies for which success relies on collective action should therefore exploit the behaviourally receptive phase ; the period between the generation of sufficient concern to foster adoption of novel actions and the relaxation of adherence driven by reassurance fostered by avoidance of negative outcomes over time.

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Fatjó, J., JL Ruiz-de-la-Torre, and X. Manteca. "The epidemiology of behavioural problems in dogs and cats: a survey of veterinary practitioners." Animal Welfare 15, no. 2 (May 2006): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600030268.

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AbstractBehavioural problems directly affect the welfare of dogs and cats. The existence of a behavioural problem is a factor in the euthanasia and relinquishment of animals to shelters — a significant proportion of companion animals that are abandoned and euthanased are attributed to behavioural problems. Some behavioural problems are linked to stress and anxiety. In order to prevent and treat behavioural problems it is essential to have good epidemiological data. Most studies regarding the prevalence of behavioural problems use data from veterinary behaviourists. To our knowledge, no studies regarding the prevalence of small animal behavioural problems have been conducted in Spain. Therefore, a study was designed to estimate different aspects of canine and feline behavioural problems in Spain from the perspective of the veterinary practitioner. Of 433 valid questionnaires returned during a six month period, 46.2% of veterinarians referred cases to veterinary behaviourists and 12.3% to dog trainers; 34.7% never referred cases. Destructiveness, aggression and house soiling were the most frequent complaints regarding behavioural problems in dogs, whereas house soiling was clearly considered the main behavioural complaint in cats, followed by furniture scratching and excessive vocalisation. Behavioural modification was considered the most effective treatment for dogs, followed by drugs and castration. In cats the most effective treatment was castration, followed by drug therapy and behavioural modification.

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Wiles, N. J., T. J Peters, J. Heron, D. Gunnell, A. Emond, and G. Lewis. "Fetal Growth and Childhood Behavioural Problems." American Journal of Epidemiology 163, suppl_11 (June 1, 2006): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/163.suppl_11.s18-c.

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Sarabian, Cecile, Val Curtis, and Rachel McMullan. "Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0256.

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All free-living animals are subject to intense selection pressure from parasites and pathogens resulting in behavioural adaptations that can help potential hosts to avoid falling prey to parasites. This special issue on the evolution of parasite avoidance behaviour was compiled following a Royal Society meeting in 2017. Here we have assembled contributions from a wide range of disciplines including genetics, ecology, parasitology, behavioural science, ecology, psychology and epidemiology on the disease avoidance behaviour of a wide range of species. Taking an interdisciplinary and cross-species perspective allows us to sketch out the strategies, mechanisms and consequences of parasite avoidance and to identify gaps and further questions. Parasite avoidance strategies must include avoiding parasites themselves and cues to their presence in conspecifics, heterospecifics, foods and habitat. Further, parasite avoidance behaviour can be directed at constructing parasite-retardant niches. Mechanisms of parasite avoidance behaviour are generally less well characterized, though nematodes, rodents and human studies are beginning to elucidate the genetic, hormonal and neural architecture that allows animals to recognize and respond to cues of parasite threat. While the consequences of infection are well characterized in humans, we still have much to learn about the epidemiology of parasites of other species, as well as the trade-offs that hosts make in parasite defence versus other beneficial investments like mating and foraging. Finally, in this overview we conclude that it is legitimate to use the word ‘ disgust' to describe parasite avoidance systems, in the same way that ‘fear' is used to describe animal predator avoidance systems. Understanding disgust across species offers an excellent system for investigating the strategies, mechanisms and consequences of behaviour and could be a vital contribution towards the understanding and conservation of our planet's ecosystems. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.

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McKibben, Jodi B. A., Lisa Ekselius, Deborah C. Girasek, Neda F. Gould, Charles Holzer, Marta Rosenberg, Sharmila Dissanaike, and Andrea C. Gielen. "Epidemiology of burn injuries II: Psychiatric and behavioural perspectives." International Review of Psychiatry 21, no. 6 (January 2009): 512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540260903343794.

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Gordon, Wendy. "Behavioural Economics and Qualitative Research – A Marriage Made in Heaven?" International Journal of Market Research 53, no. 2 (March 2011): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2501/ijmr-53-2-171-186.

