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1
Cross, Elaine. "Behavioural phenotypes in the mucopolysaccharide disorders." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.566569.
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This thesis investigated behaviour and behavioural phenotypes in the Mucopolysaccharide (MPS) disorders. The MPS disorders are a group of rare lysosomal storage disorders which are characterised by a period of normal development followed by gradual cognitive and/or physical decline.Paper 1 describes a systematic review of the extant literature on cognitive, motor, social, linguistic and behavioural presentation in all of the MPS disorders. 25 papers were reviewed and the methodology they employed was assessed. Sleep disturbance was found to be part of the behavioural phenotype of MPS III. In MPS I and II fearfulness and sleep problems occurred in most cases. In MPS II participants with the mild form were found to have relatively normal development and few or no behavioural problems, while those with the severe form had behavioural problems, delayed speech, delayed development and limited motor function. High rates of challenging behaviour, most commonly associated with aggression, hyperactivity, orality, unusual affect and temper tantrums were consistently observed in children with MPS III.Paper 2 describes an empirical study investigating the behavioural phenotype of MPS III, Sanfilippo syndrome. Parents of 20 children with MPS III, 5 adults with MPS III and 25 children with Intellectual Disability (ID) completed questionnaires relating to their son/daughter’s behaviour and adaptive skills. The frequency of challenging behaviours displayed by children aged 2-9 years with MPS III and ID were high but not significantly different. Behaviours associated with hyperactivity, orality, body movements and inattention were seen significantly more frequently in 2-9 year olds with MPS III than ID. The frequency of challenging behaviours displayed by children with MPS III and their adaptive skills was found to decrease with age. Children age 10-15 years with MPS III displayed significantly fewer problem behaviours than children of the same age with ID. It is recommended that parents with a child with MPS III aged 2-9 years are offered clinical services to support them with managing challenging behaviour while those with a child of 10 years or over are offered support with managing health concerns and end of life care.The third Paper, provides an evaluation of the strengths and limitations of the literature review and the empirical study. The findings and clinical implications from both studies are discussed. The process of conducting research into rare, life limiting, genetic syndromes is reflected upon and recommendations for replication and further research are made.
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Lindberg, Nina. "Sleep in mental and behavioural disorders." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/kliin/vk/lindberg2/.
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Burokas, Aurelijus 1982. "New behavioural models to investigate eating disorders." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126535.
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The rapid increase of obesity has encouraged the study of the aetiology of eating disorders. Besides genetic, social and metabolic factors, obesity is caused by over-eating and has high rate of relapse to abnormal food-taking habits, which is mainly provoked by food-associated cues. High-palatable food intake shares similarities with the consumption of addictive drugs since it engages brain reward systems and produces comparable behavioural adaptations. However, the mechanism of the transition from normal food consumption to pathological over-eating remains obscure. Animal models are crucial to study the underlying mechanisms and are also excellent tools to facilitate the research of new pharmacological targets and to evaluate the benefit/risk ratio of potential novel treatments. We have focussed our research in the study of novel potential targets for eating disorders using new animal models developed in our laboratory. Firstly, we investigated the effects of the chronic blockade of the endocannabinoid system as anti-obesity treatment in a novel model of diet-induced obese rats and the role of the endocannabinoid system on cognitive processes and metabolism in mice using new behavioural devices. Secondly, we validated new sophisticated behavioural models of relapse and frustration in mice to investigate these key elements in the development of overeating.L’augment de l’obesitat promou l’estudi de l’etiologia dels trastorns alimentaris. A més dels factors genètics, socials i metabòlics, l’obesitat es deu a la ingesta excessiva i hi ha una elevada recaiguda a hàbits alimentaris anormals per factors ambientals associats al menjar. El consum de menjar d’alta pal•latabilitat s’assembla al de substàncies addictives donat que implica els sistemes cerebrals de recompensa produint adaptacions comportamentals comparables. Tanmateix, el mecanisme de transició d’un consum normal de menjar a un consum patològic excessiu es coneix poc. Els models animals són molt importants per conèixer els mecanismes d’aquests processos patològics i eines excel•lents per trobar noves dianes farmacològiques, així com per avaluar el risc/benefici de possibles nous tractaments. Hem centrat el nostre treball en l’estudi de noves dianes per als trastorns alimentaris emprant nous models animals posats a punt en el nostre laboratori. Primer, hem estudiat els efectes del bloqueig crònic del sistema endocannabinoide com un tractament anti-obesitat en un nou model d’obesitat induïda en rates i la implicació del sistema endocannabinoide en els processos cognitius i metabòlics en ratolins emprant nous sistemes comportamentals. Segon, hem validat nous models de recaiguda i frustració en ratolins per estudiar aquests elements claus en el desenvolupament de l’obesitat.
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Allen, Karina. "The development and maintenance of cognitive and behavioural eating disorder symptoms." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2010.0011.
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[Truncated abstract] Eating disorders affect a significant proportion of adolescent and young adult women and a smaller proportion of children, men, and older individuals. They are associated with a range of physical, psychological, and social consequences that can have a profound and lasting impact on affected individuals. Eating disorder symptoms (e.g., marked weight and shape concern, strict dieting, binge eating, purging) are also associated with physiological and psychosocial morbidity, and are reported by up to half of adolescent girls and one-third of adolescent boys. If eating disorders are to be effectively prevented or treated, it is imperative that risk and maintaining factors for the conditions are identified. ... This thesis aimed to identify the variables and models that may best account for the development and maintenance of eating disorder symptoms, through two broad studies and six sub-studies. Study 1 focused on identifying predictors of cognitive (i.e., elevated weight and shape concern) and behavioural (i.e., binge eating) eating disorder symptoms in pre- to early-adolescent children followed over time. Prospective tests of the dual-pathway (Stice, 2001) and cognitive-behavioural (Fairburn, 2002; Fairburn, Cooper, & Shafran, 2003) models of eating pathology were also conducted, and a distinction was made between weight and shape concern and weight and shape over-evaluation. Low selfesteem, perceived media pressure to be thin, weight and shape over-evaluation, and maternal concern about child weight prospectively predicted increases in child weight and shape concern over time (Studies 1b and 1c), and weight and shape concern was the most robust predictor of increases in dietary restraint (Studies 1b and 1d). Dietary restraint and affect-related eating prospectively predicted binge eating onset (Studies 1a and 1d), and the dual-pathway and cognitive-behavioural models were both able to account for the development of binge eating over a two year period (Study 1d). Evidence was also provided for the relative superiority of the most recent, enhanced cognitivebehavioural model (Fairburn et al., 2003) over other available theoretical accounts. Study 2 focused more specifically on the role of mood intolerance in predicting and maintaining eating pathology in adults. In Study 2a, a new measure of mood intolerance was developed, revised, and evaluated. In Study 2b, the role of mood intolerance in cross-sectionally predicting binge eating and purging was examined within the framework of the enhanced cognitive-behavioural model. The importance of mood intolerance in accounting for eating disorder symptoms was confirmed, and additional support for the cognitive-behavioural model was provided. Collectively, the six empirical studies have provided new data regarding the relative importance of different variables in the development and maintenance of different eating disorder symptoms. They also provide initial insight into the relative validity of alternate theoretical models in this area. The results suggest that the most recent, enhanced cognitive-behavioural model may provide the best account of how eating disorder symptoms develop and are maintained, providing that the mood intolerance component of the model is specified.
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Wiggs, Luci. "Sleep problems and daytime behaviour in children with severe learning disabilities." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320113.
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Linardon, Jake. "The cognitive-behavioural theory and treatment for eating disorders and disordered eating: A direct evaluation." Thesis, Australian Catholic University, 2017. https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/download/01759182954e012eb696b66f1c5db409074ad956e0c96f8efd8ade7ec4826add/6897367/Linardon_2017_The_cognitive_behavioural_theory_and_treatment__for.pdf.
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In a series of four studies, the aim of the current research project was to evaluate the cognitive-behavioral theory and treatment (CBT) of eating disorders. The first study (Chapter 5) was a meta-analysis (Linardon, Wade, De la Piedad Garcia, & Brennan, in press) of randomized controlled trials (RCT) testing the efficacy of CBT for eating disorders. Pooling data from 79 RCTs, results showed that therapist-led and guided self-help CBT were efficacious for individuals with bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge eating disorder (BED). There was no evidence to suggest that CBT was more efficacious than other psychological interventions in anorexia nervosa (AN).
