Journal articles: 'Behavioural activation system'

1

Quilty, Lena C., and Jonathan M. Oakman. "The assessment of behavioural activation—the relationship between positive emotionality and the behavioural activation system." European Journal of Personality 18, no. 7 (November 2004): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.530.

Full text

Abstract:

Much personality research suggests that the variance in personality can be accounted for by a few dimensions, often hypothesized to be connected to neurological circuits. Gray's (1982) behavioural activation system (BAS) and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) in particular propose to explain for a variety of behaviour. This investigation sought to determine whether Positive Emotionality is an appropriate measure of the BAS, and how Tellegen's (1985) constructs are related to BAS activity. Measures of BAS and Positive Emotionality were administered to undergraduates. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that, while Positive Emotionality can be used as an indicator of BAS activity, it is better conceived of as a distinct, correlated construct. In addition, not all components of Positive Emotionality were related to BAS activity, and BAS was further related to components of Negative Emotionality and Constraint. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Bowins, Brad E. "Augmenting Behavioural Activation Treatment with the Behavioural Activation and Inhibition Scales." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 40, no. 2 (July 18, 2011): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465811000415.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Although behavioural activation therapy is effective for depression there is always room for improvement, and also the need to extend this treatment modality to anxiety disorders. Method: A search was conducted for an easy to apply and effective method of achieving these aims. Results: To both enhance the effectiveness of behavioural activation treatment for depression and facilitate its extension to anxiety disorders, it is proposed that the Behavioral Approach/Activation System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) be incorporated. BIS/BAS Scales are easy to administer and evaluate ensuring that there is minimal added complexity. Overall, BAS, BAS subscale (Drive, Reward Responsiveness, and Fun Seeking) and BIS scores provide valuable information pertaining to a person's approach and avoidance responses. This general information, plus that derived from specific scale items, can be used to guide more focused and effective behavioural activation strategies. Brief case examples are provided to demonstrate how the BIS/BAS Scales can be applied. Conclusion: BIS/BAS Scales offer an easy to apply and effective means of enhancing behavioural activation therapy for depression and extending this treatment modality to anxiety disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Leone, Luigi, Marco Perugini, Richard P. Bagozzi, Antonio Pierro, and Lucia Mannetti. "Construct validity and generalizability of the Carver–White behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system scales." European Journal of Personality 15, no. 5 (September 2001): 373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.415.

Full text

Abstract:

The factorial structure and invariance of the BIS/BAS scales of Carver and White were assessed across three samples from the USA, UK, and Italy. Previous validation studies of the BIS/BAS scales relied on individual samples drawn from English‐speaking populations only and failed to formally assess generalizability. The current study shows that the four‐factor structure proposed by Carver and White—i.e. one BIS and three BAS facets—achieved satisfactory psychometric properties in all three samples and that measurement invariance was obtained across countries. Latent mean differences due to gender and country were also investigated. Theoretical issues concerning the validity of the BIS/BAS scales are addressed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Schaller, Mark. "The behavioural immune system and the psychology of human sociality." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1583 (December 12, 2011): 3418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0029.

Full text

Abstract:

Because immunological defence against pathogens is costly and merely reactive, human anti-pathogen defence is also characterized by proactive behavioural mechanisms that inhibit contact with pathogens in the first place. This behavioural immune system comprises psychological processes that infer infection risk from perceptual cues, and that respond to these perceptual cues through the activation of aversive emotions, cognitions and behavioural impulses. These processes are engaged flexibly, producing context–contingent variation in the nature and magnitude of aversive responses. These processes have important implications for human social cognition and social behaviour—including implications for social gregariousness, person perception, intergroup prejudice, mate preferences, sexual behaviour and conformity. Empirical evidence bearing on these many implications is reviewed and discussed. This review also identifies important directions for future research on the human behavioural immune system—including the need for enquiry into underlying mechanisms, additional behavioural consequences and implications for human health and well-being.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Dempsey, R. C., P. A. Gooding, and S. H. Jones. "A prospective study of bipolar disorder vulnerability in relation to behavioural activation, behavioural inhibition and dysregulation of the Behavioural Activation System." European Psychiatry 44 (July 2017): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.005.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractBackground:The weak regulation, or “dysregulation”, of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS) is implicated in the development and recurrence of bipolar disorder. However, there has been a lack of prospective studies investigating the predictive role of BAS dysregulation in relation to bipolar-vulnerability. Furthermore, no studies have tested the prospective predictive utility of the DYS self-report measure of BAS dysregulation in an analogue sample. The goal of the current study was to redress this gap.Methods:Participants (n = 127) completed baseline self-report measures of mood symptoms (Internal States Scale [ISS]), the Hypomanic Personality Scale (HPS), behavioural activation, inhibition and dysregulation of BAS (BIS/BAS and DYS), and at six months, the Mood Disorders Questionnaire (MDQ).Results:Linear regression analysis indicated a significant main effect of BAS Dysregulation, and a significant interaction between BIS and BAS Fun Seeking, on prospective MDQ scores whilst controlling for baseline mood symptoms and HPS scores. The interaction effect indicated that the relationship between high BAS Fun Seeking and follow-up MDQ scores was strongest when BIS scores were high, whilst the lowest MDQ scores were observed for a combination of low BAS Fun Seeking and high BIS. However, DYS scores were the stronger predictor of MDQ scores compared to the BAS Fun Seeking and BIS interaction.Conclusions:Bipolar-vulnerability is prospectively associated with heightened BAS Dysregulation, as measured by the DYS subscale, similar to prior findings in clinical samples. Further research investigating the longer-term associations between BAS Dysregulation with the development of clinically significant bipolar mood symptoms is required.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Žitňan, Dušan, Laura Hollar, Ivana Spalovská, Peter Takáč, Inka Žitňanová, Sarjeet S. Gill, and Michael E. Adams. "Molecular cloning and function of ecdysis-triggering hormones in the silkwormBombyx mori." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 22 (November 15, 2002): 3459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.22.3459.

Full text

Abstract:

SUMMARYInka cells of the epitracheal endocrine system produce peptide hormones involved in the regulation of insect ecdysis. In the silkworm Bombyx mori, injection of Inka cell extract into pharate larvae, pupae or adults activates the ecdysis behavioural sequence. In the present study, we report the identification of three peptides in these extracts, pre-ecdysis-triggering hormone (PETH), ecdysis-triggering hormone (ETH) and ETH-associated peptide(ETH-AP), which are encoded by the same cDNA precursor. Strong immunoreactivity associated with each peptide in Inka cells prior to ecdysis disappears during each ecdysis, indicating complete release of these peptides. Injection of either PETH or ETH alone is sufficient to elicit the entire ecdysis behavioural sequence through the direct action on abdominal ganglia;cephalic and thoracic ganglia are not required for the transition from pre-ecdysis to ecdysis behaviour. Our in vitro data provide evidence that these peptides control the entire ecdysis behavioural sequence through activation of specific circuits in the nervous system. Ecdysis of intact larvae is associated with the central release of eclosion hormone (EH) and elevation of cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in the ventral nerve cord. However, injection of ETH into isolated abdomens induces cGMP elevation and ecdysis behaviour without a detectable release of EH,suggesting that an additional central factor(s) may be involved in the activation of this process. Our findings provide the first detailed account of the natural and hormonally induced behavioural sequence preceding larval,pupal and adult ecdyses of B. mori and highlight significant differences in the neuro-endocrine activation of pre-ecdysis and ecdysis behaviours compared with the related moth, Manduca sexta.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Holzwarth, Katrin, and Thomas D. Meyer. "The dysregulation of the “Behavioural Activation System”: An independent dimension." Personality and Individual Differences 41, no. 2 (July 2006): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2005.12.020.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Murtazina, Elena P., Irina S. Matyul’ko, and Boris V. Zhuravlev. "The Dominance Behavioural System: A Review of Psychophysiological Features and Neurobiological Markers." Journal of Medical and Biological Research, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 427–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1491-z036.