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Behavioural economics draws on many different academic disciplines from cognitive psychology and social theory through to the newer disciplines of (social) neuroscience, evolutionary anthropology and genetics. Marketing and communications practitioners are now embracing it because it puts human behaviour centre stage rather than attitudes, beliefs and opinions. Contemporary qualitative research also draws on many of the same disciplines, and also others such as semiotics, linguistics and epidemiology. However, it has always been more comfortable describing motivations, attitudes, beliefs and opinions rather than behaviour itself. Many of the principles described in behavioural economics (BE) challenge the very nature of qualitative thinking and practice. This paper examines the relationship between the two models of thinking and how each can benefit from a greater understanding of the other.

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Gialamas, Angela, Dandara G. Haag, Murthy N. Mittinty, and John Lynch. "Which time investments in the first 5 years of life matter most for children’s language and behavioural outcomes at school entry?" International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 2 (September 28, 2019): 548–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz192.

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Abstract Background The ways children spend their time is one of the most valuable inputs for healthy child development. It is unknown which time investment yields the greatest return for children’s language and behavioural outcomes at school entry. Methods We used data from the first three waves (2004, 2006, 2008) of the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (n = 4253). At every wave, parents completed 24-h time-use diaries on one randomly selected week and one weekend day. The amount of time children spent on 11 activities at ages 0–1, 2–3 and 4–5 years was analysed. Receptive vocabulary was assessed using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, and externalizing behaviours were measured by the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, completed by parents and teachers at 4–5 years. To identify which time investment in the first 5 years of life mattered most for children’s outcomes, a new production function was developed. This production function was estimated using a log–log linear regression model. Results Relative to other time investments, time spent on educational activities at 2–3 years of age was the most important time investment for receptive vocabulary and behavioural outcomes at school entry. After adjusting for confounding, every 1 h invested in educational activities at 2–3 years was associated with a 0.95% [95% CI (confidence interval): 0.62, 1.28] increase in receptive vocabulary, and a −5.72% (95% CI: −7.71, −3.73) and −9.23% (95% CI: −12.26, −6.20) reduction in parent- and teacher-reported externalizing problem behaviours. Time invested in play was also important to both receptive vocabulary and behaviour. One hour invested in play at 2–3 and 4–5 years was associated with a 0.68% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.98) and 0.71% (95% CI: 0.39, 1.03) increase in children’s receptive vocabulary at school entry. In addition, time invested in play at 2–3 and 4–5 years was associated with reduced problem behaviours at school entry. In contrast, screen time at all ages was associated with poorer parent- and teacher-reported externalizing problem behaviours. Conclusions These results suggest that time invested in educational activities at 2–3 years of age yield the greatest return for children’s receptive vocabulary and behaviour at school entry.

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Wu, Yeqing, Ruiying Kang, Yuxiang Yan, Keming Gao, Zhiwu Li, Jun Jiang, Xueyang Chi, and Lili Xia. "Epidemiology of schizophrenia and risk factors of schizophrenia-associated aggression from 2011 to 2015." Journal of International Medical Research 46, no. 10 (August 8, 2018): 4039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060518786634.

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Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with aggression in patients with schizophrenia. Methods Patient clinical, behavioural, and demographic information was collected and reported online to the Beijing Mental Health Information Management System by psychiatrists. We used chi-square tests to analyse information between 2011 and 2015 to determine the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia and the rate of aggression. We used univariate and binary logistic regression to analyse risk factors of aggressive behaviours. Results The prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia, and the proportion of cases displaying aggressive behaviour, increased considerably from 2011 to 2015. Risk of aggression was associated with non-adherence to medication (odds ratio [OR]: 2.92; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 2.08–4.11), being unmarried (OR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.03–2.55), having physical disease (OR: 3.26; 95% CI: 2.28–4.66), and higher positive symptom scores (OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.06–3.81). Physical disease was a risk factor associated with committing more than one type of aggression. Conclusion We confirmed that demographic factors, treatment-related factors, and clinical symptoms were associated with aggression in patients with schizophrenia in Beijing. A focus on improving controllable factors, including medication adherence and physical health status, might help to prevent aggressive behaviour.

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Elnazer, Hesham Y., and Niruj Agrawal. "Managing aggression in epilepsy." BJPsych Advances 23, no. 4 (July 2017): 253–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.115.015255.

