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1
Schenk, Françoise. "Behavioural brain research in natural and semi-natural settings." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 5 (May 1995): 184–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)89048-5.
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Chakraborty, Mukta, and Erich D. Jarvis. "Brain evolution by brain pathway duplication." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1684 (December 19, 2015): 20150056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0056.
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Understanding the mechanisms of evolution of brain pathways for complex behaviours is still in its infancy. Making further advances requires a deeper understanding of brain homologies, novelties and analogies. It also requires an understanding of how adaptive genetic modifications lead to restructuring of the brain. Recent advances in genomic and molecular biology techniques applied to brain research have provided exciting insights into how complex behaviours are shaped by selection of novel brain pathways and functions of the nervous system. Here, we review and further develop some insights to a new hypothesis on one mechanism that may contribute to nervous system evolution, in particular by brain pathway duplication. Like gene duplication, we propose that whole brain pathways can duplicate and the duplicated pathway diverge to take on new functions. We suggest that one mechanism of brain pathway duplication could be through gene duplication, although other mechanisms are possible. We focus on brain pathways for vocal learning and spoken language in song-learning birds and humans as example systems. This view presents a new framework for future research in our understanding of brain evolution and novel behavioural traits.
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Tommasi, Luca. "Mechanisms and functions of brain and behavioural asymmetries." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1519 (December 4, 2008): 855–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0293.
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For almost a century the field of brain and behavioural asymmetries has been dominated by studies on humans, resting on the evidence that the anatomical structures underlying language functions are asymmetrical, and that human handedness is lateralized at the population level. Today, there is not only evidence of population-level lateralization of brain and behaviour across a variety of vertebrate and invertebrate species, but also a growing consensus that the comparative analysis of the environmental and developmental factors that give origin to neural and behavioural laterality in animal models, together with theoretical analyses of their costs and benefits, will be crucial for understanding the evolutionary pathways that led to such a multifaceted phenomenon. The present theme issue provides a survey of theoretical, review and research work cutting across the biological and the cognitive sciences, focusing on various species of fishes, birds and primates (including humans) and emphasizing an integrative approach to the study of lateralization encompassing neural, behavioural, cognitive, developmental and environmental aspects.
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T. Woods, Damith, Cathy Catroppa, Celia Godfrey, Rebecca Giallo, Jan Matthews, and Vicki A. Anderson. "Challenging behaviours following paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI): the clinical utility for a manualised behavioural intervention programme." Social Care and Neurodisability 5, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scn-03-2013-0006.
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Purpose – Children with acquired brain injury (ABI) are at significant risk of serious behavioural and social difficulties. The burgeoning growth of research documenting behavioural sequelae after paediatric ABI has not been met with a concomitant level of research aimed at treating the problem. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether a manualised behavioural intervention support programme could reduce challenging behaviours in children with ABI and improve family-parental well-being and functioning. Design/methodology/approach – A total of 61 parents (48 mothers and 13 fathers) of 48 children aged between three and 12 years with mild, moderate, or severe ABI received an ABI adapted “Signposts for Building Better Behaviour” programme (Hudson et al., 2001) in group-support (GS) or telephone-support (TS) format. Trained “Signposts” practitioners delivered the programme over a five-month period. The programme consisted of nine information booklets, a DVD, and workbook. All families completed pre-intervention and post-intervention evaluations. Findings – On an average parents completed 7.92 out of a possible nine intervention sessions (range 7-9). Parents in both TS and GS formats reported significant reductions in challenging child behaviours irrespective of injury severity. They also reported significant reductions in dysfunctional parenting practices, stress and family burden. Originality/value – Overall, the current research provides support for Signposts to be used with families of children with ABI in an attempt to ameliorate negative outcomes for family, parent, and child.
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Abashkin, Dmitrii A., Artemii O. Kurishev, Dmitry S. Karpov, and Vera E. Golimbet. "Cellular Models in Schizophrenia Research." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 7, 2021): 8518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168518.
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Schizophrenia (SZ) is a prevalent functional psychosis characterized by clinical behavioural symptoms and underlying abnormalities in brain function. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of schizophrenia have revealed many loci that do not directly identify processes disturbed in the disease. For this reason, the development of cellular models containing SZ-associated variations has become a focus in the post-GWAS research era. The application of revolutionary clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing tools, along with recently developed technologies for cultivating brain organoids in vitro, have opened new perspectives for the construction of these models. In general, cellular models are intended to unravel particular biological phenomena. They can provide the missing link between schizophrenia-related phenotypic features (such as transcriptional dysregulation, oxidative stress and synaptic dysregulation) and data from pathomorphological, electrophysiological and behavioural studies. The objectives of this review are the systematization and classification of cellular models of schizophrenia, based on their complexity and validity for understanding schizophrenia-related phenotypes.
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Tunç, Birkan, Berkan Solmaz, Drew Parker, Theodore D. Satterthwaite, Mark A. Elliott, Monica E. Calkins, Kosha Ruparel, Raquel E. Gur, Ruben C. Gur, and Ragini Verma. "Establishing a link between sex-related differences in the structural connectome and behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1688 (February 19, 2016): 20150111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0111.
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Recent years have witnessed an increased attention to studies of sex differences, partly because such differences offer important considerations for personalized medicine. While the presence of sex differences in human behaviour is well documented, our knowledge of their anatomical foundations in the brain is still relatively limited. As a natural gateway to fathom the human mind and behaviour, studies concentrating on the human brain network constitute an important segment of the research effort to investigate sex differences. Using a large sample of healthy young individuals, each assessed with diffusion MRI and a computerized neurocognitive battery, we conducted a comprehensive set of experiments examining sex-related differences in the meso-scale structures of the human connectome and elucidated how these differences may relate to sex differences at the level of behaviour. Our results suggest that behavioural sex differences, which indicate complementarity of males and females, are accompanied by related differences in brain structure across development. When using subnetworks that are defined over functional and behavioural domains, we observed increased structural connectivity related to the motor, sensory and executive function subnetworks in males. In females, subnetworks associated with social motivation, attention and memory tasks had higher connectivity. Males showed higher modularity compared to females, with females having higher inter-modular connectivity. Applying multivariate analysis, we showed an increasing separation between males and females in the course of development, not only in behavioural patterns but also in brain structure. We also showed that these behavioural and structural patterns correlate with each other, establishing a reliable link between brain and behaviour.
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Whitehead, Charles. "Why the behavioural sciences need the concept of the culture-ready brain." Anthropological Theory 12, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 43–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499612436464.
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From the conceptual gulf dividing social from biological anthropology this paper infers an ideological problem affecting science as a whole. Cultural biases have tended to inhibit or subvert appropriate theorizing and research into unique aspects of the human mind, brain and behaviour. To resolve this problem I suggest that we need a systematic anthropological critique of ‘collective deceptions’ affecting western science, and greater anthropological collaboration with neuroscience and other disciplines. I discuss recent imaging studies which may contribute to a better understanding of the culture-ready brain. Taken in conjunction with fossil and archaeological data, the findings seem more consistent with a ‘play and display’ hypothesis of hominid brain expansion than with current cognocentric hypotheses, suggesting new directions for research. Such research, I argue, could assist integration between behavioural disciplines.
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Ducharme, Simon, Annemiek Dols, Robert Laforce, Emma Devenney, Fiona Kumfor, Jan van den Stock, Caroline Dallaire-Théroux, et al. "Recommendations to distinguish behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia from psychiatric disorders." Brain 143, no. 6 (March 4, 2020): 1632–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa018.
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Abstract The behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) is a frequent cause of early-onset dementia. The diagnosis of bvFTD remains challenging because of the limited accuracy of neuroimaging in the early disease stages and the absence of molecular biomarkers, and therefore relies predominantly on clinical assessment. BvFTD shows significant symptomatic overlap with non-degenerative primary psychiatric disorders including major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism spectrum disorders and even personality disorders. To date, ∼50% of patients with bvFTD receive a prior psychiatric diagnosis, and average diagnostic delay is up to 5–6 years from symptom onset. It is also not uncommon for patients with primary psychiatric disorders to be wrongly diagnosed with bvFTD. The Neuropsychiatric International Consortium for Frontotemporal Dementia was recently established to determine the current best clinical practice and set up an international collaboration to share a common dataset for future research. The goal of the present paper was to review the existing literature on the diagnosis of bvFTD and its differential diagnosis with primary psychiatric disorders to provide consensus recommendations on the clinical assessment. A systematic literature search with a narrative review was performed to determine all bvFTD-related diagnostic evidence for the following topics: bvFTD history taking, psychiatric assessment, clinical scales, physical and neurological examination, bedside cognitive tests, neuropsychological assessment, social cognition, structural neuroimaging, functional neuroimaging, CSF and genetic testing. For each topic, responsible team members proposed a set of minimal requirements, optimal clinical recommendations, and tools requiring further research or those that should be developed. Recommendations were listed if they reached a ≥ 85% expert consensus based on an online survey among all consortium participants. New recommendations include performing at least one formal social cognition test in the standard neuropsychological battery for bvFTD. We emphasize the importance of 3D-T1 brain MRI with a standardized review protocol including validated visual atrophy rating scales, and to consider volumetric analyses if available. We clarify the role of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET for the exclusion of bvFTD when normal, whereas non-specific regional metabolism abnormalities should not be over-interpreted in the case of a psychiatric differential diagnosis. We highlight the potential role of serum or CSF neurofilament light chain to differentiate bvFTD from primary psychiatric disorders. Finally, based on the increasing literature and clinical experience, the consortium determined that screening for C9orf72 mutation should be performed in all possible/probable bvFTD cases or suspected cases with strong psychiatric features.
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Mention, Anne-Laure, João José Pinto Ferreira, and Marko Torkkeli. "Towards the science of managing for innovation: conclusion & future research directions." Journal of Innovation Management 7, no. 4 (January 8, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_007.004_0001.
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We initiated this series with a view to catalyse and extend the focus on conceptualisation and application of behavioural science methods for managing innovation, albeit from a whole human perspective. We started with the notion that how to increase individual (human) creativity, collaboration productivity and innovativeness in innovation projects is a common concern for most firms. After discussions on the brain-mind-behaviour triad in the beginning, the interim editorial highlighted behavioural experiments as one plausible method to further the science of managing for innovation. In this final piece on the series, we conclude with a caveat on using experimental methods in examining the human side of innovation (Salampasis and Mention 2017) and discuss avenues for future research in innovation management, which increasingly reflects a collaborative affair (Bogers et al., 2017; Heil and Bornemann 2018). (...)
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Armstrong, J. Douglas, and Jano I. van Hemert. "Towards a virtual fly brain." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 367, no. 1896 (June 13, 2009): 2387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0308.
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Models of the brain that simulate sensory input, behavioural output and information processing in a biologically plausible manner pose significant challenges to both computer science and biology. Here we investigated strategies that could be used to create a model of the insect brain, specifically that of Drosophila melanogaster that is very widely used in laboratory research. The scale of the problem is an order of magnitude above the most complex of the current simulation projects, and it is further constrained by the relative sparsity of available electrophysiological recordings from the fly nervous system. However, fly brain research at the anatomical and behavioural levels offers some interesting opportunities that could be exploited to create a functional simulation. We propose to exploit these strengths of Drosophila central nervous system research to focus on a functional model that maps biologically plausible network architecture onto phenotypic data from neuronal inhibition and stimulation studies, leaving aside biophysical modelling of individual neuronal activity for future models until more data are available.
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VOLLMER-CONNA, UTÉ. "Acute sickness behaviour: an immune system-to-brain communication?" Psychological Medicine 31, no. 5 (July 2001): 761–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701003841.
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Over the past 20 years, psychoneuroimmunological research has produced a large body of evidence that challenges the historically dominant view that the immune system operates in an autonomous manner independent of other physiological systems. Today, there is little doubt that the brain and the immune system are intimately linked and capable of reciprocal communication (Ader et al. 1991). Despite the acknowledged bi-directional nature of the brain–immune system connection, the predominant focus of study has been on the effects of psychological and behavioural events (e.g. stress) on immune responses and disease processes, and the mechanisms underlying such effects (see Kusnekov & Rabin, 1994; Maier et al. 1994; Rozlog et al. 1999). However, considerable interest in the possibilities of immune-system-to-brain communication was initiated by a seminal paper considering the biological basis of behaviour in sick animals (Hart, 1988). Subsequently, the immunological determinants of the behavioural, cognitive and emotional changes associated with acute illness, as well as with more chronic psychopathological states (e.g. depression) have become the subject of rapidly expanding areas of research (e.g. Kent et al. 1992; Lloyd et al. 1992; Hickie & Lloyd, 1995; Maes et al. 1995a; Rothwell & Hopkins, 1995; Dantzer et al. 1996; Maier & Watkins, 1998; Vollmer-Conna et al. 1998; Maes, 1999).The main objective of this editorial is to provide a succinct overview of current knowledge of the normal behavioural correlates of acute infective illness, their adaptive function and underlying mechanisms. Elucidation of the processes involved in the appearance, maintenance and inhibition of ‘normal’ sickness behaviour is important if extrapolations from this phenomenon to more chronic psychopathological conditions are to provide more than a new label for poorly understood non-specific symptom clusters.
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Grisold, A., A. Guekht, R. Ruda, S. Grisold, and W. Grisold. "P01.099 Psychiatric alterations and behavioural changes in brain tumor patients." Neuro-Oncology 20, suppl_3 (September 2018): iii253—iii254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noy139.141.
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Gómez-de-Regil, Lizzette, Damaris F. Estrella-Castillo, and Julio Vega-Cauich. "Psychological Intervention in Traumatic Brain Injury Patients." Behavioural Neurology 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6937832.
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Objective. To provide a brief and comprehensive summary of recent research regarding psychological interventions for patients surviving a traumatic brain injury. Methods. A bibliographical search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycNET, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar online databases. Analysis included distribution by year of publication, age stage of participants (paediatric, adult), location of the research team, study design, type of intervention, and main outcome variables. Results. The initial search eliciting 1541 citations was reduced to 62 relevant papers. Most publications had adult samples (88.7%). The United States outstands as the country with more research (58.1%); Latin America countries provided no results. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) was the most widely used approach for treatment of (sub)clinical mental disturbances (41.9%). Neuropsychological interventions were scarce (4.8%). Outcome measures included psychiatric disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety) (37.1%), postconcussive symptoms (16.1%), cognitive and functional deficits (48.1%), and social and psychological dimensions (62.9%). Conclusions. CBT outstands as the preferred therapeutic approach for treating behavioural and emotional disturbances. Also, other related therapies such as dialectical behaviour, mindfulness, and acceptance and commitment therapies have been proposed, and probably in the years to come, more literature regarding their effectiveness will be available. On the other hand, evidence showed that interventions from the field of neuropsychology are minimal if compared with its contribution to assessment. Future research should be aimed at performing studies on more diverse populations (e.g., nonmilitary communities and paediatric and Latin American populations) and at controlling designs to examine the therapeutic efficacy of psychotherapeutic and neurocognitive rehabilitation interventions and compare amelioration by injury severity, age of patients, and clinical profile, in the hopes of creating better guidelines for practitioners.
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Whiteley, Paul. "Food and the gut: relevance to some of the autisms." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76, no. 4 (September 26, 2017): 478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665117002798.
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Complex, diverse and rarely appearing without comorbidity, the autism spectrum disorders continue to be a source of research interest. With core symptoms variably impacting on social communication skills, the traditional focus of many research efforts has centred on the brain and how genetic and environmental processes impact on brain structure, function and/or connectivity to account for various behavioural presentations. Alongside emerging ideas on autistic traits being present in various clinical states, the autisms, and the overrepresentation of several comorbid conditions impacting on quality of life, other research avenues have opened up. The central role of the brain in relation to autism may be at least partially influenced by the functions of other organs. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract represents an important biological system pertinent to at least some autism. The notion of a gut–brain–behaviour axis has garnered support from various findings: an overrepresentation of functional and pathological bowel states, bowel and behavioural findings showing bidirectional associations, a possible relationship between diet, GI function and autism and recently, greater focus on aspects of the GI tract such as the collected gut microbiota in relation to autism. Gaps remain in our knowledge of the functions of the GI tract linked to autism, specifically regarding mechanisms of action onward to behavioural presentation. Set however within the context of diversity in the presentation of autism, science appears to be moving towards defining important GI-related autism phenotypes with the possibility of promising dietary and other related intervention options onward to improving quality of life.
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Lindsay, Willow R., Justin T. Houck, Claire E. Giuliano, and Lainy B. Day. "Acrobatic Courtship Display Coevolves with Brain Size in Manakins (Pipridae)." Brain, Behavior and Evolution 85, no. 1 (2015): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369244.
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Acrobatic display behaviour is sexually selected in manakins (Pipridae) and can place high demands on many neural systems. Manakin displays vary across species in terms of behavioural complexity, differing in number of unique motor elements, production of mechanical sounds, cooperation between displaying males, and construction of the display site. Historically, research emphasis has been placed on neurological specializations for vocal aspects of courtship, and less is known about the control of physical, non-vocal displays. By examining brain evolution in relation to extreme acrobatic feats such as manakin displays, we can vastly expand our knowledge of how sexual selection acts on motor behaviour. We tested the hypothesis that sexual selection for complex motor displays has selected for larger brains across the Pipridae. We found that display complexity positively predicts relative brain weight (adjusted for body size) after controlling for phylogeny in 12 manakin species and a closely related flycatcher. This evidence suggests that brain size has evolved in response to sexual selection to facilitate aspects of display such as motor, sensorimotor, perceptual, and cognitive abilities. We show, for the first time, that sexual selection for acrobatic motor behaviour can drive brain size evolution in avian species and, in particular, a family of suboscine birds.
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Landrigan, Jon-Frederick, Fengqing Zhang, and Daniel Mirman. "A data-driven approach to post-stroke aphasia classification and lesion-based prediction." Brain 144, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 1372–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab010.
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Abstract Aphasia is an acquired impairment in the production or comprehension of language, typically caused by left hemisphere stroke. The subtyping framework used in clinical aphasiology today is based on the Wernicke-Lichtheim model of aphasia formulated in the late 19th century, which emphasizes the distinction between language production and comprehension. The current study used a data-driven approach that combined modern statistical, machine learning, and neuroimaging tools to examine behavioural deficit profiles and their lesion correlates and predictors in a large cohort of individuals with post-stroke aphasia. First, individuals with aphasia were clustered based on their behavioural deficit profiles using community detection analysis (CDA) and these clusters were compared with the traditional aphasia subtypes. Random forest classifiers were built to evaluate how well individual lesion profiles predict cluster membership. The results of the CDA analyses did not align with the traditional model of aphasia in either behavioural or neuroanatomical patterns. Instead, the results suggested that the primary distinction in aphasia (after severity) is between phonological and semantic processing rather than between production and comprehension. Further, lesion-based classification reached 75% accuracy for the CDA-based categories and only 60% for categories based on the traditional fluent/non-fluent aphasia distinction. The results of this study provide a data-driven basis for a new approach to classification of post-stroke aphasia subtypes in both research and clinical settings.
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Adams, Jeremy, and Robert J. Kirkby. "A Review of the Physiological, Neurological and Behavioural Aspects of Addiction." Australian Journal of Primary Health 7, no. 1 (2001): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py01004.
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Modern psychological and physiological theories of addiction are defined and reviewed. As well, the concept of an addictive personality is addressed and evaluated. On the one hand, psychological theories of addiction are described as either withdrawal driven, disorders of appetite, or motivational process disorders. Physiological theories, on the other hand, suggest that behavioural or pharmacological overstimulation of brain areas, such as the mesolimbic dopamine system, can explain addictive behaviour. Both dependence and withdrawal have been explained in terms of biological research, however, behavioural terminology (operant conditioning theory) has been cited in conjunction with biological theory. Further, a review of research pertaining to an addictive personality shows that the concept of an addictive personality is contentious, with investigations in this area showing a substantial number of methodological errors. Nevertheless, some investigators suggest that a stable trait can influence a person's addictive behaviour.
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Tsaousides, Theodore, Teresa A. Ashman, and Wayne A. Gordon. "Diagnosis and Treatment of Depression Following Traumatic Brain Injury." Brain Impairment 14, no. 1 (April 19, 2013): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.8.
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Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diagnoses among individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Prevalence of post-TBI depression (PTBID) ranges from 12 to 60% and is generally higher than rates reported in the general population. The wide range in reported rates is attributed to methodological variability across studies, including measurement and sampling differences. Several systematic reviews have been published in the past 5 years, reporting on outcomes for depression across different classes of interventions, including pharmacological, biomedical and behavioural. The consensus across reviews is that more research is necessary to develop evidence-based practice guidelines. The present narrative review synthesises the findings of previous studies, focusing on the nature of the interventions, the eligibility criteria for inclusion and the assessment of outcome. Pharmacological studies are generally more rigorous methodologically, but provide mixed findings. Other biomedical interventions are only at the initial stages of research development, including case and pilot studies. The results of behavioural studies are positive regarding improvements in mood. However, the number of efficacy studies of behavioural interventions for depression is extremely limited. Recommendations for designing interventions are provided.
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Pawełczyk, Agnieszka, Maciej Błaszczyk, Tomasz Pawełczyk, and Maciej Radek. "Could neurosurgical patients benefit from psychotherapy? A few words on the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy in brain injured patients." Aktualności Neurologiczne 20, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15557/an.2020.0014.
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Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of various mental disorders. The present study reviews the available literature on the use and effectiveness of this therapy, both its classic form and more recent approaches (the so called “third wave”), among patients with brain injuries and those treated with surgical methods. We present a number of studies describing the use of cognitive-behavioural therapy in the treatment of patients with craniocerebral injuries, brain tumours, intracranial bleeding and vascular malformations. The obtained results are promising for the treatment of depression and anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder as well as sleep disorders, impulsivity and aggressive behaviour. The findings suggest that cognitive-behavioural therapy techniques may be effective in both these groups of patients and their families or caregivers. Currently, due to the small number of randomised controlled trials, high heterogeneity of study groups and a variety of research protocols, these findings do not allow for drawing final conclusions and proposing recommendations. Nevertheless, they demonstrate that the strategy offers promise when treating patients with brain damage. It is suggested that psychotherapy should be initiated after the end of the acute phase of the disease as it requires a certain level of self-awareness and an ability to test hypotheses, so it may be inadequate for patients with profound cognitive impairment. It requires the cooperation of a multidisciplinary team: doctors, physiotherapist, neuropsychologist and psychotherapist who, in addition to therapeutic skills, should have knowledge of the brain–behaviour relationship.
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Dukas, Reuven. "Behavioural and ecological consequences of limited attention." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 357, no. 1427 (November 29, 2002): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1063.
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Ecological research in the past few decades has shown that most animals acquire and respond adaptively to information that affects survival and reproduction. At the same time, neurobiological studies have established that the rate of information processing by the brain is much lower than the rate at which information is encountered in the environment, and that attentional mechanisms enable the brain to focus only on the most essential information at any given time. Recent integration of the ecological and neurobiological approaches helps us to understand key behaviours with broad ecological and evolutionary implications. Specifically, current data indicate that limited attention affects diet choice and constrains animals‘ ability simultaneously to feed and attend to predators. Recent experiments also suggest that limited attention influences social interactions, courtship and mating behaviour.
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Mention, Anne-Laure, João José Pinto Ferreira, and Marko Torkkeli. "Towards the Science of Managing for Innovation: Interim Discussions on Innovation Research Methodologies." Journal of Innovation Management 7, no. 3 (October 15, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_007.003_0001.
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In our previous editorial, we positioned our perspective and introduced the acronym “ROTRUS” to characterise the science of managing for innovation as – Real world, Observable, Testable, Replicable, Uncertain and Social. Specifically, we argued that methods that draw on point-in-time beliefs, perceptions and de-humanised data in a complex and evolving social setting of innovation management pose a challenge for replicability. We warned innovation researchers to avoid the pitfalls that might foster pseudoscience and generalised assumptions from information that is still in the proto-science stage. Drawing on longstanding understanding in psychology of the whole human, we discussed the need to explore methods that capture brain, mind and behaviour aspects in innovation management, spanning the analysis from individual to group and societal levels. In this editorial, we move the discussions forward by focusing on one plausible methodological approach to advance the science of managing for innovation – behavioural experiments. In the following sections, we explain our methodological stance or in other words our world view followed by a brief review of behavioural experiments and their relevance to innovation research. We conclude with a foreword on our final editorial in the series titled the science of managing for innovation. (...)
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Bonilha, Leonardo, Argye E. Hillis, Janina Wilmskoetter, Gregory Hickok, Alexandra Basilakos, Brent Munsell, Chris Rorden, and Julius Fridriksson. "Neural structures supporting spontaneous and assisted (entrained) speech fluency." Brain 142, no. 12 (October 3, 2019): 3951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz309.
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Abstract Non-fluent speech is one of the most common impairments in post-stroke aphasia. The rehabilitation of non-fluent speech in aphasia is particularly challenging as patients are rarely able to produce and practice fluent speech production. Speech entrainment is a behavioural technique that enables patients with non-fluent aphasia to speak fluently. However, its mechanisms are not well understood and the level of improved fluency with speech entrainment varies among individuals with non-fluent aphasia. In this study, we evaluated the behavioural and neuroanatomical factors associated with better speech fluency with the aid of speech entrainment during the training phase of speech entrainment. We used a lesion-symptom mapping approach to define the relationship between chronic stroke location on MRI and the number of different words per second produced during speech entrainment versus picture description spontaneous speech. The behavioural variable of interest was the speech entrainment/picture description ratio, which, if ≥1, indicated an increase in speech output during speech entrainment compared to picture description. We used machine learning (shallow neural network) to assess the statistical significance and out-of-sample predictive accuracy of the neuroanatomical model, and its regional contributors. We observed that better assisted speech (higher speech entrainment/picture description ratio) was achieved by individuals who had preservation of the posterior middle temporal gyrus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus, while exhibiting lesions in areas typically associated with non-fluent aphasia, such as the superior longitudinal fasciculus, precentral, inferior frontal, supramarginal and insular cortices. Our findings suggest that individuals with dorsal stream damage but preservation of ventral stream structures are more likely to achieve more fluent speech with the aid of speech entrainment compared to spontaneous speech. This observation provides insight into the mechanisms of non-fluent speech in aphasia and has potential implications for future research using speech entrainment for rehabilitation of non-fluent aphasia.
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Kleimaker, Maximilian, Adam Takacs, Giulia Conte, Rebecca Onken, Julius Verrel, Tobias Bäumer, Alexander Münchau, and Christian Beste. "Increased perception-action binding in Tourette syndrome." Brain 143, no. 6 (May 28, 2020): 1934–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa111.
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Abstract Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Research in Tourette syndrome has traditionally focused on the motor system. However, there is increasing evidence that perceptual and cognitive processes play a crucial role as well. Against this background it has been reasoned that processes linking perception and action might be particularly affected in these patients with the strength of perception-action binding being increased. However, this has not yet been studied experimentally. Here, we investigated adult Tourette patients within the framework of the ‘Theory of Event Coding’ using an experimental approach allowing us to directly test the strength of perception-action binding. We included 24 adult patients with Tourette syndrome and n = 24 healthy control subjects using a previously established visual-motor event file task with four levels of feature overlap requiring repeating or alternating responses. Concomitant to behavioural testing, EEG was recorded and analysed using temporal signal decomposition and source localization methods. On a behavioural level, perception-action binding was increased in Tourette patients. Tic frequency correlated with performance in conditions where unbinding processes of previously established perception-action bindings were required with higher tic frequency being associated with stronger perception-action binding. This suggests that perception-action binding is intimately related to the occurrence of tics. Analysis of EEG data showed that behavioural changes cannot be explained based on simple perceptual or motor processes. Instead, cognitive processes linking perception to action in inferior parietal cortices are crucial. Our findings suggest that motor or sensory processes alone are less relevant for the understanding of Tourette syndrome than cognitive processes engaged in linking and restructuring of perception-action association. A broader cognitive framework encompassing perception and action appears well suited to opening new routes for the understanding of Tourette syndrome.
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Siyanova-Chanturia, Anna. "Eye-tracking and ERPs in multi-word expression research." Neural Correlates of Lexical Processing 8, no. 2 (November 15, 2013): 245–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.2.06siy.
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In recent years, there has been growing interest in the mechanisms that underlie online processing (comprehension and production) of units above the word level, known as multi-word expressions (MWEs). MWEs are a heterogeneous family of expressions that vary greatly in their linguistic properties but are perceived as highly conventional by native speakers. Extensive behavioural research has demonstrated that, due to their frequency and predictability, MWEs are processed differently from novel strings of language. At the very least, MWEs have been shown to be processed faster than matched control phrases. However, behavioural measures are limited in what they can tell us about MWE processing in the brain above and beyond the speed of processing. The present paper argues in favour of two powerful psycho- and neurolinguistic techniques — eye-tracking and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) — and presents a case for why these techniques are particularly suited for the investigation of phrasal frequency and predictive linguistic mechanisms. A number of studies that have drawn on these methods in their exploration of MWEs are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on the unique role of the method and its ability to tap into the underlying mechanisms implicated in MWE processing. It is argued that the two techniques complement, rather than duplicate each other, providing an ever richer account of the (psycho)linguistic phenomenon that MWEs are.
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Bellani, M., S. Calderoni, F. Muratori, and P. Brambilla. "Brain anatomy of autism spectrum disorders II. Focus on amygdala." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, no. 4 (July 2, 2013): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796013000346.
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This brief review encompasses the key findings of structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) research on amygdala volume in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). We also highlight the possible correlation between the autistic behavioural phenotype and amygdala alteration.
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Fong-McMaster, Claire, Sandra Konji, Amanda Nitschke, and Anne TM Konkle. "Canadian Arctic Contaminants and Their Effects on the Maternal Brain and Behaviour: A Scoping Review of the Animal Literature." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 3 (February 2, 2020): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17030926.
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Background: Environmental toxicants such as methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides are potentially harmful pollutants present in contaminated food, soil, air, and water. Exposure to these ecologically relevant toxicants is prominent in Northern Canadian populations. Previous work focused on toxicant exposure during pregnancy as a threat to fetal neurodevelopment. However, little is known about the individual and combined effects of these toxicants on maternal health during pregnancy and post-partum. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to synthesize the current knowledge regarding individual and combined effects of methylmercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, and organochlorine pesticides on maternal behaviour and the maternal brain. Relevant studies were identified through the PubMed, Embase, and Toxline databases. Literature involving animal models and one human cohort were included in the review. Results: Research findings indicate that exposures to these environmental toxicants are associated with neurochemical changes in rodent models. Animal models provided the majority of information on toxicant-induced alterations in maternal care behaviours. Molecular and hormonal changes hypothesized to underlie these alterations were also addressed, although studies assessing toxicant co-exposure were limited. Conclusion: This review speaks to the limited knowledge regarding effects of these persistent organic pollutants on the maternal brain and related behavioural outcomes. Further research is required to better comprehend any such effects on maternal brain and behaviour, as maternal care is an important contributor to offspring neurodevelopment.
