Journal articles on the topic 'Behavioral thresholds'
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1
Van Dun, Bram, Harvey Dillon, and Mark Seeto. "Estimating Hearing Thresholds in Hearing-Impaired Adults through Objective Detection of Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 04 (April 2015): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.26.4.5.
Abstract:
Background: Hearing threshold estimation based on cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) has been applied for some decades. However, available research is scarce evaluating the accuracy of this technique with an automated paradigm for the objective detection of CAEPs. Purpose: To determine the difference between behavioral and CAEP thresholds detected using an objective paradigm based on the Hotelling’s T 2 statistic. To propose a decision tree to choose the next stimulus level in a sample of hearing-impaired adults. This knowledge potentially could increase the efficiency of clinical hearing threshold testing. Research Design: Correlational cohort study. Thresholds obtained behaviorally were compared with thresholds obtained through cortical testing. Study Sample: Thirty-four adults with hearing loss participated in this study. Data Collection and Analysis: For each audiometric frequency and each ear, behavioral thresholds were collected with both pure-tone and 40-msec tone-burst stimuli. Then, corresponding cortical hearing thresholds were determined. An objective cortical-response detection algorithm based on the Hotelling’s T 2 statistic was applied to determine response presence. A decision tree was used to select the next stimulus level. In total, 241 behavioral-cortical threshold pairs were available for analysis. The differences between CAEP and behavioral thresholds (and their standard deviations [SDs]) were determined for each audiometric frequency. Cortical amplitudes and electroencephalogram noise levels were extracted. The practical applicability of the decision tree was evaluated and compared to a Hughson-Westlake paradigm. Results: It was shown that, when collapsed over all audiometric frequencies, behavioral pure-tone thresholds were on average 10 dB lower than 40-msec cortical tone-burst thresholds, with an SD of 10 dB. Four percent of CAEP thresholds, all obtained from just three individual participants, were more than 30 dB higher than their behavioral counterparts. The use of a decision tree instead of a Hughson-Westlake procedure to obtain a CAEP threshold did not seem to reduce test time, but there was significantly less variation in the number of CAEP trials needed to determine a threshold. Conclusions: Behavioral hearing thresholds in hearing-impaired adults can be determined with an acceptable degree of accuracy (mean threshold correction and SD of both 10 dB) using an objective statistical cortical-response detection algorithm in combination with a decision tree to determine the test levels.
2
Tedó, Carmen Muñoz, Pilar Herreros De Tejada, and Daniel G. Green. "Behavioral estimates of absolute threshold in rat." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 6 (November 1994): 1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800006891.
Abstract:
AbstractDark-adapted thresholds of albino and pigmented rats were estimated using behavioral methods. Albino and pigmented rats who had been water deprived learned to bar press for water reinforcement when a light stimulus was presented. Absolute threshold was defined to be the light intensity at which bar pressing behavior was significantly modified by the presence of the light stimulus. Albino rats had an average threshold of −5.23 log cd/m2 and the pigmented rats had a threshold of −5.0 log cd/m2. These values are close to −5.3 log cd/m2, the psychophysical threshold of human observers in the same apparatus. Consistent with our earlier electrophysiology, these behavioral experiments provide no evidence for an albino/pigmented sensitivity difference. Comparisons are made between behavioral and electrophysiological determinations of absolute threshold in albino and pigmented rats. Thresholds determined behaviorally agree remarkably well with those derived from visual evoked potentials.
3
Ortiz, Elelbin A., Philip D. Campbell, Jessica C. Nelson, and Michael Granato. "A single base pair substitution in zebrafish distinguishes between innate and acute startle behavior regulation." PLOS ONE 19, no. 3 (March 18, 2024): e0300529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0300529.
Abstract:
Behavioral thresholds define the lowest stimulus intensities sufficient to elicit a behavioral response. Establishment of baseline behavioral thresholds during development is critical for proper responses throughout the animal’s life. Despite the relevance of such innate thresholds, the molecular mechanisms critical to establishing behavioral thresholds during development are not well understood. The acoustic startle response is a conserved behavior whose threshold is established during development yet is subsequently acutely regulated. We have previously identified a zebrafish mutant line (escapist) that displays a decreased baseline or innate acoustic startle threshold. Here, we identify a single base pair substitution on Chromosome 25 located within the coding sequence of the synaptotagmin 7a (syt7a) gene that is tightly linked to the escapist acoustic hypersensitivity phenotype. By generating animals in which we deleted the syt7a open reading frame, and subsequent complementation testing with the escapist line, we demonstrate that loss of syt7a function is not the cause of the escapist behavioral phenotype. Nonetheless, escapist mutants provide a powerful tool to decipher the overlap between acute and developmental regulation of behavioral thresholds. Extensive behavioral analyses reveal that in escapist mutants the establishment of the innate acoustic startle threshold is impaired, while regulation of its acute threshold remains intact. Moreover, our behavioral analyses reveal a deficit in baseline responses to visual stimuli, but not in the acute regulation of responses to visual stimuli. Together, this work eliminates loss of syt7a as causative for the escapist phenotype and suggests that mechanisms that regulate the establishment of behavioral thresholds in escapist larvae can operate independently from those regulating acute threshold regulation.
4
Rahne, Torsten, and Thomas Ehelebe. "Objective Estimation of Frequency-Specific Pure-Tone Hearing Thresholds following Bone-Conduction Hearing Aid Stimulation." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/247942.
Abstract:
Patients suffering from conductive or mixed hearing loss may benefit from bone-conduction hearing systems (BAHS). The amount of amplification provided by the hearing system is selected based on the individual’s sensorineural frequency-specific threshold. With patients who are not able to provide thresholds behaviorally, such as young children, objective methods are required to estimate the unaided and aided hearing threshold and thus the success of the hearing system fitting. In a prospective study with ten adult Baha softband users, aided and unaided frequency-specific thresholds were estimated. Aided thresholds to tone bursts via Baha stimulation were obtained behaviorally and electrophysiologically using cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) and were compared to pure-tone thresholds using routine clinical audiometry. For all stimulation frequencies, the frequency-specific electrophysiological and behavioral hearing thresholds measured with Baha stimulation were highly correlated and not different. Increased thresholds were observed only with the 0.5 kHz Baha stimulation as compared to the pure-tone audiogram. Objective measurement of frequency-specific hearing thresholds with CAEPs is applicable to BAHS users.
5
McCreery, Ryan, Elizabeth Walker, Meredith Spratford, Benjamin Kirby, Jacob Oleson, and Marc Brennan. "Stability of Audiometric Thresholds for Children with Hearing Aids Applying the American Academy of Audiology Pediatric Amplification Guideline: Implications for Safety." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 27, no. 03 (March 2016): 252–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.15049.
Abstract:
Background: Children who wear hearing aids may be at risk for further damage to their hearing from overamplification. Previous research on amplification-induced hearing loss has included children using linear amplification or simulations of predicted threshold shifts based on nonlinear amplification formulae. A relationship between threshold shifts and the use of nonlinear hearing aids in children has not been empirically verified. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to compare predicted threshold shifts from amplification to longitudinal behavioral thresholds in a large group of children who wear hearing aids to determine the likelihood of amplification-induced hearing loss. Research Design: An accelerated longitudinal design was used to collect behavioral threshold and amplification data prospectively. Study Sample: Two-hundred and thirteen children with mild-to-profound hearing loss who wore hearing aids were included in the analysis. Data Collection and Analysis: Behavioral audiometric thresholds, hearing aid outputs, and hearing aid use data were collected for each participant across four study visits. Individual ear- and frequency-specific safety limits were derived based on the Modified Power Law to determine the level at which increased amplification could result in permanent threshold shifts. Behavioral thresholds were used to estimate which children would be above the safety limit at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz using thresholds in dB HL and then in dB SPL in the ear canal. Changes in thresholds across visits were compared for children who were above and below the safety limits. Results: Behavioral thresholds decreased across study visits for all children, regardless of whether their amplification was above the safety limits. The magnitude of threshold change across time corresponded with changes in ear canal acoustics as measured by the real-ear-to-coupler difference. Conclusions: Predictions of threshold changes due to amplification for children with hearing loss did not correspond with observed changes in threshold over across 2–4 yr of monitoring amplification. Use of dB HL thresholds and predictions of hearing aid output to set the safety limit resulted in a larger number of children being classified as above the safety limit than when safety limits were based on dB SPL thresholds and measured hearing aid output. Children above the safety limit for the dB SPL criteria tended to be fit above prescriptive targets. Additional research should seek to explain how the Modified Power Law predictions of threshold shift overestimated risk for children who wear hearing aids.