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Behavioural changes associated with epilepsy can be challenging for patients and clinicians. Evidence suggests an association between aggression and epilepsy that involves various neurophysiological and neurochemical disturbances. Anti-epileptics have variable effects on behaviour and cognition that need consideration. Early detection and careful consideration of history, symptomatology and possible common comorbid psychiatric disorders is essential. Appropriate investigations should be considered to aid diagnosis, including electroencephalogram (EEG), video EEG telemetry and brain imaging. Optimising treatment of epilepsy, treatment of psychiatric comorbidities and behavioural management can have a major positive effect on patients' recovery and well-being.Learning Objectives• Understand the epidemiology of aggression in epilepsy• Comprehend the link between anti-epileptics and aggression, including the important role of pharmacodynamics• Be aware of the pharmacological treatments available for managing aggressive behaviour in epilepsy

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Thabet, A. A. Mousa, and P. Vostanis. "Epidemiology of child mental health problems in Gaza Strip." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 7, no. 3 (September 15, 2001): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2001.7.3.403.

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The aim of this study was to detect the prevalence of behavioural and emotional problems among Palestinian children. The study enrolled 959 children from the Gaza Strip, 453 boys and 506 girls. Ages ranged from 6 to 12 years, with a mean of 8.81 years. Teachers completed the Rutter scale B2. The results showed that the case incidence in boys was 247 [54.5%], while in girls it was 215 [46.5%]. The differences between boys and girls were statistically significant, with boys rated by teachers with a significantly higher caseness. The teachers rated 48% of the children as at or above the cut-off level of 9. Factor analysis of the scale revealed the following three factors: antisocial behaviour-aggression, anxiety-fearfulness, and school phobia.

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González-Martínez, Ángela, Sandra Castro, Fernando Camino, Belén Rosado, Isabel Luño-Muniesa, and Fco J. Diéguez. "Epidemiology of behavioural problems in pet rabbits: An owners’ survey." Journal of Veterinary Behavior 49 (March 2022): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.11.012.

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Grulich, Andrew, Darryl O'Donnell, and John B. F. de Wit. "Surveillance, epidemiology and behavioural research to guide HIV prevention policy." New South Wales Public Health Bulletin 21, no. 4 (2010): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/nb10028.

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Heggenhougen, H. K., and L. Shore. "Cultural components of behavioural epidemiology: Implications for primary health care." Social Science & Medicine 22, no. 11 (1986): 1235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(86)90190-5.

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Motti-Stefanidi, F., J. Tsiantis, and S. C. Richardson. "Epidemiology of behavioural and emotional problems of primary schoolchildren in Greece." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 2, no. 2 (April 1993): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02098866.

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Berg, Selina K., Trine B. Rasmussen, Margrethe Herning, Jesper H. Svendsen, Anne V. Christensen, and Lau C. Thygesen. "Cognitive behavioural therapy significantly reduces anxiety in patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillator compared with usual care: Findings from the Screen-ICD randomised controlled trial." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319874147.

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Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a cognitive behavioural therapy intervention provided by trained cardiac nurses plus usual care compared with usual care alone in patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator who, prior to randomization, had presented with symptoms of anxiety measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Background Around 20–25% of all patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator experience anxiety. Among these patients anxiety is associated with mortality, presumably explained by risk behaviour and activation of the autonomic nervous system. We hypothesised that cognitive behavioural therapy provided by cardiac nurses in an out-patient setting would be an effective treatment of anxiety. Methods This was an investigator-initiated randomised clinical superiority trial with blinded outcome assessment, with 1:1 randomisation to cognitive behavioural therapy plus usual care or to usual care. The primary outcome was Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety mean score at 16 weeks. Secondary outcomes included Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, Becks Anxiety Inventory, HeartQoL and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Primary outcome analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle. Results A total of 88 participants were included, 66% men, mean age 64.3 years and 61% had primary indication implantable cardioverter defibrillator. A significant difference after 16 weeks was found between groups: intervention group (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-A mean (standard deviation) 4.95 points (3.30) versus usual care group 8.98 points (4.03) ( p < 0.0001)). Cohen's d was –0.86, indicating a strong clinical effect. The effect was supported by secondary outcomes. Conclusion Cognitive behavioural therapy provided by cardiac nurses to patients with a positive screening for anxiety had a statistically and clinically significant effect on anxiety compared with patients not receiving cognitive behavioural therapy.

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McLaren, J. L., and J. D. Lichtenstein. "The pursuit of the magic pill: the overuse of psychotropic medications in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the USA." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 28, no. 04 (October 24, 2018): 365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796018000604.

