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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Behaviour and Conservation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Behaviour and Conservation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Behaviour and Conservation"

1

Mrosovsky, N. "Behaviour and Conservation." Ethology 107, no. 7 (July 24, 2001): 665–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0310.2001.0686a.x.

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Elliott, Paul. "Behaviour and Conservation." Biological Conservation 96, no. 2 (December 2000): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3207(00)00052-5.

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Blumstein, Daniel T., L. Morris Gosling, and William J. Sutherland. "Behaviour and Conservation." Journal of Wildlife Management 65, no. 3 (July 2001): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3803114.

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Sutherland, W. J. "Good behaviour in conservation." Nature 366, no. 6453 (December 1993): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/366300a0.

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Caro, Tim. "The behaviour–conservation interface." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14, no. 9 (September 1999): 366–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01663-8.

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Reaume, Christopher J., and Marla B. Sokolowski. "Conservation of gene function in behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1574 (July 27, 2011): 2100–2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0028.

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Behaviour genetic research has shown that a given gene or gene pathway can influence categorically similar behaviours in different species. Questions about the conservation of gene function in behaviour are increasingly tractable. This is owing to the surge of DNA and 'omics data, bioinformatic tools, as well as advances in technologies for behavioural phenotyping. Here, we discuss how gene function, as a hierarchical biological phenomenon, can be used to examine behavioural homology across species. The question can be addressed independently using different levels of investigation including the DNA sequence, the gene's position in a genetic pathway, spatial–temporal tissue expression and neural circuitry. Selected examples from the literature are used to illustrate this point. We will also discuss how qualitative and quantitative comparisons of the behavioural phenotype, its function and the importance of environmental and social context should be used in cross-species comparisons. We conclude that (i) there are homologous behaviours, (ii) they are hard to define and (iii) neurogenetics and genomics investigations should help in this endeavour.

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Herrera, James, and Charles L. Nunn. "Behavioural ecology and infectious disease: implications for conservation of biodiversity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1781 (July 29, 2019): 20180054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0054.

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Behaviour underpins interactions among conspecifics and between species, with consequences for the transmission of disease-causing parasites. Because many parasites lead to declines in population size and increased risk of extinction for threatened species, understanding the link between host behaviour and disease transmission is particularly important for conservation management. Here, we consider the intersection of behaviour, ecology and parasite transmission, broadly encompassing micro- and macroparasites. We focus on behaviours that have direct impacts on transmission, as well as the behaviours that result from infection. Given the important role of parasites in host survival and reproduction, the effects of behaviour on parasitism can scale up to population-level processes, thus affecting species conservation. Understanding how conservation and infectious disease control strategies actually affect transmission potential can therefore often only be understood through a behavioural lens. We highlight how behavioural perspectives of disease ecology apply to conservation by reviewing the different ways that behavioural ecology influences parasite transmission and conservation goals. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Linking behaviour to dynamics of populations and communities: application of novel approaches in behavioural ecology to conservation’.

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Chadwick, Elizabeth. "Otters: Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation." Freshwater Biology 53, no. 9 (September 2008): 1914–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2008.01998.x.

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St John, Freya A. V., Gareth Edwards-Jones, and Julia P. G. Jones. "Conservation and human behaviour: lessons from social psychology." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10032.

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Despite increased effort from non-governmental organisations, academics and governments over recent decades, several threats continue to cause species declines and even extinctions. Resource use by a growing human population is a significant driver of biodiversity loss, so conservation scientists need to be interested in the factors that motivate human behaviour. Economic models have been applied to human decision making for many years; however, humans are not financially rational beings and other characteristics of the decision maker (including attitude) and the pressure that people perceive to behave in a certain way (subjective norms) may influence decision making; these are characteristics considered by social psychologists interested in human decision making. We review social-psychology theories of behaviour and how they have been used in the context of conservation and natural-resource management. Many studies focus on general attitudes towards conservation rather than attitudes towards specific behaviours of relevance to conservation and thus have limited value in designing interventions to change specific behaviours (e.g. reduce hunting of a threatened species). By more specifically defining the behaviour of interest, and investigating attitude in the context of other social-psychological predictors of behaviour (e.g. subjective norms, the presence of facilitating factors and moral obligation), behaviours that have an impact on conservation goals will be better understood, allowing for the improved design of interventions to influence them.

