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Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioural disorders'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Kuklińska, Marta, Emilia J. Sitek, Bogna Brockhuis, Anna Barczak, Beata Hintze, and Ewa Narożańska. "Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia – selected diagnostic dilemmas in neuropsychiatry." Aktualności Neurologiczne 20, no. 2 (October 30, 2020): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/an.2020.0010.

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Introduction: Differential diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia remains a challenge for neurologists and psychiatrists as some behavioural symptoms of this illness and psychiatric disorders, such as apathy, are not specific. Aim: The paper aims at presenting the differential diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia and primary psychiatric disorders. Discussion: Behavioural symptoms of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia overlap with symptoms typical for primary psychiatric disorders. Psychotic symptoms, apathy and inappropriate behaviour are prominent in schizophrenia. Repetitive behaviours are typical for obsessive-compulsive disorders. Inattention and impulsivity are common in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Disinhibition is typical of mania in the context of bipolar disorder. Thus, all these psychiatric diagnoses need to be considered in the differential diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia. This condition is associated with language deficits and more widespread executive and social cognition deficits. Also, the presence of neurological symptoms, such as oculomotor dysfunction, upper/lower motor neuron dysfunction or bradykinesia, may facilitate the diagnosis. Functional decline is observed during follow-up in behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, but not in phenocopy syndrome. Conclusions: Differential diagnosis requires integration of behavioural and neuropsychological data with the results of neurological assessment and neuroimaging work-up. In ambiguous cases, if genetic testing is negative, only longitudinal observation can confirm the diagnosis of behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia or phenocopy syndrome.
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Minnis, Helen, Joanne Reekie, David Young, Tom O'Connor, Angelica Ronald, Alison Gray, and Robert Plomin. "Genetic, environmental and gender influences on attachment disorder behaviours." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 6 (June 2007): 490–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.105.019745.

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BackgroundDespite current interest in attachment disorder, there is concern about its discrimination from other disorders and an unproven assumption of an environmental aetiology.AimsTo test whether behaviours suggestive of attachment disorder are distinct from other childhood behavioural and emotional problems and are solely environmentally determined.MethodIn a community sample of 13472 twins, we carried out factor analysis of questionnaire items encompassing behaviours indicative of attachment disorder, conduct problems, hyperactivity and emotional difficulties. We used behavioural genetic model-fitting analysis to explore the contribution of genes and environment.ResultsFactor analysis showed clear discrimination between behaviours suggestive of attachment disorder, conduct problems, hyperactivity and emotional problems. Behavioural genetics analysis suggested a strong genetic influence to attachment disorder behaviour, with males showing higher heritability.ConclusionsBehaviours suggestive of attachment disorder can be differentiated from common childhood emotional and behavioural problems and appear to be strongly genetically influenced, particularly in boys.
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Cooper, Sally-Ann. "Behaviour disorders in adults with learning disabilities: Effect of age and differentiation from other psychiatric disorders." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 15, no. 1 (March 1998): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700004614.

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AbstractObjective: To clarify the effect of age on behaviour disorders in adults with learning disabilities, and the differentiation of behaviour disorders from other psychiatric disorders.Method: Detailed assessments, measuring maladaptive behaviours, psychiatric disorders and demographic factors were completed on 93.7% of all people with learning disabilities aged 65 years and over, living in Leicestershire, UK (n = 134), and also a random sample of adults with learning disabilities aged 20-64 years (n = 73). Behaviour disorders were distinguished from other psychiatric disorders. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated.Result: Equal rates (15%) and types of behaviour disorder were found in the two groups. The presence of behaviour disorder was associated with the severity of learning disabilities, but age was not associated, and nor was presence of epilepsy or gender. In many cases, positive scores on the behavioural assessment, which carers attributed to challenging behaviour/ behaviour disorder, were actually symptoms of psychiatric illness.Conclusion: Behaviour disorders persist into old age, and therefore require management from the appropriate services. This need will increase, due to increasing lifespan. The accurate interpretation of behaviour scales requires that a comprehensive psychiatric assessment is also undertaken, particularly in elderly people where rates of psychiatric disorders are higher than for younger adults.
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Purpura, Giulia, Francesco Cerroni, Marco Carotenuto, Renata Nacinovich, and Luca Tagliabue. "Behavioural Differences in Sensorimotor Profiles: A Comparison of Preschool-Aged Children with Sensory Processing Disorder and Autism Spectrum Disorders." Children 9, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9030408.

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Sensory Processing Disorders (SPDs) define dysfunctions in modulating, organising, and using information from several sensory channels for regulating motor, behavioural, emotional and attention responses. Although SPD can be identified also as an isolated condition in young children, its presence in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) population is really frequent. The study purpose is to explore the SPD clinical expression and the putative correlation with several behavioural aspects both in children with ASD and in those with isolated SPD. Therefore, 43 preschool-aged children (25 ASD vs. 18 SPD) were recruited, and their parents completed three questionnaires (Developmental Profile-3, Sensory Processing Measure–Preschool, Repetitive Behaviour Scale-Revised) to evaluate behavioural alterations and developmental levels. The main result is that both ASD and SPD groups had significantly sensory-related behavioural symptoms, although ASD children seem to be more impaired in all areas. Several significant correlations were found between sensory processing difficulties and repetitive behaviours, but in the SPD group a specific relationship between Body Awareness and Ritualistic/Sameness Behaviour was found. Conversely, in the ASD group, more diffuse interlinks between sensory processing difficulties and motor behaviours were significant. In conclusion, the present study confirms the key role of sensory–motor skills in early diagnosis and intervention among children at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Magwai, Thabo, and Khethelo Richman Xulu. "Physiological Genomics Plays a Crucial Role in Response to Stressful Life Events, the Development of Aggressive Behaviours, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)." Genes 13, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13020300.