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AbstractChildren with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are likely to receive high-risk prescribing practices, such as polypharmacy, long-term use of psychotropic medications, and overuse of antipsychotics. Behavioural interventions, such as applied behavioural analysis, are evidence-based practices for children with IDD and should be the first-line treatment. Short-term use of psychotropic medications may be helpful in reducing the severity and frequency of challenging behaviours while evidence-based behavioural interventions are pursued. In this essay, we offer practical guidelines for better care.

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Neiderhiser, Jenae M. "Understanding the roles of genome and envirome: methods in genetic epidemiology." British Journal of Psychiatry 178, S40 (April 2001): s12—s17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.178.40.s12.

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BackgroundIn order to understand studies of psychiatric epidemiology focusing on the ‘genome’ and ‘envirome’, basic knowledge of the logic and methods is necessary.AimsTo provide a review of typical methods used in genetic epidemiology.MethodReviews of the research designs usually employed in quantitative and molecular genetic studies. Genotype-environment correlation and interaction are also discussed.ResultsQuantitative genetic studies indicate that genetic influences are important for both psychiatric disorders and behavioural traits. Specific gene loci can be tested for associations with both psychiatric risk and behavioural traits by means of molecular genetic techniques. There has been little examination of genotype-environment correlation and interaction, although the few reports that have appeared suggest that these complex relationships are important.ConclusionsAdvances in quantitative and molecular genetics now permit more careful examination of genotype-environment interaction and correlation. Studies combining molecular genetic strategies with measurement of the environment are still at an early stage, however, and their results must be awaited.

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Veale, David. "Treatment of social phobia." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 9, no. 4 (July 2003): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.9.4.258.

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Social phobia (or social anxiety disorder) manifests as a marked and persistent fear of negative evaluation in social or performance situations. The epidemiology, diagnosis and psychopathology are reviewed, including clinical presentation, cultural aspects and the differences between agoraphobia and social phobia. Behavioural treatments, including graded self-exposure and cognitive restructuring, are considered. A cognitive model of the maintenance of social phobia is discussed. It is hypothesised that attentional shifting towards imagery, safety behaviours and ‘post-mortem’ analyses play a key role in symptom maintenance. The implications of this for treatment are described, and guidelines for pharmacological treatment are summarised.

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King, Neville, Thomas H. Ollendick, Bruce J. Tonge, David Heyne, Melinda Pritchard, Stephanie Rollings, Dawn Young, and Nicole Myerson. "School Refusal: An Overview." Behaviour Change 15, no. 1 (March 1998): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900005866.

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Traditionally, mental health professionals and school authorities have found school refusal to be a perplexing and challenging problem. Relevant to an understanding of school refusal, we initially review some important developmental-normative considerations. The clinical features, epidemiology, and etiology of school refusal are also briefly discussed. We then describe a number of behavioural strategies that have been used in the management of school refusal. Finally, we review the research support for the efficacy and acceptability of behavioural strategies in the treatment of school refusal.

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Benvegnú, Luís Antônio, Anaclaudia Gastal Fassa, Luiz Augusto Facchini, David H. Wegman, and Marinel Mor Dall'Agnol. "Work and behavioural problems in children and adolescents." International Journal of Epidemiology 34, no. 6 (September 6, 2005): 1417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyi187.

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Ioannou, Maria, and Laura Hammond. "The changing face of homicide research: the shift in empirical focus and emerging research trends." Journal of Criminal Psychology 5, no. 3 (August 3, 2015): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-06-2015-0019.

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Purpose – Homicidal behaviour is influenced by a complex interaction of behavioural, situational and environmental factors that raise many challenging psychological questions. A large and continually growing body of research has explored the crime of homicide, its epidemiology, victims and perpetrators. The area is developing rapidly, opening up new avenues of study. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – This special issue of the Journal of Criminal Psychology brings together an exciting array of papers on homicidal behaviour, examining a wide range of issues including juvenile homicide perpetrators, school shootings, child homicide, homicide-suicide and differences in offence behaviours and victim characteristics between hard-to-solve one-off homicides and serial homicides. Findings – The range of papers included in this special edition cover a wide range of aspects of homicidal behaviour, reflecting the importance of – and the need for – applied research moving away from examining general homicide to specialised research focusing on subtypes of homicide and subgroups of homicide offenders. A research agenda is proposed. Originality/value – This editorial gives an introduction to the themes explored in this special issue and provides an overview of the selected papers.