6
Naumova, I. V., A. V. Pashkov, I. V. Zelenkova, and D. S. Klyachko. "Registration of assr-thresholds in free field stimulation in normal hearing persons. Our experience." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 19, no. 5 (2020): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2020-5-63-67.
Abstract:
Background: Currently, for an objective assessment of the thresholds of auditory sensitivity, one of the most popular diagnostic methods is the method of recording of auditory steady state response - the ASSR test. One of the primary uses of ASSR is to assess sound thresholds correlated with tonal threshold audiometry. Actually, there are no reliable criteria for the norm for this study with free field stimulation, in conditions close to the natural listening environment. The identification of these criteria will allow this method to be applied as a routine in patients who cannot be tested in the usual way using headsets or in-ear phones (headphones). Objective: To determine the correlation of the ASSR thresholds with free field stimulation and the responses of insert-transducers stimulation and values of tonal threshold audiometry in the free field in normally hearing individuals. Design: Behavioral thresholds in a free field were compared with the results of ASSR in 20 normally hearing adults (40 ears) with stimulus delivery both via insert-transducers and using a loudspeaker. Conclusion: The ASSR thresholds in normal hearing adults obtained by free field were comparable to the thresholds obtained with a stimulus through insert- transducers and the results of behavioral thresholds. The correction coefficients for measuring ASSR thresholds and behavioral thresholds in free field in normal hearing adults have been obtained.
7
Ebert, Charles Stephen, Charley S. Coffey, Allen F. Marshall, Stephanie Falk, John Skaggs, and Douglas Fitzpatrick. "Behavioral Thresholds to Binaural Cues." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 131, no. 2 (August 2004): P304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otohns.2004.06.672.
8
Nagy, J., G. Bardos, and G. Adam. "Behavioral thresholds of intestinal stimuli." International Journal of Psychophysiology 7, no. 2-4 (August 1989): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8760(89)90265-1.
9
Milner, Peter M., and André Laferrière. "Behavioral measurement of axonal thresholds." Behavioural Brain Research 22, no. 3 (December 1986): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(86)90066-5.
10
Minett, Michael S., Kathryn Quick, and John N. Wood. "Behavioral Measures of Pain Thresholds." Current Protocols in Mouse Biology 1, no. 3 (September 2011): 383–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470942390.mo110116.
11
Fitzgerald, Tracy S., and Beth A. Prieve. "COAE Thresholds." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 40, no. 5 (October 1997): 1164–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4005.1164.
Abstract:
Although research has demonstrated that click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (COAEs) elicited by high-level stimuli are useful for identifying hearing loss, the ability of COAEs to predict behavioral thresholds has not been adequately tested. Results of studies comparing COAE thresholds and behavioral thresholds have been equivocal, perhaps due to the need for a more rigorous approach to COAE threshold estimation. The present study was designed to address several methodological concerns in COAE threshold testing, particularly the effects of two methods of stimulus presentation on COAE testing and threshold calculation. In an attempt to make COAE threshold estimation consistent across participants, COAE threshold calculations were based on mean noise floor levels across participants. COAE and noise floor levels were measured in 15 participants using both equal-amplitude clicks and a subtraction method. Broadband COAEs were analyzed into 1/3 octave bands, so that input/output functions could be examined and COAE thresholds could be calculated for each 1/3 octave band. Comparison of the two stimulus methods indicated several differences. Mean noise floor levels for the equal-amplitude method were approximately 6 dB lower than those measured for the subtraction method across frequency. In many cases COAEs evoked using the equal-amplitude method were higher in amplitude than those evoked using the subtraction method. COAE thresholds measured using the equal-amplitude click stimuli were significantly lower than those measured using the subtraction method. The significantly higher thresholds obtained using the subtraction method may be attributed in part to the reduction of COAE amplitude by the subtraction procedure, and not merely to the higher noise level. Slopes of the input/output functions were not significantly different between the two stimulus methods. These results suggest that the equal-amplitude method is preferable for COAE threshold testing because lower noise floor and larger amplitude COAEs may be obtained in the same test time.
12
Kaf, Wafaa A., Enass S. Mohamed, and Hamza Elshafiey. "40-Hz Sinusoidal Auditory Steady-State Response and Tone Burst Auditory Brainstem Response Using a Kalman Filter to Determine Thresholds Pre- and Post-Myringotomy With Grommet Tube in Children With Mild, Low-Frequency Conductive Hearing Loss." American Journal of Audiology 25, no. 1 (March 2016): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_aja-15-0052.
Abstract:
PurposeAccurate estimation of mild, low-frequency hearing loss is difficult in young children. This study aimed to determine the accuracy of 40-Hz sinusoidal auditory steady-state response (sASSR) compared with tone burst auditory brainstem response (TB-ABR) to detect mild, low-frequency hearing loss in children with otitis media with effusion and to measure postoperative thresholds.MethodsThresholds at 500 and 4000 Hz were measured behaviorally and electrophysiologically using TB-ABR and 40-Hz sASSR with a Kalman filter in 26 children with otitis media with effusion. Recording was conducted preoperatively and postoperatively while children were actively awake. Repeated measures mixed analyses of variance were conducted to determine effects among measures and the two test frequencies.ResultsBoth 40-Hz sASSR and TB-ABR accurately detected preoperative and postoperative thresholds and were within 5–10 dB of the behavioral thresholds at 4000 Hz. At 500 Hz, the mean 40-Hz sASSR threshold was only 5 dB above the behavioral thresholds and 18 dB better than the 500-Hz ABR threshold. Positive correlations were found but not between 40-sASSR and TB-ABR at 500 Hz. Also, the interrater judgment of the response was better for sASSR (89%) than TB-ABR (83%).ConclusionThe 40-Hz sASSR is more accurate than TB-ABR in determining a mild, low-frequency threshold.
13
Green, Daniel G., Pilar Herreros De Tejada, and Marilyn J. Glover. "Electrophysiological estimates of visual sensitivity in albino and pigmented mice." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 5 (September 1994): 919–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800003874.
Abstract:
AbstractWe have estimated the absolute threshold of congenic albino and pigmented mice (C57) using ERG, pupillary light reflex, and VHP. We are unable to detect strain differences using ERGs or VEPs, but pupillary thresholds appear to be different. In addition, as we have previously reported for rats, VEP thresholds are considerably lower than the ERG b−wave thresholds. The VEP thresholds agree with behavioral data from pigmented mice made by others. The mouse VEP thresholds are close to the VEP thresholds in rats and the psychophysical thresholds of two human observers.
14
Beitel, Ralph E., Russell L. Snyder, Christoph E. Schreiner, Marcia W. Raggio, and Patricia A. Leake. "Electrical Cochlear Stimulation in the Deaf Cat: Comparisons Between Psychophysical and Central Auditory Neuronal Thresholds." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 2145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.4.2145.
Abstract:
Cochlear prostheses for electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve (“electrical hearing”) can provide auditory capacity for profoundly deaf adults and children, including in many cases a restored ability to perceive speech without visual cues. A fundamental challenge in auditory neuroscience is to understand the neural and perceptual mechanisms that make rehabilitation of hearing possible in these deaf humans. We have developed a feline behavioral model that allows us to study behavioral and physiological variables in the same deaf animals. Cats deafened by injection of ototoxic antibiotics were implanted with either a monopolar round window electrode or a multichannel scala tympani electrode array. To evaluate the effects of perceptually significant electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve on the central auditory system, an animal was trained to avoid a mild electrocutaneous shock when biphasic current pulses (0.2 ms/phase) were delivered to its implanted cochlea. Psychophysical detection thresholds and electrical auditory brain stem response (EABR) thresholds were estimated in each cat. At the conclusion of behavioral testing, acute physiological experiments were conducted, and threshold responses were recorded for single neurons and multineuronal clusters in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (ICC) and the primary auditory cortex (A1). Behavioral and neurophysiological thresholds were evaluated with reference to cochlear histopathology in the same deaf cats. The results of the present study include: 1) in the cats implanted with a scala tympani electrode array, the lowest ICC and A1 neural thresholds were virtually identical to the behavioral thresholds for intracochlear bipolar stimulation; 2) behavioral thresholds were lower than ICC and A1 neural thresholds in each of the cats implanted with a monopolar round window electrode; 3) EABR thresholds were higher than behavioral thresholds in all of the cats (mean difference = 6.5 dB); and 4) the cumulative number of action potentials for a sample of ICC neurons increased monotonically as a function of the amplitude and the number of stimulating biphasic pulses. This physiological result suggests that the output from the ICC may be integrated spatially across neurons and temporally integrated across pulses when the auditory nerve array is stimulated with a train of biphasic current pulses. Because behavioral thresholds were lower and reaction times were faster at a pulse rate of 30 pps compared with a pulse rate of 2 pps, spatial-temporal integration in the central auditory system was presumably reflected in psychophysical performance.
15
Beattie, Randall C., and Ilanit Rochverger. "Normative Behavioral Thresholds for Short Tone-Bursts." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 09 (October 2001): 453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745633.
Abstract:
AbstractAlthough tone-bursts have been commonly used in auditory brainstem response (ABR) evaluations for many years, national standards describing normal calibration values have not been established. This study was designed to gather normative threshold data to establish a physical reference for tone-burst stimuli that can be reproduced across clinics and laboratories. More specifically, we obtained norms for 3-msec tone-bursts presented at two repetition rates (9.3/sec and 39/sec), two gating functions (Trapezoid and Blackman), and four frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz). Our results are specified using three physical references: dB peak sound pressure level, dB peak-to-peak equivalent sound pressure level, and dB SPL (fast meter response, rate = 50 stimuli/sec). These data are offered for consideration when calibrating ABR equipment. The 39/sec stimulus rate yielded tone-burst thresholds that were approximately 3 dB lower than the 9.3/sec rate. The improvement in threshold with increasing stimulus rate may reflect the ability of the auditory system to integrate energy that occurs within a time interval of 200 to 500 msec (temporal integration). The Trapezoid gating function yielded thresholds that averaged 1.4 dB lower than the Blackman function. Although these differences are small and of little clinical importance, the cumulative effects of several instrument and/or procedural variables may yield clinically important differences. Abbreviations: ANSI = American National Standards Institute, IHS = Intelligent Hearing Systems, peSPL = peak equivalent sound pressure level, ppeSPL = peak-to-peak equivalent sound pressure level, pSPL = peak sound pressure level
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Ahlgren, S. C., and J. D. Levine. "Protein kinase C inhibitors decrease hyperalgesia and C-fiber hyperexcitability in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat." Journal of Neurophysiology 72, no. 2 (August 1, 1994): 684–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.72.2.684.
Abstract:
1. We have previously demonstrated that although rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes (STZ-D) have decreased behavioral mechanical nociceptive thresholds (hyperalgesia), their C-fiber primary afferent mechanical (von Frey hair) thresholds are not altered. Instead, when stimulated with a standardized sustained suprathreshold mechanical stimulus, C-fibers from STZ-D rats were found to have an increased number of spikes (hyperexcitability). We suggested that this C-fiber hyperexcitability contributes to the behavioral hyperalgesia and that agents that reverse the hyperalgesia may act by decreasing this hyperexcitability. Because protein kinase C activity contributes to C-fiber afferent excitability, we examined the effect of agents that inhibit protein kinases on behavioral mechanical nociceptive thresholds and on the response of C-fiber afferents to sustained mechanical stimulation. 2. The effects of intradermal injection of two protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and protein kinase C pseudosubstrate inhibitor peptide [PKC(19–36)], on behavioral mechanical nociceptive thresholds were determined using the Randall-Selitto paw-withdrawal device. These agents increased the mechanical nociceptive threshold of STZ-D rats in a dose-dependent manner but did not alter nociceptive threshold in control rats. 3. The same agents were tested for their effects on single C-fiber mechanical thresholds and excitability in response to suprathreshold (445 g) mechanical stimulation. Intradermal injection of staurosporine or PKC(19–36) significantly reduced the response of C-fibers from STZ-D rats to sustained suprathreshold mechanical stimulation but did not alter the response of C-fibers from control rats to the same stimulation. Neither agent altered mechanical threshold in C-fibers from either STZ-D or control rats. 4. In this study we found that both the mechanical behavioral hyperalgesia and the C-fiber hyperexcitability to mechanical stimuli seen in STZ-D rats are reduced by agents that inhibit protein kinase C. This evidence supports our hypothesis that C-fiber hyperexcitability, in part mediated by PKC activity, contributes to hyperalgesia in this model of diabetic neuropathy.
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Palmer, Shannon B., and Frank E. Musiek. "Electrophysiological Gap Detection Thresholds: Effects of Age and Comparison with a Behavioral Measure." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 10 (November 2014): 999–1007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.10.8.
Abstract:
Background: Temporal processing ability has been linked to speech understanding ability and older adults often complain of difficulty understanding speech in difficult listening situations. Temporal processing can be evaluated using gap detection procedures. There is some research showing that gap detection can be evaluated using an electrophysiological procedure. However, there is currently no research establishing gap detection threshold using the N1-P2 response. Purpose: The purposes of the current study were to 1) determine gap detection thresholds in younger and older normal-hearing adults using an electrophysiological measure, 2) compare the electrophysiological gap detection threshold and behavioral gap detection threshold within each group, and 3) investigate the effect of age on each gap detection measure. Design: This study utilized an older adult group and younger adult group to compare performance on an electrophysiological and behavioral gap detection procedure. Study Sample: The subjects in this study were 11 younger, normal-hearing adults (mean = 22 yrs) and 11 older, normal-hearing adults (mean = 64.36 yrs). Data Collection: All subjects completed an adaptive behavioral gap detection procedure in order to determine their behavioral gap detection threshold (BGDT). Subjects also completed an electrophysiologic gap detection procedure to determine their electrophysiologic gap detection threshold (EGDT). Results: Older adults demonstrated significantly larger gap detection thresholds than the younger adults. However, EGDT and BGDT were not significantly different in either group. The mean difference between EGDT and BGDT for all subjects was 0.43 msec. Conclusions: Older adults show poorer gap detection ability when compared to younger adults. However, this study shows that gap detection thresholds can be measured using evoked potential recordings and yield results similar to a behavioral measure.
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Hulecki, Lauren R., and Susan A. Small. "Behavioral Bone-Conduction Thresholds for Infants with Normal Hearing." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 22, no. 02 (February 2011): 081–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.22.2.3.
Abstract:
Background: Bone-conduction thresholds have been used in audiologic assessments of both infants and adults to differentiate between conductive and sensorineural hearing losses. However, air- and bone-conduction thresholds estimated for infants with normal hearing using physiological measures have identified an “air–bone gap” in the low frequencies that does not result from conductive hearing impairment but, rather, from maturational differences in sensitivity. This maturational air–bone gap appears to be present up to at least 2 yr of age. Because most infants older than 6 mo of age are clinically assessed behaviorally, rather than physiologically, it is necessary to determine whether a similar maturational air–bone gap is present for behavioral air- and bone-conduction thresholds. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate behavioral bone-conduction thresholds for infants using a standard clinical visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) protocol to determine whether frequency-dependent maturational patterns exist as previously reported for physiological bone-conduction thresholds. Research Design: Behavioral bone-conduction minimum response levels were estimated at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz using VRA for each participant. Study Sample: Young (7–15 mo; N = 17) and older (18–30 mo; N = 20) groups of infants were assessed. All infants were screened and considered to be at low risk for hearing loss. Data Collection and Analysis: Preliminary “normal levels” were determined by calculating the 90th percentile for responses present as a cumulative percentage. Mean bone-conduction thresholds were compared and analyzed using a mixed-model analysis of variance across frequency and age group. Linear regression analysis was also performed to assess the effect of age on bone-conduction thresholds. Results: Results of this study indicate that, when measured behaviorally, infants under 30 mo of age show frequency-dependent bone-conduction thresholds whereby their responses at 500 and 1000 Hz are significantly better than those at 2000 and 4000 Hz. However, thresholds obtained from the younger group of infants (mean age of 10.6 mo) were not significantly different from those obtained from the older group of infants (mean age of 23.0 mo) at any frequency. Conclusions: The findings of the present study are similar to the results obtained from previous physiological studies. Compared to previously documented air-conduction thresholds of infants using similar VRA techniques, a maturational air–bone gap is observed in the low frequencies. Therefore, differences between infant and adult bone-conduction thresholds persist until at least 30 mo of age. As a result, different “normal levels” should be used when assessing bone-conduction hearing sensitivity of infants using behavioral methods.
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Walker, Douglas, Debi LaPlante, and Sarah E. Nelson. "Quitting while you're ahead: Evidence for individual gambling thresholds from a survey of Massachusetts Gamblers." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 15, no. 1 (November 4, 2022): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v15i1.1971.
Abstract:
Although key stakeholders have discussed responsible gambling tools and protective behavioral strategies for years, evaluations of their effectiveness are still limited. Among protective behavioral strategies are individual gambling thresholds, typically on monetary losses or time spent gambling, after which a person stops gambling. A novel, counter-intuitive alternative, a monetary win threshold, also might hold value. Simulations have shown that, like monetary loss or time thresholds, win thresholds reduce the amount of time spent gambling and therefore also limit average expected gambling losses. Yet, little is known about gamblers’ use of gambling thresholds. In this paper, we examine data from an internet panel survey of past-year gamblers in Massachusetts to better understand the characteristics of those individuals who are more likely to use and adhere to loss and win thresholds. We observed that individuals who had engaged in recreational drug use were less likely to adopt gambling thresholds. Individuals who had previously received a positive screen for depression, and who travelled to out-of-state casinos were more likely to use gambling thresholds. In analyzing the adherence to gambling thresholds, we found that individuals who adhered to their loss thresholds were less likely to use ATMs during gambling sessions. Finally, individuals who engaged in hazardous drinking were less likely to adhere to their own win thresholds. This study adds to the literature by providing evidence related to the characteristics of gambling threshold users and contributes some of the only evidence in the literature on the actual use of monetary win thresholds.
20
Haburcakova, Csilla, Richard F. Lewis, and Daniel M. Merfeld. "Frequency dependence of vestibuloocular reflex thresholds." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 3 (February 2012): 973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00451.2011.
Abstract:
How the brain processes signals in the presence of noise impacts much of behavioral neuroscience. Thresholds provide one way to assay noise. While perceptual thresholds have been widely investigated, vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) thresholds have seldom been studied and VOR threshold dynamics have never, to our knowledge, been reported. Therefore, we assessed VOR thresholds as a function of frequency. Specifically, we measured horizontal VOR thresholds evoked by yaw rotation in rhesus monkeys, using standard signal detection approaches like those used in earlier human vestibular perceptual threshold studies. We measured VOR thresholds ranging between 0.21 and 0.76°/s; the VOR thresholds increased slightly with frequency across the measured frequency range (0.2–3 Hz). These results do not mimic the frequency response of human perceptual thresholds that have been shown to increase substantially as frequency decreases below 0.5 Hz. These reported VOR threshold findings could indicate a qualitative difference between vestibular responses of humans and nonhuman primates, but a more likely explanation is an additional dynamic neural mechanism that does not influence the VOR but, rather, influences perceptual thresholds via a decision-making process included in direction recognition tasks.
21
LOOP, MICHAEL S., and DAVID K. CROSSMAN. "High color-vision sensitivity in macaque and humans." Visual Neuroscience 17, no. 1 (January 2000): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800171123.
Abstract:
Psychophysical (behavioral) detection thresholds and color-discrimination thresholds were determined in a macaque using a two-alternative forced-choice procedure. On a white background, detection thresholds were determined for a white increment and three spectral increments: 618, 516, and 456 nm. Intermixed with detection threshold determinations, color-discrimination thresholds were determined by presenting the white increment, and one of the spectral increments, at 1.0 log units above their respective detection thresholds and dimming both until discrimination performance fell to threshold. The monkey could discriminate the color of the increments at detection threshold because the average color-discrimination threshold was 0.98 ± 0.14 log attenuation. Because the monkey was much more sensitive to the spectral increments than the white increment, we performed an unconventional experiment. We determined the monkey's detection threshold for the white increment alone, and with broadband color filters in the white light path without adjusting the light's intensity. Insertion of several color filters in the light path lowered detection thresholds of both the macaque and six human trichromats. We believe that this improvement in detection thresholds produced by simply inserting color filters in a white light path is a threshold manifestation of the Helmholtz-Kohlrausch effect and suggests that one of color vision's important evolutionary advantages may be improved detection sensitivity.
22
Vander Werff, Kathy R. "Accuracy and Time Efficiency of Two ASSR Analysis Methods Using Clinical Test Protocols." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 20, no. 07 (July 2009): 433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.20.7.5.
Abstract:
Background: The number of commercially available evoked potential systems implementing multiple-frequency auditory steady-state response (ASSR) techniques has increased over the last several years. The majority of data in the multiple-frequency ASSR literature have been obtained using time-domain averaging and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) techniques with F-test statistical analysis. Another commercially available analysis method has been introduced using an adaptive filtering algorithm called the Fourier Linear Combiner (FLC). No previous investigation has evaluated the performance of the FLC method, nor compared the two techniques. In addition, there is a need for evaluation of clinical protocols for ASSR testing using these available commercial systems that balance time efficiency and accuracy in estimating threshold. Purpose: (1) To determine whether ASSR thresholds, the relationship between ASSR and behavioral thresholds, and clinical test time are affected by the ASSR analysis method when comparing two commercially available systems for multiple-frequency ASSR. (2) To investigate the use of clinical ASSR test protocols of varying recording length, and the effect on accuracy and time efficiency, using these two commercially available analysis methods. Research Design and Study Sample: ASSR threshold searches were completed on a group of 20 normal-hearing and 20 hearing-impaired adult participants using two different analysis methods, FFT and FLC, under separate, independent, tests as well under simultaneous recording conditions. Data Collection and Analysis: Three experiments were completed: (1) independent assessment of ASSR thresholds using the FFT and FLC methods separately, (2) simultaneous recording of ASSR for both the FFT and FLC method, and (3) an automated threshold search protocol using the FLC method. Variables analyzed for Experiments 1 and 3 included ASSR thresholds, the difference between ASSR and behavioral threshold, and total test time. For Experiment 2, the number of detected ASSRs per method, the agreement between methods, and the time per detected ASSR were evaluated. Results and Conclusions: ASSR thresholds and the relationship between ASSR and behavioral thresholds were found to be in line with those reported in the literature for multiple-frequency ASSR for both the FLC and FFT methods. ASSR thresholds were found to be significantly higher for the FLC method for the low frequencies, but not for the high frequencies, when tested independently. Correlations between ASSR and behavioral thresholds, however, were found to be the same across methods. Overall, it did not appear that either analysis method held an advantage in terms of accuracy or overall test time in independent comparisons using the protocol implemented in the current study. The time benefits of an automated protocol were significant, although with compromised test accuracy. The results of this study suggest critical clinical decision making is a necessary part of the ASSR protocol in order to decrease false positive and false negative responses and to increase overall efficiency.
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Kalaiah, Mohan Kumar, Sanjana Poovaiah, and Usha Shastri. "Threshold Estimation Using “Chained Stimuli” for Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials in Individuals With Normal Hearing and Hearing Impairment." American Journal of Audiology 28, no. 2S (August 28, 2019): 428–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_aja-ind50-18-0090.
Abstract:
Purpose We investigated the utility of chained stimuli for threshold estimation using cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) in individuals with normal hearing sensitivity and hearing loss. The effect of the order of frequency in chained stimuli on CAEPs was also studied. Method Seventeen individuals with normal hearing and 17 individuals with mild to severe sensorineural hearing loss participated in the study. In individuals with normal hearing, CAEPs were recorded at 80 dB nHL for 4 chained stimuli with different orders of frequencies within them (Chained Stimuli 1 [CS1]: 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 Hz; Chained Stimuli 2: 4000, 2000, 1000, 500 Hz; Chained Stimuli 3: 500, 2000, 1000, 4000 Hz; Chained Stimuli 4: 4000, 1000, 2000, 500 Hz). CAEP threshold estimation was carried out using CS1 in both groups and was compared with behavioral pure-tone thresholds. Results CS1 elicited the largest amplitude responses at low and mid frequencies, whereas all 4 stimuli elicited similar amplitude responses at high frequencies. CAEP thresholds were generally within 10–20 dB above the participants' behavioral threshold in both groups. The difference between CAEP threshold and behavioral threshold was less for individuals with hearing loss compared to individuals with normal hearing. There was a significant positive correlation between CAEP threshold and behavioral threshold at all the frequencies. Conclusions CS1 could be used to elicit CAEPs for threshold estimation in adult participants with normal hearing and hearing loss of varied degrees with theoretically reduced testing time. The actual time reduction using chained stimuli and the correction factor to be applied to estimate behavioral threshold can be studied in future investigations.