Having found evidence supporting the efficacy of CBT for certain eating disorder presentations, the second study (Chapter 6), which was a systematic review, focused on identifying the reliable factors that mediate, moderate, or predict outcome during CBT (Linardon, de la Piedad Garcia, & Brennan, 2016b). This review found that mediators and moderators of change have been largely unexplored, and that no reliable predictors of outcome emerged. Therefore, based on existing evidence, it was concluded that it remains unclear how, for whom, and under what conditions, CBT for eating disorders works.
To understand the mechanisms through which CBT for eating disorders may work, a cross-sectional evaluation of the cognitive-behavioral model in a large non-clinical sample was employed for the third study (Chapter 8; under review). This study validated the conceptual pathways hypothesized by the cognitive model; it also identified two additional variables that might be important mechanisms of change during CBT, body checking and dichotomous thinking. The inclusion of body checking and dichotomous thinking within the cognitive-behavioral model explained nearly three times the amount of variance in disordered eating symptoms than the model without these variables. The third study offered the necessary statistical support for the cognitive-behavioral model and its hypotheses.
The final study (Chapter 10) utilized a single case experimental design (n=8) to test the hypothesized cognitive-behavioral mechanisms of change during a CBT guided self-help program. The potential mechanisms of change examined were shape and weight concerns, dietary restraint, and adherence to regular eating strategies. Preliminary evidence showed that an adherence to regular eating in the second week of CBT was associated with a concurrent decrease in dietary restraint and binge eating. From this study, there was no evidence that other potential mechanisms were operating to reduce binge eating behavior.
Based on these four independent research studies, this thesis gathered converging evidence in support for the underling cognitive-behavioral model of eating disorders. Further, these findings suggest that CBT for eating disorders is likely to contain several theory-specific mechanisms that are responsible for this treatments effectiveness. More broadly, the current thesis offers support for the contention that CBT for eating disorders “works” because of the reason outlined by its underlying model and because of its specific therapeutic mechanisms.
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Tobiassen, Linn Graham. "Eating Disorders in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder : Prevalence and Effect on Treatment Outcome." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Psykologisk institutt, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-25188.
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The aim of the present study was to examine the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Additional aims were to assess whether having comorbid eating disorders could influence the treatment outcome for OCD, and if symptoms of eating disorders were reduced after treatment for OCD. The sample consisted of 93 patients with a primary diagnosis of OCD. The patients underwent assessment with the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, and Eating Disorder Inventory both prior to and after treatment. First, the analysis showed that the sample of OCD patients had higher prevalence of eating disorders than a population of physically active students. Moreover, the women in the sample had significantly more symptoms of eating disorders than the men. Correlational analysis showed that eating disorders did not affect the treatment outcome for OCD; the patients generally had a significant improvement of OCD symptoms. On the other hand, symptoms of eating disorders were not significantly reduced after treatment. Summarized, this study concludes that there is a high prevalence of eating disorder symptoms among patients with OCD. It further shows that comorbid eating disorders does not hinder the effect of treatment for OCD. However, as the symptoms of eating disorders persist after such treatment, an implication of the present study is that these symptoms may need closer attention.
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Kam, Chi-ming. "A study on teacher's attributions and helping behaviours for students with behavioural problems." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29788948.
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Mehta, Ziyah Minoo. "A dissection of visuospatial disorders : behavioural evidence and theoretical implications." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.346451.
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Bergman, Nordgren Lise. "Individually tailored internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Psykologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100969.
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Fear is an innate emotion and an adaptive response to provide protection from potential harm. When fear is excessive and out of proportion in relation to the confronted situation, it can lead to the development of an anxiety disorder. Many individuals feel anxious at some point, but not all experience clinical anxiety or meet the diagnostic criteria of an anxiety disorder. Still, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent form of psychiatric disorder in the general population. More often than not people suffering from one anxiety disorder also present other psychiatric conditions. As of today, cognitive and behavioural treatments have been tested and found to positively affect anxiety disorders, making them the treatment of choice. Nevertheless, many patients do not seek or receive adequate treatment. One common critique of the research trials from which the recommendations for treatments stem is the use of a single protocol targeting only one diagnosis. This is because many people suffer from comorbidities. Another problem connected to the recommendation that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) should be the treatment of choice for anxiety disorders is the lack of therapists with adequate training. One possible way of dealing both with the shortcoming of therapists and making CBT more accessible is the use of the Internet. Internet-based CBT (ICBT) has been tested in numerous trials during the last 15 years, showing positive outcomes for a large variety of disorders. Many ICBT trials also make use of a single protocol. Another way of dealing with comorbidities might be to tailor the treatment to let characteristics and preferences of the patient guide the design of the protocol. Little is known about possible effects of tailoring the ICBT, the effects of therapeutic relationships in ICBT, and the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these treatments. This thesis is based on three studies on two separate randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using the same set of modules accessible for the tailored protocol. Study I was an RCT investigating treatment effects up to two-year after completion, showing favourable outcomes of the treatment in a self-recruited sample at all measure points. Study II was a secondary analysis exploring possible relations between working alliance and treatment outcome for participants in the treatment group recruited for Study I indicating that working alliance predict outcome in this tailored treatment. The second RCT was an effectiveness trial (Study III) analysing treatment effects and cost-effectiveness of the treatment up to one year post treatment in a primary-care population. This study showed positive treatment effects both regarding symptom reduction and cost-effectiveness, and that effects were sustained at one year post treatment. Conclusions drawn from these studies are that individually tailored ICBT seems to be a feasible approach for patients with anxiety disorders regardless of comorbidities, and a responsible choice in terms of societal costs.Rädsla är en medfödd känsla och en adaptiv respons för att skydda organismen från potentiell skada. När rädslan blir överdriven och oproportionerlig i relation till den konfronterade situationen, kan det leda till utvecklandet av ångestsyndrom. Många personer upplever någon gång ångest, men inte alla upplever klinisk ångest eller uppfyller de diagnostiska kriterierna för något ångestsyndrom. Trots detta är ångest det vanligaste psykiatriska tillståndet i befolkningen i stort och oftast uppfyller personer som lider av ett ångestsyndrom även andra psykiatriska tillstånd. Till dags dato har både kognitiva och beteendeinriktade behandlingar testats och visat sig verksamma vid ångestproblem, vilket gjort dem till de behandlingar som rekommenderas för dessa tillstånd. Trots god effekt av behandling söker många patienter ändå inte hjälp, alternativt erhåller inte adekvat behandling. En vanlig kritik mot den forskning från vilka behandlingsrekommendationerna för ångestsyndrom stammar är att många använt en manual eller ett protokoll som riktar sig mot bara en diagnos. Detta på grund av den stora komorbiditeten. Ett annat problem kopplat till rekommendationerna att kognitiv beteendeterapi (KBT) ska vara förstahandsval vid behandling av ångest är bristen på behandlare med adekvat utbildning. Ett möjligt sätt att göra KBT mer tillgängligt är att använda Internet. Internet- förmedlad KBT (IKBT) har prövats i ett stort antal studier de senaste 15 åren dessa har visat positiva resultat vid ett stort antal psykiatriska tillstånd. Flertalet av dessa studier har dock använt ett enda behandlingsprotokoll. En annan möjlighet att hantera komorbiditet kan vara att skräddarsy behandlingen för att låta patientens egenskaper och preferenser vara med och styra utformningen av behandlingsprotokollet. Möjliga effekter av att skräddarsy IKBT är relativt lite undersökt, likaså effekterna av terapeutiska relationer i IKBT samt klinisk effektivitet och kostnadseffektiviteten för dessa behandlingar. Denna avhandling bygger på tre studier från två randomiserade kontrollerade studier med samma uppsättning av moduler tillgängliga för att skräddarsy behandlingsprotokollen. I Studie I undersöktes behandlingseffekter upp till två år efter avslutad behandling i en självrekryterad grupp patienter. Studie II var en sekundäranalys av behandlingsgruppen från Studie I där eventuella samband mellan arbetsallians och behandlingsresultat undersöktes. Den andra randomiserade kontrollerade studien var en prövning av huruvida denna behandling var effektiv för en klinisk population (Studie III) rekryterad via primärvården. Förutom behandlingseffekter undersöktes även kostnadseffektiviteten upp till ett år efter behandlingsavslut. De slutsatser som dras utifrån dessa studier är att skräddarsydd IKBT verkar vara en framkomlig väg för patienter med ångest oavsett komorbiditet, att arbetsalliansen kan vara en faktor som påverkar utfallet, samt att det är ett ansvarsfullt val vad gäller samhälleliga kostnader.
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Clark, Gavin. "A transdiagnostic approach to cognitive-behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510417.