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Behringer, Donald C., Anssi Karvonen, and Jamie Bojko. "Parasite avoidance behaviours in aquatic environments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1751 (June 4, 2018): 20170202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0202.

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Parasites, including macroparasites, protists, fungi, bacteria and viruses, can impose a heavy burden upon host animals. However, hosts are not without defences. One aspect of host defence, behavioural avoidance, has been studied in the terrestrial realm for over 50 years, but was first reported from the aquatic environment approximately 20 years ago. Evidence has mounted on the importance of parasite avoidance behaviours and it is increasingly apparent that there are core similarities in the function and benefit of this defence mechanism between terrestrial and aquatic systems. However, there are also stark differences driven by the unique biotic and abiotic characteristics of terrestrial and aquatic (marine and freshwater) environments. Here, we review avoidance behaviours in a comparative framework and highlight the characteristics of each environment that drive differences in the suite of mechanisms and cues that animals use to avoid parasites. We then explore trade-offs, potential negative effects of avoidance behaviour and the influence of human activities on avoidance behaviours. We conclude that avoidance behaviours are understudied in aquatic environments but can have significant implications for disease ecology and epidemiology, especially considering the accelerating emergence and re-emergence of parasites. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Evolution of pathogen and parasite avoidance behaviours'.

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Etches, J., and C. A. Mustard. "402-S: Education & Mortality in Canada: Mediation by Behavioural and Material Factors." American Journal of Epidemiology 161, Supplement_1 (June 2005): S101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/161.supplement_1.s101a.

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Meslin-Kuźniak, Anna, and Katarzyna Nowicka-Sauer. "Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with particular focus on generalised anxiety disorder." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2020.0034.

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The paper presents the issue of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents with particular focus on generalised anxiety disorder and the use of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy in the affected patients. Data on epidemiology, aetiology and diagnosis of anxiety disorders, as well as the specificity and limitations of cognitive behavioural therapy among younger patients are presented. Statistical data show that the group of affected children and adolescents is growing. The diagnosis of generalised anxiety in children and adolescents may take time. It requires careful collection of history and observation of behaviours in different functioning domains. It may happen that symptoms indicative of generalised anxiety disorders are underestimated or missed by adults from the child’s immediate environment. Early and accurate diagnosis is important also because the disorder may give rise to depressive disorders or contribute to suicide attempts. Research shows that cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, often aided by pharmacotherapy, is one of the most effective and popular forms of therapy in children and adolescents with generalised anxiety disorders. The paper describes the theoretical models of the disorder, as well as its implications for psychotherapy and current research trends. Cognitive behavioural therapeutic programs intended for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders are also presented. The literature review shows that studies and protocols devoted exclusively to the treatment of generalised anxiety in children and adolescents are still missing. Therefore, treatment protocols for adults, which are appropriately adjusted to age and cognitive development of the child, are often used, especially for older children.

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Evans-Lacko, S., D. Rose, K. Little, C. Flach, D. Rhydderch, C. Henderson, and G. Thornicroft. "Development and psychometric properties of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS): a stigma-related behaviour measure." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 20, no. 3 (March 21, 2011): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796011000308.

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Background.Although stigma in relation to mental health has been defined as including components of knowledge, attitudes and behaviour, no psychometrically tested instrument to assess behavioural discrimination at the population level has been developed. This paper presents details of the development and psychometric properties of the Reported and Intended Behaviour Scale (RIBS), an instrument based on the Star Social Distance Scale, to assess reported (past and current) and intended (future) behavioural discrimination among the general public against people with mental health problems.Methods.Three studies were carried out to evaluate psychometric properties of the RIBS (Study 1,n = 92; Study 2,n= 37; Study 3,n= 403). Adults aged 25–45 in socio-economic groups: B, C1 and C2 (middle-income groups) took part in development and testing of the RIBS.Results.Internal consistency and test–retest reliability is moderate/substantial. Strong consensus validity was found, as rated by service users/consumers and international experts in stigma research.Conclusions.Use of a behavioural outcome may be important to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions intended to reduce stigma and/or discrimination related to mental illness. The RIBS was found to be a brief, feasible and psychometrically robust measure for assessing mental health-related reported and intended behavioural discrimination.