Full text

Abstract:

This article provides a review of the literature data on the association between personal characteristics belonging to the behavioural dominance system and various psychophysiological, hormonal, and neurobiological indices. Social and behavioural features characteristic of dominance and subordination are described. The review discusses the studies showing the relationship between the indices of dominant or subordinate behaviours and adaptive capacity as well as levels of trait and state anxiety of individuals in different social contexts. Further, the key hormonal mechanisms underlying social dominance are reviewed. The dual-hormone hypothesis of dominance regulation under social stress is illustrated through studies showing the correlation between the changes in adrenocortical and sex hormone levels and their joint effect on the regulation of hierarchical status. Individual characteristics of prevalence or balance between the behavioural activation (motivation of gaining reward) and inhibition (motivation of avoiding failure) systems were found to play a crucial role in achieving higher dominance and the formation of ideas about one’s own social status. In addition, the neurophysiological and neurochemical mechanisms involved in the regulation of social hierarchical relationships are discussed. The review describes the features of brain activation during social interaction, including dominance and subordination, as well as context-dependent perception of one’s own social status and that of the opponent. The behavioural dominance system is proposed to be considered in the framework of the theory of functional systems, its architectonics, and central principles (interaction between its components, afferent synthesis, decision making, action program, and action result acceptor). Based on the systemic principles, social factors can be viewed as major environmental and triggering stimuli which affect the afferent synthesis, modulate the action program, and change the appraisal of results achieved by individuals during social interactions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Snigirov, Sergii, and Sergiy Sylantyev. "The regulatory role of GABAA receptor in Actinia equina nervous system and the possible effect of global ocean acidification." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 473, no. 12 (October 11, 2021): 1851–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-021-02628-w.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractGlobal warming and connected acidification of the world ocean attract a substantial amount of research efforts, in particular in a context of their impact on behaviour and metabolism of marine organisms, such as Cnidaria. Nevertheless, mechanisms underlying Cnidarians’ neural signalling and behaviour and their (possible) alterations due to the world ocean acidification remain poorly understood. Here we researched for the first time modulation of GABAA receptors (GABAARs) in Actinia equina (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) by pH fluctuations within a range predicted by the world ocean acidification scenarios for the next 80–100 years and by selective pharmacological activation. We found that in line with earlier studies on vertebrates, both changes of pH and activation of GABAARs with a selective allosteric agonist (diazepam) modulate electrical charge transfer through GABAAR and the whole-cell excitability. On top of that, diazepam modifies the animal behavioural reaction on startle response. However, despite behavioural reactions displayed by living animals are controlled by GABAARs, changes of pH do not alter them significantly. Possible mechanisms underlying the species resistance to acidification impact are discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Sanhueza, Nataly, Ricardo Fuentes, Andrea Aguilar, Beatriz Carnicero, Karina Vega, David Muñoz, David Contreras, et al. "Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 8860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168860.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Vindas, Marco A., Ida B. Johansen, Ole Folkedal, Erik Höglund, Marnix Gorissen, Gert Flik, Tore S. Kristiansen, and Øyvind Øverli. "Brain serotonergic activation in growth-stunted farmed salmon: adaption versus pathology." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 5 (May 2016): 160030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160030.

Full text

Abstract:

Signalling systems activated under stress are highly conserved, suggesting adaptive effects of their function. Pathologies arising from continued activation of such systems may represent a mismatch between evolutionary programming and current environments. Here, we use Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) in aquaculture as a model to explore this stance of evolutionary-based medicine, for which empirical evidence has been lacking. Growth-stunted (GS) farmed fish were characterized by elevated brain serotonergic activation, increased cortisol production and behavioural inhibition. We make the novel observation that the serotonergic system in GS fish is unresponsive to additional stressors, yet a cortisol response is maintained. The inability of the serotonergic system to respond to additional stress, while a cortisol response is present, probably leads to both imbalance in energy metabolism and attenuated neural plasticity. Hence, we propose that serotonin-mediated behavioural inhibition may have evolved in vertebrates to minimize stress exposure in vulnerable individuals.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Muris, Peter, Cor Meesters, Elske de Kanter, and Petra Eek Timmerman. "Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation system scales for children: relationships with Eysenck’s personality traits and psychopathological symptoms." Personality and Individual Differences 38, no. 4 (March 2005): 831–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.06.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Serrano-Ibáñez, Elena R., Carmen Ramírez-Maestre, Rosa Esteve, and Alicia E. López-Martínez. "The behavioural inhibition system, behavioural activation system and experiential avoidance as explanatory variables of comorbid chronic pain and posttraumatic stress symptoms." European Journal of Psychotraumatology 10, no. 1 (March 11, 2019): 1581013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1581013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Beaton, Alan A., Imogen H. Kaack, and Philip J. Corr. "Handedness and behavioural inhibition system/behavioural activation system (BIS/BAS) scores: A replication and extension of Wright, Hardie, and Wilson (2009)." Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition 20, no. 5 (February 20, 2015): 585–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1357650x.2015.1016530.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Studer, Joseph, Stéphanie Baggio, Meichun Mohler-Kuo, Jean-Bernard Daeppen, and Gerhard Gmel. "Factor structure and psychometric properties of a French and German shortened version of the Behavioural Inhibition System/Behavioural Activation System scales." International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 25, no. 1 (August 7, 2015): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mpr.1486.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Miyazaki, Masayuki, Yukihiro Noda, Akihiro Mouri, Kazuto Kobayashi, Masayoshi Mishina, Toshitaka Nabeshima, and Kiyofumi Yamada. "Role of convergent activation of glutamatergic and dopaminergic systems in the nucleus accumbens in the development of methamphetamine psychosis and dependence." International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 16, no. 6 (July 1, 2013): 1341–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1461145712001356.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract Methamphetamine (Meth) abuse can result in long-lasting psychosis and dependence. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), which controls psychomotor and reward behaviours, is an important interface between the limbic system and receives convergent projections from dopaminergic and glutamatergic terminals. This study investigated the involvements of dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission in the development of Meth psychosis and dependence by using tyrosine hydroxylase heterozygous mutant (TH+/−) mice and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor knockout (NR2A−/−) mice. Repeated treatment with Meth (1 mg/kg s.c.) for 7 d in wild-type mice led to the development of behavioural abnormalities such as hyperactivity, sensory motor gating deficits and place preference. Associated with the behavioural changes, repeated treatment with Meth led to protein kinase A activation and phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin kinase II and cyclic AMP response element binding protein in the NAc. In contrast, TH+/− and NR2A−/− mice displayed neither behavioural abnormalities nor activation of intracellular signalling pathways in the NAc. These results suggest that both dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmission play a crucial role in the development of Meth psychosis and dependence, which are associated with convergent activation of intracellular signalling pathways in the NAc.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Karjalainen, Tomi, Lauri Tuominen, Sandra Manninen, Kari K. Kalliokoski, Pirjo Nuutila, Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, Riitta Hari, Mikko Sams, and Lauri Nummenmaa. "Behavioural activation system sensitivity is associated with cerebral μ-opioid receptor availability." Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 11, no. 8 (April 6, 2016): 1310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw044.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Hoke, Kim L., Michael J. Ryan, and Walter Wilczynski. "Integration of sensory and motor processing underlying social behaviour in túngara frogs." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1610 (December 19, 2006): 641–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2006.0038.