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Cary, J. W. "Influencing attitudes and changing consumers' household water consumption behaviour." Water Supply 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.078.

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Programs for demand management have become critical following extended water shortage in Australia. Changing attitudes is a major element of water conservation programs. Information and education are likely to be necessary but not sufficient components of any program for behaviour change. A combination of factors is needed to promote water saving behaviour. Changing the behaviours of less responsive water users requires a better understanding of what shapes water conservation behaviours. Programs and conservation behaviour models need to take account of both ‘internal’ influences, such as attitudes and habits, and ‘external’ influences, such as the water delivery environment, pricing and social norms for water use.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Behaviour and Conservation"

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Keane, Aidan. "Understanding rule-breaking behaviour in conservation." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.520865.

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Carr, S. "Conservation on farms : conflicting attitudes, social pressures and behaviour." Thesis, Open University, 1988. http://oro.open.ac.uk/57040/.

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In the late 1970s and early 1980s, conservationists' concern about the loss of wildlife habitat on farmland escalated into open conflict with farmers, the conflict being heightened by controversy surrounding the passing of the Wildlife and Countryside Act in 1981. An improved understanding of the attitudes of farmers and conservationists would help ensure the most appropriate measures are adopted to resolve or avoid such conflict. This research therefore compared the attitudes of farmers and conservationists in Bedfordshire in two pairs of surveys. In the first, free-ranging interviews were used to establish the range of opinions on farming and conservation held by the two groups. In the second, Fishbein and Ajzen's theory of reasoned action was used as the framework for a more detailed comparison of the differences in attitudes between the two communities. The correlation of attitudes and social pressures with farmers' behaviour was also explored for three conservation-related activities about which there was conflict: hedge management, pesticide use and straw disposal. The first survey revealed a complex matrix of shared, complementary and conflicting beliefs and values between and within the two communities. Examples of conflicting values included those concerning land ownership and freedom of individual action versus stewardship, and pride in an efficient, productive and tidy farm versus a wilder countryside. The second survey showed that while farmers agreed with conservationists about the advantages of conservation expressed in general terms, once decisions about specific farm practices were involved, attitudes to conservation and wildlife were far outweighed by attitudes to farming and business considerations. Social pressures on farmers from conservationists were minimal; the strongest social pressures came from within the farming community itself and these generally served to perpetuate the dominant farming values. Although the theory of reasoned action provided a valuable means of exploring the role of attitudes, social pressures and behaviour in the conflict, some limitations in the use of the model in these complex circumstances were found. In particular it did not allow a distinction to be made between self-interested and deeply held values; the recommended method of constructing and scoring a behaviourial index was inappropriate where value judgements were involved; and respondents experienced difficulty in distinguishing between beliefs and values when evaluative opinion statements were used. Some suggestions for overcoming these limitations are made.

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Lake, Sophie. "The role of livestock grazing in the conservation of lowland heath." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249640.

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Graham, Rachel T. "Behaviour and conservation of whale sharks on the Belize Barrier Reef." Thesis, University of York, 2003. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/2534/.

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Stephens, Philip Andrew. "Behaviour based models population dynamics and the conservation of social mammals." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251708.

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Huyser, Onno Adrian Wallace. "Diet and foraging behaviour of Macaroni and Chinstrap penguins at Bouvetøya, South Atlantic Ocean." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4751.

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Nath, Latika. "Conservation management of the tiger, Panthera tigris tigris, in Bandhavgarh National Park, India." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365364.

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Neri-Arboleda, Irene. "Ecology and behaviour of Tarsius syrichta in Bohol, Philipppines : implications for conservation." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AS/09asn445.pdf.

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Lea, James Simon Eaton. "Migratory behaviour and spatial dynamics of large sharks and their conservation implications." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8334.

