Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Behavioural epidemiology'
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Flisher, Alan John. "Studies in behavioural epidemiology." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26740.
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Collection of papers submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Cape Town, in
fulfilment of the requirements of Part III of the Degree Master of Medicine in Psychiatry.The following five papers are included in this collection. Paper 1. Flisher AJ, Joubert G, Yach D. Mortality from external causes in South African adolescents, 1984 - 1986. South African Medical Journal 1992; 81: 77-80. Paper 2. Flisher AJ, Chalton DO. High school dropouts in a working-class South African community: selected characteristics and risk-taking behaviour. Journal of Adolescence (in press). Paper 3. Flisher AJ, Roberts MM, Blignaut RJ. Youth attending Cape Peninsula day hospitals. Sexual behaviour and missed opportunities for contraception counselling. South African Medical Journal 1992; 82: 104-106. Paper 4. Flisher AJ, Parry CDH. Suicide in South Africa. An analysis of nationally registered mortality data for 1984-1986. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (in press). Paper 5. Flisher AJ, Parry CDH, Bradshaw D, Juritz J. Suicide in South Africa - seasonal variation. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (to be submitted) .
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Medland, Sarah. "The genetic epidemiology of behavioural laterality /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19204.pdf.
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Ali, Nabeel Jawad. "The epidemiology and consequences of sleep and breathing disorders in young children." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264889.
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Renton, Adrian Mark. "The epidemiology of gonorrhoea in adults and its sexual behavioural determinants." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283441.
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Saxton, Peter John Waring, and n/a. "HIV epidemiology and behavioural surveillance among men who have sex with men in New Zealand." University of Otago. Dunedin School of Medicine, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090505.150029.
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AIMS: HIV diagnoses among men who have sex with men (MSM) in New Zealand increased from the year 2001. The aim of the thesis was to improve understandings of the causes of the increase, in order to inform HIV prevention and identify further research needs.
METHODS: Epidemiological data on HIV and AIDS diagnoses among MSM in New Zealand were examined using information from the AIDS Epidemiology Group. A programme of regular behavioural surveillance among MSM was also designed and conducted.
RESULTS: Between 1996-2005, HIV diagnoses among MSM by antibody testing where HIV infection was acquired in New Zealand revealed two distinct phases: A very low period between 1997 to 2000 in which around 21 diagnoses were recorded annually; and a resurgent period from 2001 to 2005 where annual HIV diagnoses experienced a sustained rise to 66 at the end of 2005.
New adjusted estimates indicated that known prevalent HIV cases among MSM in New Zealand increased from 437 to 588 between 1995 and 2000 (35%), and from 588 to 965 (64%) between 2000 and 2005. This reflected diverging trends from the mid-1990s: Ongoing new HIV infections among MSM which accelerated from the year 2000; and decreased deaths from AIDS due to improved antiretroviral treatments. Unless the growing number of MSM with HIV is counterbalanced by a decrease in the rate of secondary transmission from positive individuals, it will increase the number of new HIV infections. Contrary to this, when expressed as diagnosed incidence-to-prevalence pool ratios (IPRs), the average annual rate of secondary transmission was found to be increasing over time.
The behavioural surveillance programme in Auckland surveyed 812 MSM in 2002, 1220 in 2004, and 1228 in 2006. An online module in 2006 additionally surveyed 2141 MSM, 647 of whom lived in Auckland.
There were no overall changes in HIV testing over the three offline surveys, suggesting that the increase in HIV diagnoses was not an artefact of testing patterns. There were also no widespread changes in the rate of unprotected anal sex with casual sex partners, or partners described as a "fuckbuddy" or a "boyfriend", among the overall offline samples.
However, the proportion of MSM recruited offline who had recently engaged in sex with a man met through the Internet increased significantly from 2002 to 2004 (from 26.6% to 44.8%). When MSM surveyed online in 2006 were examined, they exhibited riskier behaviours compared to offline-recruited respondents. For example, rates of non-condom use and sexual partner concurrency were especially high, and testing rates were lower.
CONCLUSION: It is likely that moderate changes involving increases in unprotected sex for some MSM, and alterations to sexual networks and sexual connectivity, have combined to push the reproductive rate of HIV beyond the new epidemic threshold set by the increase in longevity from the mid-1990s. These changes need not have been great if the reproductive rate of HIV was already situated close to the epidemic tipping point. In this case, a resurgent outbreak of HIV may even have been triggered by apparently small and subtle shifts in factors influencing HIV spread.
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Pinot, de Moira Angela Claire. "The micro-epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni within a Ugandan fishing community : behavioural, environmental and immunological aspects of infection." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.612430.
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Borglund, Lisa. "Engagement and disengagement in school : A quantitative study examining behavioural and emotional engagement and disengagement in school among 6th graders in Sweden." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Hälsa och välfärd, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-55099.
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Education affects both the health and personal development of an individual, and higher levels of education are associated with better health and higher socioeconomic status. There are gender differences in school performance in Sweden, with girls performing better than boys. Engagement can influence positive school performance, whereas disengagement can lead to alienation and indifference toward school and affect school performance negatively. The aim of the study was to examine the associations between behavioural and emotional engagement and disengagement, and if there are gender differences in engagement and disengagement, among children in 6th grade in Sweden. The study was conducted through quantitative method using secondary cross-sectional data. The result showed a positive association between behavioural engagement and emotional engagement (rho=0.84, p<0.001) and between behavioural and emotional disengagement (rho= 0.74, p<0.001). Girls had statistically significant higher behavioural and emotional engagement than boys, whereas boys had higher behavioural and emotional disengagement than girls. In conclusion, the levels of behavioural and emotional engagement are associated, as are the levels of behavioural and emotional disengagement. There are gender differences, where girls are more likely to be engaged in school compared to boys and boys are more likely to be disengaged in school compared to girls.
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Englund, Ida. "“Recruitment of research participants into randomized controlled trials of internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis”." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415871.
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Introduction Research about health has become a very important part of the world today. Theres a constant need for new treatment methods and evidence. Recruitment is one of the most challenging parts of conducting a trial, especially in trials regarding mental health. The result of this is often a waste of money and resources in research. Method This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the recruitment in randomized controlled trials on internet-based CBT interventions for depression. Results The recruitment rates were calculated as number of participants screened divided by number of participants randomized into the trial. The overall recruitment rates of all the trials was 54.3%. The analysis of the recruitment moderators shown that a clinical recruitment setting together with referral as recruitment personnel.
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Júlvez, Calvo Jordi. "Early life factors influencing neurodevelopment and the study of the interrelations between different behavioural areas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7168.
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Antecedents: No hi ha gaire coneixement sobre el neurodesenvolupament de preescolars i la seva susceptibilitat enfront a factors ambientals. Objectius: Avaluar les respostes del neurodesenvolupament en nens i les seves característiques psicomètriques, i, si factors ambientals primerencs (ex., duració de la lactància materna i mares que fumen) poden influir tals respostes.
Mètodes: Dues cohorts prospectives des del naixement en població general (Menorca (N=421) i Ribera d'Ebre (N=79)) van se seguides fins als 4 anys d'edat durant un període de dos anys (2001-2003). Els nens van ser avaluats per tres psicòlegs i els seus respectius mestres per les funcions neuropsicològiques (MCSA), els comportaments de dèficit d'atenció i d'hiperactivitat (TDAH-DSM-IV) i la competència social (CPSCS); junt amb l'administració (en persona) a les mares de qüestionaris generals.
Resultats: Les respostes van mostrar característiques psicomètriques acceptables i els patrons neuropsicològics del TDAH eren consistents amb altres troballes sobre TDAH. La lactància materna de llarga durada estava associada amb una millora de totes les àrees comportamentals avaluades. Fumar durant l'embaràs estava associat a puntuacions cognitives més baixes.
Conclusions: Avaluar el neurodesenvolupament a preescolars sans és factible i necessari per investigar efectes primerencs de factors ambientals i aplicar polítiques preventives de salut pública.
Background: Little is known about neurodevelopment among preschoolers and its susceptibility to environmental factors.
Objectives: Assess neurodevelopmental outcomes and their psychometric characteristics in children; and, if early environmental factors (i.e., duration of breastfeeding and maternal smoking) influence the neurobehavioral outcomes.
Methods: Two prospective population-based birth cohorts (Menorca (N=421) and Ribera d'Ebre county (N=79)) were followed up at the age of 4 years during a two year period (2001-2003). Children were assessed by three psychologists and their respective teachers for neuropsychological functions (MCSA), inattention-hyperactivity behaviors (ADHD-DSM-IV) and social behavior (CPSCS); in addition to maternal in person general questionnaires.
Results: Outcomes showed acceptable psychometric characteristics and ADHD neuropsychological patterns were consistent with other ADHD findings. Long-term breastfeeding was associated with the improvement of all behavioral areas assessed. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was associated with lower cognitive scores.
Conclusions: Assessing neurodevelopment in healthy preschoolers is feasible and necessary to investigate early effects of environmental factors and apply public health preventive policies.
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Hurtig, T. (Tuula). "Adolescent ADHD and family environment—an epidemiological and clinical study of ADHD in the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514284229.