Full text

Abstract:

Social decision making involves the perception and processing of social stimuli, the subsequent evaluation of that information in the context of the individual's internal and external milieus to produce a decision, and then culminates in behavioural output informed by that decision. We examined brain networks in an anuran communication system that relies on acoustic signals to guide simple, stereotyped motor output. We used egr-1 mRNA expression to measure neural activation in male túngara frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus , following exposure to conspecific and heterospecific calls that evoke competitive or aggressive behaviour. We found that acoustically driven activation in auditory brainstem nuclei is transformed into activation related to sensory–motor interactions in the diencephalon, followed by motor-related activation in the telencephalon. Furthermore, under baseline conditions, brain nuclei typically have correlated egr-1 mRNA levels within brain divisions. Hearing conspecific advertisement calls increases correlations between anatomically distant brain divisions; no such effect was observed in response to calls that elicit aggressive behaviour. Neural correlates of social decision making thus take multiple forms: (i) a progressive shift from sensory to motor encoding from lower to higher stages of neural processing and (ii) the emergence of correlated activation patterns among sensory and motor regions in response to behaviourally relevant social cues.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Brown, Gregory P., Damian Holden, Richard Shine, and Ben L. Phillips. "Invasion history alters the behavioural consequences of immune system activation in cane toads." Journal of Animal Ecology 87, no. 3 (February 28, 2018): 716–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.12799.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Thomas, Mark J., and Robert C. Malenka. "Synaptic plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 358, no. 1432 (April 29, 2003): 815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2002.1236.

Full text

Abstract:

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are thought to be critical mechanisms that contribute to the neural circuit modifications that mediate all forms of experience-dependent plasticity. It has, however, been difficult to demonstrate directly that experience causes long-lasting changes in synaptic strength and that these mediate changes in behaviour. To address these potential functional roles of LTP and LTD, we have taken advantage of the powerful in vivo effects of drugs of abuse that exert their behavioural effects in large part by acting in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA); the two major components of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Our studies suggest that in vivo drugs of abuse such as cocaine cause long-lasting changes at excitatory synapses in the NAc and VTA owing to activation of the mechanisms that underlie LTP and LTD in these structures. Thus, administration of drugs of abuse provides a distinctive model for further investigating the mechanisms and functions of synaptic plasticity in brain regions that play important roles in the control of motivated behaviour, and one with considerable practical implications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Schulte, Rebecca D., Barbara Hasert, Carsten Makus, Nico K. Michiels, and Hinrich Schulenburg. "Increased responsiveness in feeding behaviour of Caenorhabditis elegans after experimental coevolution with its microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis." Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (August 31, 2011): 234–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0684.

Full text

Abstract:

Immune responses, either constitutive or induced, are costly. An alternative defence strategy may be based on behavioural responses. For example, avoidance behaviour reduces contact with pathogens and thus the risk of infection as well as the requirement of immune system activation. Similarly, if pathogens are taken up orally, preferential feeding of pathogen-free food may be advantageous. Behavioural defences have been found in many animals, including the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . We here tested nematodes from a laboratory based evolution experiment which had either coevolved with their microparasite Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) or evolved under control conditions. After 48 generations, coevolved populations were more sensitive to food conditions: in comparison with the controls, they reduced feeding activity in the presence of pathogenic BT strains while at the same time increasing it in the presence of non-pathogenic strains. We conclude that host–parasite coevolution can drive changes in the behavioural responsiveness to bacterial microbes, potentially leading to an increased defence against pathogens.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Lengvenyte, A. "Suicidal behaviour and addiction: An inseparable couple? Mechanisms underlying the association and targets for interventions." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.56.

Full text

Abstract:

Suicidal behaviour is common in people with substance use disorder or behavioural addictions, and vice versa. Suicidal behaviour and addiction share many risk factors, such as increased allostatic load, and are associated with dysregulations of reward processing and impaired prefrontal cortex functioning, resulting in decision-making problems, loss of cognitive control, and impulsivity. Trait impulsivity predisposes the individual to increased sensitization to stressors or addictive stimuli. Addiction emerges when the motive for a pleasurable substance or activity transitions from positive to negative reinforcement. At this point, the stress response system is activated, and the main motivator shifts from pleasure to the escape from an aversive stimulus –withdrawal and craving. In parallel, insufferable psychological pain is the core component of the suicidal process, and a suicide attempt has been conceptualized as a way to reduce or escape it. Both states are associated with increased pain perception, stress system activation, inflammation, and anhedonia. However, while addiction generally reflects a shift from pleasure to the avoidance of negative stimuli, the pleasure is less identifiable in the suicidal process. Furthermore, not all individuals that engage in suicidal behaviours are impulsive or have an addiction, and not all individuals with addiction engage in suicidal behaviours. Yet, the understanding of the shared neurobiological component of addiction and suicidal behaviours may inform possible interventions in some individuals. Reward, pain, and stress systems are possible targets. Promising substances related to these systems that could reduce suicide risk include buprenorphine, lithium, ketamine, and psychological interventions aimed at psychological pain reduction and resilience.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Murphy, Philip, Lisa Murphy, and Hugh Garavan. "Different measures of Behavioural Activation System (BAS) sensitivity uniquely predict problem drinking among college students." Irish Journal of Psychology 35, no. 1 (November 18, 2013): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03033910.2013.853201.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Hoops, Daniel, Alanna Grant, Cassandre Labelle-Dumais, and Cecilia Flores. "Netrin-1 receptor deficiency protects against psychostimulant-induced behaviours in mice." McGill Science Undergraduate Research Journal 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2008): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/msurj.v3i1.124.

Full text

Abstract:

Psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, increase extracellular dopamine in certain brain regions, including those that make up the mesolimbic dopamine system. Dysfunction of this system is implicated in drug addiction. The development of the mesolimbic dopamine system involves netrins, a group of secreted proteins that guide growing axons to their targets. Mice that develop with reduced expression of deleted in colorectal cancer, a netrin-1 receptor, exhibit abnormal dopamine release in response to psychostimulant drugs. Furthermore, these mice show reduced amphetamine-induced locomotor activation when compared to wild-type mice. In this study, our objective is to further examine the drug-induced behaviours of DCC deficient mice. We compared adult DCC deficient and wild-type mice using two behavioural tests. First, we examined the locomotor response of these mice to cocaine. Second, using conditioned place preference, we assessed the rewarding effects of amphetamine. DCC deficient mice showed reduced cocaine-induced locomotor activation and diminished amphetamine-induced reward when compared to wild-type mice. Taken together, this study suggests that DCC deficiency can protect against certain psychostimulant-induced behaviours.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Rogers, Stephen M., and Swidbert R. Ott. "Differential activation of serotonergic neurons during short- and long-term gregarization of desert locusts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282, no. 1800 (February 7, 2015): 20142062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2062.