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Ali, Nabeel Jawad. "The epidemiology and consequences of sleep and breathing disorders in young children." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264889.
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Howarth-Hockey, Gemeah. "Residential behavioural intervention for rural mothers of children with disruptive behaviour disorders : a clinical replication series /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16252.pdf.
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Baird, Alison Louise. "Novel behavioural and molecular determinants and indicators of attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder in adults." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42973.
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Attention deficit-/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a psychiatric condition that can affect both children and adults. It is characterised by behavioural and attention difficulties. Sleep deficits are a prominent characteristic of the disorder and some of the core symptoms of ADHD are known characteristics of sleep deprivation. The circadian clock is integral to determining the rhythm of the sleep/wake cycle. Furthermore the two main forms of pharmacological treatment for ADHD, namely the psychostimulant methylphenidate, and the non-stimulant atomoxetine, along with the targets of these drugs noradrenaline and dopamine, appear to both interact and be under the regulation of the circadian clock. This thesis aimed firstly to develop a non-invasive technique for the real time RT- PCR quantification of circadian clock gene expression in the human oral mucosa. Secondly to address how circadian clock functioning may be disturbed in adult ADHD via measurement of a number of molecular, endocrine and behavioural markers, for which real-time RT-PCR, ELISA and actigraphy techniques were employed. Thirdly to examine the effects of ADHD medication upon circadian clock protein expression in the rodent brain using immunohistochemistry methods. Here it is demonstrated that disturbances in the rhythmic secretion of endocrine factors that are key outputs and regulators of the master circadian pacemaker, the circadian clock gene expression of a peripheral oscillator and the actigraphic measures of circadian organization of gross behaviour are associated with adult ADHD. Furthermore, both atomoxetine and methylphenidate are shown to effect circadian clock protein expression. Collectively this data suggests a key role for the circadian clock not only in the pathophysiology of adult ADHD but also indicates a role for pharmacological treatments in the modulation of the circadian clock.
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Glogauer, Maline Eleanor. "Cognitive and behavioural function in children of mothers with immunological disorders." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq20737.pdf.
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Lanctôt, Krista Lee Marie. "Strategies for optimizing the treatment of behavioural disorders associated with dementia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0004/NQ41454.pdf.
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Alahmed, Ahmed Saad. "Assessing abused children in Saudi Arabia for behavioural and emotional disorders." Thesis, Ulster University, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.694225.
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Child abuse is a worldwide phenomenon, known to have a psychological and social impact on communities and individuals. This thesis reports a study conducted to assess abused children in Saudi Arabia for behavioural and emotional disorders, as there is a lack of psychological research into this problem in this context. A mixed method approach was used for the research. In the quantitative section of the study, children and their care givers were asked to complete the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, Child Behavior Checklist and the Family Environment Scale. For the qualitative component, the abused children and their parents or guardians were interviewed to discover the problems they experienced associated with the abuse. A thematic analysis was then undertaken based on the notes taken during the interviews. The study sample participants were interviewed in Riyadh, and comprised two groups; 67 abused children and 19 caregivers (parents or guardians), and the second 57 non-abused children and 39 parents. The results from the quantitative data obtained from the abused children and their care givers were compared with the results of the quantitative data obtained from non-abused children and their caregivers. Both sets of data were compared with published norms for the tests. Examining the quantitative data, behavioural and emotional disorders were found to be common among the abused children. However, the differences between abused and non-abused children were not statistically significant on Spence Children's Anxiety Scale, except for younger girls. The differences in total scores for the Child Behavior Checklist between abused and non-abused children were statistically significant for all children, except younger boys. The majority of the families of the abused children were conflict-oriented families. Because the measures used were developed with Western populations, it possible that some of the effects found reflect cultural differences in child rearing practices and expectations of parents about child behaviour. However, there was also evidence of the devastating effects of child abuse and this was confirmed by the findings in the qualitative section of the study. In the interviews, the children showed emotional and behavioural problems including fear, tension, anxiety, and depression. In addition, they reported experiencing some behavioural and physical problems, such as shaking, rapid heartbeat and sweating. The most common themes that emerged in relation to the children were fear, thoughts of death, being forced to do things, lack of trust, low self-esteem, alcohol and drugs, and psychological problems. Further analyses, which categorised abused children according to whether they had suffered physical abuse or not, or according to whether they had suffered sexual abuse or not, failed to show any clear effect of type of abuse on ensuing psychological problems. Rather, this group of abused Saudi children seemed to have a common set of problems. The results of both quantitative and qualitative methods in this study clearly illustrated that abused children are subject to high levels of behavioural and emotional disorders. The results of the study justify further research on this population, and should be used to improve psychological services for abused children in Saudi Arabia.
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Hagen, Roger. "Group and individual based cognitive behavioural therapy for severe psychiatric disorders : The challenge of complex and comorbid disorders." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-2259.
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Epidemiological studies suggest that psychiatric comorbidity is widespread and common, and most psychiatric patients could be expected to show comorbid patterns of psychopathology. Since comorbid disorders are regarded as harder to treat and also plays a crucial role for the outcome of psychological treatment, there is of importance to investigate how cognitive behaviour therapy, may be adapted to treat complex and comorbid psychiatric conditions. The aim of this thesis has been to explore the effectiveness of group and individual based cognitive behaviour therapy in treating complex and comorbid psychiatric disorders.
Results suggest that cognitive behaviour therapy seems to make a clinical impact that improves symptoms and functioning of patients in the presence of multiple comorbid conditions, and different patterns of psychiatric comorbidity with high level of severity could be treated effectively using cognitive behaviour therapy both in individual therapy and in a group setting.
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Kerr, Sharyn. "Early behavioural markers in autism spectrum disorders : implications for theories of autism." University of Western Australia. School of Psychology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0057.
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[Truncated abstract] There are few existing screening instruments designed to identify Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) at an early age, such as the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) and the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT). Unfortunately, many are limited in their ability to identify children at risk in the first two years of life while displaying an acceptable level of reliability. Given this limitation, the present study aimed to identify any additional early markers of ASD from either the retrospective analysis of early autistic symptomatology (parental report and video analysis of footage made before the diagnosis) or performance-based measures linked to different theoretical accounts of ASD. Specifically, measures addressing theory of mind, executive dysfunction and weak central coherence were developed. In the first study, parents of three groups of children those of typical development (n = 19, mean CA = 26 months), children with an ASD (n = 39, mean CA = 34 months) and children with developmental delay (n = 14, mean CA = 28 months) were interviewed about their child's early development. In the first study, parents of three groups of children those of typical development (n = 19, mean CA = 26 months), children with an ASD (n = 39, mean CA = 34 months) and children with developmental delay (n = 14, mean CA = 28 months) were interviewed about their child's early development. Several behaviours discriminated children with ASD from children with typical development and children with delayed development. ... A discriminant function analysis using the two factor scores indicated that Factor 1 discriminated the ADI-R groups, while Factor 2 scores did not add to the ability of Factor 1 scores to discriminate the ADI-R groups. Furthermore, while the finding that joint attention behaviours differentiated children with ASD from children with typical development and children with delayed development, more research is needed to determine if this impairment is a precursor of a theory of mind deficit or if this impairment and later appearing impairments in theory of mind are the result of a more global impairment in social-emotional approach behaviours. Additional research is also needed to determine the relationship between the early appearing deficits in joint attention and the impairments in social relating behaviours that appear to develop later in the chronology of ASD development and how both of these relate to the theory of mind hypothesis of ASD.
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Clark, Selina. "The intellectual and behavioural implications for children born with severe respiratory disorders /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsc595.pdf.
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McKay, Lawrie S. "Biological motion processing in autism spectrum disorders : a behavioural and fMRI investigation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1784/.