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Kavitha, U., E. Kayalvizhi, K. Revathy, T. R. Brindha, R. Muthulakshmi, and M. Chandrasekar. "A systematic review on Valproate induced rat model of autism: Pathophysiology, treatment, developmental and neurobehavioral assessment of rat offsprings." Biomedicine 41, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51248/.v41i1.526.
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Autism Spectrum disorder (ASD) is charecterised by certain degrees of disabilities in social communication, restrictive repetitive behaviour and altered motor and sensory perception. Translational research is carried out by creating animal models of autism to find out the correlation between behavioural changes and the pathology of brain tissue and for clinical trials of newer therapeutic formulations. Valproate induced animal model of autism has significant validity to demonstrate ASD manifestations. An early appreciation of ASD symptoms is needed for a better prognosis. So assessment of behavioural abnormalities and development stones in the first month of animal life are much important to study ASD.An extensive literature search was done on different databases. (PUBMED-MeSH, PMC, Webof Science, Google scholar and Research Gate). Original articles reported between the years 2000-2020 were selected. PRISMA protocol was followed. There are good quantities of studies on behavioural assessment of valproate induced animal model. This review explains the pathophysiology and various treatment modalities tried in valporate induced animal model and it also enlists the developmental and behavioural assessment methods of rat off springs. It will be useful to demonstrate all signs of autism.
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Kicher, T., A. Krug, M. Cabanis, H. Walter, G. Winterer, B. Müller, J. Herrlich, et al. "Neural correlates of cognitive behavioural therapy in patients with schizophrenia." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73859-7.
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Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an important treatment in conjunction with psychopharmacotherapy in schizophrenia. However, there is only very little research on the effects of such interventions on brain function.Recent studies have suggested that jumping to conclusions and a specific attributional bias is a predominant cognitive style in patients which might lead to the development of delusions. In this multi-centre fMRI trial, we investigated the effect of nine months of CBT on neural correlates of “jumping to conclusions” and the “attributional style” in patients with psychosis. Eighty patients and 80 control subjects were recruited in six centres and measured with 3-Tesla functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) before and after CBT.It could be shown that CBT ameliorates differences in brain activations between patients and controls after nine months.These results support the feasibility of fMRI multicenter trials and sheds further light into the mechanisms relating psychotherapy to brain function in Schizophrenia.
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Stobernack, Tim, Stefan P. W. de Vries, Rob Rodrigues Pereira, Lidy M. Pelsser, Cajo J. F. ter Braak, Esther Aarts, Peter van Baarlen, Michiel Kleerebezem, Klaas Frankena, and Saartje Hontelez. "Biomarker Research in ADHD: the Impact of Nutrition (BRAIN) - study protocol of an open-label trial to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of a few-foods diet on ADHD symptoms in children." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e029422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029422.
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IntroductionAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common childhood behavioural disorder, causing significant impediment to a child’s development. It is a complex disorder with numerous contributing (epi)genetic and environmental factors. Currently, treatment consists of behavioural and pharmacological therapy. However, ADHD medication is associated with several side effects, and concerns about long-term effects and efficacy exist. Therefore, there is considerable interest in the development of alternative treatment options. Double-blind research investigating the effects of a few-foods diet (FFD) has demonstrated a significant decrease in ADHD symptoms following an FFD. However, an FFD requires a considerable effort of both child and parents, limiting its applicability as a general ADHD treatment. To make FFD intervention less challenging or potentially obsolete, we need to understand how, and in which children, an FFD affects ADHD behaviour and, consequently, the child’s well-being. We hypothesise that an FFD affects brain function, and that the nutritional impact on ADHD is effectuated by a complex interplay between the microbiota, gut and brain, that is, the microbiota–gut–brain axis.Methods and analysisThe Biomarker Research in ADHD: the Impact of Nutrition (BRAIN) study is an open-label trial with researchers blinded to changes in ADHD symptoms during sample processing and initial data analyses.Ethics and disseminationThe Medical Research and Ethics Committee of Wageningen University has approved this study (NL63851.081.17, application 17/24). Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications, conference presentations, (social) media and the BRAIN study website. A summary of the findings will be provided to the participants.Trial registration numberNCT03440346.Study datesCollection of primary outcome data started in March 2018 and will be ongoing until 100 children have participated in the study. Sample data analysis will start after all samples have been collected.
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Wheaton, P., JL Mathias, and R. Vink. "Impact of pharmacological treatments on outcome in adult rodents after traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis." Journal of Psychopharmacology 25, no. 12 (February 7, 2011): 1581–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881110388331.
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Pharmacological treatments have been widely investigated in pre-clinical animal trials to evaluate their usefulness in reducing cognitive, behavioural and motor problems after traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the relative efficacy of these agents has yet to be evaluated, making it difficult to assess the strength of evidence for their use in a clinical population. A meta-analytic review of research (1980–2009) was therefore conducted to examine the impact of pharmacological treatments administered to adult male rodents after experimental TBI on cognitive, behavioural, and motor outcome. The PubMed and PsycInfo databases were searched using 35 terms. Weighted Cohen’s d effect sizes, percent overlap, Fail-Safe N statistics and confidence intervals were calculated for each treatment. In total, 91 treatments were evaluated in 223 pre-clinical trials, comprising 5988 rodents. Treatments that were investigated by multiple studies and showed large and significant treatment effects were of greatest interest. Of the 16 treatments that were efficacious, six improved cognition, 10 improved motor function and no treatment improved behaviour (depression/anxiety, aggression, zoosocial behaviour). Treatment benefits were found across a range of TBI models. Drug dosage and treatment interval impacted on treatment effects.
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Schwartz, Jeffrey M. "Neuroanatomical aspects of cognitive-behavioural therapy response in obsessive-compulsive disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 173, S35 (August 1998): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000297882.
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Background Recent research has demonstrated that cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can systematically modify cerebral metabolic activity in a manner which is significantly related to clinical outcome.Method A substantial body of research is reviewed which supports an involvement of neural circuitry connecting the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and basal ganglia in the expression of the symptoms of OCD.Results Data are presented which expand upon previous work demonstrating effects of CBTon functional interactions between limbic cortex and the basal ganglia.Conclusions The relevance of these effects of CBTon brain function is discussed in the context of recent advances in our knowledge of cortical–basal ganglia physiology. The clinical importance of these data is best appreciated when they are seen to reflect the interactive nature of the relationships between cognitive choice, behavioural output and brain activity.
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Cutsuridis, Vassilis. "Behavioural and computational varieties of response inhibition in eye movements." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1718 (February 27, 2017): 20160196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0196.
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Response inhibition is the ability to override a planned or an already initiated response. It is the hallmark of executive control as its deficits favour impulsive behaviours, which may be detrimental to an individual's life. This article reviews behavioural and computational guises of response inhibition. It focuses only on inhibition of oculomotor responses. It first reviews behavioural paradigms of response inhibition in eye movement research, namely the countermanding and antisaccade paradigms, both proven to be useful tools for the study of response inhibition in cognitive neuroscience and psychopathology. Then, it briefly reviews the neural mechanisms of response inhibition in these two behavioural paradigms. Computational models that embody a hypothesis and/or a theory of mechanisms underlying performance in both behavioural paradigms as well as provide a critical analysis of strengths and weaknesses of these models are discussed. All models assume the race of decision processes. The decision process in each paradigm that wins the race depends on different mechanisms. It has been shown that response latency is a stochastic process and has been proven to be an important measure of the cognitive control processes involved in response stopping in healthy and patient groups. Then, the inhibitory deficits in different brain diseases are reviewed, including schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Finally, new directions are suggested to improve the performance of models of response inhibition by drawing inspiration from successes of models in other domains. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Movement suppression: brain mechanisms for stopping and stillness’.
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Feary, Natalie, and Audrey McKinlay. "Impact of mild traumatic brain injury understanding on intended help-seeking behaviour." Journal of Child Health Care 24, no. 1 (September 13, 2018): 78–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367493518799617.
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Children do not always receive adequate medical attention following a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), despite the necessity of this treatment. Adult mTBI knowledge may be one factor that affects if a child receives medical attention, but little is known about association between mTBI knowledge and help-seeking behaviour. Participants were 212 females and 58 males, including 84 parents, with a mean age of 35.57 years (standard deviation = 10.96). A questionnaire evaluated participants’ understanding of mTBI and vignettes to evaluate behavioural intentions regarding help-seeking behaviour after an mTBI. Only 40.0% of participants were able to recall an adequate number of mTBI symptoms (5+). Surprisingly, mTBI history was not associated with better mTBI knowledge, t(df, 268) = 1.29, p = .20. Similarly, knowing a close friend or family member with mTBI was not associated with higher mTBI knowledge, t(df = 268) = .81, p = .4. Further, neither mTBI symptom knowledge nor vignette child age (young = 5 years, older = 15 years) significantly predicted participants’ cited intentions to perform help-seeking behaviour. Consistent with the existing research, the current study demonstrates a continued lack of mTBI knowledge in the general population. However, this may not be a factor that influences an adult’s decision to take a child to hospital following mTBI. Future research should investigate the association between help-seeking intentions and actual behaviour in relation to paediatric mTBI.
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Bon, E. I., and N. Ye Maksimovich. "METHODS FOR ESTIMATING NEUROLOGICAL DISTURBANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA." Biomeditsina, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.33647/2074-5982-15-2-69-74.
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Investigation of the brain pathology in experimental ischemia requires adequate methods for assessing the neurological deficit that occurs in laboratory animals, including sensory-based and behavioural disorders. In this research, we aimed to compare motor and behavioural disorders in rats with partial and subtotal experimental cerebral ischemia. The rats modelled with cerebral ischemia are found to exhibit a decrease in muscle strength, resistance to hypoxia, motor and emotional activity. The animals with incomplete cerebral ischemia demonstrated more pronounced sensory-based motor and behavioural disorders compared both with those modelled with partial cerebral ischemia and, in particular, with the control group.
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Calder, Andrew J., Michael Ewbank, and Luca Passamonti. "Personality influences the neural responses to viewing facial expressions of emotion." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1571 (June 12, 2011): 1684–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0362.
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Cognitive research has long been aware of the relationship between individual differences in personality and performance on behavioural tasks. However, within the field of cognitive neuroscience, the way in which such differences manifest at a neural level has received relatively little attention. We review recent research addressing the relationship between personality traits and the neural response to viewing facial signals of emotion. In one section, we discuss work demonstrating the relationship between anxiety and the amygdala response to facial signals of threat. A second section considers research showing that individual differences in reward drive (behavioural activation system), a trait linked to aggression, influence the neural responsivity and connectivity between brain regions implicated in aggression when viewing facial signals of anger. Finally, we address recent criticisms of the correlational approach to fMRI analyses and conclude that when used appropriately, analyses examining the relationship between personality and brain activity provide a useful tool for understanding the neural basis of facial expression processing and emotion processing in general.
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Zaino, Ammar Ayman, and Mohamed Yusoff Abbas. "Single-case Experimental Research: Designing emotions by designing spaces - A pilot study." Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal 5, no. 13 (March 23, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v5i13.2103.
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The belief that the environment shapes human emotions followed by behaviour is not new, as acknowledged by many researchers. Recent studies show that the most significant illness by 2030 is depression, as most of our time spent inside the buildings. Hence, the importance of "re-connecting architecture with emotions" is an essential solution to improve the quality of life. A single-case experimental design (SCED) aimed to investigate the relationship between neural underpinnings of the brain, for a single participant and various environments. Data collected was based on the Electroencephalography tests. Findings showed a significant contrast between different water elements and environmental settings, each with its unique effect on participant emotions as well as the electrical activity of the brain.Keywords: Depression; Neural underpinnings; Water-bodies environment; Quality of Life.eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/e-bpj.v5i13.2103
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Dillingham, Christopher M., Maciej M. Jankowski, Ruchi Chandra, Bethany E. Frost, and Shane M. O’Mara. "The claustrum: Considerations regarding its anatomy, functions and a programme for research." Brain and Neuroscience Advances 1 (January 1, 2017): 239821281771896. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2398212817718962.
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The claustrum is a highly conserved but enigmatic structure, with connections to the entire cortical mantle, as well as to an extended and extensive range of heterogeneous subcortical structures. Indeed, the human claustrum is thought to have the highest number of connections per millimetre cubed of any other brain region. While there have been relatively few functional investigations of the claustrum, many theoretical suggestions have been put forward, including speculation that it plays a key role in the generation of consciousness in the mammalian brain. Other claims have been more circumspect, suggesting that the claustrum has a particular role in, for example, orchestrating cortical activity, spatial information processing or decision making. Here, we selectively review certain key recent anatomical, electrophysiological and behavioural experimental advances in claustral research and present evidence that calls for a reassessment of its anatomical boundaries in the rodent. We conclude with some open questions for future research.
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Singh, Sanjay Kumar, Parth Dadhania, Parameswara Rao Vuddanda, Achint Jain, Sitaram Velaga, and Sanjay Singh. "Intranasal delivery of asenapine loaded nanostructured lipid carriers: formulation, characterization, pharmacokinetic and behavioural assessment." RSC Advances 6, no. 3 (2016): 2032–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra19793g.
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The aim of the present research work was to develop asenapine (ASM) loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (ANLC) for the delivery of drugs in the brain by an intranasal route to enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Trueman, Rebecca C., Claris Diaz, Tracy D. Farr, David J. Harrison, Anna Fuller, Paweł F. Tokarczuk, Andrew J. Stewart, Stephen J. Paisey, and Stephen B. Dunnett. "Systematic and detailed analysis of behavioural tests in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke: Tests for long-term assessment." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 37, no. 4 (July 20, 2016): 1349–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16654921.
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In order to test therapeutics, functional assessments are required. In pre-clinical stroke research, there is little consensus regarding the most appropriate behavioural tasks to assess deficits, especially when testing over extended times in milder models with short occlusion times and small lesion volumes. In this study, we comprehensively assessed 16 different behavioural tests, with the aim of identifying those that show robust, reliable and stable deficits for up to two months. These tasks are regularly used in stroke research, as well as being useful for examining striatal dysfunction in models of Huntington’s and Parkinson’s disease. Two cohorts of male Wistar rats underwent the intraluminal filament model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (30 min) and were imaged 24 h later. This resulted in primarily subcortical infarcts, with a small amount of cortical damage. Animals were tested, along with sham and naïve groups at 24 h, seven days, and one and two months. Following behavioural testing, brains were processed and striatal neuronal counts were performed alongside measurements of total brain and white matter atrophy. The staircase, adjusting steps, rotarod and apomorphine-induced rotations were the most reliable for assessing long-term deficits in the 30 min transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke.
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Zmigrod, Leor, and Manos Tsakiris. "Computational and neurocognitive approaches to the political brain: key insights and future avenues for political neuroscience." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1822 (February 22, 2021): 20200130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0130.