Full text

Abstract:

Serotonin is a neurochemical with evolutionarily conserved roles in orchestrating nervous system function and behavioural plasticity. A dramatic example is the rapid transformation of desert locusts from cryptic asocial animals into gregarious crop pests that occurs when drought forces them to accumulate on dwindling resources, triggering a profound alteration of behaviour within just a few hours. The onset of crowding induces a surge in serotonin within their thoracic ganglia that is sufficient and necessary to induce the switch from solitarious to gregarious behaviour. To identify the neurons responsible, we have analysed how acute exposure to three gregarizing stimuli—crowding, touching the hind legs or seeing and smelling other locusts—and prolonged group living affect the expression of serotonin in individual neurons in the thoracic ganglia. Quantitative analysis of cell body immunofluorescence revealed three classes of neurons with distinct expressional responses. All ganglia contained neurons that responded to multiple gregarizing stimuli with increased expression. A second class showed increased expression only in response to intense visual and olfactory stimuli from conspecifics. Prolonged group living affected a third and entirely different set of neurons, revealing a two-tiered role of the serotonergic system as both initiator and substrate of socially induced plasticity. This demonstrates the critical importance of ontogenetic time for understanding the function of serotonin in the reorganization of behaviour.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Godyń, Dorota, Eugeniusz Herbut, and Jacek Walczak. "Infrared Thermography as a Method for Evaluating the Welfare of Animals Subjected to Invasive Procedures – A Review / Termografia jako metoda oceny dobrostanu zwierząt poddanych inwazyjnym zabiegom – artykuł przeglądowy." Annals of Animal Science 13, no. 3 (July 1, 2013): 423–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2013-0027.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract In recent years, there has been a growing interest in animal welfare. Consumers of animal products are paying more attention to maintaining good husbandry conditions on the farms, but also to some of the procedures entailing pain and suffering. The most invasive procedures are castration and dehorning (disbudding), which are often performed without anaesthesia. Pain associated with tissue damage causes behavioural and physiological changes. Observation of behaviour combined with measurements of autonomic nervous system activation, and hormones of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis, is the main method for assessing the emotional state of an animal. Immobilization and blood collection may themselves be a source of stress for these animals. There is a strong prerequisite for the development of non-invasive methods of assessing the level of animal welfare. One of them is infrared thermography. The study of eye temperature changes in cattle, measured with an infrared thermography camera, confirmed the activation of the autonomic nervous system in response to pain.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Tobinski, Ann-Marie, and Virginie Rappeneau. "Role of the Neuropeptide S System in Emotionality, Stress Responsiveness and Addiction-Like Behaviours in Rodents: Relevance to Stress-Related Disorders." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 8 (August 8, 2021): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14080780.

Full text

Abstract:

The neuropeptide S (NPS) and its receptor (NPSR1) have been extensively studied over the last two decades for their roles in locomotion, arousal/wakefulness and anxiety-related and fear-related behaviours in rodents. However, the possible implications of the NPS/NPSR1 system, especially those of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs324981, in stress-related disorders and substance abuse in humans remain unclear. This is possibly due to the fact that preclinical and clinical research studies have remained separated, and a comprehensive description of the role of the NPS/NPSR1 system in stress-relevant and reward-relevant endpoints in humans and rodents is lacking. In this review, we describe the role of the NPS/NPSR1 system in emotionality, stress responsiveness and addiction-like behaviour in rodents. We also summarize the alterations in the NPS/NPSR1 system in individuals with stress-related disorders, as well as the impact of the SNP rs324981 on emotion, stress responses and neural activation in healthy individuals. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential and possible caveats of targeting the NPS/NPSR1 system for the treatment of stress-related disorders. The primary goal of this review is to highlight the importance of studying some rodent behavioural readouts modulated by the NPS/NPSR1 system and relevant to stress-related disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

IWATSUKI, KENJI, and YUTAKA NAITOH. "Behavioural Responses to Light in Paramecium Bursaria in Relation to its Symbiotic Green Alga Chlorella." Journal of Experimental Biology 134, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.134.1.43.

Full text

Abstract:

The behavioural responses to light in the ciliate Paramecium bursaria Focke, which normally contains hundreds of the symbiotic green alga Chlorella in its cytoplasm, were analysed quantitatively to clarify the mechanisms governing photoreception in the cell. P. bursaria was found to possess three kinds of photoreceptor systems for (1) the step-up photophobic response (system I), (2) the step-down photophobic response (system II), and (3) the photokinetic response (system III). Under the influence of light, the symbiotic algae inhibited systems I and III, but activated system II. Thus the cells showed the avoiding reaction when they encountered shade (the step-down photophobic response), and consequently gathered in the light region (photoaccumulation). Inhibition of system I and activation of system II were assumed to be mediated by products of the blue-light effect of the algae, while inhibition of system III was due to photosynthetic products of the algae. The cells whose algae were experimentally removed gathered in the shade (photodispersal) due to the avoiding reaction exhibited by them when they encountered a lighted region (the step-up photophobic response mediated by system I). Lowered swimming velocity and increased frequency of spontaneous changes in the swimming direction in the shade (photokinetic responses mediated by system III) also caused photodispersal.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Akcali, Didem, Aslihan Sayin, Yildirim Sara, and Hayrunnisa Bolay. "Does single cortical spreading depression elicit pain behaviour in freely moving rats?" Cephalalgia 30, no. 10 (March 31, 2010): 1195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102409360828.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Behavioural animal studies are critical, particularly to translate results to human beings. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been implicated in migraine pathogenesis. We aimed to investigate the effects of CSD on the behaviour of freely moving rats, since available CSD models do not include awake animals. Materials and methods: We developed a new model to induce single CSD by applying topical N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and employed a combination of an automated behavioural analysis system, video camera and ultrasonic vocalisation (USV) calls for the first time. Electrocorticograms were also studied during CSD in freely moving rats. Behaviour associated with cephalic pain was assessed in a group of rats that received sumatriptan. Cortical c-fos immunoreactivity was performed in order to confirm CSD. Results: NMDA induced single CSD in ipsilateral cortex, evoked freezing behaviour ( P < 0.01) and increased the number of wet dog shakes (WDS; P < 0.01). Grooming, locomotion, eating, drinking, and circling were not significantly altered among groups. Ultrasonic vocalisations compatible with pain calls (22–27 kHz) were only detected in 3 out of 25 rats. Sumatriptan did not significantly reduce the freezing behaviour. CSD induced significant c-fos expression in ipsilateral cerebral cortex and amygdala ( P < 0.01). Conclusions: CSD induces freezing behaviour by invoking anxiety/fear via amygdala activation in freely-moving rats. Single CSD is unlikely to lead to severe pain in freely-moving rats, though the development of mild or vague pain cannot be excluded. The relevance of rat behavioural responses triggered by CSD to migraine symptoms in humans needs further evaluation.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Murray, Ewan J., Taryn B. Kiley, and Nicola R. Stanley-Wall. "A pivotal role for the response regulator DegU in controlling multicellular behaviour." Microbiology 155, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.023903-0.