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There has been much controversy as to whether people with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) have a specific impairment in processing biological motion, with some studies suggesting there is an impairment (Blake, et. al. 2003; Klin et. al. 2003, Klin & Jones, 2008, Klin et. al. 2009) and others finding that people with ASDs show intact abilities to detect biological motion and categorise actions, but are impaired in emotion categorisation (Moore et. al. 1997; Hubert et. al. 2007, Parron et. al. 2008). Recent studies have found that although behavioural measures of biological motion processing show no differences, adults with ASDs show different patterns of brain activation to controls in response to intact point-light displays (PLDs), with the STS, MT+ and ITG regions showing reduced activity in this population (Herrington et. al. 2007; Parron et. al. 2009). The current thesis aimed to clarify the nature of these difficulties and to try to elucidate the brain regions used to process configural information from PLDs using novel techniques and stimuli. The first set of experiments were designed to behaviourally test people with ASDs ability to detect biological motion in noise, to categorise actions and to categorise affect from PLDs. Despite finding differences in the two groups in detection of biological motion and affect categorisation in pilot experiments, there were no significant differences between the groups in the main experiments. However, the ASD group showed slightly poorer performance at detecting biological motion and significantly more variability in the action categorisation tasks, suggesting that there may have been an underlying difference between the two groups. Furthermore, an analysis of the pattern of errors tentatively suggested that the ASD group may be using different strategies to categorise affect than controls, particularly for negative affects. We then devised a novel technique for manipulating the amount of configural information available in a PLD without the need to add different degrees of background noise and used this technique to assess the contribution of configural cues in a direction discrimination task behaviourally and neurally. The results confirmed that in typically developed individuals configural cues significantly improved the participants’ ability to correctly determine the direction of locomotion of a point light walker. Furthermore, the fMRI task found that regions of the inferotemporal, parietal and frontal regions were sensitive to the amount of configural information present in the displays that corresponded to increases in individual participants’ behavioural performance. Lastly, we used the same technique, though with a more powerful fMRI design, to assess the behavioural and neural differences between people with ASDs and controls in response to displays containing different degrees of configural information. We found that both groups were comparable in their ability to discriminate the direction of locomotion from PLDs. However, the brain regions used to process this information were found to be substantially different. In displays in which the configural information enabled participants to accurately judge the direction of locomotion, the control group utilised a similar group of regions as found in the previous experiment. The ASD group showed a pattern of activation suggesting that they predominantly used regions in the temporal and occipital cortex, and more specifically a region in the fusiform gyrus. The results of Granger Causality Mapping analysis, which allows for the mapping of directional to and from seeded regions, confirmed that whereas the control group utilised a network of regions starting from the ITG and connecting to parietal and occipital regions, the ASD group seemed to utilise two separate networks, processing form information in the fusiform gyrus and motion information separately in middle-temporal regions. The results are discussed in terms of a potential dysfunction of the ITG region in early childhood and two different models of biological motion processing that have been proposed in the recent literature. In TD individuals the model of Giese & Poggio (2003) may be more applicable, in that it proposes the integration of static form cues with motion signals in areas such as the STS. However, a dysfunctional ITG or dysfunctional connections from the ITG to more dorsal regions would disrupt the integration of form and motion processing and force the brain to place additional processing demands on form processing regions in the fusiform gyrus. This would be more in line with the model proposed by Lange and Lappe (2006) in which information can be derived from biological motion in noise without recourse to the actual motion information, through a process of temporal analysis of static postures. Both systems though, may be intact in TD individuals and may share processing requirements depending on the task. Furthermore, it is hypothesised that a dysfunctional ITG may force the brain to place additional demands on regions in the fusiform gyrus and this neural rewiring may be the cause of the developmental delay seen in processing biological motion in people with ASDs (Annaz et. al. 2009). Future studies should examine the roles of the ITG and fusiform area in more detail, both in TD people and in people with ASDs, and determine the specific nature of these neural differences and there behavioural implications for both groups.
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Sugden, Karen. "The molecular genetics of the serotonin system in psychiatric and behavioural disorders." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.421883.
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McNamara, Gráinne. "In utero adversity and later life behavioural disorders : the role of Cdkn1c." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/69702/.
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Genes that are imprinted are subject to a developmentally determined epigenetic marking, which restricts expression to a single allele, dependant on the parent of origin. Selection of imprinted genes for monoallelic expression indicates their function is highly dosage sensitive. Altered dosage of imprinted genes has been linked to a number of neurological conditions, including psychosis. Cdkn1c is an example of an imprinted gene whose expression is sensitive to the in utero environment. Considerable development of the nervous system takes place in utero and suboptimal pregnancies have been linked to the occurrence of psychiatric and other behavioural disorders in adults. One mechanism through which the maternal environment may impact foetal development is by altering the epigenetic regulation of vulnerable genes. A prenatal low protein or high fat diet resulted in alterations in a subset of imprinted gene in the brains of the offspring at E18.5. This was accompanied by sexually dimorphic changes in the dopaminergic system. Previously published findings reporting sensitivity of Cdkn1c to a prenatal low protein diet were replicated with a 1.8 fold increase in neural Cdkn1c expression observed. This was shown to be due to a change in the parental contribution to expression levels of this gene. Modelling the specific alteration of an increase in Cdkn1c genetically (Cdkn1cBACx1 line) revealed anhedonia, but with an increased motivational drive, towards a palatable solution, with corresponding changes in the reward system responsivity and chemistry in the adult brain. Additionally presence of a Cdkn1cBACx1 animal in a group destabilised the social hierarchy, negatively effecting fitness of all group members. An adverse inutero environment increases Cdkn1c levels to those reminiscent of the genetic ‘loss of imprinting’ model. Such alteration in expression of Cdkn1c has significant consequences for adult neurochemistry, reward processing and the social environment and fitness of the group. This work suggests a potentially crucial role, of at least Cdkn1c, and perhaps imprinted genes more generally, in mediating the negative consequences of an adverse in utero environment.
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Crouch, Barry. "Cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia : novel models and behavioural methods for preclinical research." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=229384.
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Wayland, Leigh Ann Louise. "Conjoint behavioural consultation with children who are socially withdrawn." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0001/MQ37244.pdf.
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Worhunsky, Patrick Daniel. "An investigation of neural and behavioural substrates of pathological gambling as an addictive disorder." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bbbb3726-91bf-4617-ae7d-53db2fbcb245.
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Pathological gambling is a maladaptive behaviour associated with diminished self-control over persistent compulsive gambling behaviour despite negative consequences. A significant revision to the clinical perspective of pathological gambling is underway, and the disorder will likely be recognized as a behavioural addiction in the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. However, the neurobiological, cognitive and behavioural processes that drive a ‘behavioural addiction’ are unclear. A series of five studies were conducted to investigate cognitive mechanisms associated with neural and behavioural substrates of addictive processes in disordered gambling. Studies 1 through 3 investigated neurobiological correlates of addiction in individuals with pathological gambling as compared to individuals with cocaine dependence, and as compared to non-addicted healthy controls. Study 1 investigated brain activity associated with anticipatory and consummatory reward processing during slot-machine gambling. Study 2 investigated executive control processes by examining functional brain networks associated with loss-chasing behaviour. Study 3 employed voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore alterations in grey-matter volumes in individuals with addictive disorders. Studies 4 and 5 investigated the behavioural substrates of addiction in regular gamblers utilizing emerging and novel research techniques. Study 4 examined continuous hand motion trajectories to explore approach biases and implicit processing. Study 5 employed an adaptive testing methodology to explore the influence of gaming machine preferences on cognitive processes and gambling behaviour. Research identified neurobiological and behavioural substrates of gambling-related beliefs and biases that indicate significant contributions of cognitive mechanisms to the development and persistence of a behavioural addiction. Results suggest addictive disorders may share some common features of anticipatory reward processing and brain structure (Studies 1 and 3), while neural signals associated losing outcomes and decision-making during gambling may be specific to disordered gambling (Studies 1 and 2). Furthermore, cognitive distortions in regular gamblers may influence reinforcement and executive control processes (Study 4), and individual preferences for gaming speed may influence cognitions and behaviour during machine gambling. As additional psychological disorders are being considered for classification as behavioural addictions, and clinicians will be faced with the challenges of treating individuals with these non-substance-related addictive disorders, a better understanding of behavioural addictions, through the study of disordered gambling, will be essential under the new diagnostic framework.
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Steyaert, Jean. "The behavioural phenotype in two dynamic mutation disorders: fragile X syndrome and myotonic dystrophy." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2002. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7219.
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Geležinienė, Renata. "The Development of Evidence-Based Teacher’s Activity,Teaching Students with Emotional and Behavioural Disorders." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20090909_104835-20868.
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The dissertation substantiates the efficacy of evidence-based teacher’s activity, teaching students with emotional and behavioural disorders in the general education school. The efficacy of evidence-based teacher’s activity is analysed according to two criteria: teacher’s learning-in-action and positive behaviour supports of the student with emotional and behavioural disorders.
The qualitative study describes the teachers’ activities and experiences, defines the types of teachers’ activities and of developed interactions with the students with emotional and behavioural disorders. In order to go further into the developed interactions of the student with emotional and behavioural disorders, into the reality of the educational process and change it by encouraging evidence-based teachers’ activities and positive behaviour supports of the student with emotional and behavioural disorders, participatory action research was carried out. The reflection of the researcher’s role discloses the researcher’s versatile involvement and influence on the research process, permanently observing and actualising the researcher’s personal interaction with the participants, personal reactions, relating theoretical concepts, practical activities and reflections.