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Abstract The primary aim of this study was to survey attention and behavioural problems among Finnish adolescents living in different family environments. The second aim was to study the psychosocial well-being of these adolescents. The third aim was to study the psychiatric comorbidity of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) in association with the family environment. The fourth aim was to study the persistence of ADHD from childhood to adolescence. In the first phase, 15-year-old adolescents and their parents from the Northern Finland 1986 Birth Cohort (N = 9432) completed questionnaires on attention and behavioural problems, family characteristics and the life situation of the adolescents. In the second phase, 457 adolescents aged from 16 to 18 years were drawn from the cohort. After assessment with a clinical semi-structured interview, logistic regression models were used to study ADHD and the persistence of the diagnosis and comorbid psychopathology in association with family characteristics. Girls reported more commonly than boys attention and behavioural problems, while their parents reported more attention problems in their sons than daughters. Living in other than intact families was related to attention and behavioural problems in both genders. Adolescents with ADHD symptoms considered their physical health and psychosocial well-being poor more often than their controls. Psychosocial problems accumulated for those with many ADHD symptoms. Adolescents with ADHD had more commonly than others comorbid behavioural disorder, alcohol abuse and depression. Those with ADHD and comorbidity lived more commonly than others in non-intact families, in low-income families, with mothers who were dissatisfied with life and with parents who showed little interest in their adolescent's activities. Persistence of ADHD into adolescence occurred in about two thirds of cases. Those who persisted with the diagnosis compared to those who remitted it had more dreamy-like inattentive symptoms, and had more often early-onset comorbid depression or oppositional defiant disorder and had more often fathers with attention problems. These results indicate that attention and behavioural problems are common among adolescents in Finland, especially among those living in disrupted families. Being a persistent disorder, ADHD warrants more concern in primary health care and the educational system in order to prevent the concurrent development of other psychiatric and psychosocial problems. In primary health care, family intervention is essentialTiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli ensiksi selvittää suomalaisten nuorten tarkkaavuuden ja käyttäytymisen ongelmia suhteessa nuoren perherakenteeseen. Toiseksi tutkittiin näiden nuorten psykososiaalista hyvinvointia. Kolmanneksi tavoitteena oli tutkia ADHD:n (tarkkaavuushäiriö) psykiatrisia liitännäissairauksia suhteessa perheympäristöön. Neljäntenä tavoitteena oli tutkia ADHD:n pysyvyyttä lapsuudesta nuoruuteen. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1986 syntymäkohorttiin kuuluvat 15-vuotiaat nuoret (N = 9 432), ja heidän vanhempansa täyttivät kyselylomakkeet. Kysymykset koskivat nuoren tarkkaavuuden ja käyttäytymisen ongelmia, perheympäristöä ja nuoren elämäntilannetta. Toisessa vaiheessa tutkittiin 457 16–18-vuotiasta kohorttiin kuuluvaa nuorta. Nuoret arvioitiin käyttäen puolistrukturoitua kliinistä haastattelua. Logistisia regressiomalleja käytettiin kuvaamaan ADHD-diagnoosia ja sen pysyvyyttä sekä psykiatrisia liitännäissairauksia suhteessa perheympäristöön. Tytöt raportoivat poikia useammin tarkkaavuuden ja käyttäytymisen ongelmista, kun taas vanhemmat raportoivat tarkkaavuuden ongelmia olevan useammin pojilla kuin tytöillä. Perhetaustaltaan muu kuin ydinperhe oli yhteydessä tarkkaavuuden ja käyttäytymisen ongelmiin sekä tytöillä että pojilla. Nuoret, joilla oli ADHD-oireita, pitivät terveyttään ja psykososiaalista hyvinvointiaan huonona useammin kuin nuoret, joilla näitä oireita ei ollut. Psykososiaaliset ongelmat kasaantuivat niillä nuorilla, joilla oli paljon ADHD-oireita. Myös käyttäytymishäiriöistä, alkoholin väärinkäytöstä ja masennuksesta kärsivät muita useammin nuoret, joilla havaittiin ADHD. Nuoret, joilla oli ADHD ja edellä mainittu liitännäissairaus, asuivat muita useammin muussa kuin ydinperheessä, alemman tulotason perheessä, äidin kanssa, joka oli tyytymätön elämäänsä tai vanhempien kanssa, jotka eivät olleet kiinnostuneet nuorensa asioista. ADHD-diagnoosi pysyi nuoruuteen noin kahdella kolmasosalla niistä, joilla se oli lapsuudessa. Niillä nuorilla, joilla diagnoosi pysyi, oli muita useammin unelmoivasta hajamielisyydestä kertovia tarkkaamattomuusoireita, varhain alkanut masennus- tai käyttäytymishäiriö tai isä, jolla oli itsellään ADHD-oireita. Nämä tulokset osoittavat, että tarkkaavuuden ja käyttäytymisen ongelmat ovat yleisiä suomalaisilla nuorilla, ja erityisesti niillä, jotka asuvat muussa kuin ydinperheessä. Koska ADHD on pysyvä häiriö, se tulee ottaa paremmin huomioon perusterveydenhuollossa ja koulumaailmassa, jotta voitaisiin ehkäistä muita psykiatrisia ja psykososiaalisia ongelmia. Perusterveydenhuollossa erityisesti perheinterventiot ovat tärkeitä
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Niemi, Markus. "Neuroscientific perspective on the bidirectional relationship between life satisfaction and health : Are people happier because they are healthy, or are they healthier because they are happy?" Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för biovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-15738.
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Bentham’s 1832 Greatest Happiness Principle states that the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people should be the goal of public policy. When people are asked what they wish for in life, health and happiness are consistently mentioned. This thesis examines the relationship between health and happiness. However, as happiness is difficult to consistently operationalize across different studies and scientific disciplines, life satisfaction is used as a proxy for happiness. This thesis studies the relationship between health and life satisfaction with a particular focus on the directionality of the relationship and the tentative processes indicated to be involved with this process. This study is accomplished through a literary review of the scientific literature related to life satisfaction, its neural correlates and their relationship with physical health. This study is modelled on the top-down, bottom-up and bidirectional debate within the larger Subjective Well-Being (SWB) literature. The results indicate that the correlation between life satisfaction and health appears to be robust, but the exact directionality and causality is unclear and difficult to establish with a literary review, with only predictive ability of life satisfaction on later physical health or vice versa established. Furthermore, the results appear to indicate that the central process linking this relationship is resilience - the ability to adaptively respond to stressors. Enhancing resiliency through psychological interventions may be a method to promote happiness and health in individuals as well as in society as a whole.
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Brown, Stephen Lloyd. "Reducing community smoking prevalence : a behavioural epidemiologic perspective /." Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb8797.pdf.
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Bakrania, Kishan. "Epidemiology of sedentary behaviour : novel findings in health and measurement." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42932.
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The overall aim of this PhD was to further examine the associations between physical activity, sedentary behaviour and health (cardiometabolic health, all‐cause mortality, cognitive function), and explore novel approaches for analysing physical activity and sedentary behaviour data. Key Findings: • In a national survey sample of adults (Health Survey for England), being physically active was associated with better cardiometabolic health, even in those with high sedentary time. • In a regional sample of high risk of T2DM adults (Walking Away from Type 2 Diabetes), MVPA time was associated with a lower risk of mortality. Conversely, sedentary time showed no association with mortality. • In a large sample of UK adults (UK Biobank), TV viewing and driving time were inversely associated with cognition. Conversely, computer use time was positively associated with cognition. Further analyses demonstrated that fitness did not modify these associations, and that the number of healthy lifestyle factors was positively associated with cognition. • Sedentary behaviours can be separated from light activities (except standing still) using intensity‐based thresholds derived on experimental raw acceleration data. In conclusion, this project has helped fill several epidemiological gaps in knowledge via exploiting multifaceted databases, and evaluated innovative measurement techniques. The observational analyses demonstrated the importance of physical activity as a determinant of cardiometabolic health and mortality, but found the role of sedentary behaviour to be relatively equivocal. Additional work with cognitive outcomes showed that some sedentary behaviours, but not all, are associated with poor cognition. These results provide robust data supporting public health policies designed to reduce TV viewing and driving time in adults, and increase healthy behaviours for cognitive wellbeing. Intervention studies are required to confirm these findings. The experimental analyses showed that researchers can accurately separate sedentary behaviours from light activities using thresholds on raw acceleration data; thus, providing a useful resource for future studies.
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Johnson, Dylan. "The Relationship Between Profiles and Transitions of Problem Behaviour in Elementary-School Children and Engagement in Health-Risk Behaviours in Early Adolescence." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37710.
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Data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY), a nationally representative and prospective cohort, was used to explore patterns of problem behaviour in elementary school aged children across time and their association to adolescent health-risk outcomes. Latent profile analyses identified four profiles of problem behaviour: (1) low on all problem behaviours, (2) moderate on all problem behaviours, (3) high on all problem behaviours, and (4) high on hyperactivity/inattention and internalizing. This measurement invariant trend was observed at ages 6/7, 8/9, and 10/11. Transition patterns between these profiles of problem behaviour from ages 6/7 to 10/11 were also identified (n=8,266). The association of these profiles and transition patterns with health-risk outcomes were computed using logistic regression modelling. While patterns of persisting problem behaviour were associated with suicidal thoughts, substance use, and delinquency, they did not differ from the profile at age 10/11 years, where the “Moderate all” and “High all” profiles of problem behaviour predicted the most health-risk outcomes in adolescence. The most recent assessment of problem behaviour in adolescence was as good of a predictor of adolescent health-risk outcomes relative to patterns of problem behaviour across time.