Full text

Abstract:

Bacteria control multicellular behavioural responses, including biofilm formation and swarming motility, by integrating environmental cues through a complex regulatory network. Heterogeneous gene expression within an otherwise isogenic cell population that allows for differentiation of cell fate is an intriguing phenomenon that adds to the complexity of multicellular behaviour. This review focuses on recent data about how DegU, a pleiotropic response regulator, co-ordinates multicellular behaviour in Bacillus subtilis. We review studies that challenge the conventional understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the DegU regulatory system and others that describe novel targets of DegU during activation of biofilm formation by B. subtilis. We also discuss a novel role for DegU in regulating multicellular processes in the food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Dolenc, B., L. Sprah, and M. Dernovsek. "P01-203-Motivational systems and trait impulsivity in euthymic outpatients with bipolar mood disorder and healthy volunteers." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71914-9.

Full text

Abstract:

ObjectivesAlthough previous studies have suggested that bipolar disorder symptoms could result from increased impulsivity and vulnerability of the Behavioural Activation System (BAS), the association of the Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) with the disorder remains unclear.AimsGiven that motivational systems, especially BAS, and impulsivity are closely intertwined, we aimed to assess the associations between BIS and BAS and impulsivity among healthy volunteers and remitted bipolar outpatients.Methods70 euthymic bipolar outpatients and 70 healthy controls were self assessed with the BIS/BAS Scale and the Barratt Impulsivity Scale.ResultsOur data revealed elevated BIS and BAS sensitivity (Figure 1a) as well as impulsivity (Figure 1b) in the group of bipolar outpatients. Both motivational systems seem to be unrelated to the trait impulsivity.ConclusionsOur results indicate that BIS/BAS sensitivity and impulsivity represent a distinct trait. Furthermore, elevated BIS and BAS sensitivity and impulsivity in the euthymic phase of the disorder could represent an indicator of relatively stable personal traits which persist throughout all phases of the illness, thus signifying a vulnerability factor that could be relevant in the early diagnostic picture of affective disorders.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Taylor, Jeanette, Mark Reeves, Lisa James, and Leonardo Bobadilla. "Disinhibitory trait profile and its relation to Cluster B personality disorder features and substance use problems." European Journal of Personality 20, no. 4 (June 2006): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.585.

Full text

Abstract:

Certain personality and motivational traits may present vulnerability towards disinhibitory psychopathology (e.g. antisocial personality disorder, substance abuse). Cluster analysis was used to separately group 306 women and 274 men on impulsivity, Constraint, Negative Emotionality, behavioural activation system (BAS), and behavioural inhibition system (BIS) scores. As expected, a ‘disinhibited’ group with low Constraint, high impulsivity, weak BIS, and strong BAS emerged that showed elevated drug use problems, and histrionic and antisocial personality disorder features across gender. A ‘high affectivity’ group with high Negative Emotionality and strong BIS also showed elevated drug use problems and personality disorder features. Results suggested that two different trait profiles are associated with disinhibitory psychopathology and both may present vulnerability toward the development of such disorders. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Ensan, S., L. O’Donnell, and S. C. Brooks. "MP10: Implementation of the PulsePoint mobile device application in Kingston, Ontario, Canada: a pilot study on crowdsourcing bystander CPR for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest." CJEM 20, S1 (May 2018): S43—S44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cem.2018.164.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction: Every year 40,000 out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) occur in Canada. Only 1 in 10 survive. Early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation can triple odds of survival. PulsePoint is a mobile device application designed to crowdsource bystander CPR and public access defibrillation for victims of OHCA. Kingston, Ontario was the first Canadian city to launch PulsePoint. The objective of this project was to determine feasibility of PulsePoint implementation in a Canadian setting and to describe system performance. Methods: This was a descriptive observational study. We included all 9-1-1 incidents involving PulsePoint system activation in Kingston, Ontario and all confirmed, public location OHCAs assessed by local emergency medical services (EMS) between March 23, 2015 to January 23, 2017. By using time and location data from PulsePoint system alert notifications, we attempted to link each PulsePoint activation to de-identified ambulance call records. Results: Between March 23, 2015 to January 23, 2017, there were 258 PulsePoint system activations in Kingston and a total of 32 cases of confirmed OHCAs. Only 58 (22%) of PulsePoint activations could be linked to EMS records with high confidence. Of these linked cases, 10 were confirmed OHCAs, reflecting 17% (10/58) of all linked PulsePoint activations and 31% (10/32) of all confirmed OHCAs. Of the remaining 48 cases that triggered PulsePoint activation numerous final paramedic problem codes were assigned of which 14% (8/58) were deemed alcohol intoxication, 10% (6/58) were active seizures, 7% (4/58) were behavioural/psychiatric events, among others. 10 incidents (17%) that triggered PulsePoint activation did not have an assigned final paramedic problem code. Conclusion: Implementation of PulsePoint is feasible in Canadian communities. Improved capabilities for linking with local EMS data will improve data capture, program monitoring capacity, and opportunity for research. The impact of PulsePoint on clinical outcomes remains uncertain and should be determined in future research.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Fisher, Helen E., Arthur Aron, and Lucy L. Brown. "Romantic love: a mammalian brain system for mate choice." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 361, no. 1476 (November 13, 2006): 2173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2006.1938.

Full text

Abstract:

Mammals and birds regularly express mate preferences and make mate choices. Data on mate choice among mammals suggest that this behavioural ‘attraction system’ is associated with dopaminergic reward pathways in the brain. It has been proposed that intense romantic love, a human cross-cultural universal, is a developed form of this attraction system. To begin to determine the neural mechanisms associated with romantic attraction in humans, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study 17 people who were intensely ‘in love’. Activation specific to the beloved occurred in the brainstem right ventral tegmental area and right postero-dorsal body of the caudate nucleus. These and other results suggest that dopaminergic reward and motivation pathways contribute to aspects of romantic love. We also used fMRI to study 15 men and women who had just been rejected in love. Preliminary analysis showed activity specific to the beloved in related regions of the reward system associated with monetary gambling for uncertain large gains and losses, and in regions of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex associated with theory of mind, obsessive/compulsive behaviours and controlling anger. These data contribute to our view that romantic love is one of the three primary brain systems that evolved in avian and mammalian species to direct reproduction. The sex drive evolved to motivate individuals to seek a range of mating partners; attraction evolved to motivate individuals to prefer and pursue specific partners; and attachment evolved to motivate individuals to remain together long enough to complete species-specific parenting duties. These three behavioural repertoires appear to be based on brain systems that are largely distinct yet interrelated, and they interact in specific ways to orchestrate reproduction, using both hormones and monoamines. Romantic attraction in humans and its antecedent in other mammalian species play a primary role: this neural mechanism motivates individuals to focus their courtship energy on specific others, thereby conserving valuable time and metabolic energy, and facilitating mate choice.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Werf, Y. D. Van Der, M. J. L. De Jongste, and G. J. Ter Horst. "The immune system mediates blood-brain barrier damage; possible implications for pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric illnesses." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0924270800037315.