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Physiological genomics plays a crucial role in responding to stressful life events, such as violence and traumatic stress. This exposure to traumatic stress can trigger several physiological pathways, which are associated with genetic variability. Exposure to traumatic stress can result in the development of behavioural and psychiatric disorders, such as aggressive behaviour and anxiety disorders. Several genes play a crucial role in the neurophysiological response to chronic stress and trauma. These essential genes include monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), solute carrier family 6 member 4 (SLC6A4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), dopamine receptor 2 and 4 (DRD2 and DRD4), and FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5). Genetic variations in several genes have been found to have altered physiological response, which associates with the development of several behavioural traits. Interestingly, previous studies show that there is an interplay between aggressive behaviour and anxiety disorders, which may be associated with physiological genomics structure. The physiological responses are based on genetic architecture and its molecular reaction. Understanding physiological genomics may show underpinnings related to the development of aggressive behaviours and their interaction with anxiety disorders. This review aims to discuss the association between different physiological genes and the development of psychiatric disorders related to aggressive behaviours and anxiety disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder.
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Nicholls, Dasha, and Caro Grindrod. "Behavioural eating disorders." Paediatrics and Child Health 19, no. 2 (February 2009): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2008.10.007.

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Nicholls, Dasha, and Caro Grindrod. "Behavioural eating disorders." Paediatrics and Child Health 23, no. 1 (January 2013): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2012.10.004.

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Lewis, Ben, and Dasha Nicholls. "Behavioural eating disorders." Paediatrics and Child Health 26, no. 12 (December 2016): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paed.2016.08.005.

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Wang’ang’a, Annerose W., and Michael M. Ndurumo. "Options to the Use of Suspension and Expulsion in Kenyan Institutions: A Literature Review." East African Journal of Education Studies 5, no. 2 (August 24, 2022): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37284/eajes.5.2.804.

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This article compared the effectiveness of punitive strategies such as suspension and expulsion to mitigate behaviour disorders in Kenyan schools. Behaviour disorders witnessed in Kenyan schools include externalising and internalising behaviour disorders. Externalising behaviour disorders include bullying, aggression, disruption, acting out, fighting, violence, destruction of property, cheating, and stealing among others. Internalising behaviour disorders include depression, anxiety, social withdrawal, immaturity, negative talk, substance abuse, loneliness or guilt, sadness, suicidal feelings, nervousness, and irritability among others. Suspension and expulsion are the zero tolerance (ZT) strategies used in our institutions to curb behaviour disorders. Zero tolerance measures are guidelines for providing the harshest retribution possible to every student who goes against the laid down regulations. Corporal punishment is also used as a punitive measure in our institutions despite its prohibition in the Children’s Act 2001. Corporal punishment was recognised to offer minor data on appropriate action to take but only educate the person on the inappropriate behaviours to avoid. This article found that solitary disciplinary practices like suspension and expulsion may further prohibit poor academic performance and dropout. The article further found out the importance of training the heads of learning institutions on how to manage inappropriate behaviour disorders and the incorporation of other strategies such as guidance and counselling and the involvement of parents. Thus, it encourages Kenyan institutions to adopt School-Wide Positive Behavioural Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS), which is a non-condoning approach used in controlling school violence and misbehaviour of students that have shown positive results in an unsystematically controlled trial research to control school violence and misbehaviour of students. This article also found out the need for a Functional Behavioural Assessment (FBA) before intervening for a behaviour disorder. The aim of an FBA is to collect wide and particular data so as to comprehend the exact purpose of the student’s inappropriate behaviours.
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Walshe, David, Mary O'Kelly, Louis Ramsay, Tessa Gibson, Fiona Mulvanney, Ahmed Kara, and Edan Corcoran. "The relationship between behaviour disturbance and psychiatric diagnosis in male mentally handicapped adults resident in a long-stay unit." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 10, no. 1 (February 1993): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700013239.

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AbstractObjective: To investigate the relationship between behavioural disturbance and psychiatric diagnosis in male mentally handicapped adults resident in a long stay unit. Method: The case notes of all 144 residents of St. Raphaels were reviewed. Diagnoses were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision (ICD-9) and grouped into one of four categories Infantile Autism, Functional Psychoses, Personality/Behavioural Disorder and Emotional Disorders. Carers (Senior Nursing Staff) were interviewed using the Adaptive Behaviour Scale Part 2 (ABS Part 2) as a measure of behavioural disturbance in the preceding year for the 144 residents. Results: 56% of residents had significant psychiatric disorder. Those with a psychiatric diagnosis showed increased behavioural disturbance across a wide range of measures (p<0.001) with Hyperactivity, Self Abuse and Violence showing greatest discriminative power. However there was not a relationship between diagnostic category and pattern of scoring on the ABS Part 2. There was a significant relationship between Degree of Mental Handicap and Psychiatric Diagnostic Category (p<0.001). Neither psychiatric morbidity nor behavioural disturbance was associated with epilepsy, age or duration of stay. Conclusions: Mentally handicapped adults in residential care show high rates of psychiatric disturbance. Those with psychiatric diagnoses exhibit a wide range of disturbed behaviours but similar patterns of maladaptive behaviour occur across the spectrum of psychiatric disorders. These findings refer to a male residential population and cannot be generalised to all mentally handicapped.
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Meslin-Kuźniak, Anna, and Katarzyna Nowicka-Sauer. "Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents with particular focus on generalised anxiety disorder." Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna 20, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 274–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2020.0034.

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The paper presents the issue of anxiety disorders among children and adolescents with particular focus on generalised anxiety disorder and the use of cognitive behavioural psychotherapy in the affected patients. Data on epidemiology, aetiology and diagnosis of anxiety disorders, as well as the specificity and limitations of cognitive behavioural therapy among younger patients are presented. Statistical data show that the group of affected children and adolescents is growing. The diagnosis of generalised anxiety in children and adolescents may take time. It requires careful collection of history and observation of behaviours in different functioning domains. It may happen that symptoms indicative of generalised anxiety disorders are underestimated or missed by adults from the child’s immediate environment. Early and accurate diagnosis is important also because the disorder may give rise to depressive disorders or contribute to suicide attempts. Research shows that cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, often aided by pharmacotherapy, is one of the most effective and popular forms of therapy in children and adolescents with generalised anxiety disorders. The paper describes the theoretical models of the disorder, as well as its implications for psychotherapy and current research trends. Cognitive behavioural therapeutic programs intended for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders are also presented. The literature review shows that studies and protocols devoted exclusively to the treatment of generalised anxiety in children and adolescents are still missing. Therefore, treatment protocols for adults, which are appropriately adjusted to age and cognitive development of the child, are often used, especially for older children.
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HAIDU, Felicia Aurica. "MODALITĂȚI DE GESTIONARE A TULBURĂRILOR DE COMPORTAMENT ALE ELEVILOR." Revista Românească de Studii Axiologice 3, no. 4 (January 27, 2022): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/rrsa2022.3.4.72-88.