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Nordsletten, Ashley E., Abraham Reichenberg, Stephani L. Hatch, Lorena Fernández de la Cruz, Alberto Pertusa, Matthew Hotopf, and David Mataix-Cols. "Epidemiology of hoarding disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 6 (December 2013): 445–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.130195.

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BackgroundHoarding disorder is typified by persistent difficulties discarding possessions, resulting in significant clutter that obstructs the individual's living environment and produces considerable functional impairment. The prevalence of hoarding disorder, as defined in DSM-5, is currently unknown.AimsTo provide a prevalence estimate specific to DSM-5 hoarding disorder and to delineate the demographic, behavioural and health features that characterise individuals with the disorder.MethodWe conducted a two-wave epidemiological study of 1698 adult individuals, originally recruited via the South East London Community Health (SELCoH) study. Participants screening positively for hoarding difficulties in wave 1, and who agreed to be re-contacted for wave 2 (n = 99), underwent in-home psychiatric interviews and completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. Current DSM-5 diagnoses were made via consensus diagnostic procedure.ResultsIn total, 19 individuals met DSM-5 criteria for hoarding disorder at the time of interview, corresponding to a weighted prevalence of 1.5% (95% CI 0.7–2.2). Those with hoarding disorder were older and more often unmarried (67%). Members of this group were also more likely to be impaired by a current physical health condition (52.6%) or comorbid mental disorder (58%), and to claim benefits as a result of these issues (47.4%). Individuals with hoarding disorder were also more likely to report lifetime use of mental health services, although access in the past year was less frequent.ConclusionsWith a lower-bound prevalence of approximately 1.5%, hoarding disorder presents as a condition that affects people of both genders and is associated with substantial adversity.

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Kelly, Yvonne J., James Y. Nazroo, Anne McMunn, Richard Boreham, and Michael Marmot. "Birthweight and behavioural problems in children: a modifiable effect?" International Journal of Epidemiology 30, no. 1 (February 2001): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.1.88.

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YUAN, J., L. ZHANG, W. XU, J. SHEN, P. ZHANG, and H. MA. "Reported changes in health-related behaviours in Chinese urban residents in response to an influenza pandemic." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (May 11, 2009): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268809002726.

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SUMMARYStrategies to lessen the impact of pandemic influenza include behavioural modifications of the general public regarding medical care, personal hygiene and protection, and social distancing. We conducted a telephone survey of Beijing residents to evaluate potential behavioural changes in the general public in the event of an influenza pandemic occurring. We used a two-stage Mitofsky–Waksberg telephone survey of Beijing residents aged ⩾15 years. The sample was weighted to reflect the 2000 census. We asked the respondents about their current healthcare-seeking behaviours for influenza-like illness (ILI), protective measures (personal hygiene, social distancing), and compliance with health authorities. We then asked what they would do during a hypothetical pandemic. We interviewed 256 Beijing participants in our study (response rate 56%). The percent of participants consulting a doctor for ILI rose from the current 41% [95% confidence interval (CI) 35–47] to 74% (95% CI 68–79) during a pandemic. Fifty-five percent (95% CI 48–62) of the participants would seek care from a more specialized hospital during a pandemic than currently. More than 90% of the participants reported already practising hand-washing or covering their coughs or sneezes during a non-pandemic period; this percentage changed little under a pandemic scenario. Compared to the current social distancing practices, more people would avoid crowded places (77% vs. 92%, P<0·01), use a mask outside the home (10% vs. 58%, P<0·01), and take time off from work or school (17% vs. 38%, P<0·01) during a pandemic. Moreover, 26% of the participants (95% CI 21–32) would stockpile food or water, and 55% (95% CI 49–61) would stockpile medicines. Some of the behavioural changes reported by Beijing participants might help to alleviate the damage caused by a potential pandemic. However, increased use of medical care at referral hospitals will further strain the healthcare system during a pandemic.

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YOUNG, A. M., A. B. JONAS, and J. R. HAVENS. "Social networks and HCV viraemia in anti-HCV-positive rural drug users." Epidemiology and Infection 141, no. 2 (April 19, 2012): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268812000696.