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Robinson, Mark. "Epidemiology of lifestyle behaviours and training injuries in British Army infantry recruits." Thesis, University of Bath, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669044.
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This thesis investigates the epidemiology of lifestyle behaviours and training injuries among British Army infantry recruits. In Study 1, the Military Pre-training Questionnaire (MPQ) was developed to assess multiple risk factors for injury (smoking; alcohol consumption; physical activity; diet; and injury history). Its feasibility and test-retest reliability was demonstrated in a representative sample (n = 58) with no evidence of systematic bias between administrations. The MPQ was subsequently completed by a large cohort of infantry recruits before commencing initial training (n = 1,960). This enabled its validity to be assessed in Study 2, which revealed that a simple, single-item measure of pre-training physical activity was a strong predictor of initial physical fitness levels and likely training outcomes. In Study 3, cross-sectional analyses of MPQ responses enabled the prevalence, co-occurrence and clustering of unhealthy lifestyle behaviours to be assessed. Although physically active, the majority of recruits entering infantry training smoked, drank hazardously and had low fruit and vegetable consumption. Six percent of recruits reported no unhealthy lifestyle behaviours, 20% reported one, 35% reported two, 31% reported three and 8% reported all four. Paired combinations of unhealthy behaviours were strongly associated, particularly smoking/drinking, smoking/inactivity and diet/inactivity. Finally, in Study 4, a high incidence of overuse injuries in infantry recruits was observed using a prospective study design. Recruits with lower pre-training fitness levels, low body mass and past injuries were exposed to a higher risk of sustaining a training injury, while there was no evidence to suggest that engaging in unhealthy lifestyle behaviours increased injury risk. Collectively, the four studies have enabled, for the first time, a comprehensive analysis of lifestyle behaviours and training injuries among British Army infantry recruits. The findings have important implications for military health improvement and injury prevention strategies.
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Solmi, F. "Eating disorders behaviours and diagnoses : epidemiology and comorbidity in the general population." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1427915/.
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Introduction: Studies investigating prevalence and comorbidity of eating disorders (ED) and disordered eating in large general population samples are limited. This thesis adds to the existing literature by employing general population studies to investigate prevalence and comorbidity of disordered eating and ED in adults and adolescents. Secondary aims were to explore occurrence of ED in relation to ethnicity and patterns of service use. Methods: The studies included in this thesis employed three general population samples of adults (UK) and adolescents (UK and Finland) to cross-sectionally investigate the prevalence of ED and disordered eating, and their comorbidity with several psychiatric conditions. Results: Disordered eating was highly prevalent amongst adults, especially amongst those from an ethnic minority background, and in overweight to obese individuals. Prevalence of ED was in line with previous studies although we found a high prevalence of binge eating disorder and purging disorder amongst older and younger participants, respectively. Use of purging practices was highly prevalent amongst adolescent girls, and was associated with high levels of psychiatric comorbidity. Amongst adults, those diagnosed with purging disorder had the greatest psychiatric comorbidity. Conclusions: High prevalence of disordered eating in the general population, in specific ethnic groups, and in obese individuals, suggests the presence of socio-cultural risk factors for ED. Heightened risk-taking attitudes proper of adolescence could also act as specific risk factors for onset of purging behaviours and other comorbid conditions, such as substance use. Risk trajectories for binge eating disorder in older individuals require further exploration. Results from this thesis highlight the need for comprehensive approaches to treatment and prevention of ED in clinical practice. In the future more longitudinal research in the general population is also encouraged in order to explore the interaction between biological and societal risk factors for the onset of ED and disordered eating.
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Tamme, Tiia. "Epidemiology of odontogenic tumours in Estonia : pathogenesis and clinical behaviour of ameloblastoma /." Online version, 2005. http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/10062/698/5/tammetiia.pdf.
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Webster, Joanne P. "Host-parasite interactions : epidemiology and behaviour in wild brown rats, Rattus norvegicus." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260780.
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Vieira, Vera Maria Pinheiro. "Anticoncepcional oral, ligadura de trompas e condom: caracterização do conhecimento da população de 15 anos ou mais em uma cidade do sul do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2004. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1935.
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Previous issue date: 2004-11-16In Brazil, the prevalence contraceptive use is high, however the incorrect and inappropriate use is frequent, suggesting little knowledge about the methods. Thus, it was evaluated the knowledge about the most used contraceptive methods, measured through a score (0-10) and factors related to this knowledge. It was performed a population-based cross-sectional study, with 3,542 subjects, aged 15 or over, residents of the urban zone of Pelotas, RS. The average score of knowledge was of 4,65 (sd=2,07) being 5,02 (sd=2,10) for women and 4,18 (sd=1,92) for men. The lower age, higher schooling, report of unwanted pregnancy, and lifetime use of contraceptive methods exclusive or combined, were associated with higher knowledge score among men, while for women, the determinants of higher knowledge was higher age, live with partner, higher schooling, better socioeconomic level, not having religion and lifetime use of contraceptive methods exclusive or combined. Although the high prevalence of contraceptive use during the lifetime (75,3%), it is still limited the knowledge about the most used methods, as well as about the menstrual cycle and the fertile period.
A prevalência de uso de anticoncepcional no Brasil é alta, porém é freqüente seu uso incorreto e inadequado, sugerindo escasso conhecimento sobre os métodos. Assim, avaliou-se o conhecimento sobre métodos anticoncepcionais mais utilizados através de um escore (0-10) e fatores associados à este conhecimento. Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional, com 3.542 indivíduos de quinze anos ou mais, residentes na zona urbana de Pelotas, RS. A média de escore de conhecimento foi de 4,65 (dp=2,07), sendo 5,02 (dp=2,10) para as mulheres e 4,18 (dp=1,92) para os homens. Menor idade, maior escolaridade, relato de gravidez indesejada e uso de método anticoncepcional exclusivo ou combinado ao longo da vida, mostraram-se associados a um maior escore de conhecimento entre os homens, enquanto para as mulheres, os determinantes de maior conhecimento foram maior idade, viver com companheiro, maior escolaridade, melhor nível econômico, não ter religião e uso de método anticoncepcional exclusivo ou combinado ao longo da vida. Apesar da alta prevalência de uso de anticoncepcional (75,3%), é limitado o conhecimento sobre os métodos mais utilizados, ciclo menstrual e período fértil.
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Astrakos, Alexander. "Parents, internet, and adolescents’ health behaviours : Scoping review and Semi-structured interviews about parents use of internet related to adolescent’s health behaviours." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-185871.
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Introduction: Health behaviour is detrimental to the pathways to adulthood. Internet becomes an important way for parents to get support and to exchange information. Therefore, a scoping review and interviews with mothers had been conducted to map knowledge to investigate the extent to which the internet is being used by parents to access information relative to their adolescent’s health behaviours. Method: Scoping review was used to identify articles related to the topic. The literature search was conducted on two databases, PubMed, and PMC. In addition, semi-structured interviews conducted by telephone with mothers based in Sweden. Content analyses were used to describe common themes. Result: The searches on the PubMed and PMC electronic databases detected 274 items. Only 9 articles were relevant and matched the criteria that were relevant to the topic. Most of the studies have been conducted in developed countries such as the United States and Australia from 2004 to 2020. During semi-structured interviews, using the internet was described as a supportive tool for mothers. Conclusion: The gap was clear due to the low number of the identified articles. New studies should be conducted in developing countries. Demographic influences should be considered regarding participants recruitment for interviews.
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Oosthuizen, Jenna. "Family planning behaviours among South African HIV-infected and HIV-negative women during the post partum period." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29427.
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There has been growing research on the impact of HIV on family planning and fertility behaviours with studies showing conflicting results. However, these relationships have been understudied in sub-Saharan Africa, especially during the postpartum period. Based on the differences reported in different studies as well as the lack of studies performed in South Africa during the postpartum period, further research is required to investigate differences in fertility desire and use and need for family planning among and between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women. The aim of this study was to compare family planning use, fertility desires and unmet family planning need at 12 months postpartum in a population of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women from Gugulethu, Cape Town. The thesis components include a study protocol, a literature review investigating previous work on family planning uptake, fertility desire and unmet family planning need in sub-Saharan Africa, and an analysis of secondary data from three contributing studies performed in Gugulethu, Cape Town of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected women who participated at 12 months postpartum. Logistic regression was used to model associations between HIV status and family planning use, fertility desires and unmet family planning need. Of the 854 women included in this analysis, 497 (58.0%) were HIV-infected and 357 (42.0%) were HIV-uninfected. Family planning prevalence was 62.3%, injectable contraceptives were the most common FP methods used among participants (>90.0%) and 37.2% of participants had an unmet family planning need. Only 8 participants (0.9%) had an immediate fertility desire (wanted to have a child within the next 12 months) and 20.9% wanted to have a child sometime in the future. Family planning use and unmet family planning need did not differ by HIV status however, fertility desires significantly differed by HIV status. In multivariable analysis, HIV status was not associated with family planning use or unmet family planning need. HIV status was significantly associated with future fertility desire. HIV-infected women were significantly less likely to have a future fertility desire than HIV-uninfected women (OR=0.3, 95% CI=0.2 to 0.4, p<0.001). Age, parity, intended pregnancy and discussed family planning/ pregnancy with partner were also significantly associated with future fertility desire. HIV status appears to be associated with fertility desires in this population. No significant association was found between family planning use and unmet family planning need in this population by HIV status. Family planning services need to be strengthened for all women in this population and access to a larger variety of family planning methods is needed.