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El Kousht, Moustafa, Mohamed S. El Minawy, Tarek M. El Dessouky, Rabab A. Koura, and Mona Essam. "The sensitivity of the ce-chirp auditory brainstem response in estimating hearing thresholds in different audiometric configurations." Egyptian Journal of Otolaryngology 35, no. 1 (January 2019): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ejo.ejo_27_18.
Abstract:
Abstract Background CE-Chirp is a new broadband stimulus that permits the energy from the stimulus to reach the whole regions of the cochlea at approximately the same time. Aim Comparison of auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds obtained by using click stimulus, broadband CE-Chirp and 500 Hz, 1, 2, and 4 kHz narrow band CE-Chirp stimuli to those obtained by behavioral hearing thresholds in adults with normal hearing and with varying configurations of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). Patients and Methods Ten adult patients with normal-hearing thresholds, whose age ranged from 19 to 50 years, with a mean age of 30.4±9.1 years constituted a control group (group 1). Thirty adult patients with different configurations of SNHL constituted group 2, whose age ranged from 18 to 65 years, with a mean age of 32.5±9.8 years. All cases and controls were subjected to pure-tone audiometry, click, CE-Chirp and four narrow band CE-Chirp (at 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz) evoked ABRs. Results ABR thresholds to chirps have a relationship closer to behavioral hearing thresholds than ABR thresholds to clicks in individuals with normal-hearing thresholds and SNHL. Wave V mean latencies at threshold in response to click stimuli were earlier than those obtained using CE-Chirp in both groups. Wave V mean amplitudes at threshold with CE-Chirp were significantly larger than those with click in both groups. Wave V amplitude increased and latency decreased as the stimulus frequency increased in both groups. Conclusion There are evidences to suggest that ABR recording in response to CE-Chirps provide an efficient tool for estimating hearing thresholds in normal-hearing thresholds and individuals suffering from SNHL in comparison to click stimuli. The use of CE-Chirp had the potential to provide high sensitivity and accuracy for frequency-specific thresholds estimation in young children and difficult to test adults.
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Guérineau, Cécile, Anna Broseghini, Miina Lõoke, Giulio Dehesh, Paolo Mongillo, and Lieta Marinelli. "Determining Hearing Thresholds in Dogs Using the Staircase Method." Veterinary Sciences 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2024): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11020067.
Abstract:
There is a growing interest in performing playback experiments to understand which acoustical cues trigger specific behavioral/emotional responses in dogs. However, very limited studies have focused their attention on more basic aspects of hearing such as sensitivity, i.e., the identification of minimal intensity thresholds across different frequencies. Most previous studies relied on electrophysiological methods for audiograms for dogs, but these methods are considered less accurate than assessments based on behavioral responses. To our knowledge, only one study has established hearing thresholds using a behavioral assessment on four dogs but using a method that did not allow potential improvement throughout the sessions. In the present study, we devised an assessment procedure based on a staircase method. Implying the adaptation of the assessed intensity on the dogs’ performance, this approach grants several assessments around the actual hearing threshold of the animal, thereby increasing the reliability of the result. We used such a method to determine hearing thresholds at three frequencies (0.5, 4.0, and 20.0 kHz). Five dogs were tested in each frequency. The hearing thresholds were found to be 19.5 ± 2.8 dB SPL at 0.5 kHz, 14.0 ± 4.5 dB SPL at 4.0 kHz, and 8.5 ± 12.8 dB SPL at 20.0 kHz. No improvement in performance was visible across the procedure. While the thresholds at 0.5 and 4.0 kHz were in line with the previous literature, the threshold at 20 kHz was remarkably lower than expected. Dogs’ ability to produce vocalization beyond 20 kHz, potentially used in short-range communication, and the selective pressure linked to intraspecific communication in social canids are discussed as potential explanations for the sensitivity to higher frequencies.
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Small, Susan A., and David R. Stapells. "Normal Brief-Tone Bone-Conduction Behavioral Thresholds Using the B-71 Transducer: Three Occlusion Conditions." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 14, no. 10 (November 2003): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.14.10.4.
Abstract:
Behavioral thresholds were measured from 31 adults with normal hearing for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz brief tones presented using a B-71 bone oscillator. Three occlusion conditions were assessed: ears unoccluded, one ear occluded, and both ears occluded. Mean threshold force levels were 67, 54, 49, and 41 dB re:1μN peak-to-peak equivalent in the unoccluded condition for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, respectively (corrected for air-conduction pure-tone thresholds). A significant occlusion effect was observed for 500 and 1000 Hz stimuli. These thresholds may be used as the 0 dB nHL (normalhearing level) for brief-tone bone-conduction stimuli for auditory brainstem response testing.
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Dent, Micheal L., Daniel J. Tollin, and Tom C. T. Yin. "Influence of Sound Source Location on the Behavior and Physiology of the Precedence Effect in Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 102, no. 2 (August 2009): 724–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00129.2009.
Abstract:
Psychophysical experiments on the precedence effect (PE) in cats have shown that they localize pairs of auditory stimuli presented from different locations in space based on the spatial position of the stimuli and the interstimulus delay (ISD) between the stimuli in a manner similar to humans. Cats exhibit localization dominance for pairs of transient stimuli with |ISDs| from ∼0.4 to 10 ms, summing localization for |ISDs| < 0.4 ms and breakdown of fusion for |ISDs| > 10 ms, which is the approximate echo threshold. The neural correlates to the PE have been described in both anesthetized and unanesthetized animals at many levels from auditory nerve to cortex. Single-unit recordings from the inferior colliculus (IC) and auditory cortex of cats demonstrate that neurons respond to both lead and lag sounds at ISDs above behavioral echo thresholds, but the response to the lag is reduced at shorter ISDs, consistent with localization dominance. Here the influence of the relative locations of the leading and lagging sources on the PE was measured behaviorally in a psychophysical task and physiologically in the IC of awake behaving cats. At all configurations of lead-lag stimulus locations, the cats behaviorally exhibited summing localization, localization dominance, and breakdown of fusion. Recordings from the IC of awake behaving cats show neural responses paralleling behavioral measurements. Both behavioral and physiological results suggest systematically shorter echo thresholds when stimuli are further apart in space.
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Gegenfurtner, Karl R., Daniel C. Kiper, Jack M. H. Beusmans, Matteo Carandini, Qasim Zaidi, and J. Anthony Movshon. "Chromatic properties of neurons in macaque MT." Visual Neuroscience 11, no. 3 (May 1994): 455–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380000239x.
Abstract:
AbstractWe have studied the responses of MT neurons to moving gratings, spatially modulated in luminance and chromaticity. Most MT neurons responded briskly and with high contrast sensitivity to targets whose luminance was modulated, with or without added chromatic contrast. When luminance modulation was removed and only chromatic stimulation was used, the responses of all MT neurons were attenuated. Most were completely unresponsive to stimulation with targets whose modulation fell within a “null” plane in color space; these null planes varied from neuron to neuron, but all lay close to the plane of constant photometric luminance. For about a third of the neurons, there was no color direction in which responses were completely abolished; almost all of these neurons had a definite minimum response for chromatic modulation near the isoluminant plane. MT neurons that responded to isoluminant targets did so inconsistently and with poor contrast sensitivity, so that only intensely modulated targets were effective. Whereas the best thresholds of MT neurons for luminance targets are close to behavioral contrast threshold, the thresholds for isoluminant targets lie considerably above behavioral contrast threshold. Therefore, although some MT neurons do give responses to isoluminant targets, they are unlikely to be the source of the chromatic motion signals revealed behaviorally.
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Goshorn, Edward L., Charles G. Marx, and Kimberly Ward. "Relationship between behavioral and electrophysiological hearing thresholds." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 142, no. 4 (October 2017): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5014563.
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UETAKE, Katsuji, and Yoshio KUDO. "Behavioral Estimates of Auditory Thresholds in Cattle." Nihon Chikusan Gakkaiho 62, no. 9 (1991): 898–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.2508/chikusan.62.898.
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Bader, Katharina, Linda Dierkes, Lore Helene Braun, Anthony W. Gummer, Ernst Dalhoff, and Dennis Zelle. "Test-retest reliability of distortion-product thresholds compared to behavioral auditory thresholds." Hearing Research 406 (July 2021): 108232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2021.108232.
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Anderson, Samira, Robert Ellis, Julie Mehta, and Matthew J. Goupell. "Age-related differences in binaural masking level differences: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 2939–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00255.2018.