The dissertation provides detailed definitions of the concepts of students with emotional and behavioural disorders, and of the structure and principles of evidence-based teacher’s activity; action took place in the reality of the... [to full text]Disertacijoje pagrindžiamas įrodymais grįstos mokytojo veiklos veiksmingumas, ugdant emocijų ir elgesio sutrikimų turinčius mokinius bendrojo lavinimo mokykloje. Įrodymais grįstos mokytojo veiklos veiksmingumas analizuojamas dviem kriterijais: mokytojo mokymasis veikiant bei emocijų ir elgesio sutrikimų turinčio mokinio pozityvaus elgesio palaikymas. Atlikus kokybinį tyrimą, apibūdinamos mokytojų veiklos ir patirtys, apibrėžiami mokytojų vykdomų veiklų, konstruojamų sąveikų su emocijų ir elgesio sutrikimų turinčiu mokiniu tipai. Vykdyti veiklos tyrimai dalyvaujant, siekiant giliau pažinti emocijų ir elgesio sutrikimų turinčio mokinio ugdymo proceso realybę bei ją keisti, skatinant įrodymais grįstas mokytojų veiklas bei emocijų ir elgesio sutrikimų turinčio mokinio pozityvaus elgesio palaikymą. Atlikta tyrėjos vaidmens refleksija atskleidžia visapusišką tyrėjos įsitraukimą ir įtaką tyrimo procesui, nuolat stebint ir aktualizuojant asmeninę tyrėjos sąveiką su dalyviais, asmenines reakcijas, susiejant teorinius konceptus, praktines veiklas ir refleksijas. Disertacijoje detaliai apibrėžiami emocijų ir elgesio sutrikimų turinčių mokinių ugdymo konceptai, įrodymais grįstos mokytojo veiklos struktūra ir principai, pristatomos ugdymo proceso realybėje vykdytos veiklos. Remiantis atlikto disertacinio tyrimo rezultatais, pateikiamos empiriškai pagrįstos praktinės rekomendacijos mokiniams, tėvams, mokytojams ir specialistams bei mokslininkams.
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Crawford, Megan R. "Behavioural adherence in the treatments of disorders of sleep and wakefulness : a biopsychosocial approach." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2013. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/4191/.
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Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and insomnia are the two most prevalent sleep disorders. Their respective treatments Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), are effective, but at the same time challenging. It is this challenge that may translate to poor adherence, which ultimately leads to a reduction in treatment effectiveness. The evaluation of these treatments should not fall short of understanding effectiveness by only considering efficacy; the effort to establish what influences adherence makes up a large part of that goal. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to the literature by adopting a biopsychosocial approach (BPS). That is, the consideration of biomedical, psychological and social factors and how they interact to influence behaviour. The implications for both CPAP and CBT-I adherence literature were tested in the context of four experimental studies. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 CPAP users, with 5 individuals completing the three required interviews prior to, at 1 week and 3 months after treatment initiation. The core themes emerging from a thematic analysis were ‘internal conflict around acceptance and adherence’, ‘integration of CPAP into life’ and ‘motivators and resources for CPAP use’. The interviews with 11 individuals having completed a CBT-I program revealed three important issues: ‘Making sense of CBT-I’, ‘Ongoing evaluation of components’ and ‘Obstacles to implementation’. Both studies reveal potential psychological and social factors contributing to adherence to CPAP and CBT-I, which need to be considered in a BPS framework. A patient-level meta-analysis of three randomised placebo-control studies showed that the relationship between CPAP adherence and improvements in daytime sleepiness was caused by both physiological (high use of real CPAP reduced sleepiness more than high use of placebo and more than low use of real CPAP) and psychological effects (high use of placebo was superior to low use of placebo), possibly as a result of an expectation of benefit. The results support the importance of considering both biomedical and psychosocial factors and their interactive effects on adherence. The translation of the BPS approach to clinical practice will be facilitated by the development of brief, reliable and valid measures to assess psychological iii and social variables in addition to the existing biomedical tools. The Stage of Change Scale for Insomnia (SOCSI) assessing components of the transtheoretical model (stage of change, self-efficacy, decisional balance and processes of change), was constructed and cognitively pre-tested in 13 individuals completing CBT-I. The reliability and validity of this comprehensible scale was subsequently examined in the context of a sleep restriction trial. Insomnia-related symptoms at post-treatment and follow-up, which were significantly different from baseline in the 27 individuals with insomnia, were associated with actigraphdetermined adherence to the agreed bed window. The SOCSI was deemed a valid tool with participants in the self-identified action/maintenance stage revealing significantly better adherence, higher motivation and self-efficacy than those in the contemplation and preparation stage. Test-retest reliability of the SOCSI was excellent and the content analysis of open-box responses revealed information for further validation of decisional balance and processes of change scales. This thesis provides novel information about the variables that influence adherence to CPAP and CBT-I. It distinguishes itself from previous efforts by acknowledging the need for the adoption of a BPS framework. This approach is necessary to successfully advancing not only the CPAP and CBT-I adherence literature individually, but potentially the adherence field in general.
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Grinberg, Daisy I. "Perceptions of depressed and nondepressed children with behavioural difficulties." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36942.
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Researchers have found that children with behaviour disorders inflate their self-perceptions (e.g., Hughes, Cavell, & Grossman, 1997). This study investigated the self-perceptions of depressed and nondepressed children with behavioural difficulties relative to significant others' perceptions (i.e., parents, teachers, and behaviour aides) with reference to Cole's (1990; 1991a, 1991b) interpersonal feedback theory. Cole's theory argues that what children believe about themselves results from their perception and internalization of others' judgments. This study involved a quantitative phase and a qualitative phase of data collection conducted one year apart. The quantitative phase consisted of evaluating the congruence in children's (mean age = 10.9 years) and others' (parents, teachers, and behaviour aides) perceptions in depressed and nondepressed children with behavioural difficulties. Perceptions were of the children's general behavioural conduct, problem behaviour, mood, and the raters' general satisfaction with the children. The following measures were used: the Children's Depression Inventory (Kovacs, 1992), a modified Self Perception Profile for Children (Harter, 1985), and the Child Behaviour Interview (Grinberg, 1997). Parallel forms were used with the parents, teachers, and behaviour aides. In addition, the Direct Observation Form-Revised Edition (Achenbach, 1986) was used to assess actual behaviour. Results suggest that children with behavioural difficulties inflate their competencies. Further, the other raters' perceptions did not differ for the depressed and nondepressed groups. The depressed children rated their competence in behavioural conduct to be significantly lower than the nondepressed children with behavioural difficulties. Also, differences across raters' perceptions were found for the nondepressed group but not the depressed group. Five children from the original sample and their behaviour aides were interviewed for the qualitative study. Qu
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Ferguson, Shirley, and n/a. "An examination of a school based, multimodal program for middle primary boys with difficult behaviours." University of Canberra. Professional & Community Education, 1997. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060710.101053.
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This study examined the efficacy of a multimodal intervention with conduct
disordered boys in the middle primary years. The intervention consisted of a behavioural
classroom program; a small group, social skills program; and a behavioural parenting
program Resource implications of this model were also evaluated.
A review of the current literature on conduct disorders showed that these children
account for less than 5% of the population, but they have a strong impact on families,
teachers, peers, schools and the wider community. About 50% of children with severe, early
behavioural problems will continue with these problems, not only throughout their adult
lives, but into the next generation. Early intervention appears to offer our best hope of
altering this trajectory.
Interventions with this population have been largely unsuccessful. At the present
time the most promising intervention is behavioural parent training programs. Combining
these with child focused social skills programs, and behavioural programs in the school
setting, increases their efficacy.
This study used a single subject experimental design to examine the effects of this
program on four boys with behavioural difficulties. Continuous measures were taken with
parent, and teacher daily record charts, and classroom observations. Pre, post and followup
measures were taken with the Child Behaviour Checklist. The results of the study were
mixed. Some subjects, according to some respondents, improved in home and school
behaviours. All three subjects, for whom there was followup data, had improved.
The classroom, and parenting programs appeared to be associated with positive
changes in child behaviour, the small group was associated with more disruptive behaviour
at school.
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Mashalaba, Eugenia Dudu. "The evaluation of a multi-modal cognitive-behavioural approach to treating an adolescent with conduct disorder." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/180/1/mashalaba-ma.pdf.