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Koreny, Maria 1972. "Determinants of physical activity behaviour in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Doctoral thesis, TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa), 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671432.
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Background: Although physical activity is key to improve prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), information to tailor interventions individually is still required. This thesis aims to understand physical activity progression and explore its determinants in COPD patients.
Methods: We used baseline and 12-month data from 643 COPD patients with stable mild-to very severe disease from two European multicenter studies. We assessed: physical activity (Dynaport MoveMonitor), physical activity experience (Clinical visit-PROactive physical activity in COPD [C-PPAC]), functional exercise capacity (6-minutes walk distance [6MWD]), as well as sociodemographic, interpersonal, environmental, clinical and psychological variables.
Results: (1) The natural progression in physical activity over time was heterogeneous and three distinct patterns could be identified: Inactive, Active Improvers and Active Decliners. While Inactive patients related to worse scores for clinical COPD characteristics, Active Improvers and Decliners could not be predicted at baseline; (2) Higher population density and long-term NO2 exposure were associated with lower physical activity, while a steeper slope of the terrain related to better exercise capacity; (3) twelve-month completion of a behavioral physical activity intervention was determined by previous physical activity habits as well as interpersonal and environmental facilitators, while response to the intervention was related to diverse factors associated with motivation to change to an active lifestyle.
Conclusions: This thesis shows that the natural progression of physical activity in COPD patients is heterogeneous and highlights that environmental, interpersonal and psychological factors are important determinants of physical activity behaviour in COPD patients, beyond clinical factors.Antecedentes: Aunque la actividad física es clave para mejorar el pronóstico en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), todavía no se dispone de información que permita adaptar las intervenciones de manera individualizada. El objetivo de la presente tesis es comprender la progresión de la actividad física y explorar sus determinantes en pacientes con EPOC. Métodos: Utilizamos datos basales y de seguimiento (12 meses) de 643 pacientes con EPOC estable de estadio leve a muy grave, procedentes de dos estudios europeos multicéntricos. Evaluamos: actividad física (Dynaport MoveMonitor), experiencia de actividad física (Clinical visit-PROactive physical activity in COPD [C-PPAC]), capacidad funcional de ejercicio (distancia caminada en la prueba de la marcha de 6 minutos [6MWD]) y variables sociodemográficas, interpersonales, ambientales, clínicas y psicológicas. Resultados: (1) La progresión natural de la actividad física a lo largo del tiempo fue heterogénea y se pudieron identificar tres patrones distintos: inactivo, activo que aumenta y activo que reduce. Mientras que el patrón de pacientes inactivo se relacionaba con peores características clínicas de la EPOC, no se pudo predecir la evolución de los activos a aumentar o reducir; (2) la mayor densidad de población y la exposición a largo plazo al NO2 se asociaron desfavorablemente con la actividad física, mientras que una mayor pendiente del terreno se relacionó con una mejor capacidad de ejercicio; (3) la compleción a los 12 meses con una intervención de actividad física conductual estuvo determinada por los hábitos de actividad física previos, así como por facilitadores interpersonales y ambientales, mientras que la respuesta a la intervención se relacionó con diversos factores asociados a la motivación para cambiar a un estilo de vida activo. Conclusiones: Esta tesis muestra que la progresión natural de la actividad física en los pacientes con EPOC es heterogénea y destaca que los factores ambientales, interpersonales y psicológicos son importantes determinantes de la actividad física en los pacientes con EPOC, más allá de los factores clínicos. Resum Antecedents: Malgrat el paper clau de l’activitat física per millorar el pronòstic en pacients amb malaltia pulmonar obstructiva crònica (MPOC), encara no disposem d’informació que permeti individualitzar les intervencions. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi és entendre la progressió de l’activitat física i explorar-ne els determinants en pacients amb MPOC.
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Clyde, Matthew. "Smoking and cessation behaviours in a community sample with type-2 diabetes: associations with depression." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121285.
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Background: Smoking is a highly prevalent behaviour practiced worldwide, associated with high levels of illness morbidity and mortality. It has been associated with the incidence of type-2 diabetes, as well as the progression of diabetes complications and increased disease specific and all-cause mortality. Smoking cessation is an important self-care recommendation in diabetes treatment guidelines, although it appears many continue to smoke. Moreover, smoking has been associated with depression. Depression is twice a prevalent in those with diabetes, and has been linked with poor regimen adherence, increased complications, morbidity and mortality. Little is currently known about the association or impact of smoking and depression in populations with chronic illnesses, and specifically in those with type-2 diabetes. Aims: Using a Canadian community based sample with type-2 diabetes, to determine: 1) Important differences in sociodemographic, health and disease related characteristics across smoking status; 2) Investigating the relationship between smoking status and depression while controlling for potential confounding factors; 3) Determining differences in the population according to cessation status and cessation attempts; and 4) Determining if there is a link between depression status and smoking cessation. Results: Smoking prevalence was similar to rates found in the general population, and appeared to be stable over a 4-year period. Current moderate-heavy smokers differed on sociodemographic characteristics, and were more likely to have more diabetes complications, more comorbid chronic illness and be less physically active. Moderate-heavy smoking was associated with depression in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, controlling for baseline depression. Smoking cessation status also differed across sociodemographic characteristics. Unsuccessful quitters were more likely to rate their health as fair/poor and report more disability affected days in the past month. Finally, unsuccessful quitters were significantly associated with depression syndrome as compared to successful quitters, after controlling for sociodemographic, health and disease related variables. Conclusion: Consistent with findings from the general population, current smokers, and specifically current heavy daily smoking was associated with elevated symptoms of depression. This association appeared to be stable over time, producing a number of negative health and functional outcomes in these individuals. Given this increased risk of morbidity and mortality faced by individual's with diabetes, this strong association of smoking and depression is that much more dangerous. Clinician's should therefore counsel these individuals to give up smoking as soon as possible, following diabetes treatment regimen guidelines. In addition, there is the prevailing notion that individuals with depression may be unmotivated to quit smoking and therefore counselling these individuals might be fruitless. In our study, the association between smoking and depression was extended to include unsuccessful quitters, who also had elevated prevalence rates of depression compared to successful quitters and non-attempters. That successful quitters had lower depression than those who continued to smoke replicates findings from the general population. We did however extend this finding by contrasting those unsuccessful quitters to non-attempters. In our study, unsuccessful quitters had the highest prevalence of depression. This would appear to indicate that those with depression who smoke may be motivated to quit, but unable to do successfully accomplish this task. Clinician's should therefore be prepared to assess and offer smoking cessation advice to those with depression, while also preparing to provide these individuals with additional support during the quit process.Contexte: Il est bien connu que le tabagisme, un comportement répandu et pratiqué dans le monde entier, est associée à des taux élevés de morbidité et de mortalité. Récemment, de multiples études ont démontré que le tabagisme est également associé à l'incidence du diabète de type 2, ainsi que les complications du diabète et l'augmentation de la mortalité spécifique et toutes causes. Le tabagisme est aussi associé avec la dépression. La dépression est 2 fois plus répandue chez les personnes atteintes de diabète et a été lié à la mauvaise observance du régiment de traitement, à l'augmentation des complications, de la morbidité et de la mortalité. Présentement, les données sont insuffisantes pour conclure qu'il existe une association concrète entre le tabagisme et la dépression chez les populations souffrantes de maladies chroniques, le diabète de type-2 en particulier.Objectifs: Pour cette étude, nous avons mené une enquête auprès des adultes québécois ayant le diabète de type 2, afin de déterminer: 1) les différences importantes dans les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, et l'état de santé selon le statut de fumeur, 2) la relation entre le tabagisme et la dépression en tenant compte des variables démographiques et liées à l'état de santé; 3) les différences déterminantes dans la population en fonction de cessation et les tentatives de sevrage, et 4) déterminer s'il existe un lien entre l'état de dépression et la cessation.Résultats: La prévalence du tabagisme dans notre population était égale à la prévalence observée dans l'ensemble de la population canadienne, et semblait être stable sur une période de 4 ans. Les fumeurs excessifs actuels se différaient sur les caractéristiques sociodémographiques, et étaient plus susceptibles d'être moins actifs physiquement, avoir plus de complications du diabète et d'autres maladies chroniques. Le tabagisme excessif a été associé à la dépression dans les analyses transversale et longitudinales, tout en tenant compte de la dépression de base. L'état de cessation du tabagisme différait aussi à travers des caractéristiques sociodémographiques. La catégorie de 'sevrage non-réussite' étaient plus susceptibles d'évaluer leur santé comme moyen / pauvres et ont reporté plus de jours affecté par l'incapacité au cours du dernier mois. Enfin, la dépression a été associé à une probabilité accrue chez la groupe ‘sevrage non-réussite', comparé aux ex-fumeurs (‘sevrage réussite'). Les analyses ont été effectuées en tenant comptes des variables sociodémographiques, de santé et de maladie.Conclusion : Les fumeurs excessifs possèdent un profil de santé qui est pire par rapport aux fumeurs légers, indicatifs d'une tendance dose-réponse dans cette population. En outre, le tabagisme excessif a été associé à la dépression dans les études transversale et longitudinales, De même, l'état de cessation du tabagisme variait selon un nombre de variables. Bien qu'il n'y ait pas de différences dans les variables liées à la maladie, les gens de la catégorie de 'sevrage non réussite' avaient une perception plus pauvres par rapports à leur santé. En outre, les personnes classifiées 'sevrage non-réussite' ont une prévalence élevée de la dépression, et possèdent une probabilité accru pour la dépression par rapport aux ex-fumeurs. Les fumeurs atteints de diabète du type-2 devraient être encouragés à la cessation afin d'éviter les résultats négatifs sur la santé physique et mentale. Les fournisseurs de soins de santé offrant des conseils de cessation devraient tenir compte des différences dans les caractéristiques démographiques et de la maladie lors de l'élaboration des interventions. Par ailleurs, la dépression doit être considérée étant donné qu'il est fortement et indépendamment associée au tabagisme actuel et a un impact considérable sur le sevrage tabagique dans cette population. Des traitements intégrés entre la dépression, la diabète et le tabagisme devront être élaborée pour aider les personne affecté.