Full text

Abstract:

SummaryIn this investigation the effects of immune activation on the brain are characterized. In order to study this, we used a model for chronic immune activation, the myocardial infarction, and intravenous injections with the pro-inflammatory cytokine Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α). The incentive for this study is the observation that myocardial infarction is accompanied by behavioural and neuronal abnormalities. The effects of myocardial infarction on the brain and its functioning are widespread. In order to examine the mechanism through which this interaction occurs, a group of rats underwent an experimentally induced myocardial infarction whereafter immunohistochemistry was performed on slices of the brain. This experiment revealed regional serum protein extravasation, pointing to leakage of the blood-brain barrier. This process occurred in certain cortical, subcortical and hindbrain areas in discrete patches. The leakage was co-localized with the expression of the immune activation marker ICAM-1. A second group of rats was therefore injected with TNF-α, a major pro-inflammatory cytokine, to assess the involvement of the immune system in the effects shown. This procedure rendered the same results. It is concluded that myocardial infarction may interfere with the integrity of the blood-brain barrier and possibly with brain functioning through activation of the immune system. The relevance for pathophysiological processes is discussed.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Chamera, Katarzyna, Magdalena Szuster-Głuszczak, Ewa Trojan, and Agnieszka Basta-Kaim. "Maternal Immune Activation Sensitizes Male Offspring Rats to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Microglial Deficits Involving the Dysfunction of CD200–CD200R and CX3CL1–CX3CR1 Systems." Cells 9, no. 7 (July 12, 2020): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9071676.

Full text

Abstract:

Early life challenges resulting from maternal immune activation (MIA) may exert persistent effects on the offspring, including the development of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia. Recent evidence has suggested that the adverse effects of MIA may be mediated by neuron–microglia crosstalk, particularly CX3CL1–CX3CR1 and CD200–CD200R dyads. Therefore, the present study assessed the behavioural parameters resembling schizophrenia-like symptoms in the adult male offspring of Sprague-Dawley rats that were exposed to MIA and to an additional acute lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge in adulthood, according to the “two-hit” hypothesis of schizophrenia. Simultaneously, we aimed to clarify the role of the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 and CD200–CD200R axes and microglial reactivity in the brains of adult offspring subjected to MIA and the “second hit” wit LPS. In the present study, MIA generated a range of behavioural changes in the adult male offspring, including increased exploratory activity and anxiety-like behaviours. The most intriguing finding was observed in the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test, where the deficit in the sensorimotor gating was age-dependent and present only in part of the rats. We were able to distinguish the occurrence of two groups: responsive and non-responsive (without the deficit). Concurrently, based on the results of the biochemical studies, MIA disrupted mainly the CD200–CD200R system, while the changes of the CX3CL1–CX3CR1 axis were less evident in the frontal cortex of adult non-responsive offspring. MIA markedly affected the immune regulators of the CD200–CD200R pathway as we observed an increase in cortical IL-6 release in the responsive group and IL-4 in the non-responsive offspring. Importantly, the “second hit” generated disturbances at the behavioural and biochemical levels mostly in the non-responsive adult animals. Those offspring were characterized both by disturbed PPI and “priming” microglia. Altogether, the exposure to MIA altered the immunomodulatory mechanisms, including the CD200–CD200R axis, in the brain and sensitized animals to subsequent immunological challenges, leading to the manifestation of schizophrenia-like alterations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

KAFADAR, Hatice, and Selin YILMAZ. "Impulsive Buying Tendecy: The Role of Cognitive Factors, Personality Traits and Affect." Yaşam Becerileri Psikoloji Dergisi 6, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31461/ybpd.1170318.

Full text

Abstract:

Impulsive buying is considered to be an emotional and unplanned decision-making behaviour. Because this type of purchasing rate has fairly increased in recent years, examining the determinants of impulsive buying is important to understand which intervention programs should be designed. In the current study, it was aimed to develop a model in which impulsive buying tendency is predicted by variables such as personality traits, affect and cognitive factors (problem solving skills and cognitive flexibility). Overall, 300 young adults (198 female and 102 male), took part in the study. The mean age of the participants for the current study was as 21.29 years (SD=2.95). Impulsive buying tendency, personality traits, affect, problem solving skills and cognitive flexibility variables were measured via Consumer Buying Impulsivity Scale (CBI), Behavioural Inhibition/Activation System Scales (BIS/BAS), Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFI), respectively. The results indicated that personality traits in the behavioral activation system (reward system) could be an important determinant of impulsive buying tendency when examined together with other variables. In sum, high reward responsiveness may result in impulsive buying. Furthermore, affective factors (both negative and positive affect) rather than cognitive factors may be a triggering factor for impulsive buying.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Mattler, Uwe. "Flanker effects on motor output and the late-level response activation hypothesis." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, no. 4 (May 2005): 577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000089.

Full text

Abstract:

When participants must respond to a relevant central target and ignore irrelevant flanking stimuli, the flankers produce a flanker compatibility effect on behavioural measures. Current accounts of the flanker compatibility effect assume that both target and flanker stimuli affect response activation. This idea is supported by electrophysiological studies, which show that irrelevant flanker stimuli can affect the motor system. The present experiments examined the characteristics of flanker effects on the motor system by analysing the details of the motor output with response force measures. A total of 60 participants responded in the flanker task to arrows (Experiment 1) or letters (Experiment 2). Reaction time as well as response force increased on incompatible trials. Analyses of the distribution of incorrect activation revealed that both response times and correct motor output increased with the amount of incorrect activity. However, the flanker compatibility effect was only marginally modulated by incorrect activity. Results suggest that the largest part of the flanker compatibility effect cannot be attributed to response activation and competition at late levels of the response system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Al-Hakeim, Hussein Kadhem, Suhaer Zeki Al-Fadhel, Arafat Hussein Al-Dujaili, and Michael Maes. "In major depression, increased kappa and mu opioid receptor levels are associated with immune activation." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 32, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2019.47.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractObjective:This study was carried out to delineate differences between major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls in dynorphin and kappa opioid receptor (KOR) levels in association with changes in the β-endorphin – mu opioid receptor (MOR) and immune-inflammatory system.Methods:The present study examines dynorphin, KOR, β-endorphin, MOR, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 in 60 drug-free male participants with MDD and 30 age-matched healthy males.Results:Serum dynorphin, KOR, β-endorphin and MOR are significantly higher in MDD as compared to controls. The increases in the dynorphin/KOR system and β-endorphin/MOR system are significantly intercorrelated and are both strongly associated with increased IL-6 and IL-10 levels. Dynorphin, β-endorphin, KOR and both cytokines showed a good diagnostic performance for MDD versus controls with a bootstrapped (n = 2000) area under the receiver operating curve of 0.972. The dynorphin/KOR system is significantly decreased in depression with comorbid nicotine dependence.Conclusion:Our findings suggest that, in MDD, immune activation is associated with a simultaneous activation of dynorphin/KOR and β-endorphin/MOR signaling and that these opioid systems may participate in the pathophysiology of depression by (a) exerting immune-regulatory activities attenuating the primary immune response and (b) modulating reward responses and mood as well as emotional and behavioural responses to stress.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Berg, Selina K., Trine B. Rasmussen, Margrethe Herning, Jesper H. Svendsen, Anne V. Christensen, and Lau C. Thygesen. "Cognitive behavioural therapy significantly reduces anxiety in patients with implanted cardioverter defibrillator compared with usual care: Findings from the Screen-ICD randomised controlled trial." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 258–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319874147.