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SUMMARYAlthough social networks are known to play an important role in drug-using behaviours associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, literature on social networks and HCV is inconsistent. This exploratory study examined HCV RNA distribution within a social network of anti-HCV-positive non-medical prescription opioid users (NMPOUs) in rural Appalachia. Participants were tested serologically for HCV RNA, and behavioural, demographic, and network data were collected using interview-administered questionnaires. Multivariate analyses were performed using logistic regression. Behavioural and demographic characteristics did not differ by RNA status. In the multivariate model, recent injecting drug users (IDUs) were more likely to be RNA positive [odds ratio (OR) 4·06, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·04–15·83], and turnover into an IDU's drug network was significantly protective (OR 0·15, 95% CI 0·03–0·75). This is the first study to date to examine HCV distribution in rural NMPOUs from a network perspective and demonstrates that network characteristics significantly contribute to the epidemiology of HCV in this understudied, high-risk population.

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WATERS, KATHRYN. "Statistical Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences." Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 4, no. 3 (July 1990): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3016.1990.tb00652.x.

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Fouchet, David, Delphine Verrier, Barthélémy Ngoubangoye, Sandrine Souquière, Maria Makuwa, Mirdad Kazanji, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, and Dominique Pontier. "Natural simian immunodeficiency virus transmission in mandrills: a family affair?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 279, no. 1742 (June 6, 2012): 3426–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2012.0963.

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Understanding how pathogens spread and persist in the ecosystem is critical for deciphering the epidemiology of diseases of significance for global health and the fundamental mechanisms involved in the evolution of virulence and host resistance. Combining long-term behavioural and epidemiological data collected in a naturally infected mandrill population and a Bayesian framework, the present study investigated unknown aspects of the eco-epidemiology of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), the recent ancestor of HIV. Results show that, in contrast to what is expected from aggressive and sexual transmission (i.e. the two commonly accepted transmission modes for SIV), cases of SIVmnd-1 subtype were significantly correlated among related individuals (greater than 30% of the observed cases). Challenging the traditional view of SIV, this finding suggests the inheritance of genetic determinants of susceptibility to SIV and/or a role for behavioural interactions among maternal kin affecting the transmission of the virus, which would highlight the underappreciated role of sociality in the spread of infectious diseases. Outcomes of this study also provide novel insights into the role of host social structure in the evolution of pathogens.

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Pickett, K. E., C. Wood, J. Adamson, L. DeSouza, and L. S. Wakschlag. "Meaningful differences in maternal smoking behaviour during pregnancy: implications for infant behavioural vulnerability." Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 62, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.058768.

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Erbersdobler. "Epidemiology and Management of Obesity in Germany." International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research 76, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831.76.4.257.

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The prevalence of obesity is continuously increasing in Germany. Only one third of German adult inhabitants exhibits a desirable body weight. However, there is still a discrepancy between both formerly separated countries of Germany. The prevalence of obesity is higher in the eastern part, the former German Democratic Republic (DDR). Also, the increase in obesity (BMI > 30) in men and women was somewhat higher in the eastern part. The main intention of prevention of overweight is stabilizing or moderately reducing body weight by lowering energy intake and by increasing physical activity. Also therapy of obesity should be based on dietary restriction, enhanced physical activity and behavioural therapy. Therapy with drugs is only recommended if the above mentioned programs were not successful. A surgical therapy is recommended in cases with a BMI of > 40 or of > 35 with significant health implications. The governmental authorities support a lot of activities about healthy eating and physical activity partially together with groups of industry.

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Pearson, Rebecca, Ilaria Costantini, Iryna Culpin, Amy Campbell, Romana Burgess, Miguel Cordero, Andy Radford, Tamsen Rochat, and Alessandra Prioreschi. "Behavioural signatures of intergenerational transmission of mental health: triangulation of epidemiology and developmental psychology." Project Repository Journal 11, no. 1 (October 29, 2021): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54050/prj1117728.

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Behavioural signatures of intergenerational transmission of mental health: triangulation of epidemiology and developmental psychology Despite decades of research and parenting support programmes, children of mentally ill mothers remain substantially more likely to have mental health problems themselves. In this project, we shed new light on how to harness the potential of modifying parenting for the prevention of child mental health risk. We study parenting using detailed, ecologically valid and genetically sensitive designs.

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SMITH, A. F., M. ROCK, N. NEUMANN, and A. MASSOLO. "Urban park-related risks forGiardiaspp. infection in dogs." Epidemiology and Infection 143, no. 15 (April 13, 2015): 3277–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268815000400.