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Determining the dynamic nature of animal movement has been an important component in a wider understanding of animal population ecology. Generally, this is because temporal change in the density of a population at a specific geographic location is not only a function of births and deaths but also of movements, including migration. The increased availability of remote telemetry and biologging systems in recent years has enabled many studies tracking marine predators, such as turtles, seabirds and marine mammals, but a general understanding of spatial dynamics in large sharks remains less well developed. This is in part due to few studies having achieved sufficiently long-term, multi-year tracks to detect changes in movement behaviour over time. Determining the timing, repeatability and potential motivations for movements of large sharks is necessary to understand the ecological and evolutionary role of such behaviour more generally in marine predators. Furthermore, given global concerns of declining shark populations, a detailed appreciation of shark movements can reveal the extent 6 of overlap with area-focused human activities (e.g. fishing), as well as inform assessments of population trends and spatial management options. In order to demonstrate how shark migratory behaviour and spatial dynamics can vary dramatically depending on the species and location, with subsequent contrasting conservation implications, the present work used longterm, remote telemetry to reveal detailed patterns in shark movement behaviour at two very different geographical scales: broad-scale movements of larger species that encompass ocean basins, versus fine-scale movements of reef-associated species at a remote atoll. First, using satellite telemetry, it was revealed for the tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, that adult males undertake annually repeated, roundtrip migrations of over 7,500 km in the northwest Atlantic. Second, acoustic telemetry was used to determine the fine-scale spatial dynamics of a multispecies shark assemblage at a small, remote atoll in the Seychelles, Indian Ocean, where a number of species displayed perennial residency. While the fine-scale movements of reef sharks in the Seychelles suggest an MPA of moderate size may be an effective management option, the long-distance migrations of the tiger sharks in the Atlantic reveal that conservation efforts targeting them must account for dynamic fisheries interactions over large geographical scales, potentially requiring time-area closures to be effective. Examining the long-term movement behaviour of different shark species over contrasting geographical scales has emphasised the importance of understanding spatial dynamics when informing management decisions, and has contributed to a wider understanding of the population ecology of these species.

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Wallace, Andrea Pauline Coombs. "Understanding fishers' spatial behaviour to estimate social costs in local conservation planning." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10973.

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Artisanal fisheries are a key source of food and income for millions of people worldwide. However, unmanaged or excessive fishing activity can lead to declining returns for fishing effort and livelihood insecurity, and adversely impact wetland ecosystems. Management interventions such as protected areas and temporal closures may improve fishery sustainability and reduce environmental degradation, but often carry costs for fishers. Understanding predictors of fishing behaviour would allow conservation planning to minimise the adverse impacts of interventions, increasing the likelihood of fisher support of change. However, factors influencing fishers’ behaviour are rarely identified or taken into account when implementing conservation actions. Madagascar’s Lake Alaotra wetland supports the nation’s largest and most productive artisanal freshwater fishery, and provides critical habitat for endemic wildlife. Local fishers depend on the fishery for livelihood throughout the year. Catch-monitoring interviews, semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and follows were conducted over 16 months with 784 fishers at Lake Alaotra to understand the socioeconomic dynamics of the fishery. Although information from the fishers was sometimes imprecise, participatory monitoring methods engaged fishers and improved understanding of system dynamics. Linear mixed models confirmed that proposed restricted areas and temporal closures would generate direct short-term costs through reduced catch sizes, which vary between gear types. Socioeconomic data, spatial distribution of fishing effort, and fishers’ evaluations of management scenarios were used to explore alternative strategies. The conservation planning tool Marxan was used to identify reserve networks capable of achieving conservation goals while minimising adverse impacts for fishers. The research demonstrates that: interventions can have unequal impacts on local people: information about costs and benefits of interventions can produce more realistic and implementable conservation plans: and actively engaging fishers and understanding their spatial behaviour at relevant scales is critical for managing fisheries sustainability and promoting effective long-term conservation of freshwater ecosystems.

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Books on the topic "Behaviour and Conservation"

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1943-, Gosling L. Morris, and Sutherland William J, eds. Behaviour and conservation. Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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GOULSON, DAVE. Bumblebees: Behaviour, ecology, and conservation. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

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Gerald, Hinde, ed. Cats of Africa: Behaviour, ecology, and conservation. Cape Town: Struik, 2005.

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Magnan, Pierre, Céline Audet, Hélène Glémet, Michel Legault, Marco A. Rodríguez, and Eric B. Taylor, eds. Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the charrs, genus Salvelinus. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1352-8.

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Macdonald, David W. Collins European mammals: Evolution and behaviour. London: HarperCollins, 1995.

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Collins European mammals: Evolution and behaviour. London: HarperCollins, 1995.

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J, Sutherland William. From individual behaviour to population ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Pearce, George E. Badger Behaviour: Conservation & Rehabilitation : 70 Years of Getting to Know Badgers. Exeter, [United Kingdom]: Pelagic Publishing, 2011.

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Kreutzwiser, R. D. Municipal recycling and household conservation behaviour: #508G - a study of Guelph, Ontario. [Toronto, Ont.]: Environment Ontario, 1991.

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Harri, Hakkarainen, ed. The boreal owl: Ecology, behaviour, and conservation of a forest-dwelling predator. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "Behaviour and Conservation"

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St John, Freya A. V., Aidan M. Keane, and Eleanor J. Milner-Gulland. "Effective conservation depends upon understanding human behaviour." In Key Topics in Conservation Biology 2, 344–61. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118520178.ch19.

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Andrews-Speed, Philip, and Guo Ma. "Household Energy Saving in China: The Challenge of Changing Behaviour." In China's Energy Efficiency and Conservation, 23–39. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0928-0_3.

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Shreeve, T. G., and R. L. H. Dennis. "Landscape scale conservation: resources, behaviour, the matrix and opportunities." In Lepidoptera Conservation in a Changing World, 261–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1442-7_24.

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Sassoni, Enrico, and Elisa Franzoni. "Consolidation of Carrara Marble by Hydroxyapatite and Behaviour After Thermal Ageing." In Built Heritage: Monitoring Conservation Management, 379–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08533-3_32.

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Salim, Sherna, and Amin Al-Habaibeh. "How Often Do You Open Your House Windows When Heating is ON? An Investigation of the Impact of Occupants’ Behaviour on Energy Efficiency of Residential Buildings." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 233–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_29.

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AbstractCurrently, there are many initiatives to thermally insulate buildings on the assumption that the more insulated the building is, the more efficient in terms of energy conservation it will perform. Many assessment systems assume a linear relationship between building insulation and energy conservation. The drawback of such hypotheses is that they ignore the effect of occupants’ behaviour in their conclusions. In this study, the authors will examine the effect of people’s behaviour, particularly windows’ opening, as a behavioural pattern of occupants. It aims to study the impact of occupant’s behaviour on energy consumption of residential buildings and to identify the key factors that influence occupants’ behaviour; thus, providing ideas for improving energy efficiency by suggesting enhanced policies, approaches and techniques. The findings suggest that occupants’ behaviour could have a greater influence on the energy efficiency of buildings in some cases when compared with their thermal insulation due to opening of windows in cold weather which causes air infiltration.

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Jochum, Kim, and Falk Huettmann. "Spatial Information Management in Wildlife Ecology: Adding Spatially Explicit Behaviour Data to the Equation?" In Spatial Complexity, Informatics, and Wildlife Conservation, 175–91. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-87771-4_10.

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Gouda, Jambavati. "Impact of Hybrid Urban Spaces Influencing Human Behaviour in Public Place." In Future is Urban: Livability, Resilience & Resource Conservation, 506–13. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003342441-57.

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Magnan, Pierre, Céline Audet, Hélène Glémet, Michel Legault, Marco A. Rodríguez, and Eric B. Taylor. "Developments in the ecology, evolution, and behaviour of the charrs, genus Salvelinus: relevance for their management and conservation." In Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the charrs, genus Salvelinus, 9–14. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1352-8_1.

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Proulx, Raphaël, and Pierre Magnan. "Physiological performance of two forms of lacustrine brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis, in the open-water habitat." In Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the charrs, genus Salvelinus, 127–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1352-8_10.

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Gowan, Charles, and Kurt D. Fausch. "Why do foraging stream salmonids move during summer?" In Ecology, behaviour and conservation of the charrs, genus Salvelinus, 139–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1352-8_11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Behaviour and Conservation"

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Veríssimo, Diogo, Carina Schmid, Fidelcastor Kimario, and Heather Eves. "Evaluating behaviour change interventions delivered through mass media." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107960.

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Lemopoulos, Alexandre, Silva Uusi-Heikkilä, Anti Vasemägi, Ari Huusko, Harri Kokko, and Anssi Vainikka. "Genetic causes and consequences of Brown trout migratory behaviour." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107521.

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Hirvonen, Heikki, and Jussi Koskinen. "Enhancing salmon conservation releases through improved brain development and behaviour." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107821.

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Isnin, N. S., Z. Zakaria, Z. Mat Yasin, and S. H. Shariff. "Analysis on Gender Differences in Energy Conservation Behaviour." In 2018 IEEE International WIE Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (WIECON-ECE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wiecon-ece.2018.8783020.

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Martin, Jake, Michael Bertram, Minna Saaristo, Stephanie Hannington, James Tanner, Moira O'Bryan, and Bob Wong. "Impacts of environmentally realistic antidepressant exposure on behaviour and sperm traits in fish." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/108022.

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Tobella, Carles, Marc Franch, Josep M. Bas, Lluís Brotons, and Pere Pons. "Comparative spatial behaviour and longevity in cicadas in unburnt vs. burnt forest areas with different management." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107747.

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Srivastava, Jayesh, and L. H. Shu. "Encouraging Environmentally Conscious Behaviour Through Product Design: The Principle of Discretization." In ASME 2011 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2011-48618.

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Lead user methods were applied to develop product design principles that encourage environmentally conscious behaviours in individuals. Old Order Mennonites (OOMs) were chosen as lead users because of their low resource consumption lifestyles. Ethnographic analysis revealed that discretizing resource consumption facilitates and encourages conservation behaviours in OOMs. An experimental study demonstrated the effectiveness of discretization in reducing water consumption. We postulate several distinct ways in which discretization encourages conservation behaviours. We conclude with insights on how discretization can be integrated into the design of modern products to encourage environmentally conscious behaviour in the general population.

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Hilser, Harry. "Transitions to Sustainable Livelihoods to Reduce Threats to Biodiversity in North Sulawesi, Indonesia: Lessons From the Behaviour Change and Sustainable Transition Research Traditions." In 5th European Congress of Conservation Biology. Jyväskylä: Jyvaskyla University Open Science Centre, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17011/conference/eccb2018/107820.

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Alrowaily, Majed Abdullah, and Manolya Kavakli. "The Use of Smart Meters and Social Media in Promoting Conservation Behaviour." In 2015 8th International Conference on u- and e- Service, Science and Technology (UNESST). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/unesst.2015.24.

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Divya T.L. and Vijayalakshmi M.N. "Analysis of wild fire behaviour in wild conservation area using image data mining." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecct.2015.7226082.

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Reports on the topic "Behaviour and Conservation"

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Lucas, Brian. Behaviour Change Interventions for Energy Efficiency. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.138.

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Behavioural interventions are policies and programmes that incorporate insights from scientists who study human behaviour (such as psychology and behavioural economics), with the aim of encouraging socially desirable behaviours by removing barriers and creating incentives or disincentives (Cornago, 2021). Very few behavioural interventions for energy efficiency have been documented in Eastern Europe and the Western Balkans, and none in North Macedonia. The limited experience that has been documented in the region consists of a few small trials which used behavioural principles to inform households about approaches to energy conservation, but none of these trials have demonstrated a significant effect on behaviour. Behavioural interventions have been widely used elsewhere in the world, particularly in North America, Western Europe, and Australia, and there are many studies evaluating their impacts in these regions (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182). This report focuses primarily on household energy efficiency, and particularly on the most widespread and well-documented interventions, which are those related to providing feedback on energy consumption and labelling consumer goods. Although behavioural interventions have been shown to produce significant impacts and to be cost-effective in many situations, the available evidence has some limitations. Many examples that have been documented are small-scale trials or pilot projects; large-scale, institutionalised policy interventions based on behavioural insights are rare (Users TCP and IEA, 2020, p. 22). In many studies, experiments with small sample sizes and short durations show larger impacts than larger and longer-term studies, suggesting that pilot studies may over-estimate the savings that might be achieved by large-scale programmes (Andor & Fels, 2018, p. 182; Erhardt-Martinez et al., 2010, p. iv). The amount of energy saved by behavioural interventions is often fairly small and varies widely from one programme to another, suggesting that the effectiveness of these interventions may be highly dependent on local context and on details of design and implementation. Finally, many studies rely on participants reporting their intentions, and on hypothetical rather than actual purchasing decisions, and some studies have found a divergence between stated intentions and actual behaviour (Grünig et al., 2010, p. 41; Users TCP and IEA, 2020, pp. 75–76; Yang et al., 2015, pp. 21–22).

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Denys and Lefevre. L51780 Interaction of Multiple Through-Thickness Defects Under Plastic Collapse Conditions Part 1. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010339.

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The objective of this research project is to generate experimental information with the aim to quantify the conservatism of current interaction rules and to develop more accurate (less conservative) rules for "thin-walled" structures under plastic collapse. The conservatism in current defect interaction rules for ductile materials has been assessed by examining the failure behaviour of 8 mm and 10 mm thick, narrow (width: 100 mm and 120 mm) and wide (width: 427 mm) plate, specimens containing two coplanar or non-coplanar through thickness notches. The test results were compared to the failure characteristics of single notched plates and analysed in terms of Gross Section Yielding (GSY). The tests were conducted on three different materials in order to determine the effect of the Y/T ratio on defect interaction behavior.

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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.

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Denys, R. M. L51712 Fracture Behavior of Large-Diameter Girth Welds - Effect of Weld Metal Yield Strength Part II. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010121.

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Fitness for purpose girth defect assessments assume the presence of a single defect. This assumption is not always fulfilled. Welds may contain many small defects. These defects, when considered individually and without interaction, are generally innocuous. However, this may be a false conclusion as to the true strength or deformation capacity of the weld because neighbouring imperfections or defects may interact and may be more severe than each individual imperfection. When non-destructive examinations reveal multiple defects, a defect recategorisation procedure has to be applied to determine whether neighbouring defects will interact other under load. The interaction criteria of BS PD6493, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section XI and the Japanese fitness-of-purpose code WES 2805 are based on a combination of linear elastic fracture mechanics calculations and engineering judgement. The PD6493 and ASME XI rules are based on the principle that the increase in the stress intensity magnification caused by interaction of neigbouring defects should be limited to 20% (PD 6493) and 6% (ASME XI), whereas the WES criterion is based on the principle that the stress intensity magnification or CTOD value of the interacting neighbouring defects should be limited to 20% of the shortest defect. As the fracture behaviour of line pipe girth welds differs from linear elastic behaviour, it is expected that the existing rules are not necessarily applicable for elastic-plastic or plastic material behaviours. This consideration suggests that there exist a need for developing criteria which permit plasticity effects to be incorporated. The mathematical treatment of multiple defects under elastic-plastic and or plastic fracture conditions is a complex issue because it is not possible to predict yielding behaviour and make a distinction between local and ligament collapse. Because of this limitation, it is thus necessary to employ large scale tensile tests in which the interaction effects can be reproduced. In persuing this approach, it is further possible: (a) to verify and establish the conservatism built into the existing interaction criteria. (b) to formulate alternative interaction criteria for elastic-plastic or plastic behavior. The goal of this study was to obtain information on the failure behavior of girth welds containing two coplanar fatigue pre-cracked defects. The results were correlated with tests on welds containing a single crack to determine the engineering significance of existing defect interaction rules under elastic-plastic and plastic fracture conditions.

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, Bruce Kingsburg, and Brett DeGregorio. Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41800.

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Raising captive animals past critical mortality stages for eventual release (head-starting) is a common conservation tactic. Counterintuitively, post-release survival can be low. Post-release behavior affecting survival could be influenced by captive-rearing duration and housing conditions. Practitioners have adopted environmental enrichment to promote natural behaviors during head-starting such as raising animals in naturalistic enclosures. Using 32 captive-born turtles (Terrapene carolina), half of which were raised in enriched enclosures, we employed a factorial design to explore how enrichment and rearing duration affected post-release growth, behavior, and survival. Six turtles in each treatment (enriched or unenriched) were head-started for nine months (cohort one). Ten turtles in each treatment were head-started for 21 months (cohort two). At the conclusion of captive-rearing, turtles in cohort two were overall larger than cohort one, but unenriched turtles were generally larger than enriched turtles within each cohort. Once released, enriched turtles grew faster than unenriched turtles in cohort two, but we otherwise found minimal evidence suggesting enrichment affected post-release survival or behavior. Our findings suggest attaining larger body sizes from longer captive-rearing periods to enable greater movement and alleviate susceptibility to predation (the primary cause of death) could be more effective than environmental enrichment alone in chelonian head-starting programs where substantial predation could hinder success.

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Schultz, R. W., and B. M. Bailey. Trends in household energy conservation attitudes and behaviors in the northwest: 1983-1987. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5004889.

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Fang, J. M., M. P. Hattrup, R. T. Nordi, S. A. Shankle, and D. L. Ivey. Household energy conservation attitudes and behaviors in the Northwest: Tracking changes between 1983 and 1985. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6376945.

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Larson, Daniel. Attitudes, Behavior, and Archetypes in the Clackamas River Basin: a Model of Water Customer Analysis and Outreach for Watershed Protection and Conservation. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7371.

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Leis. L51807 Characterization of Axial Flaws in Pipelines with a Focus of Stress Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010328.

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This report presents the results of a series of projects that involved: (1) characterizing the behavior of crack colonies associated with stress-corrosion cracking (SCC); (2) developing failure criteria to provide safety without undue conservatism; and (3) developing criteria to characterize crack coalescence prior to SCC leaks. Analytical details are given for the various types of axial cracks, with a focus on short, deep cracks, patches of SCC cracks often found in field-digs, and deep, co-parallel cracks. All analyses were done in a fracture mechanics framework for use in developing criteria to ensure safety and assess the serviceability of natural gas transmission pipelines.

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Tetzlaff, Sasha, Jinelle Sperry, and Brett DeGregorio. You can go your own way : no evidence for social behavior based on kinship or familiarity in captive juvenile box turtles. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44923.

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Behavioral interactions between conspecific animals can be influenced by relatedness and familiarity. To test how kinship and familiarity influenced social behavior in juvenile Eastern Box Turtles (Terrapene carolina), 16 captive-born individuals were reared under semi-natural conditions in four equally sized groups, where each group comprised pairs of siblings and non-siblings. Using separation distance between pairs of turtles in rearing enclosures as a measure of gregariousness, we found no evidence suggesting siblings more frequently interacted with one another compared to non-relatives over the first five months of life. Average pair separation distance decreased during this time but may have been due to turtles aggregating around resources like heat and moist retreat areas as colder temperatures approached. At eight months old, we again measured repeated separation distances between unique pair combinations and similarly found no support for associations being influenced by kinship. Agonistic interactions between individuals were never observed. Based on our results, group housing and rearing of juvenile box turtles did not appear to negatively impact their welfare. Unlike findings for other taxa, our results suggest strategically housing groups of juvenile T. carolina to maintain social stability may not be an important husbandry consideration when planning releases of captive-reared individuals for conservation purposes.

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