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Nilsson, Robin. "Gambling behaviour and leisure-time activities among adolescents in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för folkhälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182566.
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Aim: This study examined associations between leisure-time activities and gambling participation respectively problem gambling among adolescents in Sweden. Furthermore, the study examined sex differences and the degree of possibly confounding factors. Methods: The data was obtained from European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs, 2019 (n=1,911). Chi2-tests and logistic/multiple logistic regressions were used to analyze the data. Results: Unstructured leisure-time activity was robustly positively associated with gambling participation, structured leisure-time activity was weakly negatively associated with gambling participation among students. Unstructured leisure-time activity was moderately positively associated with problem gambling, structured leisure-time activity was weakly negatively associated with problem gambling among students. Unstructured leisure-time activity was strongly positively associated with gambling participation, structured leisure-time activity was strongly negatively associated with gambling participation for boys. Unstructured leisure-time activity was weakly positively associated with gambling participation for girls. Parental monitoring, school adjustments and externalizing behaviour problems affected the association between unstructured leisure-time activity for students respectively boys. Conclusion: Associations were found of varying extent between leisure-time activities and gambling participation respectively problem gambling. More and stronger associations were found for boys than girls and possibly confounding factors affected the association between unstructured leisure-time activity and problem gambling to some degree.
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Namale, Phiona Enid. "Effect of counselling and condom provision on sexual behaviour of heterosexual HIV discordant couples as part of an HIV prevention trial South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11368.
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Includes abstract.Includes bibliographical references.
South Africa as a country has a high HIV prevalence. Due to the fact that HIV transmission is predominantly heterosexual, HIV discordant couples are a high risk group for HIV. A number of HIV prevention interventions have been targeted at HIV discordant couples including HIV testing and counselling. An HIV prevention trial assessing the efficacy of daily acyclovir on HIV transmission among heterosexual HIV discordant couples was undertaken in South Africa. We conducted a before and after study with the aim of evaluating the effect of HIV counselling and condom provision on sexual behaviour of the heterosexual HIV discordant couples enrolled in this prevention trial.
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Hockenhull, Joanna Sian. "The Epidemiology of Behaviour Problems and Risk Factors for Poor Welfare in UK Leisure Horses." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526877.
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Flisher, Alan John. "The epidemiology of risk behaviour of high-school students in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26194.
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Objectives: To document: (1) the prevalence of selected risk behaviours of high-school students in the Cape Peninsula; (2) whether the notion of a syndrome of adolescent risk behaviour is valid for this setting, and to investigate whether suicidal behaviour and behaviour exposing oneself to injury should be included in this syndrome; and (3) the relationships among risk behaviours, taking into account their influence upon one another. Design: The study was based on a cross-sectional survey utilising a self-completed questionnaire. Sample: A stratified random sample of 7 340 students was selected from 16 schools in the three major education departments. Results: High prevalences of risk behaviour were recorded; for example, 7,8% had tried to commit suicide in the previous year; 18, 1 % smoke cigarettes; 15,4% had engaged in binge drinking in the previous fortnight; 7,5% had ever smoked cannabis; 37,3% had failed to wear a seat belt on the last occasion this was possible; 9,8% of males had carried a knife to school and 25,0% had walked home alone at night in the previous month; and 17,4% had ever participated in sexual intercourse. With few exceptions, the unadjusted odds ratios for the relationships between pairs of these variables were significant. Between three and nine of 26 risk behaviours qualified for inclusion (p < 0,01) in each stepwise logistic regression model for each gender with each of the above risk behaviours as dependent variables. Cannabis smoking, alcohol bingeing, and exposure to danger in getting home at night were independently associated with having had sexual intercourse. Conclusions: Intervention programmes are needed to reduce the prevalence of risk behaviours in this population. The notion of a syndrome of adolescent risk behaviour is valid for this population, and both suicidal behaviour and behaviour exposing oneself to injury should be included in this syndrome. There are significant relationships between many adolescent risk behaviours even when the influence of other risk behaviours is taken into account. The probability of adverse sequalae of risk behaviours such as exposure to danger in getting home at night and sexual intercourse is amplified by the presence of selected other risk behaviours.
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Weir, Michelle. "An exploration of the epidemiology, quality and methods of systematic reviews of health professional behaviour change interventions." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/28488.
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This thesis describes the epidemiology, quality and methods of systematic reviews of health professional behaviour change interventions. The epidemiology was explored using descriptive methods and the quality was assessed with the AMSTAR tool. 'Lumping' and 'splitting', which refers to how broad or narrow a systematic review question is framed, was explored by assessing a subset of reviews to see how review authors framed their systematic review question and justified this decision. The results indicate that there has been an increase in the number of systematic reviews published on professional behaviour change interventions, they are dispersed across various literature sources and the reviews were generally of poor quality. Furthermore, many reviews are 'split', with little justification for the authors' choice of research question. The overlapping subject areas in addition to the low methodological quality raise concern about the organization of the field, including redundancy of publications and potential duplication of efforts.
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Soicher, Judith Eileen. "A longitudinal study of physical activity behaviour in chronic disease: the example of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32532.
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In chronically ill adults, involvement in physical activity is associated with reduced mortality and better quality of life. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), exercise training within a pulmonary rehabilitation program leads to improvements in dyspnea, exercise capacity and quality of life measured immediately after the program. These gains diminish within 6-18 months of program completion, in part due to patients' difficulty in sustaining physical activity behaviour. The global objective of this thesis was to examine behavioural and disease-related aspects of physical activity over 1 year among individuals with COPD. A longitudinal behavioural study was embedded within a randomized multicentre trial comparing the effectiveness of home-based versus hospital-based outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. The first study of this thesis assessed behavioural aspects of exercise before and after a 3-month rehabilitation program. Exercise habits, self-efficacy for exercise and barriers to exercise improved significantly following rehabilitation. In cross-sectional path analysis, past exercise habits and greater exercise capacity had a positive effect on self-efficacy for endurance exercise (measured pre-rehabilitation), while external barriers, depression and female sex had a negative effect. In the second study, logistic longitudinal modelling showed that adherence to exercise (at least 3 days per week for endurance exercise and at least 2 days per week for strength exercise) declined progressively between 4 and 12 months after rehabilitation start. Adherence to endurance exercise was higher during spring/summer, and if individuals had exercised prior to rehabiliL'activité physique est associée à un taux de mortalité réduit et à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie chez les adultes atteints de maladies chroniques. L'entraînement physique chez les sujets atteints de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique (MPOC) dans le cadre d'un programme de réadaptation pulmonaire entraîne l'amélioration de la dyspnée, de la capacité d'exercice et de la qualité de vie. Cependant, ces améliorations diminuent dans les 6 à 18 mois suivant la fin du programme du, en partie, aux difficultés de maintenir l'activité physique. L'objectif général de cette thèse était d'examiner pendant un an les aspects comportementaux et médicaux (reliés à la maladie) de l'activité physique chez les individus atteints d'une MPOC. Une étude longitudinale fut incorporée à un essai multicentrique randomisé comparant l'efficacité de la réadaptation pulmonaire à domicile à celle en clinique externe. La première étude de cette thèse a évalué l'aspect comportemental de l'exercice avant et après le programme de réadaptation qui était d'une durée de 3 mois. Les habitudes d'exercices, l'auto-efficacité et les barrières à l'exercice se sont améliorées de façon significative suivant la réadaptation. Il a été démontré que les habitudes passées relatives à l'exercice et la capacité à l'exercice ont un effet positif sur l'auto-efficacité en exercice d'endurance (mesurée avant la réadaptation) tandis que les barrières externes, la dépression et le sexe féminin ont un effet négatif. Pour la seconde étude, le modèle logistique longitudinal a démontré que l'adhésion à l'exercice (exercices en endurance au moins 3 jours par se
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Stinson, Kathryn Lee. "Determinants of sexual risk behaviour among HIV-infected individuals across different health service settings in Cape Town." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10996.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-66).Sexual risk behaviour is the underlying driving force of HIV transmission. The discovery and introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to significant changes in the treatment and management of HIV, the benefits of which manifest as reduced viral load and consequently attenuated morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. As the benefits of ART are realized, prevention research is increasingly focusing on the sexual risk behaviour of subpopulations of HIV-infected individuals with known positive serostatus, who are at high risk of transmitting HIV. This study examines the levels of sexual risk behaviour of HIV-infected individuals seeking care across different service settings in Cape Town, South Africa. Furthermore, it seeks to understand the risk factors associated with sexual activity that could lead to secondary transmission.
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Hughes, Karen. "Studies on the epidemiology and prevention of harms related to contemporary risk behaviours in young people." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536134.
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Kavakure, Jules. "Managing risk factors for caries with behaviour change approach : a systematic literature review and observational registry study." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för hälsovetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-21445.
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It is estimated that nearly 100% of adults had dental caries worldwide. The disease can be approached with a biopsychosocial perspective. Overall, the aim of this study was to assess how behaviour change approach is used to manage risk factors for caries, which was divided in two sub-objectives;1. To illuminate behaviour change methods used to manage risk factors for caries, 2. To explore caries incidence among adult patients who have received behaviour change therapy treatment against caries.To answer the first sub-objective a systematic literature review was performed. To explore dental health status among adults who received behaviour change therapy due to caries, data from the national register in odontology SKaPa was analysed with descriptive and analytic statistics.The findings of the systematic literature review retrieved one RCT-study in the field of behaviour change therapy and caries. Findings from the register study showed there was no corralation between behaviour change therapy and DFT, no differences in inqualities among gender regardning DFT, no differences in DFT related to behaviour change therapy, that among therapy codes for behaviour change therapy behavioural therapy, 60 minutes or more was less frequently used and that dental professionals most frequently used behaviour change therapy when treating initial caries.The conclusion of this study are that there is a lack of scientific evidence regarding managing risk factors for caries with behaviour change approach. The study indicate that qualitative as well as randomized controlled studies would contribute to more knowledge about managing risk factors for caries with behaviour change approach.
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Ameneshewa, Birkinesh. "The behaviour and bioloy of Anopheles arabiensis in relation to epidemiology and control of malaria in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261844.
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Obamuyide, Henry. "Early life lead exposure as a risk factor for aggressive and violent behaviours in young adults: A retrospective systematic review." Master's thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33947.
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Over 1.3 million individuals die each year from preventable violence. Many of these violent acts are perpetrated by youths. Despite several initiatives, the prevalence of youth violence remains high. Early life lead exposure is a possible cause of aggressive and violent behaviour in young adults. Several aggregate-level and individual-level studies report an increase in risk of violent behaviour with increasing lead exposure. However, the evidence base for the role of lead in violence is conflicting as many other studies did not support this claim. No systematic synthesis of current evidence at the individual level exists to critically assess this association. Therefore, we planned to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining the relationship between lead exposure in early life and the later development of aggressive and violent behaviour in young adulthood at the individual level. Extensive literature searches, including of grey literature, were performed to identify potentially relevant articles. Studies for inclusion were screened by two reviewers and selected using pilot-tested eligibility form. The two reviewers independently assessed risk of bias and carried out data extraction before analysis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of currently available evidence was carried out. Searches were conducted between September 2019 and October 2019. We identified a total of 2182 reports, out of which six studies in 7 publications were eligible. All of the studies were conducted in high income countries, though a few recruited participants from low-income communities. There were varying definitions of violence, ranging from very narrow to wide and the outcomes were measured as either a count or binary variable. Despite the diversity in study settings, the direction of findings was remarkably homogenous. For studies reporting dichotomous variable, the odds of being arrested or convicted for violent behaviour increases with increasing blood lead level (OR 1.13 to 1.16 with each 5µg/dl rise in blood lead) after controlling for other variables. For the studies reporting count outcome, blood lead may explain up to 63% of the variability in arrest or conviction rates after adjusting for co-variates (IRR for each 5µg/dl rise in blood lead level:1.1 to 1.13). Overall, using a random-effect model with restricted maximum likelihood estimation method, blood lead was associated with a higher risk of exhibiting violent behaviour (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.10 – 1.23). There was insufficient data to perform sensitivity analyses based on study design, quality of studies or conduct a dose response meta-analysis. We found that an increased exposure to lead in childhood is associated with a higher risk of being arrested or convicted for violent behaviour in young adulthood. In this context, environmental lead control may help to reduce the prevalence of aggressive and violent behaviour in young adults and should be integrated into violence prevention strategies. Despite the ubiquity of environmental lead, the importance of violence as a public health and social concern and the considerable debate their association has generated, we found very few good quality studies that reported enough methodological detail for evidence synthesis. More studies with better quality and from different settings need to be conducted.
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Nugent, Rebecca. "Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Musculoskeletal Pain and/or Discomfort in Teleworking Office Workers : A quantitative cross-sectional study performed in Sweden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-42464.
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Background: Telework has become a frequent form of work for a large part of the workforce. However, research regarding public health aspects is lacking in this area. The purpose of this study was to examine how physical active teleworkers are and if they achieve WHO guidelines. A second aim of the study was to investigate relationships between telework and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and musculoskeletal pain/discomfort. Method: A cross-sectional survey was performed in Sweden. In total 375 individuals were included in the sample. Logistic regressions were performed to determine association between telework and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and musculoskeletal pain/discomfort (current and during the last 12 months). Results: 83 % of teleworkers reported physical activity levels that met the WHO guidelines. The results showed no significant relationships between telework and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, or musculoskeletal pain/discomfort. Conclusion: A large part of the studied sample of teleworkers reported achieving the WHO recommendation for physical activity. As no associations could be found between telework, and physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and musculoskeletal issues, telework could be deemed to be as safe as any other work form. However, as this was not a prospective study, with a random sample, further studies are required to investigate whether teleworking has an impact on public health.Betyg i Ladok 210603.
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Gabler, Laurel S. "Health in the hills : an analysis of the health-seeking behaviours of people in rural Makwanpur, Nepal." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e5c01fe2-4461-4000-9418-02272bad58b4.
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Objectives: The overall aim of this research was to describe the health-seeking behaviours (HSBs) of people in rural Makwanpur, Nepal, and to analyse the patient, household, community, health-system, knowledge and illness factors, and the psychological, social and cultural processes which explain these behaviours. Background: Much about the health status of populations and individuals can be understood by studying how people utilise their health services and the factors associated with this utilisation. HSB studies act as a starting point for the planning of health programmes and the structuring of health systems. Nepal, with its shortage of health providers and funding, its low service usage and its pluralistic medical landscape provides an interesting setting in which to examine HSBs. Most health policies in this context have been devised without taking into account the perspectives of the system users. Moreover, limited formal research on this topic has been carried out in this context. Methods: This study involved a mixed-methods, explanatory sequential design consisting of two phases – quantitative data collection followed by qualitative data collection. Quantitative data was collected using a cross-sectional household survey carried out in 2,334 households across ten VDCs in Makwanpur district between April 2011 and August 2011. Households were selected using a random sampling method. The survey asked about care-seeking in response to an acute episode of illness in the previous one month. Qualitative data was collected after the quantitative data using semi-structured household interviews (n=90) in three VDCs between November and December 2012. The Qualitative interviews were designed to compliment the quantitative findings and to determine the explicit factors associated with care decisions. Results: Of the 2,334 households surveyed,46% had at least one episode of illness in the month prior. The majority of illnesses were infectious or parasitic diseases (42%). Of those households experiencing illnesses, 69% chose to seek care outside of the home; 22% used traditional healers, 37% used allopathic providers and 12% opted for pharmacies as a first option. Sixteen did nothing to address their illnesses, sighting geography, finances, workload and lack of severity as the reasons. Regression models revealed that a host of different patient, household, community, illness, health facility and knowledge factors were associated with care decisions depending on the decision, but illness factors had the greatest impact overall on whether or not a household sought some care or care outside of the home, while household level factors had the greatest impact on the type of care sought outside of the home and the length of delays before seeking care. Patient gender had an impact on whether or not allopathic care was used at least once. Qualitative results revealed that health facility factors were also equally important in determining households’ conscious decision-making about specific providers. Conclusions: Overall it appears that people in Makwanpur are not underutilising health services as suspected. Households use certified government providers most frequently to address their illnesses, and do not rely too heavily on traditional healers or informal providers exclusively. The results indicate that while illness and household factors are important, in order to improve HSBs and increase allopathic care utilisation, a focus should be on improving health service delivery rather than on changing HSBs. However, in order to decrease delays in care-seeking, a focus should be made to reduce household-level barriers to care as well.
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Jerdén, Lars. "Health-promoting health services : personal health documents and empowerment." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och folkhälsovetenskap, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1401.
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In 2003, the Swedish Parliament adopted a national public health policy that included the domain - “A more health-promoting health service”. Strategies and tools are needed in the work to reorient health services. Personal health documents are documents concerning a person’s health, and are owned by the individual. Several studies that have evaluated such documents indicate that they could be of interest in health-promotion work. However, there is insufficient knowledge concerning personal health documents that target adolescents, and little is known about the feasibility of such documents in a Swedish cultural context. The concept of empowerment is gaining increased interest for health services, but the associations between empowerment, self-rated health and health behaviour are sparsely studied. The overall aim of the thesis is to explore a strategy - empowerment - and a tool - personal health documents - that might facilitate the work of the public health goal of a health-promoting health service. Specific aims are to examine the feasibility of using personal health documents in health promotion; to examine professionals’ experiences of working with health promotion and personal health documents; to examine the association between personal health documents and self-reported health behaviour change; and to examine the perception of empowerment in relation to self-rated health and health behaviour among adolescents. Two personal health documents that targeted adults and adolescents were developed and evaluated. Distribution to adults in different settings was compared in a cross-sectional study (n = 1 306). Adolescents received the document in school, and surveys were performed at baseline and after one year (n = 339). Practical use and attitudes by document owners were studied by questionnaires. Teachers (n = 69) answered a questionnaire, and community health nurses were interviewed (n = 12). The interviews also explored nurses’ experiences of working with health promotion in general, and were analysed by qualitative methodology. Adolescents’ empowerment was examined by a questionnaire (n = 1 046). Most participants reported reading in the documents; writing in the documents varied between 16% (distribution in occupational health) and 87% (adolescents). The health document was perceived as useful by 35% of the adolescents. Factors significantly related to personal usefulness were being born outside Sweden, experiencing fair treatment by teachers, being a non-smoker and having a positive school experience. Community health nurses were striving for a balance of being a doer of practical, disease-oriented tasks and a health-promotion communicator. The structural organisation in health care centres was important for their work with health promotion and the health document. Teachers were generally in favour of continued work with the document. In different settings, between 10% and 26% of adults reported changes in their health situations as a result of reading the booklet. Self-reported changes in health situations were less likely using postal distribution, and there were no significant differences between the other types of distribution. Adolescents with low empowerment scores reported poorer self-rated health and more risk-taking behaviours such as smoking and binge drinking. To conclude, personal health documents are feasible to use in different settings. Health promotion in health services needs active support from leaders as well as adequate support systems. Findings suggest that personal health documents can be tools for promoting self-reported lifestyle changes among adults in different settings. There is a close relation among adolescents between low empowerment in the domain of health, low self-rated health and health behaviours such as binge drinking and smoking.
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McKay, Kyla Anne. "Using linked health data to explore the epidemiology and impact of mental health and health behaviours in multiple sclerosis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62163.
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The full abstract for this thesis is available in the body of the thesis, and will be available when the embargo expires.Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, Department of
Neurology, Division of
Graduate
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Alston, Stephen. "The taxonomy, epidemiology and behaviour of Ergasilus briani Markewitsch, 1933 (Copepoda: poecilostomatoida) and other Ergasilid parasites of British freshwater fish." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393842.
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Isaacs, Sedick. "The epidemiology of mild psychiatric disorders : the effect of social support, community cohesion and political dissent behaviour on mild psychiatric morbidity." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25999.
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Spörndly-Nees, Søren. "Physical activity and eating behaviour in sleep disorders." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-308395.
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Sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia are common sleep disorders and associated with an increased risk of morbidity. The aim of this thesis was to study the contribution of a behavioural sleep medicine perspective on sleep-disordered breathing and insomnia. More specific, factors considered important for changing eating behaviour and the impact of physical activity were studied. Methods: In study I, semi-structured interviews of participants with obstructive sleep apnoea and obesity (n = 15) were analysed using a qualitative content analysis. A population-based female cohort was followed prospectively over ten years in study II and III using a postal questionnaire on two occasions (n = 4,851 and n = 5062, respectively). In study IV, a series of five experimental single-case studies was conducted testing how an aerobic exercise intervention affected selected typical snores, following an A1B1A2B2A3 design over nine days and nights (n = 5). Results: Facilitators and barriers towards eating behaviour change were identified. A low level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity was a risk factor among women for future habitual snoring complaints, independent of weight, weight gain alcohol dependence or smoking. Maintaining higher levels or increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity over the ten-year period partly protected from snoring complaints (study II). Further, a low level of self-reported leisure-time physical activity is a risk factor for future insomnia among women. Maintaining higher levels or increasing levels of leisure-time physical activity over the ten-year period partly protect against self-reported insomnia, independent of psychological distress, age, change in body mass index, smoking, alcohol dependence, snoring status or level of education (study III). Single bouts of aerobic exercise did not produce an acute effect on snoring the following nights in the studied individuals. A pronounced night-to-night variation in snoring was identified (study IV). Conclusion: Women with sleep disorders would benefit from a behavioural sleep medicine perspective targeting their physical activity in the prevention and management of snoring and insomnia. This is motivated by the protective effects of physical activity confirmed by this thesis. Knowledge was added about facilitators and barriers for future eating behaviour change interventions.
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Clements, Caroline. "Suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder : a multiple-methods investigation of the characteristics, risk factors, and experiences of people at risk." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/suicidal-behaviour-in-bipolar-disorder-a-multiplemethods-investigation-of-the-characteristics-risk-factors-and-experiences-of-people-at-risk(281cc841-ff23-4622-897d-01491bd2c80b).html.
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Background: Suicide prevention strategies recognise the need to address suicide in high-risk groups, such as people with psychiatric illness. People with bipolar disorder are known to be at particularly high risk of suicide and self-harm, with around half of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder making at least one suicide attempt during their lifetime. It is important that clinicians can identify who is most at risk among people with bipolar disorder so that interventions that meet the needs of this high risk group can be implemented. Method: A multiple-methods approach was used to explore suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder. Descriptive analysis, case-control methods, and survival analysis were used on data held by The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness (NCI), and the Manchester Self-Harm (MaSH) Project, to identify characteristics and risk factors associated with suicide in bipolar disorder. Semi-structure interviews were carried out with people who had a range of experiences of suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder, and these data were analysed using Thematic Analysis to add context and depth to the quantitative results. Results: Suicidal behaviours were common in people with bipolar disorder, accounting for around 10% of all psychiatric suicide deaths in England; this rate was fairly stable over time. Characteristics associated with suicidal behaviour in bipolar disorder included; being aged 45 to 64 years old, experiencing negative life events, comorbid alcohol use, multiple inpatient admissions; there was a particularly strong association with a history of self-harm. It is clinically important that people with bipolar disorder were often seen by services in the 24 hours before they died. This both emphasises the weaknesses in current risk assessment, and highlights the potential for successful intervention if risk can be determined more accurately. Key issues identified in the interview study included being able to access care rapidly during time periods when risk was elevated, the importance of obtaining a correct diagnosis of bipolar disorder, and the potential benefits of including family in the care of people with bipolar disorder. Conclusion: Suicidal behaviours are common in people with bipolar disorder. People with bipolar disorder who die by suicide tend to have several markers that may indicate a more severe (e.g. multiple inpatient admission, history of self-harm) and complex course of illness (e.g. comorbid alcohol use, personality disorder). Diagnosis-specific risk assessment is needed to better identify risk of suicide in an illness that is often characterised by fluctuating mood states. Family involvement in care may aid detection of increased suicide risk.
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Peake, J. N. "Prevention of neural tube defects (NTDs) in ethnic communities in the UK : NTD epidemiology and pre-pregnancy knowledge, attitudes and health behaviour." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2016. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1502067/.
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Neural tube defects (NTD) are severe congenital abnormalities, caused by failed closure of the embryonic neural tube, that affect approximately 1 in 1,000 pregnancies worldwide. There is a paucity of epidemiological and qualitative research on NTDs within different ethnic communities in the UK. This thesis reports the findings of a mixed methods study conducted to explore NTD prevalence, pregnancy outcomes and attitudes towards prevention in different ethnic communities. For the quantitative study, congenital anomaly data supplemented with Department of Health termination data were used to explore the NTD prevalence and pregnancy decisions by maternal ethnicity. Semi-structured interviews, combined with grounded theory methodology, explored women’s pre-pregnancy knowledge, attitudes and health behaviours with regard to folic acid supplementation, and subsequent pregnancy decisions. After adjustment for maternal deprivation and age, NTD prevalence was found to be nearly twice as high in Indian mothers and almost three times as high in Bangladeshi mothers, as in mothers of White ethnicity. The excess was particularly marked in Indian mothers for non-isolated NTDs. Through qualitative interviews, women detailed how more information on why folic acid should be taken needs to be given and that health professionals (HPs), such as GPs, are the preferred information source. It was also indicated that HPs who rarely see children with spina bifida are less likely to give a balanced view of the condition, in relation to a decision on possible pregnancy termination. An ethnic discrepancy in prevalence being more marked for non-isolated NTDs is indicative of the involvement of genetic factors. Increasing folic acid use among all population groups is essential and targeting a culturally sensitive education campaign at HPs is a crucial first stage in increasing supplementation among South Asian mothers. It is also of critical importance that those counselling mothers when spina bifida is detected, are fully informed of the condition themselves.
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Leung, Fung-shan Kate, and 梁鳳珊. "A non-interventional epidemiologic study on incentives of blood donation and determinants of donor return behaviour in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46938862.
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Mikaelsdotter, Carolina. "Barriers affecting women’s decision to seek care during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period in rural Kenya." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för folkhälso- och vårdvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-387655.
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Background: Antenatal care (ANC), facility delivery and postnatal care (PNC), are proven to reduce maternal and child mortality and morbidity in high burden settings. However, few rural pregnant women use these services sufficiently and it is essential to identify the barriers. Aim: The aim of this study was to examine barriers, with a focus on water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), affecting women’s decision to seek care during pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period in rural Kenya, and to examine if the Afya intervention helped overcome barriers. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted in the Siaya County, Kenya. 25 mothers were selected by using purposive sampling for in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Assessment of WASH facilities was conducted at 5 healthcare facilities. Data were analysed by content analysis method. The “three delay model” informed the analytic process and discussion. Results: Women delayed seeking or did not attend ANC and PNC or gave birth at home, due to lack of knowledge of benefits of maternal health services and on complications; traditional and religious beliefs; embarrassed over pregnancy; busy with other life activities or of fear of HIV status and hospitals. Gender norms, distance and transport costs were the contributing factor for delaying in reaching the hospital. Unprofessional and inadequate number of staff, lack of equipment and supplies, and the water, sanitation and hygiene quality were factors delaying receiving quality care. The assessment showed on inadequate WASH facilities. Conclusion: Use of antenatal care, delivery and postnatal care in rural western Kenya is influenced by several barriers. The findings suggest a need to increase the knowledge about ANC and PNC, and to lower barriers preventing women from reaching the healthcare facility. There is also a need to improve the WASH facilities and the healthcare personnel’s treatment.