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Conduct Disorder (CD) is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behaviour in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. It is one of the most common problems in South African schools, particularly in those that are poverty-stricken. The child who participated in the study lived in the shelter that was for homeless and disadvantaged children. He attended at Amasango School where the majority of children in the shelter attended. There were many conduct-disordered children in the shelter and the school, particularly in the school. They disrupted classes making in difficult for teachers to carry out their education activities. The aim of this study was to draw on the standard procedures of the CBT in order to design interventions that would be effective in reducing aggressive behaviour in an adolescent who had CD Adolescent-Type and who lived at the shelter. This case study evaluated the effectiveness of a multi-modal CBT programme in a 16 year-old Black male who had been displaying aggressive behaviour for about a year. The treatment consisted of 23 sessions and included teacher counseling, contingency management, self-control and self-instructional training. The treatment was evaluated qualitatively by means of interviews with the child and teacher and quantitatively by means of repeated applications of behaviour checklists completed by the teacher. The results showed a decrease in the client's aggressive behaviour and an increase in prosocial behaviour. The client ultimately ceased from all aggressive behaviour towards his peers and this outcome was sustained during his last two months in therapy.
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Grauer, Irith. "Factors affecting teachers' burnout in a residential school for adolescents with emotional and behavioural disorders." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321984.
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Grist, Rebecca Mary. "Actualising therapy 2.0 : enhancing engagement with computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for common mental health disorders." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51609/.
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Computerised cognitive behavioural therapy (CCBT) is a clinically effective method of delivering CBT which may help address the under – treatment of common mental health disorders (CMHDs) in the population. However, concerns regarding acceptability, attrition rates and the therapeutic alliance are obstacles to widespread population dissemination. This thesis aimed to address these implementation issues by applying concepts from human – computer interaction (HCI) and attachment theory to the field of CCBT. Chapter 1 presents a meta – analysis investigating the effectiveness of CCBT for CMHDs and moderators of this effect. Chapter 2 presents a systematic review and analysis conducted to examine predictors of CCBT engagement. A process – based model of engagement with CCBT developed from the findings of this review is also presented. Adult attachment is known to influence engagement and alliance in face to face therapies, but research has not explored whether these relationships are mirrored in CCBT. Four empirical studies intended to address this question. Study 1 used a student population based survey to explore the acceptability of CCBT in a student population and the associations with adult attachment. Results demonstrated adult attachment was not associated with acceptability of CCBT. Study 2a utilised an open trial of a supported CCBT program to investigate whether adult attachment would predict engagement and alliance in vivo. Results showed attachment did not predict these outcomes. Study 2b utilised an open trial with a non – supported online CCBT program. Results indicated attachment security was positively associated with program engagement and alliance. It is proposed a combination of attachment system activation and perceiving computers as social actors account for these findings. Study 3 used a randomised, experimental paradigm to test the benefits of security priming in CCBT. Security priming produced higher levels of program engagement and better working alliance compared to neutral primes. Furthermore these effects were not moderated by dispositional attachment styles. These results demonstrate something so uniquely human, dispositional attachment orientations, founded on the intimate bonds we form in infancy and in adulthood , extend their influence into the experience of unguided CCBT, a solely human – computer interaction. Unguided – CCBT, a highly cost effective intervention with the potential for considerable public health impact, may benefit from incorporating security priming techniques in program designs to maximise engagement and alliance. Engagement and alliance is attainable in CCBT and paying attention to the attachment styles of program users may present a distinctive opportunity to overcome these implementation barriers.
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Gallagher, Jen. "Exploring autism spectrum disorders : parental experiences of diagnosis and the behavioural heterogeneity within the spectrum." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4648/.
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This thesis contains a systematic literature review, and an exploratory research study. Studies exploring how parents had experienced the process of seeking an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis for their child were reviewed (N=28). These indicated that many parents have dissatisfying experiences due to delays, disrespectful interactions with professionals, and a paucity of information. There are issues surrounding clear clinical pathways and communication between services which cause delays in diagnosis and accessing subsequent services. The research study explored the heterogeneity of behavioural presentations in ASD. Participants were 42 children aged 5 to 17 (25 with ASD and 17 typically developing). Participants contributed demographic, behavioural, cognitive, and neurological data which were explored through cluster and descriptive statistical analyses. The three emergent clusters were strongly influenced by cognitive ability, but also demonstrated a continuum of behavioural presentations and physical and developmental health, with one cluster representing a typically developing group, one representing high-functioning ASD, and one representing low functioning ASD. In contrast to previous research, there were no associations with alpha frontal power recorded with EEG. The social subtypes of ASD identified by Wing and Gould (1979) were strongly correlated with cognitive ability and severity of symptoms. Overall this research indicates the need to continue improving the diagnosis of ASD. The heterogeneity in symptoms of ASD could be one reason why the diagnostic process is long and complex, and should be explored further. Future research should consider cognitive and behavioural
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Thomson, Lisa, and University of Lethbridge Faculty of Arts and Science. "Sickness-induced cognitive dysfunction : molecular, physiological, and behavioural correlates." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Arts and Science, 2004, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/623.
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Fung, Shuk-man Amy. "A study of the memory functioning in the infarct patients: the relationship between test performance, subjectivecomplaints and behavioural indices." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1987. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29650045.
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Williams, Kimberley Clare. "Differences in visual attention processing: An event-related potential comparative analysis within psychotic disorders." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6706.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScINTRODUCTION: Sustained attention is known to be dysfunctional in psychotic disorders. Sustained attention is the ability to remain focused on a specific time-locked stimulus within a task. We aimed to determine whether there are specific group differences between CON and three psychotic disorders: SCZ, MPD and BPD, then to determine differences between these psychotic disorders. This included differences in behavioural performance and prominent electrophysiological event-related potential (ERP) wave components during cueing and target processing of a visual sustained attention task. Further we aimed to characterize ERP waveform component relationships across and within these groups for demographics, substance use, behavioural performance, and clinical variables, the last limited to the psychotic groups. Lastly, we investigated the effects of prescribed medications on ERP wave components within the psychotic groups. METHODOLOGY: 103 participants (29 schizophrenia (SCZ), 28 bipolar disorder with a history of psychosis (BPD), 21 methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder (MPD), and 30 controls (CON)) underwent electroencephalography (EEG) record while completing a visual continuous performance task. Participants were presented with 60 trials with three consecutive S’s, the presentation of the third S required a behavioural response. Prominent ERP waveform components were extracted from cues and target stimulus. Group differences were determined by ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction or multivariate Kruskal-Wallis test dependent on data distribution. Relationships between ERP wave components were determined appropriate with Spearman’s Rank order correlation analyses. RESULTS: (1) MPD reported higher use of substances compared to CON, SCZ and BPD. SCZ behavioural performance was poorer compared to CON which was shown by their longer response times, reduced accuracy and increased errors of omission. Clinically, MPD was found to have a shorter duration of illness compared to SCZ. Then SCZ was found to have more positive symptoms compared to BPD whereas BPD had more negative symptoms compared to SCZ. For the first cue, wave component differences were found only over the left hemisphere, for P100 amplitude over the frontal cortex, P300 amplitude over the central cortex, and N170 amplitude over the parietal cortex. For the presentation of the second cue, differences noted for all groups were localised to the frontal and central brain regions, for P100 and N170 ERP waveforms. For the target stimulus wave component differences were found over the prefrontal, frontal and parietal brain regions, within CON, SCZ, BPD and MPD. (2) For the first cue, education positively correlated with the N170 left parietal amplitude in CON and P300 right parietal amplitude in MPD. During the second cue, the left parietal N170 latency in SCZ correlated positively with education and the left central P300 latency correlated negatively with education in MPD. The age on the day of testing correlated positively with the target left frontal P300 latency in MPD. For the first cue, substance use positively correlated with the left and right parietal P300 latency and negatively for the right parietal P100 amplitude in SCZ. In MPD, a negative correlation was noted across left and right prefrontal N170 and P300 amplitudes, and positive correlation for the left prefrontal P300 latency in MPD. For the target stimulus, correlations were evident for the left and right parietal N70, N170 amplitudes, P300 latency, the right parietal P100 amplitude and left central P300 latency in SCZ. For the first cue, in SCZ PANSS total score correlated positively with left and right central P300 amplitudes and the left parietal P300 amplitude. For the second cue; in MPD, the PANSS negative symptom score, positively correlated with the P100 and N170 left parietal amplitude, left and right parietal P150 amplitude, left central and right parietal P300 amplitude. For the target, the Hamilton depression rating scale correlated positively with the left and right frontal P300 amplitude in MPD and then negatively with the right parietal P300 amplitude in SCZ. Behavioural performance in CON, positively correlated with the left parietal N70, P100, P150 and N170 amplitude the number of correct responses, and left central N170 amplitude. While the number of impulsive responses correlated negatively with the left parietal N70, P100, P150 and N170 and the left central N170 amplitude of CON. For the second cue, behavioural performance was related to the fronto-parietal relationship across all groups. For the target stimulus, impulsive responses positively correlated with the left parietal N70 latency in SCZ. Overall response time negatively correlated with the right parietal P300 latency for SCZ. (3) Medication was found to affect ERP wave components during the sustained visual attention task. For the first cue FGA’s increased the left central P100 amplitude in both SCZ and BPD and decreased the left parietal P100 amplitude in SCZ only. The use of antipsychotics increased the right parietal N70 and left central P100 amplitudes in BPD, specifically the right prefrontal N170 amplitude was increased with the use of SGA’s. Then clozapine use increased the left frontal P100 amplitude in SCZ. For the second cue, SGA’s decreased the right parietal P150 amplitude in SCZ but in MPD the right parietal P150 amplitude was increased with haloperidol use, and FGA. SGA’s increased the left parietal P300 latency in BPD and sodium valproate decreased the left prefrontal P300 latency. For the target stimulus, SGA’s decreased the right parietal P100, P150 and left parietal P150 amplitudes and increased the left central P300 latency in BPD. CONCLUSION: (1) sustained attentional performance is poorer in SCZ. Our study adds to previous studies showing attention processing deficits in SCZ, are evident during cueing of a sustained attention tasks; (2) substance use was found to slow cognitive processing, education improved executive function and information processing, and symptom severity was associated with dysfunction of prefrontal and frontal cortices; (3) antipsychotic medication was related to improved processing of salient information. These data support the current literature and provide novel insights to the attentional processing deficits during cueing in the psychotic disorders.