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Although the study of political behaviour has been traditionally restricted to the social sciences, new advances in political neuroscience and computational cognitive science highlight that the biological sciences can offer crucial insights into the roots of ideological thought and action. Echoing the dazzling diversity of human ideologies, this theme issue seeks to reflect the multiplicity of theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the nature of the political brain. Cutting-edge research along three thematic strands is presented, including (i) computational approaches that zoom in on fine-grained mechanisms underlying political behaviour, (ii) neurocognitive perspectives that harness neuroimaging and psychophysiological techniques to study ideological processes, and (iii) behavioural studies and policy-minded analyses of such understandings across cultures and across ideological domains. Synthesizing these findings together, the issue elucidates core questions regarding the nature of uncertainty in political cognition, the mechanisms of social influence and the cognitive structure of ideological beliefs. This offers key directions for future biologically grounded research as well as a guiding map for citizens, psychologists and policymakers traversing the uneven landscape of modern polarization, misinformation, intolerance and dogmatism. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The political brain: neurocognitive and computational mechanisms'.
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Beauchamp, Miriam H., Fanny Dégeilh, Keith Yeates, Isabelle Gagnon, Ken Tang, Jocelyn Gravel, Antonia Stang, et al. "Kids’ Outcomes And Long-term Abilities (KOALA): protocol for a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of mild traumatic brain injury in children 6 months to 6 years of age." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e040603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-040603.
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IntroductionMild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is highly prevalent, especially in children under 6 years. However, little research focuses on the consequences of mTBI early in development. The objective of the Kids’ Outcomes And Long-term Abilities (KOALA) study is to document the impact of early mTBI on children’s motor, cognitive, social and behavioural functioning, as well as on quality of life, stress, sleep and brain integrity.Methods and analysesKOALA is a prospective, multicentre, longitudinal cohort study of children aged 6 months to 6 years at the time of injury/recruitment. Children who sustain mTBI (n=150) or an orthopaedic injury (n=75) will be recruited from three paediatric emergency departments (PEDs), and compared with typically developing children (community controls, n=75). A comprehensive battery of prognostic and outcome measures will be collected in the PED, at 10 days, 1, 3 and 12 months postinjury. Biological measures, including measures of brain structure and function (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI), stress (hair cortisol), sleep (actigraphy) and genetics (saliva), will complement direct testing of function using developmental and neuropsychological measures and parent questionnaires. Group comparisons and predictive models will test the a priori hypotheses that, compared with children from the community or with orthopaedic injuries, children with mTBI will (1) display more postconcussive symptoms and exhibit poorer motor, cognitive, social and behavioural functioning; (2) show evidence of altered brain structure and function, poorer sleep and higher levels of stress hormones. A combination of child, injury, socioenvironmental and psychobiological factors are expected to predict behaviour and quality of life at 1, 3 and 12 months postinjury.Ethics and disseminationThe KOALA study is approved by the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, McGill University Health Centre and University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Boards. Parents of participants will provide written consent. Dissemination will occur through peer-reviewed journals and an integrated knowledge translation plan.
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Holland, Anthony J., Lucie C. S. Aman, and Joyce E. Whittington. "Defining Mental and Behavioural Disorders in Genetically Determined Neurodevelopmental Syndromes with Particular Reference to Prader-Willi Syndrome." Genes 10, no. 12 (December 9, 2019): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10121025.
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Genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes are frequently associated with a particular developmental trajectory, and with a cognitive profile and increased propensity to specific mental and behavioural disorders that are particular to, but not necessarily unique to the syndrome. How should these mental and behavioural disorders best be conceptualised given that similar symptoms are included in the definition of different mental disorders as listed in DSM-5 and ICD-10? In addition, a different conceptual framework, that of applied behavioural analysis, has been used to inform interventions for what are termed ‘challenging behaviours’ in contrast to types of interventions for those conditions meeting diagnostic criteria for a ‘mental disorder’. These syndrome-specific developmental profiles and associated co-morbidities must be a direct or indirect consequence of the genetic abnormality associated with that syndrome, but the genetic loci associated with the syndrome may not be involved in the aetiology of similar symptoms in the general population. This being so, should we expect underlying brain mechanisms and treatments for specific psychopathology in one group to be effective in the other? Using Prader-Willi syndrome as an example, we propose that the conceptual thinking that informed the development of the Research Domain Criteria provides a model for taxonomy of psychiatric and behavioural disorders in genetically determined neurodevelopmental syndromes. This model brings together diagnostic, psychological and developmental approaches with the aim of matching specific behaviours to identifiable neural mechanisms.
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Schaafsma, S. M., B. J. Riedstra, K. A. Pfannkuche, A. Bouma, and T. G. G. Groothuis. "Epigenesis of behavioural lateralization in humans and other animals." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1519 (December 4, 2008): 915–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0244.
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Despite several decades of research, the epigenesis of behavioural and brain lateralization is still elusive, although its knowledge is important in understanding developmental plasticity, function and evolution of lateralization, and its relationship with developmental disorders. Over the last decades, it has become clear that behavioural lateralization is not restricted to humans, but a fundamental principle in the organization of behaviour in vertebrates. This has opened the possibility of extending descriptive studies on human lateralization with descriptive and experimental studies on other vertebrate species. In this review, we therefore explore the evidence for the role of genes and environment on behavioural lateralization in humans and other animals. First, we discuss the predominant genetic models for human handedness, and conclude that their explanatory power alone is not sufficient, leaving, together with ambiguous results from adoption studies and selection experiments in animals, ample opportunity for a role of environmental factors. Next, we discuss the potential influence of such factors, including perinatal asymmetrical perception induced by asymmetrical head position or parental care, and social modulation, both in humans and other vertebrates, presenting some evidence from our own work on the domestic chick. We conclude that both perinatal asymmetrical perception and later social modulation are likely candidates in influencing the degree or strength of lateralization in both humans and other vertebrates. However, in most cases unequivocal evidence for this is lacking and we will point out further avenues for research.
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Basso, Frédéric, and Olivier Oullier. "“Smile down the phone”: Extending the effects of smiles to vocal social interactions." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 33, no. 6 (December 2010): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x10001469.
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AbstractThe SIMS model offers an embodied perspective to cognition and behaviour that can be applied to organizational studies. This model enriches behavioural and brain research conducted by social scientists onemotional work(also known asemotional labour) by including the key role played by body-related aspects in interpersonal exchanges. Nevertheless, one could also study a more vocal aspect to smiling as illustrated by the development of “smile down the phone” strategies in organizations. We propose to gather face-to-face and voice-to-voice interactions in an embodied perspective taking into account Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) theory of conceptual metaphors.
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Moncrieff, J. "Research on a ‘drug-centred’ approach to psychiatric drug treatment: assessing the impact of mental and behavioural alterations produced by psychiatric drugs." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 27, no. 2 (October 12, 2017): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000555.
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Aims.This article explores an alternative understanding of how psychiatric drugs work that is referred to as the drug-centred model of drug action. Unlike the current disease-centred model, which suggests that psychiatric drugs work by correcting an underlying brain abnormality, the drug-centred model emphasises how psychiatric drugs affect mental states and behaviour by modifying normal brain processes. The alterations produced may impact on the emotional and behavioural problems that constitute the symptoms of mental disorders.Methods.Arguments are put forward that justify the consideration of the drug-centred model. The research necessary to support the prescription of drugs according to such a model is explored.Results.Evidence from neurochemistry and comparative drug trials do not confirm the disease-centred model of drug action. Since psychiatric drugs are recognised to have mind- and behaviour-altering properties, the drug-centred model constitutes a plausible alternative. The drug-centred model suggests that research is needed to identify all the alterations produced by various sorts of drugs, both acute and long term, and how these might interact with the symptoms and problems associated with different mental disorders. This requires detailed animal and volunteer studies and data from patients prescribed drug treatment long term, along with placebo-controlled and comparative trials that look at the overall impact of drug-induced alterations on well-being and functioning as well as symptoms. Research is also needed on alternative ways of fulfilling the function of drug treatment. The moral aspect of using drugs to modify behaviour rather than treat disease needs honest and transparent consideration.Conclusions.It is hoped this discussion will encourage the psychiatric and pharmaceutical research community to provide more of the information that is required to use psychiatric drugs safely and effectively.
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Kim, Bokyung, Young Shin Sung, and Samuel M. McClure. "The neural basis of cultural differences in delay discounting." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1589 (March 5, 2012): 650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0292.
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People generally prefer to receive rewarding outcomes sooner rather than later. Such preferences result from delay discounting, or the process by which outcomes are devalued for the expected delay until their receipt. We investigated cultural differences in delay discounting by contrasting behaviour and brain activity in separate cohorts of Western (American) and Eastern (Korean) subjects. Consistent with previous reports, we find a dramatic difference in discounting behaviour, with Americans displaying much greater present bias and elevated discount rates. Recent neuroimaging findings suggest that differences in discounting may arise from differential involvement of either brain reward areas or regions in the prefrontal and parietal cortices associated with cognitive control. We find that the ventral striatum is more greatly recruited in Americans relative to Koreans when discounting future rewards, but there is no difference in prefrontal or parietal activity. This suggests that a cultural difference in emotional responsivity underlies the observed behavioural effect. We discuss the implications of this research for strategic interrelations between Easterners and Westerners.
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Gracey, Fergus, Suzanna Watson, Meghan McHugh, Andrew Swan, Ayla Humphrey, and Anna Adlam. "Age at injury, emotional problems and executive functioning in understanding disrupted social relationships following childhood acquired brain injury." Social Care and Neurodisability 5, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scn-08-2013-0030.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose – Clinically significant childhood acquired brain injury (ABI) is associated with increased risk of emotional and behavioural dysfunction and peer relationship problems. The purpose of this paper is to determine how emotional and peer related problems for children with ABI compare with those of children referred to mental health services, and to identify clinical predictors of peer relationship problems in a heterogeneous sample typical of a specialist community rehabilitation setting. Design/methodology/approach – Participants were 51 children with clinically significant ABI (32 traumatic brain injury; 29 male) referred for outpatient neuropsychological rehabilitation. Emotional, behavioural and social outcomes were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and executive functioning was measured with the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functions. Correlational analyses were used to explore variables associated with peer relationships. A subgroup (n=27) of children with ABI were compared to an age and sex matched mental health group to determine differences on SDQ subscales. Findings – The SDQ profiles of children with clinically significant ABI did not significantly differ from matched children referred to mental health services. Time since injury, peer relationship problems, metacognitive, and behavioural problems correlated with age at injury. These variables and SDQ emotional problems correlated with peer relationship problems. Linear multiple regression analysis indicated that only metacognitive skills remained a significant predictor of peer relationship problems, and metacognitive skills were found to significantly mediate between age at injury and peer relationship problems. Research limitations/implications – The study confirms the significant effect of childhood ABI on relationships with peers and mental health, those injured at a younger age faring worst. Within the methodological constraints of this study, the results tentatively suggest that age of injury influences later peer relationships via the mediating role of poor metacognitive skills within a heterogeneous clinical sample. Originality/value – This is the first study to examine the roles of emotional, behavioural and executive variables on the effect of age at injury on peer relationship problems in a sample with a wide range of ages and ages of injury.
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Brown, Felicity Louise, Koa Whittingham, Lynne McKinlay, Roslyn Boyd, and Kate Sofronoff. "Efficacy of Stepping Stones Triple P Plus a Stress Management Adjunct for Parents of Children with an Acquired Brain Injury: The Protocol of a Randomised Controlled Trial." Brain Impairment 14, no. 2 (August 22, 2013): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/brimp.2013.18.
Full textAbstract:
Paediatric acquired brain injury (ABI) is the most common cause of acquired disability in childhood. It frequently results in significant personality, cognitive, emotional and behavioural changes, and consequent impairment in independent functioning, education, employment and interpersonal relationships. Additionally, paediatric ABI impacts on the entire family system, with parents commonly reporting significant distress and adjustment difficulties. Despite this, there is currently limited research into effective programmes to support families following their child's ABI. This protocol describes a wait-list randomised controlled trial of a behavioural family intervention plus a parent stress management programme for paediatric ABI. Interventions will be conducted with parents in a group format, aiming to improve child outcomes by improving parenting behaviour and coping. Outcomes assessed will be: (i) child behaviour and emotional outcome as measured by parent and teacher reports; (ii) parental style and confidence; (iii) parental adjustment (stress, anxiety and depression symptoms); (iv) family functioning; (v) parent relationship; and (vi) parent psychological flexibility. Assessments will be via questionnaires conducted pre-, mid- and post- intervention, and at a 6-month follow-up. The theoretical basis, study hypotheses, methods and planned analyses are described.
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Hasebe, Kyoko, Michael D. Kendig, and Margaret J. Morris. "Mechanisms Underlying the Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Maternal Obesity." Nutrients 13, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13010240.
Full textAbstract:
The widespread consumption of ‘western’-style diets along with sedentary lifestyles has led to a global epidemic of obesity. Epidemiological, clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that maternal obesity, overnutrition and unhealthy dietary patterns programs have lasting adverse effects on the physical and mental health of offspring. We review currently available preclinical and clinical evidence and summarise possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which maternal overnutrition may perturb offspring cognitive function, affective state and psychosocial behaviour, with a focus on (1) neuroinflammation; (2) disrupted neuronal circuities and connectivity; and (3) dysregulated brain hormones. We briefly summarise research implicating the gut microbiota in maternal obesity-induced changes to offspring behaviour. In animal models, maternal obesogenic diet consumption disrupts CNS homeostasis in offspring, which is critical for healthy neurodevelopment, by altering hypothalamic and hippocampal development and recruitment of glial cells, which subsequently dysregulates dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. The adverse effects of maternal obesogenic diets are also conferred through changes to hormones including leptin, insulin and oxytocin which interact with these brain regions and neuronal circuits. Furthermore, accumulating evidence suggests that the gut microbiome may directly and indirectly contribute to these maternal diet effects in both human and animal studies. As the specific pathways shaping abnormal behaviour in offspring in the context of maternal obesogenic diet exposure remain unknown, further investigations are needed to address this knowledge gap. Use of animal models permits investigation of changes in neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter activity and hormones across global brain network and sex differences, which could be directly and indirectly modulated by the gut microbiome.
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Bellisle, France. "Effects of diet on behaviour and cognition in children." British Journal of Nutrition 92, S2 (October 2004): S227—S232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20041171.
Full textAbstract:
Diet can affect cognitive ability and behaviour in children and adolescents. Nutrient composition and meal pattern can exert immediate or long-term, beneficial or adverse effects. Beneficial effects mainly result from the correction of poor nutritional status. For example, thiamin treatment reverses aggressiveness in thiamin-deficient adolescents. Deleterious behavioural effects have been suggested; for example, sucrose and additives were once suspected to induce hyperactivity, but these effects have not been confirmed by rigorous investigations. In spite of potent biological mechanisms that protect brain activity from disruption, some cognitive functions appear sensitive to short-term variations of fuel (glucose) availability in certain brain areas. A glucose load, for example, acutely facilitates mental performance, particularly on demanding, long-duration tasks. The mechanism of this often described effect is not entirely clear. One aspect of diet that has elicited much research in young people is the intake/omission of breakfast. This has obvious relevance to school performance. While effects are inconsistent in well-nourished children, breakfast omission deteriorates mental performance in malnourished children. Even intelligence scores can be improved by micronutrient supplementation in children and adolescents with very poor dietary status. Overall, the literature suggests that good regular dietary habits are the best way to ensure optimal mental and behavioural performance at all times. Then, it remains controversial whether additional benefit can be gained from acute dietary manipulations. In contrast, children and adolescents with poor nutritional status are exposed to alterations of mental and/or behavioural functions that can be corrected, to a certain extent, by dietary measures.