Abstract:
The effects of aging and stimulus configuration on binaural masking level differences (BMLDs) were measured behaviorally and electrophysiologically, using the frequency-following response (FFR) to target brainstem/midbrain encoding. The tests were performed in 15 younger normal-hearing (<30 yr) and 15 older normal-hearing (>60 yr) participants. The stimuli consisted of a 500-Hz target tone embedded in a narrowband (50-Hz bandwidth) or wideband (1,500-Hz bandwidth) noise masker. The interaural phase conditions included NoSo (tone and noise presented interaurally in-phase), NoSπ (noise presented interaurally in-phase and tone presented out-of-phase), and NπSo (noise presented interaurally out-of-phase and tone presented in-phase) configurations. In the behavioral experiment, aging reduced the magnitude of the BMLD. The magnitude of the BMLD was smaller for the NoSo–NπSo threshold difference compared with the NoSo–NoSπ threshold difference, and it was also smaller in narrowband compared with wideband conditions, consistent with previous measurements. In the electrophysiology experiment, older participants had reduced FFR magnitudes and smaller differences between configurations. There were significant changes in FFR magnitude between the NoSo to NoSπ configurations but not between the NoSo to NπSo configurations. The age-related reduction in FFR magnitudes suggests a temporal processing deficit, but no correlation was found between FFR magnitudes and behavioral BMLDs. Therefore, independent mechanisms may be contributing to the behavioral and neural deficits. Specifically, older participants had higher behavioral thresholds than younger participants for the NoSπ and NπSo configurations but had equivalent thresholds for the NoSo configuration. However, FFR magnitudes were reduced in older participants across all configurations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Behavioral and electrophysiological testing reveal an aging effect for stimuli presented in wideband and narrowband noise conditions, such that behavioral binaural masking level differences and subcortical spectral magnitudes are reduced in older compared with younger participants. These deficits in binaural processing may limit the older participant's ability to use spatial cues to understand speech in environments containing competing sound sources.
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Vollmer, Maike, Ralph E. Beitel, and Russell L. Snyder. "Auditory Detection and Discrimination in Deaf Cats: Psychophysical and Neural Thresholds for Intracochlear Electrical Signals." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 5 (November 1, 2001): 2330–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.5.2330.
Abstract:
More than 30,000 hearing-impaired human subjects have learned to use cochlear implants for speech perception and speech discrimination. To understand the basic mechanisms underlying the successful application of contemporary speech processing strategies, it is important to investigate how complex electrical stimuli delivered to the cochlea are processed and represented in the central auditory system. A deaf animal model has been developed that allows direct comparison of psychophysical thresholds with central auditory neuronal thresholds to temporally modulated intracochlear electrical signals in the same animals. Behavioral detection thresholds were estimated in neonatally deafened cats for unmodulated pulse trains (e.g., 30 pulses/s or pps) and sinusoidal amplitude-modulated (SAM) pulse trains (e.g., 300 pps, SAM at 30 Hz; 300/30 AM). Animals were trained subsequently in a discrimination task to respond to changes in the modulation frequency of successive SAM signals (e.g., 300/8 AM vs. 300/30 AM). During acute physiological experiments, neural thresholds to pulse trains were estimated in the inferior colliculus (IC) and the primary auditory cortex (A1) of the anesthetized animals. Psychophysical detection thresholds for unmodulated and SAM pulse trains were virtually identical. Single IC neuron thresholds for SAM pulse trains showed a small but significant increase in threshold (0.4 dB or 15.5 μA) when compared with thresholds for unmodulated pulse trains. The mean difference between psychophysical and minimum neural thresholds within animals was not significant (mean = 0.3 dB). Importantly, cats also successfully discriminated changes in the modulation frequencies of the SAM signals. Performance on the discrimination task was not affected by carrier rate (100, 300, 500, 1,000, or 1,500 pps). These findings indicate that 1) behavioral and neural response thresholds are based on detection of the peak pulse amplitudes of the modulated and unmodulated signals, and 2) discrimination of successive SAM pulse trains is based on temporal resolution of the envelope frequencies. Overall, our animal model provides a robust framework for future studies of behavioral discrimination and central neural temporal processing of electrical signals applied to the deaf cochlea by a cochlear implant.
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Vandermeulen, Erik P., and Timothy J. Brennan. "Alterations in Ascending Dorsal Horn Neurons by a Surgical Incision in the Rat Foot." Anesthesiology 93, no. 5 (November 1, 2000): 1294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200011000-00024.
Abstract:
Background Little is known about the mechanisms of pain caused by a surgical incision. The authors have developed a rat model of postoperative pain characterized by decreased withdrawal thresholds to punctate mechanical stimuli after plantar incision. The present studies examined the response characteristics of dorsal horn neurons receiving input from the plantar aspect of the foot before and after a plantar incision placed adjacent to the low threshold area of the receptive field (RF). Methods Individual dorsal horn neurons from the lumbar enlargement were antidromically identified and characterized as low threshold, wide dynamic range (WDR), and high threshold (HT) based on their responses to brush and pinch. Thresholds (in millinewtons), the pinch RF, and stimulus-response functions (SRFs) to von Frey filaments characterized the neurons. SRFs were analyzed using area under the curve. Changes in background activity, punctate mechanical thresholds, SRFs, and RF were recorded after an incision was made adjacent to the most sensitive area of the RF. Results In all cells, an incision increased background activity; this remained elevated in 3 of 9 HT and 16 of 28 WDR neurons 1 h later. The SRFs were enhanced in 10 of 27 WDR neurons and in 2 of 8 HT cells after incision. Only the WDR neurons were responsive to filaments that produced withdrawal responses after incision in behavioral experiments. Increases in the RFs outside of the injured area occurred after incision in 15 of 29 WDR and 2 of 9 HT cells. Conclusion A plantar incision caused dorsal horn cell activation and central sensitization. Because the threshold of HT neurons did not decrease to the range of the withdrawal responses in behavioral experiments, particular WDR dorsal horn neurons likely contribute to the reduced withdrawal threshold observed in behavioral experiments. Both WDR and HT neurons are capable of transmitting enhanced responses to strong punctate mechanical stimuli after incision.
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Hicks, Candace Bourland, Anne Marie Tharpe, and Daniel H. Ashmead. "Behavioral Auditory Assessment of Young Infants." American Journal of Audiology 9, no. 2 (December 2000): 124–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2000/015).
Abstract:
The determination of auditory thresholds by means of behavioral techniques in young infants can be difficult. This could be the result of limitations in methodology, a lack of observable auditory responsiveness, or both. In the current study, 2- and 4-month old infants were tested under enhanced conditions for obtaining behavioral responses (i.e., salient auditory stimuli, reduced visual distractions, reinforced correct responses). A two-interval, forced-choice task with four intensity levels was used. Although a behavioral threshold was obtained for the 4-month-olds, threshold determination for the 2-month-olds remained elusive. In light of the current findings and previous studies of visual acuity of infants, these results suggest a lack of behavioral responsiveness to auditory stimuli for the younger infants rather than methodological limitations. With infants in the 2-month-old age range, clinical audiologists should expect few behavioral responses to auditory stimuli at intensity levels below those that elicit startle responses.
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Mehta, Gunjan, Anuj Kumar Neupane, Abhishek Mistri, Hiral Joshi, and Nirmit Shah. "Comparative Study on Method of Threshold Estimation: Distortion Product Threshold Test versus Pure Tone Threshold Test." Annals of Otology and Neurotology 3, no. 02 (September 2020): 077–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1724218.
Abstract:
Abstract Introduction Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) can be helpful in estimating the hearing thresholds by extrapolating the DPOAE input/output function with the help of scissor paradigm, and thus the following study aims at assessing its reliability by comparing DPOAE thresholds with those obtained by behavioral responses at pure tones on various frequencies. Materials and Methods Fifty participants having normal hearing sensitivity were included in the study. Pure tone (PT) audiometry was carried out on all participants to determine PT thresholds in both ears. DPOAE threshold test was administered and thresholds at 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz were compared accordingly. Results The result indicated significant difference between the two methods of threshold estimation where the mean difference was found to be 3 decibel (dB) and 4 dB for left and right ears, respectively. Shapiro-Wilk test revealed normal distribution (p > 0.05) of the data. Hence, parametric paired t-test was performed, which revealed significant difference between PT and distortion product thresholds. Conclusion Study concludes as having good clinical applicability in assessing neonates and infants.
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Rance, Gary, and Field Rickards. "Prediction of Hearing Threshold in Infants Using Auditory Steady-State Evoked Potentials." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 13, no. 05 (May 2002): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715967.
Abstract:
This retrospective study examines the relationship between auditory steady-state evoked potential (ASSEP) thresholds determined in infancy and subsequently obtained behavioral hearing levels in children with normal hearing or varying degrees of sensorineural hearing loss. Overall, the results from 211 subjects showed that the two test techniques were highly correlated, with Pearson r values exceeding .95 at each of the audiometric test frequencies between 500 and 4000 Hz. Analysis of the findings for babies with significant hearing loss (moderate to profound levels) showed similar threshold relationships to those obtained in previous studies involving adults and older children. The results for infants with normal or near-normal hearing did, however, differ from those reported for older subjects, with behavioral thresholds typically 10 to 15 dB better than would have been predicted from their ASSEP levels.
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Norrix, Linda W., and David Velenovsky. "Unraveling the Mystery of Auditory Brainstem Response Corrections: The Need for Universal Standards." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 28, no. 10 (November 2017): 950–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16112.
Abstract:
Background: The auditory brainstem response (ABR) is used to estimate behavioral hearing thresholds in infants and difficult-to-test populations. Differences between the toneburst ABR and behavioral thresholds exist making the correspondence between the two measures less than perfect. Some authors have suggested that corrections be applied to ABR thresholds to account for these differences. However, because there is no agreed upon universal standard, confusion regarding the use of corrections exists. Purpose: The primary purpose of this article is to review the reasoning behind and use of corrections when the toneburst ABR is employed to estimate behavioral hearing thresholds. We also discuss other considerations that all audiologists should be aware of when obtaining and reporting ABR test results. Results: A review of the purpose and use of corrections reveals no consensus as to whether they should be applied or which should be used. Additionally, when ABR results are adjusted, there is no agreement as to whether additional corrections for hearing loss or the age of the client are necessary. This lack of consensus can be confusing for all individuals working with hearing-impaired children and their families. Conclusions: Toneburst ABR thresholds do not perfectly align with behavioral hearing thresholds. Universal protocols for the use of corrections are needed. Additionally, evidence-based procedures must be employed to obtain valid ABRs that will accurately estimate hearing thresholds.
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Taylor, Ryan C., Karin Akre, Walter Wilczynski, and Michael J. Ryan. "Behavioral and neural auditory thresholds in a frog." Current Zoology 65, no. 3 (December 6, 2018): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoy089.
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Anzai, Akiyuki, Marcus A. Bearse, Ralph D. Freeman, and Daqing Cai. "Contrast coding by cells in the cat's striate cortex: Monocular vs. binocular detection." Visual Neuroscience 12, no. 1 (January 1995): 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800007331.
Abstract:
AbstractMany psychophysical studies of various visual tasks show that performance is generally better for binocular than for monocular observation. To investigate the physiological basis of this binocular advantage, we have recorded, under monocular and binocular stimulation, contrast response functions for single cells in the striate cortex of anesthetized and paralyzed cats. We applied receiver operating characteristic analysis to our data to obtain monocular and binocular neurometric functions for each cell. A contrast threshold and a slope were extracted from each neurometric function and were compared for monocular and binocular stimulation. We found that contrast thresholds and slopes varied from cell to cell but, in general, binocular contrast thresholds were lower, and binocular slopes were steeper, than their monocular counterparts. The binocular advantage ratio, the ratio of monocular to binocular thresholds for individual cells, was, on average, slightly higher than the typical ratios reported in human psychophysics. No single rule appeared to account for the various degrees of binocular summation seen in individual cells. We also found that the proportion of cells likely to contribute to contrast detection increased with stimulus contrast. Less contrast was required under binocular than under monocular stimulation to obtain the same proportion of cells that contribute to contrast detection. Based on these results, we suggest that behavioral contrast detection is carried out by a small proportion of cells that are relatively sensitive to near-threshold contrasts. Contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) for the cell population, estimated from this hypothesis, agree well with behavioral data in both the shape of the CSF and the ratio of binocular to monocular sensitivities. We conclude that binocular summation in behavioral contrast detection may be attributed to the binocular superiority in contrast sensitivity of a small proportion of cells which are responsible for threshold contrast detection.
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Akhtar, Uzma S., Arturo Moleti, Renata Sisto, and Sumitrajit Dhar. "Long-latency component of stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions: Relationship to behavioral measures." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (March 1, 2023): A333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0019046.
Abstract:
Uncertainties regarding the generation mechanism and source of human stimulus frequency otoacoustic emissions (SFOAEs), as well as the possible generation of artifacts, have previously restricted the use of SFOAEs in clinical settings for assessing cochlear function. Over the years, advanced time-frequency analysis of SFOAEs, using models of SFOAE delays as a function of frequency, have been implemented in an effort to isolate the long-latency (LL) component of SFOAEs—improving the signal-to-noise ratio and the artifact rejection as noteworthy byproducts. In order to test the hypothesis that behavioral measures and SFOAE LL component both reflect the activity of limited cochlear regions, the relationship between SFOAE LL component and behavioral measures was investigated. SFOAEs, behavioral thresholds and psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were measured for probe frequencies centered around 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 12.5 and 14 kHz. Stimulus levels for PTCs (10 dB SL) and SFOAEs (10, 20 and 30 dB SL) were referenced to behavioral thresholds at each frequency. Using the same in situ calibration technique using Thevenin-equivalent source parameters, behavioral thresholds and SFOAE-estimated thresholds from input-output functions of the SFOAE LL component were strongly correlated. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between SFOAE-based and psychophysical tuning estimates.
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Spagnoli, Scott D., and James C. Saunders. "Threshold Sensitivity and Frequency Selectivity Measured with Round Window Whole Nerve Action Potentials in the Awake, Restrained Chinchilla." Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery 96, no. 1 (January 1987): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019459988709600117.
Abstract:
Chronic electrodes, placed on the round windows of four adult chinchillas, were used to measure whole-nerve action potential (AP) thresholds and tuning curves. The AP quiet thresholds were within 17 dB of thresholds measured by behavioral methods and within 3 dB of those measured by other evoked response procedures. The AP tuning curves, obtained by a simultaneous masking procedure, were also similar to previously measured tuning curves in the chinchilla. These results indicate that long-term indwelling electrodes can be successfully placed on the chinchilla round window and used to measure threshold sensitivity and frequency selectivity. Recordings from these electrodes could be used in a variety of situations and may be particularly useful in studying the effects of noise on the cochlea.
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Jafari, Zahra, Saeed Malayeri, Hassan Ashayeri, and Mahdi Azizabadi Farahani. "Adults with Auditory Neuropathy: Comparison of Auditory Steady-State Response and Pure-Tone Audiometry." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 20, no. 10 (November 2009): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.20.10.4.
Abstract:
Background: The relation between the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) and behavioral audiometric thresholds requires further clarification in the case of adults with auditory neuropathy/auditory dys-synchrony (AN/AD). Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare pure-tone audiometric threshold (PTAT) and ASSR in adults with AN/AD. Study Sample: Sixteen adult participants (32 ears) with AN/AD, ranging in age from 14 to 34 years. Data Collection and Analysis: PTAT and ASSR with high-rate stimulus modulation were measured at four octave frequencies, 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, in each ear. The behavioral auditory thresholds were compared with ASSR estimated thresholds at each frequency. Analyses included comparison of group means and coefficients of correlation. Results: The average pure-tone thresholds revealed a moderate hearing loss in the AN/AD patients with a focus on the low frequencies. Low-frequency loss audiograms were observed in almost two-thirds of the participants. The estimated auditory thresholds measured by ASSR at all frequencies were substantially higher than the PTAT measures. There were no significant correlations between the PTAT and ASSR measurements at the 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz frequencies (p > .05); the correlation between the two measures at 500 Hz (p = .029, r = 0.39) was weak but significant. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between the PTAT and ASSR results at the majority of the frequencies usually tested in adults with AN/AD. Although ASSR is not a suitable method to estimate auditory thresholds in this group of patients, perhaps it can be utilized as an adjunct technique for the differential diagnosis of this disorder.
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Rodríguez-Sanchez, Antonio J., John K. Tsotsos, Stefan Treue, and Julio C. Martinez-Trujillo. "Comparing neuronal and behavioral thresholds for spiral motion discrimination." NeuroReport 20, no. 18 (December 2009): 1619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0b013e32833312c7.
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Simpson, D. C., and T. M. Evans. "Behavioral Thresholds in Mixtures of Sand and Kaolinite Clay." Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142, no. 2 (February 2016): 04015073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001391.
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Smith, David W., and Valerie B. Olszyk. "Auditory behavioral thresholds for Japanese macaques using insert earphones." American Journal of Primatology 41, no. 4 (1997): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1997)41:4<323::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-z.
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Carter, Lyndal, Harvey Dillon, John Seymour, Mark Seeto, and Bram Van Dun. "Cortical Auditory-Evoked Potentials (CAEPs) in Adults in Response to Filtered Speech Stimuli." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 24, no. 09 (October 2013): 807–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.24.9.5.
Abstract:
Background: Previous studies have demonstrated that cortical auditory-evoked potentials (CAEPs) can be reliably elicited in response to speech stimuli in listeners wearing hearing aids. It is unclear, however, how close to the aided behavioral threshold (i.e., at what behavioral sensation level) a sound must be before a cortical response can reliably be detected. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the relationship between CAEP detection and the audibility of speech sounds (as measured behaviorally), when the listener is wearing a hearing aid fitted to prescriptive targets. A secondary aim was to investigate whether CAEP detection is affected by varying the frequency emphasis of stimuli, so as to simulate variations to the prescribed gain-frequency response of a hearing aid. The results have direct implications for the evaluation of hearing aid fittings in nonresponsive adult clients, and indirect implications for the evaluation of hearing aid fittings in infants. Research Design: Participants wore hearing aids while listening to speech sounds presented in a sound field. Aided thresholds were measured, and cortical responses evoked, under a range of stimulus conditions. The presence or absence of CAEPs was determined by an automated statistic. Study Sample: Participants were adults (6 females and 4 males). Participants had sensorineural hearing loss ranging from mild to severe-profound in degree. Data Collection and Analysis: Participants' own hearing aids were replaced with a test hearing aid, with linear processing, during assessments. Pure-tone thresholds and hearing aid gain measurements were obtained, and a theoretical prediction of speech stimulus audibility for each participant (similar to those used for audibility predictions in infant hearing aid fittings) was calculated. Three speech stimuli, (/m/, /t/, and /g/) were presented aided (monaurally, nontest ear occluded), free field, under three conditions (+4 dB/octave, −4 dB/octave, and without filtering), at levels of 40, 50, and 60 dB SPL (measured for the unfiltered condition). Behavioral thresholds were obtained, and CAEP recordings were made using these stimuli. The interaction of hearing loss, presentation levels, and filtering conditions resulted in a range of CAEP test behavioral sensation levels (SLs), from −25 to +40 dB. Results: Statistically significant CAEPs (p < .05) were obtained for virtually every presentation where the behavioral sensation level was >10 dB, and for only 5% of occasions when the sensation level was negative. In these (“false-positive”) cases, the greatest (negative) sensation level at which a CAEP was judged to be present was −6 dB SL. Conclusions: CAEPs are a sensitive tool for directly evaluating the audibility of speech sounds, at least for adult listeners. CAEP evaluation was found to be more accurate than audibility predictions, based on threshold and hearing aid response measures.
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Musiek, Frank E., Robert Froke, and Jeffrey Weihing. "The Auditory P300 at or near Threshold." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 16, no. 09 (October 2005): 698–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16.9.7.
Abstract:
Psychophysical and P300 (P3) thresholds and suprathreshold measures were obtained in 16 normal-hearing subjects. Subjects followed a classic oddball paradigm using 1000 (frequent) and 2000 Hz (rare) tones as stimuli. The P3 was obtained for all 16 subjects at or 5 dB above their behavioral threshold. The P3 was obtained more often at behavioral threshold and 5 dB SL than N1 and P2 late potentials. The P3 was larger in amplitude than either the N1 or the P2 at threshold and for 75 dB SPL stimuli. In comparing P3s obtained at threshold and for the 75 dB stimuli, significant effects were noted in latency and amplitude reflecting exogenous aspects to this endogenous potential. Differences in latency and amplitude were also noted in N1 and P2 waveforms obtained from the rare versus frequent stimuli. Clinical implications of these results are discussed.
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Dreisbach, Laura Elizabeth, Peter Torre III, Steven J. Kramer, Richard Kopke, Ronald Jackson, and Ben Balough. "Influence of Ultrahigh-Frequency Hearing Thresholds on Distortion-Product Otoacoustic Emission Levels at Conventional Frequencies." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 19, no. 04 (April 2008): 325–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.19.4.5.
Abstract:
This study examined the association between ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) hearing sensitivity and distortion-product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) levels at conventional frequencies. Behavioral thresholds were measured from 2 through 16 kHz, and DPOAE levels were measured at discrete f2 frequencies between 2 through 8 kHz in 553 young normal-hearing adult male participants. A DPOAE frequency sweep was measured with primary stimulus levels of L1/L2 = 65/55 dB SPL and an f2/f1 of 1.2. Significant negative correlations, although weak, were found between UHF behavioral thresholds and DPOAE levels. As UHF behavioral thresholds worsened, DPOAE levels decreased at all frequencies. When the data were categorized into two groups, “better” and “worse” UHF behavioral thresholds, significant differences were apparent between the two groups for DPOAEs. Additionally, those with better UHF thresholds had better conventional thresholds compared to those in the worse UHF threshold group. The results of this age-restricted, large-sample-size study confirm and augment findings from earlier studies demonstrating that UHF hearing sensitivity has some influence on DPOAE measures at frequencies from 2 through 8 kHz with moderate stimulus levels. However, because those with better UHF thresholds also had better conventional thresholds and the significant correlations found were weak, this work supports the importance of UHF hearing testing in conjunction with otoacoustic emission measures to identify basal cochlear insults not evident from behavioral testing at conventional frequencies. Este estudio examinó la asociación entre la sensibilidad auditiva a ultra-alta frecuencia (UHF) y los niveles de las emisiones otoacústicas por productos de distorsión (DPOAE) en las frecuencias convencionales. Se midieron los umbrales conductuales desde 2 y hasta 16 kHz, y los niveles de la DPOAE se midieron a frecuencias discretas f2 entre 2 y 8 kHz en 553 adultos jóvenes masculinos oyentes normales. Se registró un barrido frecuencial de DPOAE con niveles primarios de estímulo de L1/L2 = 65/55 dB SPL y un f1/f2 de 1.2. Se encontraron correlaciones negativas significativas, aunque débiles, entre los umbrales conductuales de UHF y los niveles de las DPOAE. Conforme los umbrales conductuales de UHF se deterioraron, los niveles de DPOAE disminuyeron en todas las frecuencias. Cuando los datos se categorizaron en dos grupos – umbrales conductuales de UHF “mejores” y “peores” – se hicieron aparentes diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos para las DPOAE. Adicionalmente, aquellos con los mejores umbrales UHF tuvieron mejores umbrales convencionales, comparados con aquellos en el grupo de los peores umbrales UHF. Los resultados de este estudio con restricción de edad y con una muestra de gran tamaño confirman y destacan los hallazgos de estudio anteriores que demostraban que la sensibilidad auditiva en UHF tiene alguna influencia sobre las mediciones de las DPOAE, en las frecuencias de 2 a 8 kHz, con niveles moderados de estímulo. Sin embargo, dado que aquellos con mejores umbrales UHF también tenían mejores umbrales convencionales y que la correlación significativa encontrada era débil, este trabajo apoya la importancia de la evaluación de la audición en UHF en conjunto con mediciones de emisiones otoacústicas para identificar insultos cocleares basales, no evidentes en la evaluación conductual en frecuencias convencionales.
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Eddins, Ann Clock, and Joelle Redner Peterson. "Time-Intensity Trading in the Late Auditory Evoked Potential." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 42, no. 3 (June 1999): 516–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4203.516.
Abstract:
The present study investigated physiological correlates of the time-intensity trading relationship in late components (N1, P2) of the auditory evoked potential. Late-potential and behavioral thresholds were estimated in five normal-hearing, young adult participants for 1000- and 4000-Hz tone bursts having durations of 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 ms. The results showed that late-potential thresholds decreased by an average of 24 dB for 1000-Hz conditions and 18 dB for 4000-Hz conditions. Behavioral thresholds also improved by about 22 dB and 18 dB for 1000-Hz and 4000-Hz conditions, respectively. The slope of improvement for both late-potential and behavioral thresholds was on the order of –4 to –6 dB per doubling of stimulus duration, depending on stimulus frequency. Stimulus duration also influenced latency and amplitude measures of the N1 and P2 components such that response latency decreased and amplitude increased as stimulus duration increased. The present results demonstrate a time-intensity trading relationship in components of the late potentials that is consistent with previous psychophysical and physiological data.