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Chung, Ng Lai-kuen Hannah. "Training chinese parents as agents of behavioural change for their children: an exploration evaluation study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1985. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29648154.
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Black, Carol. "A comparison of emotional and behavioural problems in preschool children from differing socioeconomic backgrounds /." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PM/09pmb6266.pdf.
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Bring, Annika. "A Behavioural Medicine Perspective on Acute Whiplash Associated Disorders : Daily Coping, Prognostic Factors and Tailored Treatment." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Sjukgymnastik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-179993.
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The overall aim of this thesis was to study the daily process of coping, potential prognostic factors for recovery and evaluating an individually tailored behavioural medicine intervention in the acute stage of Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). The studies comprised three samples of patients with acute Whiplash Associated Disorders (WAD). All patients were included within the first month after the whiplash occurrence and were recruited from hospital emergency wards in six Swedish communities. Study I and II included 51 participants generating 260 daily coping diaries (WAD-DCA) during seven days in the acute stage of WAD. In Study I daily stressors and primary appraisal were analysed and in Study II patterns between stressors, appraisals, coping strategy profiles, daily activity level and well-being were described. The results showed a large variety of situations that the individuals perceive as stressful, not only pain itself. High self-efficacy was associated with high degree of physical/mental well-being. Threatening stressors and catastrophic thoughts were associated with low degree of physical and mental well-being. In Study III potential prognostic factors for good as well as poor recovery were studied more closely in a mildly affected sample (MIAS) (n=98) from within the first month after the accident up to one year later. Pain-related disability at baseline emerged as the only indicator of prognosis after 12 months in MIAS. Study IV (n=55) was a randomised control study, were current clinical recommendations of standard self-care instructions (SC) for the management of acute WAD was compared to an individually tailored behavioural medicine intervention delivered via Internet or face-to-face. The results showed that SC was not as effective as the behavioural medicine intervention. By early identification of situation-specific factors and potential behavioural (physical, cognitive and affective) determinants of activity performance, it seems possible to tailor a self-management intervention that decreases pain-related disability, fear of movement and catastrophising and increases self-efficacy. The use of innovative methods such as the Internet of distributing treatment interventions showed to be a good alternative to more traditional forms. The results of this thesis uncover new insights in understanding the individual’s specific perspective as applied in a behavioural medicine approach in acute WAD.
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Bodden, Denise Hubertina Michiel. "Individual versus family cognitive behavioural therapy in children with anxiety disorders a clinical and economic evaluation /." Maastricht : Maastricht : Universitaire Pers Maastricht ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2007. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=7486.
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Alexander, Laith. "Primate ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the physiological and behavioural dysfunction characteristic of mood and anxiety disorders." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2019. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/288429.
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The heterogeneity intrinsic to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is evidenced in both its anatomy and implicated function: vmPFC subregions have roles in positive affect, negative affect and autonomic/endocrine regulation. Whether different subregions serve fundamentally different functions, or whether they perform similar computations on different inputs, remains unclear. Nevertheless, the role of the vmPFC in psychopathology is widely appreciated - in mood and anxiety disorders, over-activity within constituent regions of the vmPFC is consistently implicated in symptomatology, together with its normalisation following successful treatment. However, the precise locus of change varies between studies. The work presented in this thesis investigates the causal contributions of over-activity within two key subregions of the vmPFC - the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC, area 25) and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC, area 32) - in discrete dimensions of behaviour and physiology affected in psychiatric disorders. Specifically, the impact of over-activity is assessed on (i) baseline physiological function; (ii) the regulation of anticipatory, motivational and consummatory aspects of reward-related behaviour; and (iii) negative affect including fear learning, stress recovery and the intolerance of uncertainty. To provide further insight into the mechanism of action of antidepressants, the efficacy of selected treatments is tested on changes induced by over-activity of these regions. Beyond the direct relevance of the results presented here to psychiatric disorders and their treatment, the thesis aims to emphasise the importance of broader themes associated with the measurement and quantification of emotion in preclinical animal studies. First, a multi-faceted approach is utilised enabling quantification of both the autonomic and behavioural aspects of emotion. In so doing, the experiments maintain relevance to studies which assess these correlates in isolation, both in humans (which typically measure subjective responses and physiology) and in rodents (which frequently assess behaviour in isolation). The assessment of more than one dimension of emotion confers these studies with improved power to detect maladaptive changes. Second, the experiments described were conducted in the marmoset, a new-world primate. The extensive anatomical homology between marmoset and human prefrontal cortex facilitates the forward-translation of functional results. In combination with the appropriate assays, this renders marmosets as an invaluable species to study the causal contributions of vmPFC subregions to symptoms of psychiatric disorders. I believe that the results of these experiments provide important insights into the causal role primate vmPFC has in relation to the behavioural and physiological aspects of psychiatric symptomatology. Most importantly, I hope that they serve as the foundation for future work to further elucidate the neuropathological processes underlying mental disorders.
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Patel, Trishna. "The development of a scale to measure cognitive behavioural processes across a range of psychological disorders." Thesis, University of East London, 2010. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/3690/.
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The influence of psychiatric diagnoses extends beyond psychiatry. In psychology, Beck's (1967) work paved the way for a disorder-focused conceptualisation of psychological distress and diagnosis-led therapies. Consequently, Cognitive Behaviour Therapy research has focused on studying the role of cognitive and behavioural processes in the development and/or maintenance of symptoms, in specific psychological disorders. Recently, theorists have highlighted the commonalities in these processes across multiple disorders i.e. transdiagnostic approach (Harvey et a/., 2004). This is an emerging theory, in the early stages of empirical evaluation. To identify transdiagnostic processes of interest, a measure called the Cognitive and Behavioural Processes Questionnaire (CBP-Q) was developed. The CBP-Q was administered to a mixed clinical group (n=80) and a control group: student (n=172) and community (n=57), to undertake preliminary analysis of its psychometric properties and explore group differences. A principal component analysis resulted in a 13-item version of the CBP-Q, consisting of one theoretical construct. The measure demonstrated good internal consistency, test-retest stability and satisfactory convergent and divergent validity. Correlations with symptom-based measures showed increased engagement in the processes to be associated with higher levels of symptomatology. The clinical group had a significantly higher mean CBP-Q score than the control groups. The diagnostic category was found to have no effect on CBP-Q scores, however, due to small sample sizes this finding should be interpreted with caution. The findings of the study are preliminary and require replication, however, they suggest the CBP-Q has good psychometric properties. Correlations and group comparisons support a transdiagnostic model. The CBP-Q has the potential of being a useful clinical tool in helping to identify the focus of therapy (i.e. clients individual needs of care), over the traditional diagnosis-led approach. With continued empirical evaluation, the transdiagnostic field holds promising change for clients, clinicians and services.