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SUMMARYGiardiaspp. is a common gastrointestinal (GI) parasite of multiple host species, including dogs and humans, with the potential for zoonotic transmission. The risk of GI parasitism in dogs (includingGiardiaspp.) may increase with park use in urban areas. This study aimed to (1) determine whether park attendance is a risk factor forGiardiaspp. infection in dogs and (2) characterize the behavioural and demographic risk factors forGiardiaspp. infection in park-attending and non-park-attending dogs. From August to September 2012, a total of 1293 dog owners completed a survey and 860 corresponding dog faecal samples were collected. Dog faeces were screened forGiardiaspp. using a direct immunofluorescence assay and associations assessed among behaviours, demographics, andGiardiaspp. infection. Main results included off-leash and swimming frequencies within parks as significantly positively associated withGiardiaspp. infection in dogs. Dog-owner age was negatively associated with off-leash and swimming frequencies in parks. The results suggest some recreational behaviours in parks and certain demographics are risk factors for parasitism in pet dogs.

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Muckle, G., C. Després, S. Fraser, P. Ayotte, and É. Dewailly. "Neuromotor and Behavioural Effects of Postnatal Lead Exposure Below 10 μg/dl Among Inuit Preschoolers." Epidemiology 17, Suppl (November 2006): S431—S432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200611001-01156.

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LEE, H., D. H. LEE, Y. M. SONG, K. LEE, J. SUNG, and G. KO. "Risk factors associated with human papillomavirus infection status in a Korean cohort." Epidemiology and Infection 142, no. 8 (October 21, 2013): 1579–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813002549.

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SUMMARYBy surveying extensive epidemiological behavioural and sexual risk factors in a Korean twin cohort, risk factors for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection were investigated in South Korea. A total of 912 vaginal specimens were collected from the Healthy Twin Study, consisting of twins and their families. A range of epidemiological, behavioural, and sexual activity characteristics were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analyses of family and twin relationships, adjusted to elucidate the risk factors for HPV infection. Of the various epidemiological characteristics, the possibility of extramarital affairs [odds ratio (OR) 2·48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·02–6·02] significantly increased the prevalence of HPV infection. Our multivariate regression analysis indicated that oral contraceptive use (OR 40·64, 95% CI 0·99–1670·7) and history of sexually transmitted disease (OR 2·56, 95% CI 0·93–7·10) were strongly associated with an increase in HPV infection. On the other hand, more frequent vaginal douching (OR 0·32, 95% CI 0·13–0·77) significantly decreased the prevalence of HPV infection. Our results suggested that HPV infection is associated with both biological and behavioural factors.

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King, Neville J., Thomas H. Ollendick, and Iain M. Montgomery. "Obsessive-compulsive Disorder in Children and Adolescents." Behaviour Change 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900004381.

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This selective review shows that childhood obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a serious condition that requires early identification and treatment. Initially, we examine the relationship of childhood rituals to OCD, and discuss recent findings on the epidemiology of childhood OCD. The DSM-IV criteria for OCD are presented, along with recent findings on psychopathology. Clinical management of childhood OCD is a challenging and difficult task for mental health professionals. We briefly describe and evaluate advances in behavioural treatment — mainly in vivo exposure and response prevention. The adjunctive use of antidepressant medication is also examined. Whilst these clinical innovations are promising, further controlled evaluations are necessary before the efficacy of behavioural intervention can be confidently asserted.

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Barnes, B. R., A. Mathee, E. P. Thomas, N. Bruce, and L. Gilson. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A BEHAVIOURAL INTERVENTION TO REDUCE CHILD EXPOSURE TO INDOOR AIR POLLUTION: PRELIMINARY RESULTS." Epidemiology 16, no. 5 (September 2005): S66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200509000-00161.

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Vita, Philip, and Neville Owen. "A Perspective on the Behavioural Epidemiology, the Determinants, and the Stages of Exercise Involvement." Australian Psychologist 30, no. 2 (July 1995): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00050069508258918.

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Shaw, S. Y., F. Emmanuel, A. Adrien, M. Holte-Mckenzie, C. P. Archibald, P. Sandstrom, and J. F. Blanchard. "The descriptive epidemiology of male sex workers in Pakistan: a biological and behavioural examination." Sexually Transmitted Infections 87, no. 1 (November 17, 2010): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sti.2009.041335.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioural epidemiology'

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