Full text

Abstract:

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a cognitive behavioural therapy intervention provided by trained cardiac nurses plus usual care compared with usual care alone in patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator who, prior to randomization, had presented with symptoms of anxiety measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Background Around 20–25% of all patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator experience anxiety. Among these patients anxiety is associated with mortality, presumably explained by risk behaviour and activation of the autonomic nervous system. We hypothesised that cognitive behavioural therapy provided by cardiac nurses in an out-patient setting would be an effective treatment of anxiety. Methods This was an investigator-initiated randomised clinical superiority trial with blinded outcome assessment, with 1:1 randomisation to cognitive behavioural therapy plus usual care or to usual care. The primary outcome was Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety mean score at 16 weeks. Secondary outcomes included Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression, Becks Anxiety Inventory, HeartQoL and Hamilton Anxiety Scale. Primary outcome analysis was based on the intention-to-treat principle. Results A total of 88 participants were included, 66% men, mean age 64.3 years and 61% had primary indication implantable cardioverter defibrillator. A significant difference after 16 weeks was found between groups: intervention group (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-A mean (standard deviation) 4.95 points (3.30) versus usual care group 8.98 points (4.03) ( p < 0.0001)). Cohen's d was –0.86, indicating a strong clinical effect. The effect was supported by secondary outcomes. Conclusion Cognitive behavioural therapy provided by cardiac nurses to patients with a positive screening for anxiety had a statistically and clinically significant effect on anxiety compared with patients not receiving cognitive behavioural therapy.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Gan, Joo-Ee. "Vendors as Environmental Stakeholders: Lessons from a Regional Sports Event." ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism 18, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/ajht.2020.18.2.04.

Full text

Abstract:

Abstract. This paper examines the impact of vendor management on the recycling programme of a regional sports event. Guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the norm activation model (NAM), the organizer’s leverage strategies were qualitatively assessed for their effectiveness in promoting vendor recycling behaviour. The findings identified vague selection criteria, unclear expectations, limited engagement, the lack of communication and poor coordination as weaknesses in the organizer’s leverage strategies. In particular, the altruistic strategy of information dissemination – deployed infrequently and unaided by utilitarian measures such as economic incentives and formal sanctions – did not encourage recycling behaviour. The impact of social influence showed that subjective norms were not merely a predictor of behaviour (as per the TPB), they influenced the NAM’s dual-criteria, namely, awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility. The absence of back-of-house disposal facilities, inconsistent bin system, poor labelling of the recycling bins and infrequent bin clearance significantly lowered the vendors’ recycling rate. More importantly, convenience was found to influence norm activation, in that inefficient recycling logistics furnished the vendors with an excuse not to recycle. Thus, convenience was not merely as aspect of TPB’s perceived behavioural control, this determinant influenced personal norms. Where weak environmental norms prevail, it may be necessary to impose formal sanctions to enforce recycling, even though formal sanctions cannot ensure lasting recycling behaviour.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Makin, Alexis DJ, Mai Helmy, and Marco Bertamini. "Visual cortex activation predicts visual preference: Evidence from Britain and Egypt." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 8 (January 1, 2018): 1771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1350870.

Full text

Abstract:

The term “Perceptual goodness” refers to the strength, obviousness, or salience of a visual configuration. Recent work has found strong agreement between theoretical, neural, and behavioural measures of perceptual goodness across a wide range of different symmetrical visual patterns. We used these pattern types again to explore the relationship between perceptual goodness and aesthetic preference. A group of 50 U.K. participants rated the patterns on a 0 to 100 scale. Preference ratings positively correlated with four overlapping measures of perceptual goodness. We then replicated this finding in Egypt, suggesting that our results reflect universal aspects of human preference. The third experiment provided consistent results with a different stimulus set. We conclude that symmetry is an aesthetic primitive that is attractive because of the way it is processed by the visual system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

van Zeeland, Eveline, and Jörg Henseler. "The behavioural response of the professional buyer on social cues from the vendor and how to measure it." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-06-2016-0135.

Full text

Abstract:

Purpose Vendors’ social cues – physical or behavioural hints – have an impact on the professional buyer. However, little is known about that impact. The purpose of this paper is to place knowledge about the impact of social cues that other disciplines acquired in the context of business-to-business (B2B) marketing to contribute constructively to the research agenda. Design/methodology/approach By integrating findings on the processing of social cues and the behavioural response from the disciplines of neuroscience, biology and psychology (specifically the behavioural inhibition system [BIS]/behavioural activation system [BAS]-theory), this paper aims to provide an interdisciplinary perspective on the automatic evaluation of vendors by professional buyers. Findings Social cues are likely to be of substantial value in the (first) encounter between buyer and seller. Positively evaluated social cues create an approach-motivated behavioural intention, whereas negatively evaluated ones create avoidance. This process is probably predominantly mediated by trust and moderated by personality and contextual factors. Research limitations/implications This paper stimulates research about the impact of social cues in a B2B context. While such knowledge would add practical value, this paper also explores possibilities for managers to use neuroscientific techniques to assess and train sales agents. Originality/value The impact of social cues is hardly covered in the B2B marketing literature, but they have an important impact on B2B decision-making. The conceptual framework combines the BIS/BAS theory (approach/avoidance) with the SOR-model (stimulus-organism-response), which is unique to the B2B marketing field.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

von Muecke-Heim, Iven-Alex, Clemens Ries, Lidia Urbina, and Jan M. Deussing. "P2X7R antagonists in chronic stress-based depression models: a review." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 271, no. 7 (July 19, 2021): 1343–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00406-021-01306-3.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractDepression affects around 320 million people worldwide. Growing evidence proposes the immune system to be the core interface between psychosocial stress and the neurobiological and behavioural features of depression. Many studies have identified purinergic signalling via the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) to be of great importance in depression genesis yet only a few have evaluated P2X7R antagonists in chronic stress-based depression models. This review summarizes their findings and analyses their methodology. The four available studies used three to nine weeks of unpredictable, chronic mild stress or unpredictable, chronic stress in male mice or rats. Stress paradigm composition varied moderately, with stimuli being primarily psychophysical rather than psychosocial. Behavioural testing was performed during or after the last week of stress application and resulted in depressive-like behaviours, immune changes (NLRP3 assembly, interleukin-1β level increase, microglia activation) and neuroplasticity impairment. During the second half of each stress paradigm, a P2X7R antagonist (Brilliant Blue G, A-438079, A-804598) was applied. Studies differed with regard to antagonist dosage and application timing. Nonetheless, all treatments attenuated the stress-induced neurobiological changes and depressive-like behaviours. The evidence at hand underpins the importance of P2X7R signalling in chronic stress and depression. However, improvements in study planning and reporting are necessary to minimize experimental bias and increase data purview. To achieve this, we propose adherence to the Research Domain Criteria and the STRANGE framework.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Konefal, Sarah C., and David Stellwagen. "Tumour necrosis factor-mediated homeostatic synaptic plasticity in behavioural models: testing a role in maternal immune activation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1715 (March 5, 2017): 20160160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0160.