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Childhood developmental and behavioural disorders have been extensively studied throughout the world as they are more and more a commonly met challenge for schools, psychologists and educators. Behavioural intervention, specified in this paper, can be considered a treatment guideline for children with behaviour disorders after they have been diagnosed by clinicians. The present paper summarizes both traditional contingency management procedures and positive behaviour support procedures. However, due to the restrictions imposed by the length of the article, no evidence-based treatment options have been suggested. Therefore, a variety of methodological concerns also block stronger conclusions regarding the prevalence of one or another type of intervention for a specific behaviour disorder. This approach, while potentially beneficial to school educators and the children families has always had negligible impact at a community level on the prevalence of behavioural problems in children. Romania still has to cope with the failure of treatment programs to ameliorate disruptive behaviour mainly because of the lack of knowledge and training. In Romania, this has occurred mainly because many families only seek assistance when their child’s problem behaviour has become severe and is long standing..
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Sellman, Doug. "Behavioural health disorders rather than behavioural addictions." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 50, no. 8 (July 11, 2016): 805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416655878.

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Li, Hongbo, Xianqing Jin, Shulei Fan, Daoxin Wang, Chun Wu, Zhengxia Pan, Yonggang Li, et al. "Behavioural disorders in children with pectus excavatum in China: a retrospective cohort study with propensity score matching and risk prediction model." European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery 56, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 596–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezz038.

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Abstract OBJECTIVES Surgical repair of pectus excavatum is typically carried out immediately prior to puberty. However, at the time of surgery, some psychosocial issues, such as behavioural disorders may already have developed and the likelihood of these psychosocial disorders resolving after surgery is unclear. For this reason, some surgeons choose to perform surgical repair at an earlier age in some children. The study retrospectively compares the rate of behavioural disorders in children undergoing the Nuss procedure at 4 vs. 10 years of age. We also attempted to develop a model to predict the risk of behavioural disorders in 10 year-old patients. METHODS The current study included children receiving Nuss procedure for pectus excavatum at either 4 or 10 years of age. The presence/absence of behavioural disorder was assessed preoperatively, and in the third year, after removal of the bar. A propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was conducted to reduce the potential for confounding by baseline factors. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to establish a model to predict the risk of behavioural disorders in the third year after the removal of the bar. The model was accessed by discrimination and calibration. A formula and a nomogram were developed based on the results. RESULTS The number of patients in each group was 45 after PSM. The rate of behavioural disorders at the baseline was significantly higher in the children undergoing Nuss procedure at 10 years of age [36% vs 20%, odds ratio (OR) 2.21, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.85–5.72; P = 0.157]. The rate of behavioural disorders in the third year after the removal of the bar was 36% and 18% in children undergoing surgery at 10 and 4 years of age, respectively (OR 2.55, 95% CI 0.96–6.79; P = 0.094). The rate of persistent behavioural disorders, defined as continuing to have behavioural disorders in the third year after the removal of the bar in those with behavioural disorders at the baseline, was 88% vs 56% (OR 3.47, 95% CI 0.56–21.36; P = 0.204). Two patients (4%) relapsed in each group. A risk prediction model by variables of gender, Haller index, pulmonary function and score of Child Behaviour Checklist at the baseline was provided. CONCLUSIONS The rate of behavioural disorders was considerably lower in children who underwent the Nuss procedure at 4 years of age than at 10 years of age. Behavioural disorders may not readily resolve after surgery. Performing surgery at an early age rather than just before puberty may be better for psychosocial development. Psychosocial aid is necessary in addition to surgery to address behavioural disorders.
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Gústavsson, Sævar M., Paul M. Salkovskis, and Jón F. Sigurðsson. "Cognitive analysis of specific threat beliefs and safety-seeking behaviours in generalised anxiety disorder: revisiting the cognitive theory of anxiety disorders." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 49, no. 5 (March 12, 2021): 526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246582100014x.

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AbstractBackground:Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) has been an uneasy member of the anxiety disorders group since its inclusion in the third edition of the DSM. Multiple theories and treatment protocols for GAD and its defining symptom, excessive worry, have comparable efficacy in treating GAD symptoms. Crucially, these theories of GAD and excessive worry fail to explain when and why worry is excessive and when it is adaptive.Aims:In this paper we propose a cognitive behavioural account of the difference between excessive and adaptive states of worry and explore the theme of threat and the function of safety-seeking behaviours as seen in GAD. Specifically, we incorporate the concept of inflated responsibility in a cognitive behavioural analysis of threat appraisal and safety-seeking behaviours in excessive worry and GAD.Conclusion:It is proposed that when worry is used as a strategy intended to increase safety from perceived social or physical threat then it should be conceptualised as a safety-seeking behaviour. However, when worry is used as a strategy to solve a problem which the person realistically can resolve or to deal explicitly with the feeling of anxiety then it functions as an adaptive coping behaviour. We also propose that the theme of threat in GAD centres on an inflated sense of responsibility for external everyday situations, and the function of safety-seeking behaviours is to attain certainty that responsibility has been fulfilled. The clinical implications of this cognitive behavioural analysis of excessive worry are discussed, as well as future research directions.
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Read, Stephen. "Self-injury and violence in people with severe learning disabilities." British Journal of Psychiatry 172, no. 5 (May 1998): 381–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.5.381.

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BackgroundPsychiatry in severe and profound learning disability is essentially behavioural psychiatry. Some clinical and research observations of disorders of behaviour in this group are summarised in this study.MethodAfter inspection of the literature, I postulated a clinical syndrome of violence and self-injury in the severely learning disabled. A check-list of behavioural symptoms was developed and used in a community survey.ResultsBehaviour, assessed by the check-list, supported the existence of organic behaviour disorder, as did small-scale psychophysiological testing.ConclusionsSelf-injury is strongly associated with violence, and with severe and profound learning disability. Pathophysiology of violence and self-injury may include high levels of psychophysiological arousal demonstrated by unstable EEGs. Reduction of arousal by antipsychotic medication is associated with clinical improvement in violent and self-injurious behaviours.
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Pinazo-Clapés, Carolina, Sacramento Pinazo-Hernandis, and Alicia Sales. "Behavioural changes in institutionalised older people: a gender perspective." Technium Social Sciences Journal 8 (May 24, 2020): 350–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v8i1.736.

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There is a need to redefine and improve the treatment and care given in residences for the elderly from a non-pharmacological perspective that fosters person-centred care. In particular, the psychological and behavioural symptoms associated with dementia require a multidisciplinary evaluation to design appropriate interventions. The objective is to evaluate behavioural disorders in a group of residing elderly people and analyse whether the gender of the participants influences the presence of these behaviours. In the methodology, the group is consisted of 450 people, 73.6% women and 26.4% men with an average age of 86.82 (WD=8.22). The results show that women have a greater risk of presenting behavioural disorders. Men tend to present higher levels of anxiety, lack of inhibition, sleeping disorders, and loss of appetite; while women present more affective symptoms such as anxiety, euphoria, or apathy, or more psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations, and more aberrant motor behaviours. This influence is only significant for delusions and aberrant motor behaviour. The discussion and conclusions of the study show that gender influences behavioural disorders. This type of research work is very scarce because may be of great interest to develop and improve preventive strategies and non-pharmacological use of these symptoms in residence for the elderly settings.
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Harrington, Richard. "Behavioural Disorders in Children." Medicine 28, no. 5 (2000): 50–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.28.5.50.28573.

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Waltregny, A. "Stereotaxy and behavioural disorders." Acta Neurochirurgica 124, no. 1 (March 1993): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01400711.

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Cella, M., P. D. White, M. Sharpe, and T. Chalder. "Cognitions, behaviours and co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome." Psychological Medicine 43, no. 2 (May 9, 2012): 375–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291712000979.

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BackgroundSpecific cognitions and behaviours are hypothesized to be important in maintaining chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Previous research has shown that a substantial proportion of CFS patients have co-morbid anxiety and/or depression. This study aims to measure the prevalence of specific cognitions and behaviours in patients with CFS and to determine their association with co-morbid anxiety or depression disorders.MethodA total of 640 patients meeting Oxford criteria for CFS were recruited into a treatment trial (i.e. the PACE trial). Measures analysed were: the Cognitive Behavioural Response Questionnaire, the Chalder Fatigue Scale and the Work and Social Adjustment Scale. Anxiety and depression diagnoses were from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Multivariate analysis of variance was used to explore the associations between cognitive-behavioural factors in patients with and without co-morbid anxiety and/or depression.ResultsOf the total sample, 54% had a diagnosis of CFS and no depression or anxiety disorder, 14% had CFS and one anxiety disorder, 14% had CFS and depressive disorder and 18% had CFS and both depression and anxiety disorders. Cognitive and behavioural factors were associated with co-morbid diagnoses; however, some of the mean differences between groups were small. Beliefs about damage and symptom focussing were more frequent in patients with anxiety disorders while embarrassment and behavioural avoidance were more common in patients with depressive disorder.ConclusionsCognitions and behaviours hypothesized to perpetuate CFS differed in patients with concomitant depression and anxiety. Cognitive behavioural treatments should be tailored appropriately.
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Faiad, Y., B. Khoury, S. Daouk, M. Maj, J. Keeley, O. Gureje, and G. Reed. "Frequency of use of the International Classification of Diseases ICD-10 diagnostic categories for mental and behavioural disorders across world regions." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 6 (November 9, 2017): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000683.

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Aims.The study aimed to examine variations in the use of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10) diagnostic categories for mental and behavioural disorders across countries, regions and income levels using data from the online World Psychiatric Association (WPA)-World Health Organization (WHO) Global Survey that examined the attitudes of psychiatrists towards the classification of mental disorders.Methods.A survey was sent to 46 psychiatric societies which are members of WPA. A total of 4887 psychiatrists participated in the survey, which asked about their use of classification, their preferred system and the categories that were used most frequently.Results.The majority (70.1%) of participating psychiatrists (out of 4887 psychiatrists) reported using the ICD-10 the most and using at least one diagnostic category once a week. Nine out of 44 diagnostic categories were considerably variable in terms of frequency of use across countries. These were: emotionally unstable personality disorder, borderline type; dissociative (conversion) disorder; somatoform disorders; obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD); mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol; adjustment disorder; mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids; dementia in Alzheimer's disease; and acute and transient psychotic disorder. The frequency of use for these nine categories was examined across WHO regions and income levels. The most striking differences across WHO regions were found for five out of these nine categories. For dissociative (conversion) disorder, use was highest for the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO) and non-existent for the WHO African Region. For mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol, use was lowest for EMRO. For mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of cannabinoids, use was lowest for the WHO European Region and the WHO Western Pacific Region. For OCD and somatoform disorders, use was lowest for EMRO and the WHO Southeast Asian Region. Differences in the frequency of use across income levels were statistically significant for all categories except for mental and behavioural disorders due to the use of alcohol. The most striking variations were found for acute and transient psychotic disorder, which was reported to be more commonly used among psychiatrists from countries with lower income levels.Conclusions.The differences in frequency of use reported in the current study show that cross-cultural variations in psychiatric practice exist. However, whether these differences are due to the variations in prevalence, treatment-seeking behaviour and other factors, such as psychiatrist and patient characteristics as a result of culture, cannot be determined based on the findings of the study. Further research is needed to examine whether these variations are culturally determined and how that would affect the cross-cultural applicability of ICD-10 diagnostic categories.
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O’Kearney, Richard, Sheri Kim, Rachelle L. Dawson, and Alison L. Calear. "Are claims of non-inferiority of Internet and computer-based cognitive-behavioural therapy compared with in-person cognitive-behavioural therapy for adults with anxiety disorders supported by the evidence from head-to-head randomised controlled trials? A systematic review." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 9 (July 24, 2019): 851–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419864433.

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Objective: This review examines the evidence from head-to-head randomised controlled trials addressing whether the efficacy of cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorders in adults delivered by computer or online (computer- and Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy) is not inferior to in-person cognitive-behavioural therapy for reducing levels of symptoms and producing clinically significant gains at post-treatment and at follow-up. A supplementary aim is to examine the evidence for severity as a moderator of the relative efficacy of computer- and Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy and in-person cognitive-behavioural therapy. Method: PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase and Cochrane database of randomised trials were searched for randomised controlled trials of cognitive-behavioural therapy for these disorders with at least an in-person cognitive-behavioural therapy and Internet or computer cognitive-behavioural therapy arm. Results: A total of 14 randomised controlled trials (9 Internet, 5 computer) of cognitive-behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder, panic disorder and specific phobia and 3 reports of effect moderators were included. One study showed a low risk of bias when assessed against risk of bias criteria for non-inferiority trials. The remaining studies were assessed as high or unclear risk of bias. One study found that Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy was superior and non-inferior at post-treatment and follow-up to group in-person cognitive-behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder. One study of Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder showed non-inferiority to individual in-person cognitive-behavioural therapy for responder status at post-treatment and one of Internet cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder for symptom severity at follow-up. Other comparisons (22 Internet, 13 computer) and for estimates pooled for Internet cognitive-behavioural therapy for social anxiety disorder, Internet cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder and computer-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy studies did not support non-inferiority. Evidence of effect moderation by severity and co-morbidity was mixed. Conclusion: There is limited evidence from randomised controlled trials which supports claims that computer- or Internet-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders is not inferior to in-person delivery. Randomised controlled trials properly designed to test non-inferiority are needed before conclusions about the relative benefits of in-person and Internet- and computer-delivered cognitive-behavioural therapy can be made. Prospero: CRD420180961655-6
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Lazic, Ljubinka. "Domestic violence as a risk factor for the occurrence and development of behavioural disorders in children." Temida 24, no. 2 (2021): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem2102201l.

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Exposure to a traumatic event such as domestic violence has many negative consequences. The subject of this paper is the behaviour disorder of children as a consequence of domestic violence as a risk factor. The paper is based on a case study of the centre for social work. The case of domestic violence, identified consequences and actions undertaken by the center has been analysed. Along with a brief overview of the etiological explanation, the paper gives an overview of the connection between victimization of a child by domestic violence and the manifested behavioural disorder of a chuld. This is done on a concrete example of a family in which violence is present, which is witnessed by the child who shows behavioural disorder. The nalysis indicates violence as a risk factor for juvenile behaviour disorder and delinquency. Therefore, importance of a comprehensive approach within social protection and education systems to children with behavioural disorders is pointed out.
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Fetene, Dagnachew Muluye, Kim S. Betts, and Rosa Alati. "MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and behavioural and psychiatric disorders of children: a systematic review." European Journal of Endocrinology 177, no. 5 (November 2017): R261—R273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0860.

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Background Maternal thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy may lead to persistent neurodevelopmental disorders in the offspring appearing in later life. This study aimed to review the available evidence concerning the relationship between maternal thyroid status during pregnancy and offspring behavioural and psychiatric disorders. Methods Systematic electronic database searches were conducted using PubMed, Embase, PsycNET, Scopus, Google Scholar and Cochrane library. Studies including gestational thyroid dysfunction as the exposure and offspring behavioural and psychiatric disorders as the outcome were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline was followed and, after thorough screening by two independent reviewers, 13 articles remained eligible for inclusion in this study. Results Indicators of maternal thyroid dysfunction, including low and high thyroid hormone level and autoimmune thyroiditis, during early pregnancy, were found to be associated with several offspring behavioural and psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, pervasive developmental problems, externalising behaviour, in addition to epilepsy and seizure. The majority of associations were found with low maternal thyroid hormone level. Conclusion Maternal thyroid function during pregnancy, particularly hypothyroidism, is associated with behavioural and psychiatric disorders in children. Further studies are needed with a capacity to adjust for a fuller range of confounding factors.
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Crawford, Hayley, Gaia Scerif, Lucy Wilde, Andrew Beggs, Joanne Stockton, Pria Sandhu, Lauren Shelley, Chris Oliver, and Joseph McCleery. "Genetic modifiers in rare disorders: the case of fragile X syndrome." European Journal of Human Genetics 29, no. 1 (August 29, 2020): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41431-020-00711-x.

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AbstractMethods employed in genome-wide association studies are not feasible ways to explore genotype–phenotype associations in rare disorders due to limited statistical power. An alternative approach is to examine relationships among specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), selected a priori, and behavioural characteristics. Here, we adopt this strategy to examine relationships between three SNPs (5-HTTLPR, MAOA, COMT) and specific clinically-relevant behaviours that are phenotypic of fragile X syndrome (FXS) but vary in severity and frequency across individuals. Sixty-four males with FXS participated in the current study. Data from standardised informant measures of challenging behaviour (defined as physical aggression, property destruction, stereotyped behaviour, and self-injury), autism symptomatology, attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder characteristics, repetitive behaviour and mood/interest and pleasure were compared between each SNP genotype. No association was observed between behavioural characteristics and either 5-HTTLPR (serotonin) or MAOA (monoamine oxidase) genotypes. However, compared to the COMT (dopamine) AG and GG genotypes, the AA genotype was associated with greater interest and pleasure in the environment, and with reduced risk for property destruction, stereotyped behaviour and compulsive behaviour. The results suggest that common genetic variation in the COMT genotype affecting dopamine levels in the brain may contribute to the variability of challenging and repetitive behaviours and interest and pleasure in this population. This study identifies a role for additional genetic risk in understanding the neural and genetic mechanisms contributing to phenotypic variability in neurodevelopmental disorders, and highlights the merit of investigating SNPs that are selected a priori on a theoretical basis in rare populations.
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Fitzpatrick, Carol, McAuley Catherine, Anne Kehoe, Nina Devlin, Sinead Glackin, Lorna Power, and Suzanne Guerin. "Who attends outpatient adolescent mental health services?" Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, no. 3 (September 2011): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700012076.

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AbstractObjectives: This study set out to profile the diagnoses and level of suicidal behaviour of adolescents aged 12-15 years newly referred to a Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS). Information on the nature and range of disorders and level of functional impairment among adolescents attending outpatient CAMHS is important for service planning and development.Methods: A total of 100 newly referred adolescents were assessed using the KSADS-PL standardised interview. Overall level of functional impairment was measured using The Clinical Global Impressions Scale and The Children's Global Assessment Scale.Results: Results showed that the majority of adolescents had more than one disorder, with almost one quarter having four or more disorders. Behavioural disorders were the most common diagnostic category, followed by anxiety disorders, and affective disorders. Although relatively uncommon, levels of functional impairment were highest in those with psychotic disorders, followed by substance abuse disorders. The most common pattern of comorbid disorders were depressive disorders plus anxiety disorders, followed by anxiety disorders plus behavioural disorders and depressive disorders plus behavioural disorders. One quarter of the young people had engaged in suicidal acts in the six months prior to attendance, while this had been the case in over one half of those with a depressive disorder.Conclusion: This study showed that adolescents attending CAMHS tend to have multiple disorders, high levels of suicidality, and are significantly functionally impaired. These factors need to be taken into account in the development of effective treatments.
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Lense, Miriam D., Eniko Ladányi, Tal-Chen Rabinowitch, Laurel Trainor, and Reyna Gordon. "Rhythm and timing as vulnerabilities in neurodevelopmental disorders." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1835 (August 23, 2021): 20200327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0327.

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Millions of children are impacted by neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), which unfold early in life, have varying genetic etiologies and can involve a variety of specific or generalized impairments in social, cognitive and motor functioning requiring potentially lifelong specialized supports. While specific disorders vary in their domain of primary deficit (e.g. autism spectrum disorder (social), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (attention), developmental coordination disorder (motor) and developmental language disorder (language)), comorbidities between NDDs are common. Intriguingly, many NDDs are associated with difficulties in skills related to rhythm, timing and synchrony though specific profiles of rhythm/timing impairments vary across disorders. Impairments in rhythm/timing may instantiate vulnerabilities for a variety of NDDs and may contribute to both the primary symptoms of each disorder as well as the high levels of comorbidities across disorders. Drawing upon genetic, neural, behavioural and interpersonal constructs across disorders, we consider how disrupted rhythm and timing skills early in life may contribute to atypical developmental cascades that involve overlapping symptoms within the context of a disorder's primary deficits. Consideration of the developmental context, as well as common and unique aspects of the phenotypes of different NDDs, will inform experimental designs to test this hypothesis including via potential mechanistic intervention approaches. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
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Resch, F. "Interventions for childhood behaviour problems." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73779-8.

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Oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are classified as disruptive disorders. However, they show a wide range of associations with other psychopathological features. Disturbances of emotional regulation, impulse control, narcissism, and paranoid cognitive style may shape the behavioural picture. On the basis of the Heidelberg School Study (n = 6085) those 15 yr old students with externalising behaviour disturbances were analysed regarding internalising behaviour problems, deliberate self harm, suicidal behaviour, living situation, and family problems. Developmental trajectories from infant temperament to adolescent behaviour will be outlined and therapeutic measures like parent training, patient focused cognitive behavioural therapy and multisystemic family interventions will be described on the basis of meta-analytic reviews.
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Alghamdi, Huda Othman. "Relationship Between Behavioural Disorders and Social Cognition among Orphans in Saudi Arabia." International Education Studies 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ies.v13n6p85.

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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between behavioural disorders and social cognition among orphans in Saudi Arabia by adopting a phenomenological qualitative approach. To achieve this aim, 50 subjects were selected to participate in this study through a purposive sampling. The participants were subjected to a semi-structured interview session which lasted from 45 minutes to an hour. After data has been gathered, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse data into themes which were categorized into three: Symptoms of Behavioural Disorders, Social Cognitions, and Factors. The results of the study showed that emotional and behavioural disorders that orphans face in Saudi Arabia were manifested by symptoms of disorders such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Social Phobia. Factors that tend to have a significant effect on behavioural problems among orphans consisted of traumatic events, events prior to admittance in the orphanage such as physical abuse, and the overall physical environment of the orphanage, which can be at risk of being conducive for bullying and fighting among orphans. Furthermore, there might be a relationship between behavioural disorders and social cognition among orphans in Saudi Arabia.
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Holland, Anthony J., Lucie C. S. Aman, and Joyce E. Whittington. "Defining Mental and Behavioural Disorders in Genetically Determined Neurodevelopmental Syndromes with Particular Reference to Prader-Willi Syndrome." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121025.

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Genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes are frequently associated with a particular developmental trajectory, and with a cognitive profile and increased propensity to specific mental and behavioural disorders that are particular to, but not necessarily unique to the syndrome. How should these mental and behavioural disorders best be conceptualised given that similar symptoms are included in the definition of different mental disorders as listed in DSM-5 and ICD-10? In addition, a different conceptual framework, that of applied behavioural analysis, has been used to inform interventions for what are termed ‘challenging behaviours’ in contrast to types of interventions for those conditions meeting diagnostic criteria for a ‘mental disorder’. These syndrome-specific developmental profiles and associated co-morbidities must be a direct or indirect consequence of the genetic abnormality associated with that syndrome, but the genetic loci associated with the syndrome may not be involved in the aetiology of similar symptoms in the general population. This being so, should we expect underlying brain mechanisms and treatments for specific psychopathology in one group to be effective in the other? Using Prader-Willi syndrome as an example, we propose that the conceptual thinking that informed the development of the Research Domain Criteria provides a model for taxonomy of psychiatric and behavioural disorders in genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes. This model brings together diagnostic, psychological and developmental approaches with the aim of matching specific behaviours to identifiable neural mechanisms.
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Verhoeven, W. M. A., S. Tuinier, and L. M. G. Curfs. "Psychopathologie en Pathogenese van enkele behavioural phenotypes." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 10, no. 4 (December 1998): 87–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800036437.

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SUMMARYDescription of psychopathological symptoms in mentally retarded subjects is of great heuristic value because of the association with a known genetic disorder as well as the heterogenous and atypical phenomenology. The concept of behavioural phenotypes postulates a specific relationship between gene defect and behaviour, although considerable overlap between syndromes and differences within syndromes concerning behavioural manifestations are frequently observed. Since syndrome specific psychiatric disorders can be established too, the term psychopathological phenotype seems to be appropriate.
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El-Sonbaty, Marwa, Ahmed Fathy, Amal Aljohani, and Abeer Fathy. "Assessment of Behavioural Disorders in Children with Functional Constipation." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 23 (December 13, 2019): 4019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.677.

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BACKGROUND: Functional constipation (FC) is a common health problem in paediatrics that causes significant physical and emotional distress to patients and their families. AIM: In the current work, we assessed the presence of behavioural problems in children with functional constipation and their pattern and relation to various demographic and disease-associated factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted, including 55 consecutive children aged 4-16 years diagnosed with functional constipation and 55 healthy age and sex-matched controls. Psychological assessment was done using the Pediatric Symptom Checklist – 17 (PSC-17). RESULTS: Twenty-six (47.3%) patients with FC had positive total PSC-17 scores while none of the controls had positive scores (p-value < 0.001). Positive internalising and externalising behaviours scores and attention problems were found in 36 (65.5%), 15 (27.3%) and 12 (21.8%) of the patients respectively in contrary to controls where only 6 (10.9%) had positive scores in internalising behaviour, and non-showed externalising behaviour and 4 (7.3%) were inattentive. Older age, longer duration of illness, residency in rural areas and presence of encopresis were found to have a significant association with the presence of such problems. CONCLUSION: Children with FC have more behavioural disorders compared to healthy controls. Integration of psychosocial aspects and their management is recommended during dealing with patients with FC.
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Galbiati, Andrea, Fabrizio Rinaldi, Enrico Giora, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Sara Marelli. "Behavioural and Cognitive-Behavioural Treatments of Parasomnias." Behavioural Neurology 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/786928.

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Parasomnias are unpleasant or undesirable behaviours or experiences that occur predominantly during or within close proximity to sleep. Pharmacological treatments of parasomnias are available, but their efficacy is established only for few disorders. Furthermore, most of these disorders tend spontaneously to remit with development. Nonpharmacological treatments therefore represent valid therapeutic choices. This paper reviews behavioural and cognitive-behavioural managements employed for parasomnias. Referring to the ICSD-3 nosology we consider, respectively, NREM parasomnias, REM parasomnias, and other parasomnias. Although the efficacy of some of these treatments is proved, in other cases their clinical evidence cannot be provided because of the small size of the samples. Due to the rarity of some parasomnias, further multicentric researches are needed in order to offer a more complete account of behavioural and cognitive-behavioural treatments efficacy.
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Grasso, Melissa, Giulia Lazzaro, Francesco Demaria, Deny Menghini, and Stefano Vicari. "The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire as a Valuable Screening Tool for Identifying Core Symptoms and Behavioural and Emotional Problems in Children with Neuropsychiatric Disorders." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 7731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137731.

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The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a worldwide questionnaire used for the early identification of behavioural/emotional symptoms in children and adolescents with neuropsychiatric disorders. Although its prognostic power has been studied, it has not yet been tested whether SDQ: (i) can identify pathognomonic symptoms across a variety of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, (ii) can capture emotional and behavioural problems associated with the main diagnosis, as well as shared transdiagnostic dimensions, and (iii) can detect changes in symptomatology with age. The present study evaluated nearly 1000 children and adolescents overall with Global Developmental Delay (GDD), Intellectual Disability (ID), Language Disorder (LD), Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Mood Disorder (MD), Anxiety Disorder (AD), and Eating Disorders (ED). We found that SDQ: (i) can identify the core symptoms in children with ASD, ADHD, MD, and AD via specific subscales; (ii) can capture the associated emotional and behavioural symptoms in children with LD, GDD, ID, SLD, and ED; and (iii) can detect changes in the symptomatology, especially for GDD, LD, ASD, ADHD, and AD. SDQ is also able to recognise the transdiagnostic dimensions across disorders. Our results underscore the potential of SDQ to specifically differentiate and identify behavioural/emotional profiles associated with clinical diagnosis.
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Beck, Judith S., Francine Broder, and Robert Hindman. "Frontiers in Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Personality Disorders." Behaviour Change 33, no. 2 (April 14, 2016): 80–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2016.3.

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Clinicians generally find individuals with personality disorders to be challenging to treat, especially compared to clients who have only a straightforward depression or anxiety disorder. In this article we will summarise research on the efficacy of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for personality disorders. Then we will focus on the conceptualisation and treatment of CBT for personality disorders that is based on the work of Aaron Beck and colleagues; that is, it is predicated upon the cognitive model of psychopathology. Next, we will describe two other forms of treatment with cognitive behavioural roots: schema therapy and dialectical behaviour therapy. A final section will suggest future directions.
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McHutchison, Caroline A., Danielle Jane Leighton, Andrew McIntosh, Elaine Cleary, Jon Warner, Mary Porteous, Siddharthan Chandran, Suvankar Pal, and Sharon Abrahams. "Relationship between neuropsychiatric disorders and cognitive and behavioural change in MND." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 91, no. 3 (December 23, 2019): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-321737.

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ObjectiveIn this population-based study, we aimed to determine whether neuropsychiatric history, medication or family history of neuropsychiatric disorders predicted cognitive and/or behavioural impairment in motor neuron disease (MND).MethodsPeople with MND (pwMND) on the Scottish Clinical, Audit, Research and Evaluation of MND (CARE-MND) register, diagnosed from January 2015 to January 2018, with cognitive and/or behavioural data measured using the Edinburgh Cognitive and Behavioural ALS Screen were included. Data were extracted on patient neuropsychiatric, medication and family history of neuropsychiatric disorders. We identified patients with cognitive impairment (motor neuron disease with cognitive impairment (MNDci)), behavioural impairment (motor neuron disease with behavioural impairment (MNDbi), both (motor neuron disease with cognitive and behavioural impairment (MNDcbi)) or motor neuron disease–frontotemporal dementia (MND-FTD).ResultsData were available for 305 pwMND (mean age at diagnosis=62.26 years, SD=11.40), of which 60 (19.7%) had a neuropsychiatric disorder. A family history of neuropsychiatric disorders was present in 36/231 (15.58%) of patients. Patient premorbid mood disorders were associated with increased apathy (OR=2.78, 95% CI 1.083 to 7.169). A family history of any neuropsychiatric disorder was associated with poorer visuospatial scores, MNDbi (OR=3.14, 95% CI 1.09 to 8.99) and MND-FTD (OR=5.08, 95% CI 1.26 to 20.40). A family history of mood disorders was associated with poorer overall cognition (exp(b)=0.725, p=0.026), language, verbal fluency and visuospatial scores, and MND-FTD (OR=7.57, 95% CI 1.55 to 46.87). A family history of neurotic disorders was associated with poorer language (exp(b)=0.362, p<0.001), visuospatial scores (exp(b)=0.625, p<0.009) and MND-FTD (OR=13.75, 95% CI 1.71 to 110.86).ConclusionNeuropsychiatric disorders in patients and their families are associated with cognitive and behavioural changes post-MND diagnosis, with many occurring independently of MND-FTD and C9orf72 status. These findings support an overlap between MND, frontotemporal dementia and neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders.
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&NA;. "Risperidone disrupts paediatric behavioural disorders." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1478 (March 2005): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200514780-00043.

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Schmidt, Ulrike. "Behavioural Psychotherapy of Eating Disorders." International Review of Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (January 1989): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/09540268909110415.

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Bredy, Timothy W. "Behavioural epigenetics and psychiatric disorders." Medical Hypotheses 68, no. 2 (January 2007): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.009.

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Johnston, Derek. "Behavioural medicine in cardiovascular disorders." Biological Psychology 27, no. 3 (December 1988): 280–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(88)90038-5.

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Courtenay, Ken, Sarita Soni, Andre Strydom, and Jeremy Turk. "Behavioural phenotypes and mental disorders." Psychiatry 8, no. 10 (October 2009): 391–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2009.06.020.

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Pauls, David L. "Behavioural disorders: lessons in linkage." Nature Genetics 3, no. 1 (January 1993): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0193-4.

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Drummond, L. M. "Behavioural approaches to anxiety disorders." Postgraduate Medical Journal 69, no. 809 (March 1, 1993): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.69.809.222.

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Bunzel, Brigitta. "Behavioural medicine in cardiovascular disorders." International Journal of Cardiology 30, no. 2 (February 1991): 252–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5273(91)90112-3.

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Lewin, Bob. "Behavioural medicine in cardiovascular disorders." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 33, no. 5 (January 1989): 657–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3999(89)90073-1.

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Kremer, Berry. "Behavioural neurology of movement disorders." Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 1, no. 2 (October 1995): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1353-8020(95)90000-4.

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Tazaki, Miyako, and Kenneth Landlaw. "Behavioural mechanisms and cognitive-behavioural interventions of somatoform disorders." International Review of Psychiatry 18, no. 1 (January 2006): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540260500467046.

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Newton, Tim, Pat Hartley, and Peter Sturmey. "Treatment Evaluation for Eating Disorders by Clients with Eating Disorders." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 21, no. 4 (October 1993): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800011693.

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A group of 54 clients with eating disorders who attended a college-based, group counselling service evaluated four treatments for eating disorders. Individual discussion of problems was uniformly rated as more acceptable than two behavioural treatments (systematic desensitization, and goals and relaxation) which were, in turn, rated as more acceptable than drug treatment. Methodological problems with this form of consumer evaluation and the need for further evaluation of behaviour therapy within a wider range of clinical populations are discussed.
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Hall, Laura J. "Effective Behavioural Strategies for the Defining Characteristics of Autism." Behaviour Change 14, no. 3 (September 1997): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0813483900003442.

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The following review paper describes the outcomes of data-based behavioural intervention strategies for the defining characteristics of autistic disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The results of relevant evaluations of behaviour analytic procedures are reviewed for each of the four potential areas of difficulty under each of the main criteria for autistic disorder, which are: (a) impairment in social interaction, (b) impairment in communication, and (c) restrictive, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour, interests, and activities (DSM-IV). The current areas of research activity as well as those domains that have received comparatively little attention by behavioural researchers are identified, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
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Sobanski, Esther, and Martin H. Schmidt. "Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Review of the Current Knowledge." Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review 5, no. 1 (February 2000): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360641799009533.

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Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is an excessive preoccupation with an imagined, or real, slight defect in normal physical appearance. The disorder, which usually begins during adolescence, tends to be chronic, and probably is much more common than is usually thought. This review presents an overview of the available scientific literature of BDD. It provides information about historical aspects, epidemiology, clinical features, aetiology, and instruments for assessing BDD. The relationship of BDD with other psychiatric disorders such as depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, eating disorders and personality disorders is discussed. Aetiological theories, including psychological and neurobiological explanations, are reviewed. Finally, psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment approaches are presented with special regard to treatment with serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, behavioural therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy.
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