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Metaxas, Melinda. "Teachers' emotional intelligence as a predisposition for discrimiation against students with severe emotional and behavioural disorders." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2018. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/165597.
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Students with Emotional Behavioural Disorders (EBD) are among the most challenging students to teach. Personality Trait Theory predicts teachers’ level of Emotional Intelligence (EI) would affect their cognitive-affective-behavioural reactions towards students with EBDs, and influence level of academic achievement and difficult behaviour of these students. This research explores which teachers are more predisposed to discriminate against EBD students, and identifies the most ‘effective’, supportive EI teacher traits. Underlying psychological processes, such as genetic EI make-up of teachers, may prove to be most valuable in determining whether more practical strategies for dealing with students’ behaviour/emotions are effectively applied and successful. An Attribution Model framework helped assess teacher reactions towards students. Two hundred and sixty one teachers from 51 Victorian schools participated in the study by completing self-report questionnaires, including the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. A quantitative survey methodology used vignettes, with each school contact person randomly giving 50/50 surveys to their teachers (depicting a student with either mild or severe EBD symptoms). Pathway analysis revealed that teachers with higher EI reported less stigmatising and punitive intentions and likely greater helping behaviours. A new EI Process Model of Stigmatisation was proposed to measure teacher reactions through an affective-cognitive-behavioural sequence, rather than a cognitive-affective-behavioural sequence. Teachers’ EI levels also related to their own levels of psychological distress and/or compassion stress, which influenced likely helping or punitive outcomes. Despite behavioural severity of EBD students, teachers higher in EI still indicate more supportive helping behaviours. Specifically-identified ‘ideal’ teacher EI traits should lead to greater helping and be psychologically beneficial to both students and teachers. These results assisted development of an assessment tool (ASET – Assessment Screen for Emotionally Intelligent Teachers), which lays a sound foundation for schools and others to profile or recruit teachers with best ‘qualities’ to effectively teach students EBD students.Doctor of Philosophy
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com, clintandkarolyn@bigpond, and Karolyn Thompson. "The impact of a cognitive-behavioural program on test anxiety symptoms in high school students." Murdoch University, 2003. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20071219.104843.
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The current research project has addressed the issue of the stress and anxiety experienced by Australian senior high school students as they prepare to undertake their final year examinations. Two studies were conducted. The first study looked at the feelings experienced by senior high school students, resources available to them to assist with exam preparation, resources actually accessed, and the strategies used to cope with examinations and associated feelings. Focus group interviews were conducted with 14 Year 11 and 13 Year 12 students from a public senior high school in Perth, Western Australia. Results indicated that students tend to most frequently report using avoidance strategies to cope with preparing and undertaking examinations, supporting previous research findings (e.g., Zeidner, 1996).
The second study examined the effectiveness of a group based, cognitive behavioural program purposely designed to teach students strategies for coping specifically with test anxiety and also generalized anxiety symptoms. The program involved seven one-hour weekly sessions implemented with 31 Year 12 students who were undertaking their final year examinations. The program covered education about the nature and causes of stress and anxiety, relaxation training, cognitive restructuring, imaginal exposure and study skills training.
The pre- and post-intervention scores on the TAI and RCMAS were analyzed using 2 (group) x 2 (gender) x 3 (symptom severity level) full factorial repeated measures ANOVAS. At pre-intervention, there were no significant differences between the treatment (N=31) and control (N=6), except for RCMAS Worry and Over Sensitivity, whereby the treatment group had a higher mean score, consistent with the greater ratio of female to male participants in the treatment group compared to the control group. At post intervention, the treatment group had reduced scores from preintervention levels for TAI Worry and Emotionality, RCMAS Total Anxiety, Physiological, Worry and Over Sensitivity and the Social Issues and Concentration subscales. In contrast, the post-intervention scores for the control group for these measures had increased from pre-intervention levels. However, there was no significant main effect for Group. Anecdotal program evaluation results from the treatment group students revealed that relaxation training was considered the most helpful aspect of the program. In contrast, at-home practice activities were considered the least helpful. A majority of participating students also reported that they believed the program would help them to manage stress and anxiety associated with examinations and other life stressors.
Despite the lack of significant differences between the treatment and control groups in the current study, the pattern of results obtained generally followed that of previous research on the treatment of symptoms for test anxiety (e.g., Wessel & Mersch, 1994) and generalized anxiety (e.g., Kendall, 1994) employing a CBT approach. While the results of the current study may have been limited by the relatively small sample sizes of the treatment and control groups, the short- and longterm benefits of providing training in appropriate coping strategies for test anxiety, such as those involved in cognitive behavioural intervention, are further highlighted.
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Priddis, Lynn E. "The effects of participation in a socio-psychoeducational resource centre programme on the school behaviour of primary school boys with behavioural and emotional problems." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1992. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1134.
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This study examined the relationship between child and family factors, treatment approaches, and behavioural outcomes in a socio-psychoeducational resource centre for children with behavioural and emotional problems. Twenty four boys aged between five and twelve years on entrance to the centre were rated on “A Children's Behaviour Questionnaire for Completion by Teachers - Child Scale B” (Rutter, 1967). Data was also collected on the following variables: reading achievement, intelligence, problem severity, problem type, family disturbance, family involvement, and child living situation. On the basis of the type of problem the boys presented with they were selected for an additional therapy programme. Baseline data was collected from the referring school, on entrance to the programme, at six, monthly intervals whilst enrolled in the centre, on exit from the programme, and at follow-up three to four years after exit from the programme. Descriptive statistics or the child and family variables at entrance, exit, and follow-up are reported. Data on the main outcome variable was analysed using repeated measures ANOVA and multiple regression analyses. Results show that the S.P.E.R. Centre had behavioural improvement similar to other published studies. The older, more intelligent boys, and those selected for regular individual therapy sessions, tended to fare best.
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McKeon, David Ivo. "Emotional and behavioural difficulties in mainstream schools in Ireland : understandings, attitudes and responses." Thesis, University of Northampton, 2013. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/8875/.
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Teotónio, João Ricardo Ferreira. "Distúrbios comportamentais relacionados com o medo em cães." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/10565.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaOs distúrbios comportamentais relacionados com o medo são comuns, induzem sofrimento nos animais e prejudicam os laços afectivos com os seus donos. O presente estudo procurou, por um lado, avaliar o envolvimento de variáveis intrínsecas e extrínsecas no desenvolvimento destes problemas, através de uma análise estatística comparativa do tipo multivariada; por outro descrever alguns factores na população de estudo que se demonstrem interessantes para a sua compreensão. Os resultados realçam a relevância do aconselhamento de qualidade na matéria por parte dos profissionais mais comummente solicitados (médicos veterinários e treinadores); confirmam que estes distúrbios podem ser diagnosticados nos primeiros meses de vida do animal (p<0.001); sugerem que coabitar com outros cães está positivamente correlacionado com o diagnóstico destes distúrbios (p<0.05). Por outro lado, o estudo comparativo evidencia as claras divergências na inferência de conclusões baseadas em métodos de análise estatística univariada e multivariada, alertando para a necessidade de adopção de abordagens rigorosas e adequadas na análise de relações biológicas. Estudos futuros deveriam dar mais ênfase aos aspectos genéticos do comportamento de medo, de forma a compreender a relevância destes no desenvolvimento de distúrbios relacionados.
ABSTRACT - FEAR-RELATED BEHAVIOURAL DISORDERS IN DOGS - Fear-related behavioural disorders are common in dogs and they not only induce suffering in the animals but they also damage the affective bond with their owners. The first part of the study aimed to assess the relevance of intrinsic and extrinsic variables in the development of such problems, using a comparative multivariate type statistical analysis. The second part sought to describe some factors in the studied population that could help in further understanding it. The results highlight the importance of giving quality advice to owners of these animals by both the veterinarians and professional trainers. It is concluded that fear-related disorders can be diagnosed as early as during the puppies’ first months (p<0.001) and a positive correlation was found between living with other dogs and being diagnosed with such disorders (p<0.05). The comparative study shows how disagreeing the conclusions can be when extracted from a univariate analysis procedure, compared to a multivariate one. This should serve as an alert for the need of adopting rigorous and adequate approaches when analysing biological relationships. Future studies should focus on the genetic characteristics of fear behaviour, thus allowing us to understand their relevance in the development of related disorders.
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Dakin, Jean. "Prediction of students at risk of developing emotional and behavioural problems during early adolescence : a longitudinal study /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17675.pdf.
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