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Tuyttens, Frank Andre Maurice. "The consequences of perturbation caused by badger removal for the control of bovine tuberculosis in cattle : a study of behaviour, population dynamics and epidemiology." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301759.
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Krig, Marie. "Ehealth literacy, en central faktor för äldre vuxnas hälsobeteenden och livskvalité : En strukturerad litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-19858.
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Introduktion: Teknikutvecklingen och digitaliseringen i samhället sker i en hög hastighet. Äldre vuxna är en grupp som ofta saknar den kompetens, kunskap och de färdigheter som är nödvändiga för att kunna nyttja de hälsoresurser och hälsoinformation som finns tillgängliga online. För att kunna engagera sig i e-hälsa och söka hälsoinformation online krävs det att de äldre vuxna har en viss nivå av eHealth literacy. eHealth literacy är förmågan att söka, hitta, förstå och värdera hälsoinformation från elektroniska källor, och tillämpa den kunskap som erhålls för att lösa ett hälsoproblem. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa om det finns ett förhållande mellan eHealth literacy och hälsobeteenden samt hälsoutfall hos äldre vuxna, 55 år och äldre. Metod: Metoden som användes var en strukturerad litteraturöversikt. Analysmetoden som användes var en induktiv tematisk analys av 10 kvalitetsgranskade tidskriftsartiklar. Resultat: Den tematiska analysen genererade i 3 teman; Förbättrad livsstil, Engagemang i egenvård och eHealth literacy en mellanliggande faktor till hälsobeteenden och hälsorelaterad livskvalité. Resultatet visade att en ökad nivå av eHealth literacy hos äldre vuxna förbättrade deras hälsobeteenden, hälsobeslut och hälsoutfall i form av välmående och hälsorelaterad livskvalité. eHealth literacy hade både en direkt och en indirekt effekt på de studerade utfallen. Slutsats: Resultatet belyste betydelsen av att arbeta förebyggande och hälsofrämjande med äldres eHealth literacy förmåga för att i sin tur stärka deras hälsa, livskvalité och delaktighet i sin egenvård. eHealth literacy är en central faktor för äldres hälsa och för att de ska kunna nyttja de e-hälsotjänster som finns tillgängliga till sin fulla potential.Introduction: Older adults often lack the skills and competence necessary to be able to use health resources and health information available online. To be able to get involved in digital health and search for health information online older adults are required to have a certain level of eHealth literacy. eHealth literacy is defined as the ability to seek, find, understand, and appraise health information from electronic sources and apply the knowledge gained to addressing or solving a health problem. Aim: The purpose of the literature review was to shed light on whether there is a relationship between eHealth literacy and health behaviors and health outcomes in older adults. Methods: The method used was a structured literature review. The method of analysis used was an inductive thematic analysis of 10 peer-reviewed journal articles. Results: The thematic analysis generated in 3 themes; Improved lifestyle, Commitment to self-care and eHealth literacy an intermediate factor to health behaviours and health-related quality of life. The results showed that an increased level of eHealth literacy in older adults improved their health behaviours, health decisions and health outcomes in terms of well-being and health-related quality of life. eHealth literacy had both a direct and an indirect effect on the outcomes studied. Conclusion: The results highlighted the importance of working health-promoting with the elderly's eHealth literacy to be able to strengthen their health and participation in their own healthcare. eHealth literacy is a key factor for the health of the elderly and for theme to be able to use the e-health services available to their full potential.
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Demiraca, Sanel, and Anna Ladan. ""Man ger mer än vad man tar" : En kvalitativ intervjustudie om medberoende i nära relationer." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för hälsovetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-18757.
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Tidigare studier har visat på att i varje missbrukares liv, finns cirka fem anhöriga som riskerar att utveckla medberoende. Riskfaktorerna associerade med medberoende påverkar därför förekomsten av psykiska ohälsa och ökar risken för att utveckla andra sjukdomar såsom depression, ångest och känslomässiga problem. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur medberoende i nära relationer kan utveckla självdestruktivt beteende och psykisk ohälsa. Med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod och intervjuer som datainsamlingsmetod blev syftet med denna studie genomförd. Studien grundades på semistrukturerade intervjuer där totalt sex informanter deltog. Resultatet i studien visade på liknande resultat genom alla intervjuer, såsom förekomsten av psykiska sjukdomar, självdestruktivt beteende och vikten av introjektiv identifikation. Dessa tre kategorier kompletterar varandra i den skrivna ordningen. Resultatet tyder på att det kan vara så att den medberoende inte kan utveckla psykisk ohälsa utan fenomenet introjektiv identifikation och självdestruktivt beteende. För att det ska utvecklas någon form av psykisk ohälsa skulle den medberoende personen behöva utveckla ett självdestruktivt beteende, och resultatet tyder på att det inte är möjligt utan introjektiv identifiering i kontexten nära relationer. Dock med hjälp av anknytningsteorin och coping-strategin, visade slutsatsen att inte alla medberoende utvecklade psykisk ohälsa. Förekomsten av psykisk ohälsa påverkas av individens tidiga anknytningsmönster och copingförmåga. Studien ledde till slutsatsen att psykisk ohälsa är ett stort problem bland individer med medberoende. Medberoende är inte fastställt som en sjukdom, trots att risken för att eventuellt utveckla psykisk ohälsa finns. Trots de följdsjukdomar som medberoende medför är det ingen prioritering inom folkhälsopolitiken.Previous studies have shown that in every drug addicted person’s life there is about five relatives which risks developing co-dependency. Therefore, the riskfactors affect the relative’s mental health and increase the risk of developing other illnesses such as depression, anxiety and emotional issues. The aim of the study was to investigate how co-dependency in close relationships can develop self-destructive behavior and mental illness. With the use of a qualitative method and interviews as a data collecting method, the aim for this study became fulfilled. The study was based on semi-structured interviews, performed by six participants. The results showed similar outcomes for all interviews, such as the prevalence for mental illness, self-destructive behaviour and the importance of introjective identification. These three categories complement each other in the order written. The results indicates that a co-dependent individual could not, without the phenomenon introjective identification and self-destructive behaviour acquire mental illness. However in order to acquire some kind of mental illness the co-dependent person would have to develop self-destructive behaviour, and the results showed that it is not possible without introjective identification in the context of a close relationship. Although, with the use of attachment theory and coping-strategy, the conclusion showed that not every co-dependent developed mental illness. The prevalence of illnesses was affected by the individuals early life attachment-pattern and coping skills. The study led to a conclusion that mental illness is a big issue among co-dependent individuals. Co-dependency is not a determined as a disease, despite the risk of possibly developing mental illness. It is still not a prioritization among public health authorities.
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Beauparlant, Marc A. "Evolutionary Game Theory and the Spread of Influenza." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35635.
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Vaccination has been used to control the spread of infectious diseases for centuries with widespread success. Deterministic models studying the spread of infectious disease often use the assumption of mass vaccination; however, these models do not allow for the inclusion of human behaviour. Since current vaccination campaigns are voluntary in nature, it is important to extend the study of infectious disease models to include the effects of human behaviour. To model the effects of vaccination behaviour on the spread of influenza, we examine a series of models in which individuals vaccinate according to memory or individual decision-making processes based upon self-interest. Allowing individuals to vaccinate proportionally to an exponentially decaying memory function of disease prevalence, we demonstrate the existence of a Hopf bifurcation for short memory spans. Using a game-theoretic influenza model, we determine that lowering the perceived vaccine risk may be insufficient to increase coverage to established target levels. Utilizing evolutionary game theory, we examine models with imitation dynamics both with and without a decaying memory function and show that, under certain conditions, periodic dynamics occur without seasonal forcing. Our results suggest that maintaining diseases at low prevalence with voluntary vaccination campaigns could lead to subsequent epidemics following the free-rider dilemma and that future research in disease control reliant on individual-based decision-making need to include the effects of human behaviour.
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Thielman, Justin. "Do Characteristics of the Built Environment Influence Walking Behaviour Among Urban Adults? A Conceptual Framework, Systematic Review, and Research Plan." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31716.
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Objectives were to improve conceptualization of associations between built environment characteristics (BECs) and walking, synthesize evidence on associations, and propose future research that addresses limitations in existing studies. I designed a conceptual framework of hypothesized BEC - walking associations. I conducted a systematic review, searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and TRID for studies investigating BEC - walking associations. Two reviewers screened articles for inclusion. I assessed methodological quality and extracted data from included studies. I used the framework’s hypothesized associations to categorize and synthesize results, then analyzed study limitations and proposed future research that would address many limitations. The review identified 13 studies with 64 estimates that met all criteria. None of the framework’s hypothesized associations had a statistically significant majority of estimates that were statistically significant. Evidence is lacking on BEC – walking associations and more research is needed that addresses methodological issues such as heterogeneous BEC measures and geographic homogeneity.