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1
Abram, Paul K., Antonino Cusumano, Katrina Abram, Stefano Colazza, and Ezio Peri. "Testing the habituation assumption underlying models of parasitoid foraging behavior." PeerJ 5 (March 16, 2017): e3097. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3097.
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BackgroundHabituation, a form of non-associative learning, has several well-defined characteristics that apply to a wide range of physiological and behavioral responses in many organisms. In classic patch time allocation models, habituation is considered to be a major mechanistic component of parasitoid behavioral strategies. However, parasitoid behavioral responses to host cues have not previously been tested for the known, specific characteristics of habituation.MethodsIn the laboratory, we tested whether the foraging behavior of the egg parasitoidTrissolcus basalisshows specific characteristics of habituation in response to consecutive encounters with patches of host (Nezara viridula) chemical contact cues (footprints), in particular: (i) a training interval-dependent decline in response intensity, and (ii) a training interval-dependent recovery of the response.ResultsAs would be expected of a habituated response, wasps trained at higher frequencies decreased their behavioral response to host footprints more quickly and to a greater degree than those trained at low frequencies, and subsequently showed a more rapid, although partial, recovery of their behavioral response to host footprints. This putative habituation learning could not be blocked by cold anesthesia, ingestion of an ATPase inhibitor, or ingestion of a protein synthesis inhibitor.DiscussionOur study provides support for the assumption that diminishing responses of parasitoids to chemical indicators of host presence constitutes habituation as opposed to sensory fatigue, and provides a preliminary basis for exploring the underlying mechanisms.
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Madell, Jane R. "Testing Babies: You Can Do It! Behavioral Observation Audiometry (BOA)." Perspectives on Hearing and Hearing Disorders in Childhood 21, no. 2 (December 2011): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/hhdc21.2.59.
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Behavioral observation audiometry (BOA) is the only test protocol that provides a direct measure of hearing. This valuable technique can be used to monitor hearing and hearing aid benefit in infants who are not yet able to participate in visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA). In this article, I present a carefully developed protocol that uses changes in sucking, resulting in a reliable threshold measures. Key points include Auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing, auditory steady state response (ASSR) testing, and otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) testing provide critical information about the status of the auditory pathways but are not direct measures of hearing. Only behavioral testing provides a direct measure of hearing. Behavioral testing can be used to monitor hearing and performance with hearing technology. When carefully performed, using appropriate criteria including using changes in sucking as an indication of a response, behavioral observation audiometry can be used by clinicians to accurately measure thresholds in infants cognitively less than 6 months of age.
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Liu, Wendy, Jessica J. Outlaw, Nathan Wineinger, Debra Boeldt, and Cinnamon S. Bloss. "Effect of co-payment on behavioral response to consumer genomic testing." Translational Behavioral Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 29, 2018): 130–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibx057.
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McCulloch, W. J., C. Militano, and S. Rizkalla. "Behavioral load testing of the Disraeli facility." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1987): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-013.
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The Disraeli facility, which was completed in 1960, consists of several overpasses utilizing rolled steel beam construction and a riveted steel plate girder bridge crossing the Red River in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The total length of the facility is approximately 707 m (2320 ft). In 1984, the City of Winnipeg commissioned Reid Crowther and Partners Limited to perform a load test on the facility to ascertain the possibility of increasing the maximum gross vehicle weight limit. The tests were performed on three consecutive Sundays, from September 23 to October 7, 1984.Three spans were tested. One normal and one skewed span were selected for the overpasses to study possible differences in their behavior along the exterior span of a three-span continuous riveted plate girder bridge over the Red River. The test was designed to determine the structural response of the bridges at different load levels, to determine the load distribution characteristics, and to investigate dynamic impact values for the test vehicles.This paper describes the instrumentation layout, data acquisition system, test vehicles, and testing procedures. Test results and comparisons with the predicted values utilizing conventional analysis are included.
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Mandysová, Ivana, and Jana Kubanová. "Managers’ Response Towards Business Environment – Behavioral Management." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 67, no. 5 (2019): 1297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201967051297.
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Article presents the results of testing managers’ behavior and response towards business environment. The study develops ideas how to extend current management theory with behavioral approach. Research method is based on in-depth empirical qualitative analysis, results are subject of quantitative verification using statistical methods which allows reaching better results. Research proceeds inductively, it means that new knowledge is generated as outcome and matched to theories. Decisions are examined as responses towards business environment components, correlations and significances between active or passive managers’ behavior are demonstrated. Proactive managerial approach is characterized by frequent change and diversification in suppliers, customers, human resources and product portfolio. As a conclusion, managerial response can be interpreted as a product of managers’ activity, personal preferences and abilities. The re-orientation towards recognition of active or passive behavior is developed and matched towards current theories. It can be assumed, that the current scientific discussion is potentially relevant in seeking to explain the role of individual manager. In summary, the analysis and the outcomes have proved managers’ exceptional flexibility in counteracting actively the shortcomings of external context.
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Uretsky, Michael E., and Ralf G. Rahwan. "Problems of Conditioning Xenopus Laevis Tadpoles with Standard Avoidance-Response Learning Paradigms." Psychological Reports 79, no. 3 (December 1996): 763–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.3.763.
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The amphibian Xenopus laevis embryo (tadpole) provides a satisfactory alternative to mammalian screening for structural teratogens. Testing was undertaken to extend the usefulness of this species for behavioral teratogenicity testing. One simple and eight operant conditioning paradigms were examined: none elicited learning in Xenopus embryos. Adaptation to the conditioning stimulus (light) and freezing in response to the unconditioned stimulus (shock) were responses incompatible with conditioned learning.
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Schaeppi, U., and R. E. Fitzgerald. "Practical Procedure of Testing for Neurotoxicity." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909009091.
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In the course of routinely performed subchronic toxicity studies with laboratory rodents, functional neurotoxicity, i.e., behavioral changes, usually are noted first during the daily cageside observations of all animals, Observation and neurologic examination of a few key animals provide a tentative diagnosis. Subsequent automated testing procedures for further characterization and quantifying behavioral changes might include motor activity, startle response, hurdle stepping, and maze behavior. Automated testing serves to assess the no observable effect under conditions of blind testing and provides further refinement of the diagnosis. Behavioral changes should be assessed as early as possible after onset of testing, i.e., during acute tests for mortality and the subsequent subchronic range-finding studies. Subsequent subchronic organ toxicity studies are then carried out by following a validated experimental protocol, including automated testing procedures and appropriate neuropathologic evaluation.
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Bauer, Amy E., Mary Jordan, Monica Colon, Traci Shreyer, and Candace C. Croney. "Evaluating FIDO: Developing and pilot testing the Field Instantaneous Dog Observation tool." Pet Behaviour Science, no. 4 (December 9, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21071/pbs.v0i4.5766.
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Field assessments of the health and welfare of kenneled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) must be both accurate and rapid. In order to facilitate such evaluations, especially by individuals with limited training in canine behavior and welfare, a non-invasive tool was developed and pilot-tested utilizing dogs housed in commercial breeding facilities. Behavioral responses to approach were organized into three categories: red, indicating a fearful response to approach, green, indicating an affiliative or neutral response to approach, and yellow, indicating an ambivalent response to approach. The inter-rater reliability (IRR) of the tool when used by both behavioral experts and novice raters was evaluated with and without the presence of the dog’s familiar caretaker. Utilizing Cohen’s kappa, the experts had almost perfect levels of agreement (kappa=0.87). The novice raters had substantial levels of agreement (kappa=0.74). Overall, the dogs assessed by the novice raters had high proportions of green responses to approach and there was no statistically significant effect of caretaker presence on the proportion of green responses to approach. The assessment tool evaluated herein appears to have a high degree of IRR whether used by experts in canine behavior or by novice raters and may be a useful screening tool to determine the need for more in-depth welfare assessments.
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de Peyster, Ann, and Whitney F. Long. "Fathead minnow optomotor response as a behavioral endpoint in aquatic toxicity testing." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 51, no. 1 (July 1993): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00201005.
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Shimizu, Hirofumi. "TESTING RESPONSE-STIMULUS EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS USING DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES AS A SAMPLE." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 86, no. 2 (September 2006): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.2006.04-03.
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van Brakel, Anna M. L., Peter Muris, and Wendy Derks. "Eye blink startle responses in behaviorally inhibited and uninhibited children." International Journal of Behavioral Development 30, no. 5 (September 2006): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025406071903.
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The present study examined the startle reflex as a physiological marker of behavioral inhibition. Participants were 7to 12-year-old children who had been previously identified as inhibited or uninhibited as part of an ongoing longitudinal study on the role of behavioral inhibition in the development of anxiety disorders. Analysis of their scores on the Behavioral Inhibition Scale revealed that the children were stable in their behavioral inhibition categorization as compared to the beginning of the longitudinal study. An experiment was carried out to study startle modulation effects in response to novel and familiar pictures of threatening and non-threatening facial expressions in inhibited and uninhibited children. The main results can be summarized as follows. To begin with, no modulation effect was found. That is, children did not show the expected (adult-like) startle facilitation while viewing unpleasant pictures. Second, a habituation effect was found: that is, during the testing phase children responded more intensely to the first block of slides than to the second block of slides (irrespective of slide content). Third, unexpectedly behaviorally inhibited children displayed smaller eye blink magnitudes in response to novel slides than uninhibited children. Fourth and finally, no meaningful differences were found in the patterns of startle responses of both genders.
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Grote, Gudela F., and Lawrence R. James. "Testing Behavioral Consistency and Coherence with the Situation-Response Measure of Achievement Motivation." Multivariate Behavioral Research 26, no. 4 (October 1991): 655–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2604_5.
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Santostefano, Francesca, Kerry V. Fanson, John A. Endler, and Peter A. Biro. "Behavioral, energetic, and color trait integration in male guppies: testing the melanocortin hypothesis." Behavioral Ecology 30, no. 6 (July 3, 2019): 1539–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arz109.
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Abstract Individuals of the same population differ consistently from each other in the average expression of behavioral and physiological traits. Often, such traits are integrated and thus correlated with each other. However, the underlying proximate mechanisms generating and maintaining this among-individual covariation are still poorly understood. The melanocortin hypothesis suggests that the melanocortin pathways can have pleiotropic effects linking the expression of melanin-based coloration with physiological and behavioral traits. In the present study, we test this hypothesis in adult male guppies (Poecilia reticulata), by estimating among individual correlations between behaviors (activity, feeding, boldness, display, and chase during courtship), stress response (peak metabolic rate), and coloration (black spot, fuzzy black, and orange). The lack of correlation of any behavior or metabolism with black coloration indicates that the melanocortin hypothesis is not supported in this species. However, we observed covariation among coloration traits, as well as among behavioral traits. Our findings suggest that, although there appear to be constraints within sets of related traits, coloration, physiology, and behaviors can potentially evolve as independent modules in response to selection in this species.
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Lochry, Elizabeth A., and Mildred S. Christian. "Behavioral Evaluations in Reproductive Safety Assessments." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 10, no. 5 (September 1991): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819109078654.
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Since 1974, behavioral tests have been a required component of developmental toxicity studies submitted to certain regulatory agencies. Behavioral test batteries are now widely used in industry to satisfy the international regulatory guidelines for safety assessments, but the choice of the most appropriate study design(s) in which to include these tests varies. We present data for 12 pharmaceutical agents tested in two or more of 28 Segment I, II, and/or III studies. The lowest observable effect levels (LOELs) in these studies indicate that behavioral effects can occur in each study design (regardless of exposure period), and no one design is necessarily more likely to produce a behavioral effect than any other. However, in determining the most appropriate study design in which to include behavioral testing, other considerations (e.g., pharmacokinetics, dosage levels tested) are important factors. A study design suggested by a group of international scientists proposing to harmonize guidelines for pharmaceutical safety testing appears to offer the optimal study design for testing behavioral effects. This study design combines the exposure periods of the existing Segment II and III studies, with specialized behavioral safety designs conducted on an as needed, case-by-case basis to identify dose-response relationships, critical periods, the full manifestation of effects. This proposed study design and general approach are identified as the most appropriate method of evaluating behavioral effects in regulatory safety assessments.
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Linnemayr, Sebastian, Claire O’Hanlon, Lori Uscher-Pines, Kristin Van Abel, and Christopher Nelson. "Using Insights From Behavioral Economics to Strengthen Disaster Preparedness and Response." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 10, no. 5 (May 18, 2016): 768–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.29.
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AbstractBehavioral economics is based on the idea that individuals’ decisions are affected by systematic and predictable cognitive biases and that these same biases can be leveraged to change behavior and improve decision-making. Insights from behavioral economics have been used to encourage a range of desired behaviors but have rarely been used in disaster preparedness and response, though traditional efforts by public health practitioners have failed to increase adoption of key preparedness behaviors. In this work, we aim to show how some of the key concepts in the behavioral economics literature are applicable to behaviors related to disaster preparedness and response, and we present ideas for behavioral economics-based interventions that we vetted with public health officials. Two of the best-received interventions were applications of social norms approaches, which leverage social influence bias, and commitment devices, which leverage present bias and loss aversion. Although the current evidence base for the applications of concepts from behavioral economics in disaster preparedness and response is weak, behavioral economics has achieved positive results in similar decision-making contexts. The low cost and potentially high impact of behavioral economics-based interventions warrant further investigation and testing. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;page 1 of 7)
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Brown, Elizabeth B., John E. Layne, Alexandra R. Elchert, and Stephanie M. Rollmann. "Behavioral and Transcriptional Response to Selection for Olfactory Behavior in Drosophila." G3: Genes|Genomes|Genetics 10, no. 4 (February 5, 2020): 1283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.120.401117.
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The detection, discrimination, and behavioral responses to chemical cues in the environment can have marked effects on organismal survival and reproduction, eliciting attractive or aversive behavior. To gain insight into mechanisms mediating this hedonic valence, we applied thirty generations of divergent artificial selection for Drosophila melanogaster olfactory behavior. We independently selected for positive and negative behavioral responses to two ecologically relevant chemical compounds: 2,3-butanedione and cyclohexanone. We also tested the correlated responses to selection by testing behavioral responses to other odorants and life history traits. Measurements of behavioral responses of the selected lines and unselected controls to additional odorants showed that the mechanisms underlying responses to these odorants are, in some cases, differentially affected by selection regime and generalization of the response to other odorants was only detected in the 2,3-butanedione selection lines. Food consumption and lifespan varied with selection regime and, at times, sex. An analysis of gene expression of both selection regimes identified multiple differentially expressed genes. New genes and genes previously identified in mediating olfactory behavior were identified. In particular, we found functional enrichment of several gene ontology terms, including cell-cell adhesion and sulfur compound metabolic process, the latter including genes belonging to the glutathione S-transferase family. These findings highlight a potential role for glutathione S-transferases in the evolution of hedonic valence to ecologically relevant volatile compounds and set the stage for a detailed investigation into mechanisms by which these genes mediate attraction and aversion.
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Acharya, Kruti, and Abigail Schindler. "Developmental and Behavioral Pediatricians' Attitudes Toward Screening for Fragile X." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 118, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 284–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-188.4.284.
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Abstract Developmental and behavioral pediatricians (DBP) diagnose and care for children with fragile X syndrome. Their attitudes toward FMR1 newborn screening (NBS) and FMR1 carrier testing in childhood could highlight potential pitfalls with FMR1 NBS. We conducted a cross-sectional survey with an adjusted response rate of 61%. Among DBP, 74% supported universal FMR1 NBS, preferring to identify both full mutations and premutations. DBP also support FMR1 testing of asymptomatic siblings. Although DBP support testing for premutations at various points in the lifespan, DBP are not familiar with the array of fragile X–associated disorders (FXAD). Targeted educational interventions are needed to ensure that all health care providers have the knowledge and competence to consent and to counsel families on FXAD.
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Marcotte, Megan M., and Christopher G. Lowe. "Behavioral Responses of Two Species of Sharks to Pulsed, Direct Current Electrical Fields: Testing a Potential Shark Deterrent." Marine Technology Society Journal 42, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533208786829133.
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To describe and contrast the behavioral responses of two species of sharks to an electrical deterrent, sharks were baited to a food odor source within a strong pulsed, direct current electrical field. A head twitch behavior was elicited in scalloped hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) and leopard sharks (Triakis semifasciata) at mean voltage gradient thresholds of 4.16 ± 0.59 V/m (X ± SD) and 4.30 ± 0.78 V/m, respectively, and did not differ significantly. A shimmy behavioral response was elicited in some hammerhead sharks at a mean threshold of 5.54 ± 1.55 V/m. A retreat behavioral response occurred in hammerhead and leopard sharks at a mean, maximum threshold of 18.50 ± 13.27 V/m and 9.64 ± 10.28 V/m, respectively. The hammerhead sharks retreated at significantly stronger field strengths than the leopard sharks, suggesting that some species may require stronger electrical fields for effective deterrence. Both species of shark remained significantly further away and spent less time near the food odor source when the electrical field was on versus off. The maximum voltage gradient threshold required to cause the sharks to retreat was much higher than previously reported, and the electrical field was not 100% effective at excluding sharks. The sharks only retreated after involuntary muscle contractions were induced by the electrical field.
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Wildhaber, Mark L., and Larry B. Crowder. "Testing a Bioenergetics-Based Habitat Choice Model: Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) Responses to Food Availability and Temperature." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-190.
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Using an automated shuttlebox system, we conducted patch choice experiments with 32, 8–12 g bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) to test a behavioral energetics hypothesis of habitat choice. When patch temperature and food levels were held constant within patches but different between patches, we expected bluegill to choose patches that maximized growth based on the bioenergetic integration of food and temperature as predicted by a bioenergetics model. Alternative hypotheses were that bluegill may choose patches based only on food (optimal foraging) or temperature (behavioral thermoregulation). The behavioral energetics hypothesis was not a good predictor of short-term (from minutes to weeks) patch choice by bluegill; the behavioral thermoregulation hypothesis was the best predictor. In the short-term, food and temperature appeared to affect patch choice hierarchically; temperature was more important, although food can alter temperature preference during feeding periods. Over a 19-d experiment, mean temperatures occupied by fish offered low rations did decline as predicted by the behavioral energetics hypothesis, but the decline was less than 1.0 °C as opposed to a possible 5 °C decline. A short-term, bioenergetic response to food and temperature may be precluded by physiological costs of acclimation not considered explicitly in the behavioral energetics hypothesis.
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Van Dun, Bram, Harvey Dillon, and Mark Seeto. "Estimating Hearing Thresholds in Hearing-Impaired Adults through Objective Detection of Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 26, no. 04 (April 2015): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.26.4.5.
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Background: Hearing threshold estimation based on cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) has been applied for some decades. However, available research is scarce evaluating the accuracy of this technique with an automated paradigm for the objective detection of CAEPs. Purpose: To determine the difference between behavioral and CAEP thresholds detected using an objective paradigm based on the Hotelling’s T 2 statistic. To propose a decision tree to choose the next stimulus level in a sample of hearing-impaired adults. This knowledge potentially could increase the efficiency of clinical hearing threshold testing. Research Design: Correlational cohort study. Thresholds obtained behaviorally were compared with thresholds obtained through cortical testing. Study Sample: Thirty-four adults with hearing loss participated in this study. Data Collection and Analysis: For each audiometric frequency and each ear, behavioral thresholds were collected with both pure-tone and 40-msec tone-burst stimuli. Then, corresponding cortical hearing thresholds were determined. An objective cortical-response detection algorithm based on the Hotelling’s T 2 statistic was applied to determine response presence. A decision tree was used to select the next stimulus level. In total, 241 behavioral-cortical threshold pairs were available for analysis. The differences between CAEP and behavioral thresholds (and their standard deviations [SDs]) were determined for each audiometric frequency. Cortical amplitudes and electroencephalogram noise levels were extracted. The practical applicability of the decision tree was evaluated and compared to a Hughson-Westlake paradigm. Results: It was shown that, when collapsed over all audiometric frequencies, behavioral pure-tone thresholds were on average 10 dB lower than 40-msec cortical tone-burst thresholds, with an SD of 10 dB. Four percent of CAEP thresholds, all obtained from just three individual participants, were more than 30 dB higher than their behavioral counterparts. The use of a decision tree instead of a Hughson-Westlake procedure to obtain a CAEP threshold did not seem to reduce test time, but there was significantly less variation in the number of CAEP trials needed to determine a threshold. Conclusions: Behavioral hearing thresholds in hearing-impaired adults can be determined with an acceptable degree of accuracy (mean threshold correction and SD of both 10 dB) using an objective statistical cortical-response detection algorithm in combination with a decision tree to determine the test levels.
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Victor, Jonathan D., and Sheila Nirenberg. "Indices for Testing Neural Codes." Neural Computation 20, no. 12 (December 2008): 2895–936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.10-07-633.
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One of the most critical challenges in systems neuroscience is determining the neural code. A principled framework for addressing this can be found in information theory. With this approach, one can determine whether a proposed code can account for the stimulus-response relationship. Specifically, one can compare the transmitted information between the stimulus and the hypothesized neural code with the transmitted information between the stimulus and the behavioral response. If the former is smaller than the latter (i.e., if the code cannot account for the behavior), the code can be ruled out. The information-theoretic index most widely used in this context is Shannon's mutual information. The Shannon test, however, is not ideal for this purpose: while the codes it will rule out are truly nonviable, there will be some nonviable codes that it will fail to rule out. Here we describe a wide range of alternative indices that can be used for ruling codes out. The range includes a continuum from Shannon information to measures of the performance of a Bayesian decoder. We analyze the relationship of these indices to each other and their complementary strengths and weaknesses for addressing this problem.
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Haggerty, G. C. "Development of Tier I Neurobehavioral Testing Capabilities for Incorporation into Pivotal Rodent Safety Assessment Studies." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 8, no. 1 (January 1989): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818909009093.
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A functional observational battery and an automated test of motor activity have been developed in this laboratory in response to present and future needs for routine assessment of behavioral function in acute and repeated dose rodent safety assessment studies. Data have been collected for untreated 42–49-day-old animals of both sexes in order to gain information on normal ranges of responses in animals of this age as well as to determine the relative variability of the various test measures. Data will continue to be added to this database, both for animals of this age range and for other age ranges. A validation strategy has been outlined that emphasizes the characterization of behavioral profiles of both pharmacologic agents and chemically related neurotoxins, as well as the importance of determining how well these results translate to those observed in humans exposed to the same test agents. The logistical and economic factors associated with neurobehavioral testing and the importance of intralaboratory standardization are discussed in detail. Both controllable and difficult to control environmental and experimental variables that can affect the outcome of a behavioral study are identified. The problems associated with neurobehavioral data interpretation and the importance of a multisystem approach to interpreting functional changes in the context of toxicology studies are discussed.
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Tonini, Ross, Charles Ballay, and Spiros Manolidis. "Auditory Steady-State Response Audiometry in Profound SNHL: The Impact of Abnormal Middle Ear Function." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 84, no. 5 (May 2005): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556130508400511.
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Auditory steady-state response (ASSR) audiometry is a commercially available tool that is used to predict behavioral auditory threshold levels. Its particular value stems from the technology's ability to measure frequency-specific responses in the background electroencephalogram to auditory stimuli presented across a broad range of frequencies and sound pressure levels. It is clearly of benefit when used to assess threshold levels in infants and children with severe-to-profound hearing impairment (i. e., cochlear implant candidates). Although numerous authors have provided evidence of the usefulness of ASSR testing, their reports have concerned patients whose middle ear impedance measures were normal. We report the cases of 2 patients who, following improvement of abnormal middle ear impedance values, experienced a marked improvement in measurable thresholds by ASSR testing.
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Tisgratog, Rungarun, Chutipong Sukkanon, Victor Arief Sugiharto, Michael J. Bangs, and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap. "Time of Test Periods Influence the Behavioral Responses of Anopheles minimus and Anopheles dirus (Diptera: Culicidae) to DEET." Insects 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2021): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100867.
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Information on factors influencing the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents is lacking and poorly understood, especially in the Anopheles species, night-biting mosquitoes. Our goal was to investigate the impact of different time periods on circadian activity and behavioral responses of two malaria vectors, Anopheles minimus and An. dirus, to 5% DEET using an excito-repellency test system. Each mosquito species was exposed to the repellent during the daytime (06.00–18.00) and nighttime (18.00–06.00), and time of observation was further divided into four 3-h intervals. Significant escape responses were observed between daytime and nighttime for An. minimus in both noncontact and contact tests. An. dirus showed statistical differences in contact irritancy escape response, whereas no significant difference was found in noncontact repellency tests. Both mosquito species showed more significantly higher escape responses when exposed to DEET during the afternoon and late in the night. This finding indicates that the time of testing may affect the behavioral responses of mosquitoes to repellents, especially in An. minimus and An. dirus. A better understanding of nocturnally active mosquito behavioral responses spanning from dusk to dawn would assist in optimizing product development, screening, and effective evaluation.
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Vlastarakos, Petros V., Alexandra Vasileiou, and Thomas P. Nikolopoulos. "The Value of Assr Threshold-Based Bilateral Hearing Aid Fitting in Children with Difficult or Unreliable Behavioral Audiometry." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 96, no. 12 (December 2017): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556131709601207.
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We conducted an analysis to assess the relative contribution of auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing and auditory steady-state response (ASSR) testing in providing appropriate hearing aid fitting in hearing-impaired children with difficult or unreliable behavioral audiometry. Of 150 infants and children who had been referred to us for hearing assessment as part of a neonatal hearing screening and cochlear implantation program, we identified 5 who exhibited significant discrepancies between click-ABR and ASSR testing results and difficult or unreliable behavioral audiometry. Hearing aid fitting in pediatric cochlear implant candidates for a trial period of 3 to 6 months is a common practice in many implant programs, but monitoring the progress of the amplified infants and providing appropriate hearing aid fitting can be challenging. If we accept the premise that we can assess the linguistic progress of amplified infants with an acceptable degree of certainty, the auditory behavior that we are monitoring presupposes appropriate bilateral hearing aid fitting. This may become very challenging in young children, or even in older children with difficult or unreliable behavioral audiometry results. This challenge can be addressed by using data from both ABR and ASSR testing. Fitting attempts that employ data from only ABR testing provide amplification that involves the range of spoken language but is not frequency-specific. Hearing aid fitting should also incorporate and take into account ASSR data because reliance on ABR testing alone might compromise the validity of the monitoring process. In conclusion, we believe that ASSR threshold-based bilateral hearing aid fitting is necessary to provide frequency-specific amplification of hearing and appropriate propulsion in the prelinguistic vocalizations of monitored infants.
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Ritchie, Karen. "The Status of Neuropsychological Testing in Psychogeriatrics in the Year 2000." International Psychogeriatrics 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s104161029900592x.
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Neuropsychological testing provides an important adjunct to diagnosis and prognosis in geriatric assessment, which has become of increasing importance in light of the rising prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders for which no specific biological marker is presently available. Neuropsychological testing itself involves the observation of an individual's behavior in relation to a given stimulus selected for its likelihood to provoke an abnormal response in the face of damage to a specific neuroanatomical structure. The theoretical basis of neuropsychological assessment is derived both from cognitive psychology, which deals with the development of cognitive tests for the demonstration of theoretical models of cognitive functioning, and also from behavioral neurology, which aims at the classification of normal and pathological responses to cognitive stimuli with a view to screening central nervous system disorder.
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Kinnally, Erin L., Genesio M. Karere, Leslie A. Lyons, Sally P. Mendoza, William A. Mason, and John P. Capitanio. "Serotonin pathway gene–gene and gene–environment interactions influence behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques." Development and Psychopathology 22, no. 1 (January 26, 2010): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579409990241.
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AbstractA subset of serotonin (5-HT) pathway polymorphisms has been shown to confer risk for psychological dysfunction, particularly in individuals who experience early adversity. Understanding the developmental processes underlying these Gene × Environment interactions will strengthen the search for risk factors for behavioral dysfunction. We investigated the combined influence of two serotonin pathway polymorphisms and species-atypical, and possibly adverse, rearing (nursery rearing [NR]) on two dimensions of behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that the experience of NR and possession of both “high-risk” genotypes (genotypes that are thought to confer low 5-HT function) would predict the greatest behavioral stress response to maternal/social separation. Using a matched-pair design, the impact of early experience and the serotonin transporter (rh5-HTTLPR) and monoamine oxidase A (rhMAO-A-LPR) promoter polymorphisms on behavioral reactivity of 136 infant rhesus macaques (90–120 days of age) during a 25-hr social separation/relocation procedure was assessed. Each pair included one infant reared with mother in a large, outdoor field enclosure (field rearing) and one infant reared in a nursery (NR). Pairs were matched for putative gene activity of each polymorphism, sex, age, and weight at testing. Behavioral responses in a “human intruder” test were recorded, and activity and emotional reactivity composites were created to detect different aspects of psychological adaptation to stress. Our hypothesis that high-risk groups would be the most reactive to stress was not entirely borne out. Rh5-HTTLPR × rhMAOA-LPR interactions predicted emotional reactivity and tended to predict behavioral activity scores. Carriers of the two “low-risk” alleles exhibited the lowest behavioral activity, as might be predicted, but carriers of both “high-risk” alleles were two of four genotype groups exhibiting the highest observed Emotional Reactivity. Gene × Gene interactions were exacerbated by the experience of nursery rearing, as predicted, however. Finally, we suggest that genetic or environmental factors may mitigate the risk for behavioral dysregulation illustrated in the patterns of behavioral activity and emotional reactivity displayed by infants.
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Clark, Jackie L., and Ross J. Roeser. "Large Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome: A Case Study." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 16, no. 10 (November 2005): 822–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16.10.6.
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A 23-month-old female was referred for hearing aid fitting after failing newborn hearing screening and being diagnosed with significant hearing loss through subsequent diagnostic testing. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and behavioral testing revealed a moderate-to-severe bilateral mixed hearing loss. Prior to the hearing aid evaluation, tympanostomy tubes had been placed bilaterally with little or no apparent change in hearing sensitivity. Initial testing during the hearing aid fitting confirmed earlier findings, but abnormal middle ear results were observed, requiring referral for additional otologic management. Following medical clearance, binaural digital programmable hearing aids were fit using Desired Sensation Level parameters. Behavioral testing and probe microphone measures showed significant improvements in audibility. Decrease in hearing sensitivity was observed six months following hearing aid fitting. Radiological studies, ordered due to the mixed component and decreased hearing sensitivity, revealed large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS). Based on the diagnosis of LVAS, a cochlear implant was placed on the right ear; almost immediate speech-language gains were observed.
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Alwi, Sharifah, Norbani Che-Ha, Bang Nguyen, Ezlika M. Ghazali, Dilip M. Mutum, and Philip J. Kitchen. "Projecting university brand image via satisfaction and behavioral response." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 23, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qmr-12-2017-0191.
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Purpose This study attempts to ascertain the essential dimensions and components of university brand image, including the cognitive attributes (service/educational quality) and affective attributes (corporate brand image) of the university. Design/methodology/approach The study develops, explores and presents a student-consumer behavioral response model based on students’ experiences at university, exploring the relationship between these attributes with satisfaction and behavioral response [word-of-mouth (WOM)]. Findings Findings reveal that both branding aspects – brand experience and corporate brand image – follow a rational thought process first before an affective component is then taken into account, resulting in brand promise and loyalty. The study identifies several important cognitive brand image attributes and experiences that guide brand positioning for the Malaysian market, linking these to satisfaction and WOM. Research limitations/implications It was conducted in a single case-university and future research could replicate this in other schools/institutions. Cross-validation to other private institutions lies outside the scope of this study. Furthermore, although the study has identified specific attributes of university brands, they tend to be seen or interpreted as overall for both brand experiences and corporate brand image attributes because of the reflective nature of the construct, and also they tend to be seen as higher order rather than at individual levels. Further research is needed to analyze these dimensions using a quantitative approach at individual levels and testing the conceptual model as presented in the conceptual model. The study is focused on one Asian market (Malaysian students in X University) chosen for its potential growth in the future. Practical implications The present study contributes to the identification of specific students’ needs and attributes including courses and modules, reputable schools, the environment (e.g. campus – near to lecturer, international), helpful lecturers and the university location. Addressing the right brand attributes enhance and clarify the positioning aspect of the university brand, while simultaneously addressing the needs and wants of consumers. For example, by understanding the culture – consumer buying behavior within this setting, marketers or school administrators can identify exactly, which behaviors could be changed and by which mechanism i.e. talking to sponsors, and introducing activities to increase visibility/image in Malaysia. Interacting with sponsors can influence them toward sending students to X instead of to other universities in the UK. Originality/value The study contributes to theoretical knowledge in at least two different ways: by identifying possible corporate brand image attributes and experience that guide brand positioning (for the Malaysian market), and by exploring the relationship between these attributes and satisfaction and behavioral response (WOM) as proposed in the study’s conceptual framework. The study has identified the specific attributes that influence Malaysian students’ early interest in selecting X University via, for example, a recommendation from existing students at X, their sponsors, employers, the courses or modules X offers and location – in London. The study further revealed that corporate brand image attributes of business schools (cognitively and effectively) enhance corporate brand differentiation and positioning (Rauschnabel et al., 2016).
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Rance, Gary, Richard Roper, Lindsay Symons, Lisa-Jane Moody, Christine Poulis, Melissa Dourlay, and Therese Kelly. "Hearing Threshold Estimation in Infants Using Auditory Steady-State Responses." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 16, no. 05 (May 2005): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.16.5.4.
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Successful early intervention in children with permanent hearing loss requires assessment techniques that can accurately reflect the behavioral audiogram in infancy. This retrospective study compared auditory steady-state response (ASSR) findings from subjects tested in the first three months of life with subsequently obtained behavioral hearing levels. ASSR audiograms were established using amplitude and frequency modulated tones at octave frequencies (500 Hz to 4 kHz). Results obtained from 575 subjects including 285 with normal hearing, 271 with sensorineural hearing loss, and 19 with auditory neuropathy-type hearing loss are presented. ASSR and behavioral hearing thresholds for subjects in the normal and sensorineural groups were highly correlated, with Pearson r values exceeding 0.95 at each of the test frequencies. In contrast, ASSR thresholds in children with AN-type hearing loss did not accurately reflect the behavioral audiogram. Overall, the findings indicate that ASSR testing can offer useful insights into the hearing acuity of children tested in infancy.
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George, Christine Marie, Jennifer Inauen, Jamie Perin, Jennifer Tighe, Khaled Hasan, and Yan Zheng. "Behavioral Determinants of Switching to Arsenic-Safe Water Wells." Health Education & Behavior 44, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1090198116637604.
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More than 100 million people globally are estimated to be exposed to arsenic in drinking water that exceeds the World Health Organization guideline of 10 µg/L. In an effort to develop and test a low-cost sustainable approach for water arsenic testing in Bangladesh, we conducted a randomized controlled trial which found arsenic educational interventions when combined with fee-based water arsenic testing programs led to nearly all households buying an arsenic test for their drinking water sources (93%) compared with only 53% when fee-based arsenic testing alone was offered. The aim of the present study was to build on the findings of this trial by investigating prospectively the psychological factors that were most strongly associated with switching to arsenic-safe wells in response to these interventions. Our theoretical framework was the RANAS (risk, attitude, norm, ability, and self-regulation) model of behavior change. In the multivariate logistic regression model of 285 baseline unsafe well users, switching to an arsenic-safe water source was significantly associated with increased instrumental attitude (odds ratio [OR] = 9.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.85, 45.00]), descriptive norm (OR = 34.02; 95% CI = [6.11, 189.45]), coping planning (OR = 11.59; 95% CI = [3.82, 35.19]), and commitment (OR = 10.78; 95% CI = [2.33, 49.99]). In addition, each additional minute from the nearest arsenic-safe drinking water source reduced the odds of switching to an arsenic-safe well by more than 10% (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = [0.87, 0.92]). Future arsenic mitigation programs should target these behavioral determinants of switching to arsenic-safe water sources.
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Wise, Kristi, Michael Conover, and Frederick Knowlton. "RESPONSE OF COYOTES TO AVIAN DISTRESS CALLS: TESTING THE STARTLE-PREDATOR AND PREDATOR-ATTRACTION HYPOTHESES." Behaviour 136, no. 8 (1999): 935–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853999501658.
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Abstract We tested two hypotheses proposed to explain why many birds emit distress calls when in the grasp of a predator: the startle-predator and predator-attraction hypotheses. Responses of captive coyotes to a starling distress call were compared between no-call and call trials to determine whether coyotes are startled by the call, and if so, whether they habituated to it. The coyotes were then paired and re-tested to determine whether the call incites a second coyote to approach and interfere with the attack of the initial coyote. Most coyotes exhibited a startle response during their first exposure to the distress call, their total startle response and total attack time significantly increased, and number of tugs on the prey significantly decreased in initial response to the call. However, distress calls may only startle naive or inexperienced predators because the coyotes habituated rapidly to the distress call playback. Although coyotes were attracted by the starling distress call, this study provided no evidence indicating that the call caused attracted coyotes to disrupt the attack of the first coyote. Furthermore, when an attracted coyote physically interfered, it frequently induced an intensified attack on the prey by the first coyote.
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Critchfield, J. William, Saskia van Hemert, Michael Ash, Linda Mulder, and Paul Ashwood. "The Potential Role of Probiotics in the Management of Childhood Autism Spectrum Disorders." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/161358.
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Gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction has been reported in a substantial number of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Activation of the mucosal immune response and the presence of abnormal gut microbiota are repeatedly observed in these children. In children with ASD, the presence of GI dysfunction is often associated with increased irritability, tantrums, aggressive behaviour, and sleep disturbances. Moreover, modulating gut bacteria with short-term antibiotic treatment can lead to temporary improvement in behavioral symptoms in some individuals with ASD. Probiotics can influence microbiota composition and intestinal barrier function and alter mucosal immune responses. The administration of probiotic bacteria to address changes in the microbiota might, therefore, be a useful novel therapeutic tool with which to restore normal gut microbiota, reduce inflammation, restore epithelial barrier function, and potentially ameliorate behavioural symptoms associated with some children with ASD. In this review of the literature, support emerges for the clinical testing of probiotics in ASD, especially in the context of addressing GI symptoms.
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Vuilleumier, Patrik, Sophie Schwartz, Stéphanie Duhoux, Raymond J. Dolan, and Jon Driver. "Selective Attention Modulates Neural Substrates of Repetition Priming and “Implicit” Visual Memory: Suppressions and Enhancements Revealed by fMRI." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17, no. 8 (August 2005): 1245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929055002409.
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Attention can enhance processing for relevant information and suppress this for ignored stimuli. However, some residual processing may still arise without attention. Here we presented overlapping outline objects at study, with subjects attending to those in one color but not the other. Attended objects were subsequently recognized on a surprise memory test, whereas there was complete amnesia for ignored items on such direct explicit testing; yet reliable behavioral priming effects were found on indirect testing. Event-related fMRI examined neural responses to previously attended or ignored objects, now shown alone in the same or mirror-reversed orientation as before, intermixed with new items. Repetition-related decreases in fMRI responses for objects previously attended and repeated in the same orientation were found in the right posterior fusiform, lateral occipital, and left inferior frontal cortex. More anterior fusiform regions also showed some repetition decreases for ignored objects, irrespective of orientation. View-specific repetition decreases were found in the striate cortex, particularly for previously attended items. In addition, previously ignored objects produced some fMRI response increases in the bilateral lingual gyri, relative to new objects. Selective attention at exposure can thus produce several distinct long-term effects on processing of stimuli repeated later, with neural response suppression stronger for previously attended objects, and some response enhancement for previously ignored objects, with these effects arising in different brain areas. Although repetition decreases may relate to positive priming phenomena, the repetition increases for ignored objects shown here for the first time might relate to processes that can produce “negative priming” in some behavioral studies. These results reveal quantitative and qualitative differences between neural substrates of long-term repetition effects for attended versus unattended objects.
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Kundermann, Bernd, Julia Hemmeter-Spernal, Peter Strate, Stefan Gebhardt, Martin Tobias Huber, Jürgen-Christian Krieg, and Stefan Lautenbacher. "Neuropsychological Predictors of the Clinical Response to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Patients with Major Depression." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000130.
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Aim of the study was to identify neuropsychological predictors of the clinical response to cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with major depression. 19 unmedicated patients underwent neuropsychological testing at baseline and subsequently were assigned randomly to CBT over 3 weeks either as monotherapy or combined with sleep deprivation (SD) therapy (two nights of total SD / week). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that parameters of declarative verbal memory and a word fluency task predicted the clinical response (percentage improvement of Hamilton depression scores) to CBT monotherapy, whereas no such prediction was obtained in the combination group. The results suggest that certain cognitive performances have a unique predictive value for the response to CBT, which appears to be abolished by additive treatments with cognitive side effects (e. g. SD).
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Jiang, Pingjun, Siva K. Balasubramanian, and Zarrel V. Lambert. "Responses to customized products: the consumers’ behavioral intentions." Journal of Services Marketing 29, no. 4 (July 13, 2015): 314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsm-01-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to make contributions toward new knowledge and understanding of how marketers can provide effective online customization experiences for customers. The practicality of online mass customization has received much attention as consumers perceive more value from customized products than from their standardized counterparts. Little research has been done to understand consumers’ behavioral intentions in response to these value additions. This study incorporates product information framing in developing and empirically testing a model of the relationship between online customization and price sensitivity, endowment addition and expected likelihood of product return. Design/methodology/approach – The relationship among the constructs specified in the model was tested using multiple group structural equation modeling analysis. Findings – The findings indicate that consumers perceived knowledge gain via customization process influences the utilitarian value, which directly impacts levels of likelihood of product return and price sensitivity. The process value, on the hedonic side, influences more on the endowment addition. Endowment addition is found to mediate the relationship between the hedonic benefits and the two utilitarian outcome variables: price sensitivity and likelihood of product return. Originality/value – Understanding the consequences of customization is particularly crucial for marketers. This research is the first to expand and further our knowledge of customization, particularly in relation to its outcomes of customers’ behavioral intentions.
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Bibbs, Christopher S., Jedidiah Kline, Daniel L. Kline, Jim Estaver, Rudolph Strohschein, Sandra A. Allan, Phillip E. Kaufman, Rui-De Xue, and Christopher D. Batich. "Olfactometric Comparison of the Volatile Insecticide, Metofluthrin, Through Behavioral Responses of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz160.
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Abstract Testing behavioral response to insecticidal volatiles requires modifications to the existing designs of olfactometers. To create a testing apparatus in which there is no chemical memory to confound tests, we detail the technical aspects of a new tool with design influences from other olfactometry tools. In addition, this new tool was used to evaluate a novel formulation of metofluthrin for use as an outdoor residual treatment. After sourcing materials to prioritize glass and metal construction, a modular wind tunnel was developed that hybridizes wind tunnel and olfactometer specifications. Volatile contaminants were removed by strong ultraviolet light within the chamber before and between trials. Repellent trials were conducted with an experimental formulation of metofluthrin and a commercial formulation of esfenvalerate, prallethrin, and piperonyl butoxide (Onslaught Fast Cap) against Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Toxicant vapors were delivered with attractants from a lure with behavioral responses scored 20 min post-exposure. Upwind attraction to the attractant lure and the Onslaught Fast Cap plus lure resulted in 90 and 75% capture, respectively. In contrast, metofluthrin vapors resulted in less than 10% attraction, while also causing repellency, disorientation, knockdown, and mortality effects. Our findings demonstrated that an inert modular wind tunnel was functional for mitigating toxic secondary exposures of spatial repellents amidst complex behavioral analysis in mosquitoes. The resulting observations with formulated metofluthrin positively reinforce the merit of transitioning metofluthrin into expanded roles in mosquito management.
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Miller, Lyndsey, Christina Reynolds, Carol Whitlatch, Joel Steele, and Jeffrey Kaye. "Development of a Remote Assessment and Dynamic Response Intervention for Dementia-Related Care Needs." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2135.
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Abstract Unmet dementia-related care needs are highly prevalent, and are detrimental to the care dyad’s health and well-being, safety, and ability to age in place. The goal of this study was to develop an ecologically-valid needs assessment and integrate it with aspects of the SHARE intervention to inform values-based care planning. Using digital behavioral data collected via an actigraphy watch and multimodal sensors installed in the homes of 76 older adult couples with and without dementia, we created a prototype of the objective measures informing READyR: time spent together or separate as a dyad, exits from the home, sleep habits, physical activity, daily weight, driving habits, and medication taking behavior. These digital behavioral data were then mapped onto care values (e.g. safety, avoiding burden & autonomy) to create a values-based needs assessment protocol that is tailored to the individual care dyad. Discussion will focus on future testing and applications of READyR.
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Riley, William T., Susan E. Borja, Monica Webb Hooper, Ming Lei, Erica L. Spotts, John R. W. Phillips, Joshua A. Gordon, et al. "National Institutes of Health social and behavioral research in response to the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic." Translational Behavioral Medicine 10, no. 4 (July 27, 2020): 857–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tbm/ibaa075.
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Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic has been mitigated primarily using social and behavioral intervention strategies, and these strategies have social and economic impacts, as well as potential downstream health impacts that require further study. Digital and community-based interventions are being increasingly relied upon to address these health impacts and bridge the gap in health care access despite insufficient research of these interventions as a replacement for, not an adjunct to, in-person clinical care. As SARS-CoV-2 testing expands, research on encouraging uptake and appropriate interpretation of these test results is needed. All of these issues are disproportionately impacting underserved, vulnerable, and health disparities populations. This commentary describes the various initiatives of the National Institutes of Health to address these social, behavioral, economic, and health disparities impacts of the pandemic, the findings from which can improve our response to the current pandemic and prepare us better for future infectious disease outbreaks.
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Duchon, James C., Thomas J. Smith, Christopher M. Keran, and Eric J. Koehler. "Psychophysiological Effects of Extended Workshifts." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 39, no. 12 (October 1995): 794–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129503901210.
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Working extended workshifts has been linked to decrements in behavioral performance and physiological function, plus subjective complaints. This report describes findings before and after workers in an underground mine converted from a continuous 8-hour to a 12-hour rotating shift schedule. A psychophysiological approach to work schedule evaluation was employed, involving continuous heart rate (HR) recording accompanied by pre-, mid-, and post-shift measures of cognitive and psychomotor behavioral performance, HR recovery and estimated VO2max levels using submaximal exercise testing, and subjective mood and sleepiness responses. The continuous HR results suggest adaptation of work effort or output on 12-h relative to 8-h shifts. Some measures of performance, namely self-report mood and sleepiness responses plus HR recovery, suggest more fatigue on 12-h shifts. We conclude that working extended workshifts may result in an adaptive response to fatigue, manifest in the form of pacing or modulated work effort by the workforce.
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Frattali, Mark A., Robert Thayer Sataloff, Debra Hirshout, Caren Sokolow, James Hills, and Joseph R. Spiegel. "Audiogram Construction Using Frequency-Specific Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) Thresholds." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 74, no. 10 (October 1995): 691–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139507401007.
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Brainstem evoked response audiometry (ABR) permits auditory pathway assessment without the need for voluntary response. Brainstem responses are unaffected by attention, drugs, and most other confounding conditions. Consequently, if ABR could be used to determine hearing threshold in the speech frequencies, it would have great value for patients who are unable or unwilling to respond accurately during behavioral audiometric testing. Utilizing broad band clicks, one can only estimate hearing sensitivity in the frequency range of 2,000 to 4,000 Hz. This is inadequate for medical or legal purposes in which hearing in the speech frequencies must be assessed. Consequently, we have developed a modified ABR technique that permits a more accurate determination of hearing threshold at 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 Hz, as illustrated in tests on 27 normal ears. This technique has great potential value for neonatal and mentally handicapped populations, as well as for individuals involved in hearing loss litigation.
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Holmer, Nicole, Elizabeth Artola, Erin Christianson, Anne M. Lynn, Kathryn B. Whitlock, and Susan Norton. "Feasibility of Acupuncture to Induce Sleep for Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response Testing." American Journal of Audiology 28, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 895–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_aja-19-0069.
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Purpose Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) testing is often performed under general anesthesia for children unable to complete behavioral audiologic evaluation. Alternatively, acupuncture treatment may be considered appropriate for BAER. Reports of acupuncture treatment in pediatric patients are scarce but are needed to demonstrate effectiveness. This study had 2 main objectives: (a) to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of acupuncture to achieve sleep to perform diagnostic BAER testing in medically complex (Cohort I) and nonmedically complex (Cohort II) children and (b) to assess acceptability to parents and audiologists of acupuncture as an alternative to anesthesia for BAER testing. Method A prospective feasibility study at Seattle Children's Hospital Outpatient Audiology Clinic from August 2015 through December 2018 was performed. A total of 31 pediatric patients were included. The median age for Cohort I was 29 months (interquartile range: 19–37 months), and the median age for Cohort II was 25.5 months (interquartile range: 16–32 months). Variables included number of BAER thresholds obtained, sleep indicators, and acceptability. The cost of BAER with acupuncture and the cost of BAER under anesthesia were compared. Results Acupuncture treatment effectively contributed to an adequate sleep state to obtain BAER results for most patients in both cohorts. Across cohorts, most patients (81%) fell asleep after acupuncture treatment. Complete test results were obtained in 48% of patients. Audiologists and parents reported high satisfaction rates with this procedure (87%). There were no adverse safety effects. Acupuncture treatment was less costly than anesthesia for BAER testing. Conclusions Acupuncture to induce sleep for BAER testing is effective, safe, and cost-efficient in small samples of medically and nonmedically complex pediatric patients. This procedure allowed earlier detection of hearing status and avoided potential adverse effects of anesthesia. Audiologists and parents reported that acupuncture treatment was an acceptable alternative to anesthesia for the BAER procedure.
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Muraco, James J., Dillon J. Monroe, Andrea S. Aspbury, and Caitlin R. Gabor. "Do Females in a Unisexual-Bisexual Species Complex Differ in Their Behavioral Syndromes and Cortisol Production?" Biology 10, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10030186.
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Studies of suites of correlated behavioral traits (i.e., behavioral syndromes) aid in understanding the adaptive importance of behavioral evolution. Behavioral syndromes may be evolutionarily constrained, preventing behaviors from evolving independently, or they may be an adaptive result of selection on the correlation itself. We tested these hypotheses by characterizing the behavioral syndromes in two sympatric, closely related species and testing for differences between the species. We studied the unisexual Amazon molly (Poecilia formosa) and one of its bisexual, parent species, the sailfin molly (P. latipinna). Sympatric female sailfin and Amazon mollies compete for mating which could affect the behavioral syndromes found in each species. We identified a behavioral syndrome between exploration and activity in both species that did not differ between species. Additionally, we explored the relationship between a stress response hormone, cortisol, and behavioral type, and did not detect a relationship. However, P. formosa differed from P. latipinna in their cortisol release rates. Behavioral syndromes may be constrained in this complex, aiding in mate acquisition for P. formosa by virtue of having a similar behavioral type to P. latipinna. The difference between the females in cortisol release rates may be a useful mate identification cue for males to offset higher mating mistakes associated with the similar behavioral types.
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Galbicka, Gregory, and John R. Platt. "RESPONSE-REINFORCER CONTINGENCY AND SPATIALLY DEFINED OPERANTS: TESTING AN INVARIANCE PROPERTY OF PHI." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 51, no. 1 (January 1989): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1989.51-145.
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Abel, Ernest L. "Physical activity does not account for the physiological response to forced swim testing." Physiology & Behavior 56, no. 4 (October 1994): 677–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(94)90226-7.
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Gostin, Lawrence O., William J. Curran, and Mary E. Clark. "The Case Against Compulsory Casefinding in Controlling AIDS—Testing, Screening and Reporting." American Journal of Law & Medicine 12, no. 1 (1987): 7–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0098858800007401.
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AbstractThe spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) demands a comprehensive and effective public health response. Because no treatment or vaccine is currently available, traditional infection control measures are being considered. Proposals include compulsory testing and screening of selected high risk populations. The fairness and accuracy of compulsory screening programs depend upon the reliability of medical technology and the balancing of public health and individual confidentiality interests. This Article proposes criteria for evaluating compulsory testing and screening programs. It concludes that voluntary identification, education, and counselling of infected persons is the most effective means of encouraging the behavioral changes that are necessary to halt the spread of AIDS.
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Carlson, Elizabeth. "Field Experiments and Behavioral Theories: Science and Ethics." PS: Political Science & Politics 53, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096519001112.
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ABSTRACTThe design of field experiments makes them inappropriate for testing many common political theories. These theories propose that certain factors—for example, income or information—affect how individuals make choices. To test these theories, researchers typically investigate the correlation between the relevant factor and individuals’ choices, holding other factors constant. Field experiments, in contrast, allow multiple factors to vary at once: they create real-world disruption and do not control how actors behave in response. Subjects’ choices will be affected by the experimental treatment as well as by other changes that occur as the larger system reacts. It will be difficult to isolate the effect of any one factor, particularly without a good preexisting model of the system and how it is likely to respond. If a field experiment will not tell us what we need to know, the benefit of the study cannot outweigh harm, and it also will be unethical.
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Hay, Jennifer L., Kimberly A. Kaphingst, David Buller, Elizabeth Schofield, Kirsten Meyer White, Andrew Sussman, Dolores Guest, et al. "Behavioral and Psychological Outcomes Associated with Skin Cancer Genetic Testing in Albuquerque Primary Care." Cancers 13, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13164053.
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Public availability of genetic information is increasing; thus, efforts to improve diversity in basic and translational research in genomics is a top priority. Given the increasing U.S. incidence and mortality of melanoma, and the prevalence of common melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene melanoma risk variants in the general population, we examined genomic testing of MC1R for skin cancer risk in a randomized controlled trial in Albuquerque, New Mexico primary care. Participants were 48% Hispanic and were randomized 5:1 to a MC1R test invitation or usual care. We assessed 3 month sun protection, skin cancer screening, and skin cancer worry outcomes associated with testing, and key effect moderators (e.g., cancer risk perceptions, and skin cancer risk factors). Our findings indicate that the primary outcomes were unchanged by the MC1R test offer, test acceptance, and level of risk feedback. Moderator analyses showed that those with lower risk perception, and those with skin that readily tans, significantly increased their sun protection in response to higher than average risk feedback. Risk feedback did not prompt cancer worry, and average risk feedback did not erode existing sun protection. This study paves the way for the development of tailored strategies to address low skin cancer risk awareness in this understudied context of public health genomics.
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Dougherty, Donald M., Dawn M. Richard, Lisa M. James, and Charles W. Mathias. "Effects of Acute Tryptophan Depletion on Three Different Types of Behavioral Impulsivity." International Journal of Tryptophan Research 3 (January 2010): IJTR.S4317. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/ijtr.s4317.
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Introduction While central nervous system serotonin has been implicated in a variety of problematic impulsive behaviors, biological manipulation of brain serotonin using acute tryptophan depletion for studying changes in impulsive behavior has received little attention. Methods Using identical treatment conditions, we examined the effects of reduced serotonin synthesis for each of three matched groups using acute tryptophan depletion. Thirty healthy men and women (ages 18–45) were assigned to perform one of three tasks assessing different types of behavioral impulsivity: response initiation, response inhibition, and consequence sensitivity ( N = 90). Participants completed two experimental days during which each consumed either a tryptophan-depletion or balanced-placebo amino-acid formulation and completed 5 sessions of their respective tasks at 0.25 h before and 1.5, 4.0, 5.0, and 6.0 h after beverage consumption. Results During peak effectiveness (5.0 h to 6.0 h following amino-acid consumption), depletion produced selective differences dependent on the type of impulsivity being tested. Specifically, relative to baseline testing (pre-depletion), response initiation impulsivity was significantly increased during the peak effects of depletion. And, when compared to placebo control, both response initiation and consequence sensitivity impulsivity were increased during the peak effects of depletion. Conclusion Though response initiation and consequence sensitivity impulsivity were affected by tryptophan depletion, response inhibition impulsivity was not, suggesting that other biological processes may underlie this specific component of impulsivity. Future research in other populations or using different pharmacological agents is warranted to further examine the biological processes underlying these components of impulsivity.
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Hunziker, M. H. L., and C. V. dos Santos. "Learned helplessness: Effects of response requirement and interval between treatment and testing." Behavioural Processes 76, no. 3 (November 2007): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2007.02.012.
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