Full text

Abstract:

The proinflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) has long been characterized for its role in the innate immune system, but more recently has been found to have a distinct role in the nervous system that does not overlap with other proinflammatory cytokines. Through regulation of neuronal glutamate and GABA receptor trafficking, TNF mediates a homeostatic form of synaptic plasticity, but plays no direct role in Hebbian forms of plasticity. As yet, there is no evidence to suggest that this adaptive plasticity plays a significant role in normal development, but it does maintain neuronal circuit function in the face of several types of disruption. This includes developmental plasticity in primary sensory cortices, as well as modulating the response to antidepressants, chronic antipsychotics and drugs of abuse. TNF is also a prominent component of the neuroinflammation occurring in most neuropathologies, but the role of TNF-mediated synaptic plasticity in this context remains to be determined. We tested this in a maternal immune activation (MIA) model of neurodevelopmental disorders. Using TNF −/− mice, we observed that TNF is not required for the expression of abnormal social or anxious behaviour in this model. This indicates that TNF does not uniquely contribute to the development of neuronal dysfunction in this model, and suggests that during neuroinflammatory events, compensation between the various proinflammatory cytokines is the norm. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Integrating Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity’.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Giakoumaki, S. G., P. Roussos, C. Zouraraki, E. Spanoudakis, M. Mavrikaki, E. M. Tsapakis, and P. Bitsios. "Sub-optimal parenting is associated with schizotypic and anxiety personality traits in adulthood." European Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (October 10, 2012): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.07.002.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractPart of the variation in personality characteristics has been attributed to the child–parent interaction and sub-optimal parenting has been associated with psychiatric morbidity. In the present study, an extensive battery of personality scales (Trait Anxiety Inventory, Behavioural Inhibition/Activation System questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, Temperament and Character Inventory, Schizotypal Traits Questionnaire, Toronto Alexithymia Scale) and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) were administered in 324 adult healthy males to elucidate the effects of parenting on personality configuration. Personality variables were analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the factors “Schizotypy”, “Anxiety”, “Behavioural activation”, “Novelty seeking” and “Reward dependence” were extracted. Associations between personality factors with PBI “care” and “overprotection” scores were examined with regression analyses. Subjects were divided into “parental style” groups and personality factors were subjected to categorical analyses. “Schizotypy” and “Anxiety” were significantly predicted by high maternal overprotection and low paternal care. In addition, the Affectionless control group (low care/high overprotection) had higher “Schizotypy” and “Anxiety” compared with the Optimal Parenting group (high care/low overprotection). These results further validate sub-optimal parenting as an important environmental exposure and extend our understanding on the mechanisms by which it increases risk for psychiatric morbidity.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Palyanov, Andrey, Sergey Khayrulin, and Stephen D. Larson. "Three-dimensional simulation of the Caenorhabditis elegans body and muscle cells in liquid and gel environments for behavioural analysis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1758 (September 10, 2018): 20170376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0376.

Full text

Abstract:

To better understand how a nervous system controls the movements of an organism, we have created a three-dimensional computational biomechanical model of the Caenorhabditis elegans body based on real anatomical structure. The body model is created with a particle system–based simulation engine known as Sibernetic, which implements the smoothed particle–hydrodynamics algorithm. The model includes an elastic body-wall cuticle subject to hydrostatic pressure. This cuticle is then driven by body-wall muscle cells that contract and relax, whose positions and shape are mapped from C. elegans anatomy, and determined from light microscopy and electron micrograph data. We show that by using different muscle activation patterns, this model is capable of producing C. elegans -like behaviours, including crawling and swimming locomotion in environments with different viscosities, while fitting multiple additional known biomechanical properties of the animal. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Connectome to behaviour: modelling C. elegans at cellular resolution’.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Buijsman, Stefan, and Carlos Tirado. "Spatial–numerical associations: Shared symbolic and non-symbolic numerical representations." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 10 (April 17, 2019): 2423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021819844503.

Full text

Abstract:

During the last decades, there have been a large number of studies into the number-related abilities of humans. As a result, we know that humans and non-human animals have a system known as the approximate number system that allows them to distinguish between collections based on their number of items, separately from any counting procedures. Dehaene and others have argued for a model on which this system uses representations for numbers that are spatial in nature and are shared by our symbolic and non-symbolic processing of numbers. However, there is a conflicting theoretical perspective in which there are no representations of numbers underlying the approximate number system, but only quantity-related representations. This perspective would then suggest that there are no shared representations between symbolic and non-symbolic processing. We review the evidence on spatial biases resulting from the activation of numerical representations, for both non-symbolic and symbolic tests. These biases may help decide between the theoretical differences; shared representations are expected to lead to similar biases regardless of the format, whereas different representations more naturally explain differences in biases, and thus behaviour. The evidence is not yet decisive, as the behavioural evidence is split: we expect bisection tasks to eventually favour shared representations, whereas studies on the spatial–numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect currently favour different representations. We discuss how this impasse may be resolved, in particular, by combining these behavioural studies with relevant neuroimaging data. If this approach is carried forward, then it may help decide which of these two theoretical perspectives on number representations is correct.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Balconi, Michela, and Roberta Finocchiaro. "Deficit in rewarding mechanisms and prefrontal left/right cortical effect in vulnerability for internet addiction." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 28, no. 5 (March 9, 2016): 272–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2016.9.

Full text

Abstract:

ObjectiveThe present research explored the cortical correlates of rewarding mechanisms and cortical ‘unbalance’ effect in internet addiction (IA) vulnerability.MethodsInternet Addiction Inventory (IAT) and personality trait (Behavioural Inhibition System, BIS; Behavioural Activation System, BAS) were applied to 28 subjects. Electroencephalographic (EEG, alpha frequency band) and response times (RTs) were registered during a Go-NoGo task execution in response to different online stimuli: gambling videos, videogames or neutral stimuli. Higher-IAT (more than 50 score, with moderate or severe internet addiction) and lower-IAT (<50 score, with no internet addiction).ResultsAlpha band and RTs were affected by IAT, with significant bias (reduced RTs) for high-IAT in response to gambling videos and videogames; and by BAS, BAS-Reward subscale (BAS-R), since not only higher-IAT, but also BAS and BAS-R values determined an increasing of left prefrontal cortex (PFC) activity (alpha reduction) in response to videogames and gambling stimuli for both Go and NoGo conditions, in addition to decreased RTs for these stimuli categories.ConclusionThe increased PFC responsiveness and the lateralisation (left PFC hemisphere) effect in NoGo condition was explained on the basis of a ‘rewarding bias’ towards more rewarding cues and a deficit in inhibitory control in higher-IAT and higher-BAS subjects. In contrast lower-IAT and lower-BAS predicted a decreased PFC response and increased RTs for NoGo (inhibitory mechanism). These results may support the significance of personality (BAS) and IAT measures for explaining future internet addiction behaviour based on this observed ‘vulnerability’.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Tenk, Christine M., Martin Kavaliers, and Klaus‐Peter Ossenkopp. "Sexually dimorphic effects of neonatal immune system activation with lipopolysaccharide on the behavioural response to a homotypic adult immune challenge." International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 26, no. 3-4 (January 11, 2008): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2008.01.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioural activation system'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles