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1
Easterling, Douglas. Estimating the economic impact of a repository from scenario-based surveys: Models of the relation of stated intent to actual behavior. [Carson City?]: State of Nevada, Agency for Nuclear Projects/Nuclear Waste Project Office, 1990.
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2
Armageddon science: The science of mass destruction. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2010.
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3
A, Shlapak David, and United States. Dept. of Defense. Director of Net Assessment, eds. The Mark III scenario agent: A rule-based model of third-country behavior in superpower crises and conflict. Santa Monica, CA: Rand, 1985.
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The Mark III Scenario Agent: A Rule-Based Model of Third-Country Behavior in Superpower Crises and Conflict. RAND Corporation, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.7249/n2363.
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5
Gowaty, Patricia Adair. On Being and Becoming Female and Male. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190658540.003.0004.
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This chapter introduces a new way to think about the evolution of behavioral sex differences, one that contrasts with the classical evolutionary view. The classical scenario—sex as destiny—holds that key sex differences in behavior are fixed traits of an individual, because innate sex “roles” that evolved in concert with morphology and genes are “the blueprints” for expressed behavior. Mating theory (Gowaty & Hubbell, 2009) shows that such genetically deterministic behavior is often maladaptive, meaning that individuals with fixed behavior are most likely selected against. In this new theory, whenever environments vary, the most evolutionarily successful individuals will be those who are flexible in their behavior. On this view, individuals’ behavior—regardless of membership in a genetically defined or anatomically defined sex category—is always “becoming,” sometimes behaving in ways we consider “female typical” and sometimes in ways we consider “male typical.” Thinking this way provides a new lens through which to view linkages between research in biology and in psychology.
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Railsback, Steven F., and Bret C. Harvey. Modeling Populations of Adaptive Individuals. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195285.001.0001.
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Ecologists now recognize that the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems are strongly affected by adaptive individual behaviors. Yet until now, we have lacked effective and flexible methods for modeling such dynamics. Traditional ecological models become impractical with the inclusion of behavior, and the optimization approaches of behavioral ecology cannot be used when future conditions are unpredictable due to feedbacks from the behavior of other individuals. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to state- and prediction-based theory, or SPT, a powerful new approach to modeling trade-off behaviors in contexts such as individual-based population models where feedbacks and variability make optimization impossible. This book features a wealth of examples that range from highly simplified behavior models to complex population models in which individuals make adaptive trade-off decisions about habitat and activity selection in highly heterogeneous environments. The book explains how SPT builds on key concepts from the state-based dynamic modeling theory of behavioral ecology, and how it combines explicit predictions of future conditions with approximations of a fitness measure to represent how individuals make good—not optimal—decisions that they revise as conditions change. The resulting models are realistic, testable, adaptable, and invaluable for answering fundamental questions in ecology and forecasting ecological outcomes of real-world scenarios.
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Workbook of Ethical Case Scenarios in Applied Behavior Analysis. Elsevier Science & Technology, 2019.
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A Workbook of Ethical Case Scenarios in Applied Behavior Analysis. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2017-0-03492-4.
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Information Seeking Stopping Behavior In Online Scenarios The Impact Of Task Technology And Individual Characteristics. Peter Lang GmbH, Internationaler Verlag der W, 2013.
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10
López Zamora, Luis A. Normatividad Internacional en Colisión con la Norma Fundamental del Derecho Internacional. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190923846.003.0005.
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It is undeniable that current international relations are exhibiting regressive trends that target International Law Rule of Law. These trends have limited the space for the construction of a coherent discourse coming from the constitutional school of International Law; however, this scenario is not only the result of speculative behavior of certain states. It lies—as well—in the lack of an articulate theory offered by international constitutionalism directed to explain the consequences of asserting the existence of a fundamental norm in the international realm. If the constitutional movement maintains that International Law has a constitution, then: Why is there no attempt to label current world events, not only as illegal but as breaches of its constitution? Why are legal norms being formed in the context of those breaches not labeled as constitutionally flawed? This chapter will attempt to analyze this in order to strengthen the constitutionalization argument in our discipline.
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Hemmer, Erik. Information Seeking Stopping Behavior in Online Scenarios: The Impact of Task, Technology and Individual Characteristics. Lang Publishing, Incorporated, Peter, 2013.
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12
Brochert, Adam. Platinum Vignettes - Behavioral Science & Biostatistics: Ultra-High Yield Clinical Case Scenarios For USMLE Step 1 (Platinum Vignettes). Hanley & Belfus, 2003.
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13
North, Robert, and Ganesh Rao. Medulloblastoma. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0006.
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Medulloblastoma is the most common brain malignancy in children. This chapter details the current diagnostic criteria, pathological classification, and treatment paradigms. Recent molecular characterization of medulloblastoma has revealed significant variations in clinical behavior of different tumor types. While the treatments for medulloblastoma are generally quite successful, with 5 year survival rates approaching 80%, the responsiveness of each subtype to treatment varies. The authors cover common clinical scenarios along with management pearls and key references.
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Batra, Sonal, Noah Villegas, and Erin Zerbo. Harm Reduction. Edited by Hunter L. McQuistion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190610999.003.0005.
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Harm reduction is defined as a set of policies, programs, and practices aimed at reducing the negative health, social, and economic consequences associated with various behaviors. Although classically applied to the treatment of substance use disorders, its scope has broadened over time to include high-risk sexual activity, nonadherence to treatment, and other behaviors that may lead to negative consequences. In addition to providing relevant historical context for scenarios encountered, this chapter uses a case to demonstrate how a provider might take a nonjudgmental and humanistic approach to identifying maladaptive behaviors and apply evidence-based, realistic interventions to reduce associated harms. Specific topics discussed include opioid use disorder, tobacco use disorder, female sex work, and nonadherence to psychotropic medications.
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Diaz, Christina D., and Steven J. Weisman. Multimodal Approach to Acute Pain Management after Nuss Bar Placement and Other Pain Scenarios. Edited by Kirk Lalwani, Ira Todd Cohen, Ellen Y. Choi, and Vidya T. Raman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190685157.003.0053.
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Acute pain management can involve regional blocks with local anesthetics, neuraxial blocks such as caudal blocks and epidurals, oral and intravenous opioids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Other pain management modalities include neuropathic pain medications, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, acupuncture, techniques for stress relief, and behavioral modification therapy. While there are many options for treating a patient’s pain, the best approach is to understand the symptoms, attempt to determine the cause of the pain, and understand the patient’s goals with regard to treatment. This chapter discusses the multimodal acute pain management for a case of Nuss bar placement, utilizing an epidural, patient-controlled analgesia, and oral pain medication. The chapter has an additional scenario discussing neuraxial analgesia and nerve blocks for a hypospadias repair in an infant. Finally, the third case-based discussion focuses on the treatment of common types of headaches.
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Martí Molist, Joan. Assessing Volcanic Hazard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190676889.013.32.
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Volcanoes represent complex geological systems capable of generating many dangerous phenomena. To evaluate and manage volcanic risk, we need first to assess volcanic hazard (i.e., identify past volcanic system behavior to infer future behavior. This requires acquisition of all relevant geological and geophysical information, such as stratigraphic studies, geological mapping, sedimentological studies, petrologic studies, and structural studies. All this information is then used to elaborate eruption scenarios and hazard maps. Stratigraphic studies represent the main tool for the reconstruction of past activity of volcanoes over time periods exceeding their historical record. This review presents a systematic approach to volcanic hazard assessment, paying special attention to reconstruction of past eruptive history. It reviews concepts and methods most commonly used in long- and short-term hazard assessment and analyzes how they help address the various serious consequences derived from the occurrence (and nonoccurrence in some crisis alerts) of volcanic eruptions and related phenomena.
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Martí Molist, Joan. Assessing Volcanic Hazard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190699420.013.32.
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Volcanoes represent complex geological systems capable of generating many dangerous phenomena. To evaluate and manage volcanic risk, we need first to assess volcanic hazard (i.e., identify past volcanic system behavior to infer future behavior. This requires acquisition of all relevant geological and geophysical information, such as stratigraphic studies, geological mapping, sedimentological studies, petrologic studies, and structural studies. All this information is then used to elaborate eruption scenarios and hazard maps. Stratigraphic studies represent the main tool for the reconstruction of past activity of volcanoes over time periods exceeding their historical record. This review presents a systematic approach to volcanic hazard assessment, paying special attention to reconstruction of past eruptive history. It reviews concepts and methods most commonly used in long- and short-term hazard assessment and analyzes how they help address the various serious consequences derived from the occurrence (and nonoccurrence in some crisis alerts) of volcanic eruptions and related phenomena.
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Buckwalter, Wesley, and Katherine Tullmann. The Genuine Attitude View of Fictional Belief. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805403.003.0011.
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The distinct-attitude view of fictional narratives is a standard position in contemporary aesthetics. This is the view that cognitive attitudes formed in response to fictions are a distinct kind of mental state from beliefs formed in response to non-fictional scenarios, such as pretend or imaginary states. This chapter argues that the balance of functional, behavioral, and neuroscientific evidence best supports the genuine-attitude view of belief. According to the genuine-attitude view, cognitive responses to fictions are genuine beliefs that are not a distinct kind of mental state from the beliefs that we form in response to non-fictional scenarios. The chapter considers the implications of the genuine-attitude view for debates at the intersection of epistemology, cognitive science, and philosophy of mind.
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Azzopardi, Leif, and Guido Zuccon. Economic Models of Interaction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799603.003.0012.
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This chapter provides a tutorial on how economics can be used to model the interaction between users and systems. Economic theory provides an intuitive and natural way to model Human-Computer Interaction which enables the prediction and explanation of user behaviour. A central tenet of the approach is the utility maximisation paradigm where it is assumed that users seek to maximise their profit/benefit subject to budget and other constraints when interacting with a system. By using such models it is possible to reason about user behaviour and make predictions about how changes to the interface or the users interactions will affect performance and behaviour. In this chapter, we describe and develop several economic models relating to how users search for information. While the examples are specific to Information Seeking and Retrieval, the techniques employed can be applied more generally to other human-computer interaction scenarios. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to provide an introduction and overview of how to build economic models of human-computer interaction that generate testable hypotheses regarding user behaviour which can be used to guide design and inform experimentation.
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Zachary, Douglas, and Bodnar Andrew. Part V Financial Wrongdoing and Private International Law, 17 Deceit. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.003.0017.
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This chapter considers issues connected to deceit. For a claim in tort for deceit, the claimant must establish that, firstly, the defendant made a representation which was false, secondly, knowingly or recklessly and, thirdly, the claimant acted upon that representation. If the claim in deceit is established, the defendant is liable for all consequential loss flowing from the deceit regardless of whether the claimant was negligent in failing to discover the falsity of the representation. The chapter then looks at a real scenario of a case of deceitful behaviour. It also examines the relevant jurisdiction and applicable law, including cases where the defendant is domiciled in England, in another Member State, or in a non-Member State.
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Kane, Robert L., and Thomas D. Parsons, eds. The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190234737.001.0001.
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Neuropsychology as a field has been slow to embrace and exploit the potential offered by technology to either make the assessment process more efficient or to develop new capabilities that augment the assessment of cognition. The Role of Technology in Clinical Neuropsychology details current efforts to use technology to enhance cognitive assessment with an emphasis on developing expanded capabilities for clinical assessment. The first sections of the book provide an overview of current approaches to computerized assessment along with newer technologies to assess behavior. The next series of chapters explores the use of novel technologies and approaches in cognitive assessment as they relate to developments in telemedicine, mobile health, and remote monitoring including developing smart environments. While still largely office-based, health care is increasingly moving out of the office with an increased emphasis on connecting patients with providers, and providers with other providers, remotely. Chapters also address the use of technology to enhance cognitive rehabilitation by implementing conceptually-based games to teach cognitive strategies and virtual environments to measure outcomes. Next, the chapters explore the use of virtual reality and scenario-based assessment to capture critical aspects of performance not assessed by traditional means and the implementation of neurobiological metrics to enhance patient assessment. Chapters also address the use of imaging to better define cognitive skills and assessment methods along with the integration of cognitive assessment with imaging to define the functioning of brain networks. The final section of the book discusses the ethical and methodological considerations needed for adopting advanced technologies for neuropsychological assessment. Authored by numerous leading figures in the field of neuropsychology, this volume emphasizes the critical role that virtual environments, neuroimaging, and data analytics will play as clinical neuropsychology moves forward in the future.
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Vromen, Jack. Advancing Evolutionary Explanations in Economics: The Limited Usefulness of Tinbergen's Four‐Question Classification. Edited by Don Ross and Harold Kincaid. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195189254.003.0012.
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In this article, it is argued that Niko Tinbergen's (1963) four-question classification might be an even better antidote than Mayr's distinction against misunderstandings that hamper making headway with evolutionary theorizing in economics. Tinbergen's four-question classification, it is argued, can be seen as a further refinement of Mayr's distinction. Tinbergen's classification is used here as a sorting device. It is used not only to dispel misunderstandings of evolutionary theorizing, but also to warn against sketching all too simple evolutionary scenarios in evolutionary explanations. Tinbergen's classification might also help in understanding what evolutionary explanations can and cannot explain. It might be instrumental in sorting out different sorts of questions that might legitimately be asked about behavior and that might call for different answers.
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Tobon, Amalia Londono, and Hanna E. Stevens. Adolescents with SSRI-Resistant Depression. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0008.
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This chapter provides a summary of a landmark study in child and adolescent psychiatry addressing the common clinical experience of an adolescent that does not respond to initial antidepressant treatment. Should adolescents with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) resistant depression be switched to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy? Starting with that question, it describes the basics of the study, including funding, study locations, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study interventions, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. This chapter also briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications of the findings, and concludes with a relevant clinical case scenario and suggested management for the case.
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Williams, Monnica T. Managing Microaggressions. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190875237.001.0001.
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Abstract: This book is intended to provide clinicians and trainees with a better understanding of racial microaggressions as they relate to therapy. This book provides thorough information on the research surrounding microaggressions as well as practical skills to use in session with clients. Microaggressions can be hard to spot and hard to understand. This book provides needed tools to identify microagressive behavior. It also outlines the research on how microaggressions can be damaging to people of color, causes of microaggressions, how to prevent them from happening, and how to help clients suffering as a result of experiencing them. Furthermore, it provides support for therapists of color on how to navigate microaggressions within their professional sphere. The book also describes validated measures and clinical interviews that may be used to better understand microaggressions and other cultural concepts relevant to clients. This book is a road map readers can use to begin their journey toward culturally competence to avoid microaggressive behavior in their profession and in their life in general. Case examples, therapeutic interactions, and discussion scenarios supplement the information provided. Finally, it outlines controversies regarding microaggressions and future directions related to this concept.
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Matsumoto, Tamaki, Hiroyuki Asakura, and Tatsuya Hayashi. Premenstrual disorders: luteal phase recurrent enigmatic conditions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0007.
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Up to 90% of women of childbearing-age experience at least some degree of a regular recurrence of various physical and mental symptoms during the days prior to menstruation, which usually subside following menstruation. The cluster of symptoms can alter behaviour and well-being and affect family, friends, and relationships at work. Despite its prevalence, however, research has not yet demystified this enigmatic condition, commonly known as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)—severe PMS. Chapter 7 presents an exhaustive review that discusses the definition, diagnosis, prevalence, symptomatology, aetiopathogenesis, and therapeutic modalities of PMS/PMDD. It deliberates on the complex web of associated biopsychosocial factors. The discussion is further enhanced by presenting a real-life scenario of a sufferer with PMS who, in her dissatisfaction with the management provided, selected the option of surgical removal of her reproductive organs.
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Jubin, Olaf. Tim Rice. Edited by Robert Gordon and Olaf Jubin. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199988747.013.21.
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Although his major passion has always been pop music, Tim Rice is in certain respects the most successful British lyricist in musical theatre history. But what exactly is a ‘Tim Rice musical’? It turns out that the lyricist with a unique voice is most prominently at work in those musicals which he conceived himself and which investigate themes such as the plight of individuals who stand out from the crowd because of their talent and the way they are treated by the people that admire them—or tear them down. This ‘pop star scenario’ also addresses such aspects as the unpredictable behaviour of the crowd, the discrepancy between public and private image, the danger that the latter will be consumed by the former, personal ambition and its price, as well as the dissatisfaction and potential downfall that follows after early success.
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Assessment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. Organización Panamericana de la Salud, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275122242.
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Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent a range of physical, mental, and behavioral disabilities caused by alcohol use during pregnancy, or prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). FASDs are considered to be one of the leading preventable causes of developmental disability. Despite its high prevalence, FASD is often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed, making interventions more challenging or delayed. Earlier diagnosis yields greater benefits for affected children, which include a reduction in secondary disabilities such as substance use disorders and learning and cognitive disabilities leading to school failure, and improved life outcomes. Most importantly, diagnosis provides a context for understanding a child’s behavior. When the environment surrounding a child with an FASD opts to focus on the child’s strengths as a means for intervention, there is a greater likelihood of that child achieving success as an adult. Diagnosis of FASD is further beneficial to the extent that it leads to a reduction of future births of children with FASD. This publication was initially developed for use in Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas and is intended to serve as a training workbook for providers of various disciplines to learn about the fundamentals of diagnosing FASD and to apply them to several case scenarios. It also discusses ethical implications of diagnosing FASD to the mother and child. Target audiences include physicians, psychologists, allied health professionals, social workers, and other providers that may encounter individuals affected by FASD. It is ideally used as a supplement for in-person training by experts in the fields of dysmorphology, epidemiology, and neuropsychology.
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Morris, Craig Eric, Melanie L. Beaussart, Chris Reiber, and Linda S. Krajewski. Intrasexual Mate Competition and Breakups. Edited by Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.19.
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Female competition for male attention is multifaceted. Typically psychological and relational in nature, this competition may be no less damaging than physical violence more commonly used between males. Research on female–female mate competition has examined short-term effects, yet how women cope with long-term effects of romantic relationship dissolution has been little explored. If negative emotions exist because they provide an evolutionary advantage (attuning physiological processes, thoughts, and behaviors to deal with situations that have frequently incurred high fitness costs), then emotions arising from the loss of a mate to a sexual rival may potentially motivate actions that could make one avoid this scenario in the future. This essay argues that there are consequences of female intrasexual mate competition that may be both evolutionarily adaptive and also beneficial in terms of personal growth and that may expand beyond mating and into other realms of personal development.
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Förster, André, and Malte Kaukal. Economic Performance and Turnout in Regional Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0007.
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Following the idea that the behavior of individuals is framed by their contextual setting, this chapter tackles the persistent research gap regarding the impact of regionally varying economic performance on individual turnout. By looking at German districts and applying a multilevel design, we analyze the interplay of an individual’s characteristics and the regional economic performance regarding the decision to cast a vote. Results do not show a direct effect of regional economic performance in the data for 2009 and 2013, but high regional unemployment rates enforce the negative effect of individual unemployment on turnout in the German federal election in 2009, in the middle of the European economic crisis. Additionally, we find evidence that during this crisis election in 2009, East Germans seem to be more susceptible to economic threat scenarios than West Germans, as the former tend to withdraw from voting when regional unemployment rates are high.
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Misra, Girishwar, ed. Psychology: Volume 3. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199498864.001.0001.
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This survey of research on psychology in five volumes is a part of a series undertaken by the ICSSR since 1969, which covers various disciplines under social science. Volume Three of the survey, Psychology of Organizations, focusses on some of the important facets of organizational behaviour. Research in the work setting has observed that factors like family responsibilities, non-work events, and employment-related legislation also influence work behaviour. Today, technology is increasingly playing greater role in organizational settings and workplaces are becoming more and more diverse in their social compositions. In addition, work is increasingly being accomplished by teams rather than by single individuals. The performance in work settings is not determined by the mental and physical abilities but by other attributes such as personality, interpersonal skills, and emotional intelligence. Work is also becoming complex, as people who participate in the activities at workplace often interact in complex ways. In this scenario, worker motivation is becoming a key challenge as it influences organizational performance. This volume examines issues of motivation, performance, and leadership in Indian organizations, along with consumer concerns in India. It explicates the dynamics of organizational performance and analyses the impact of employees’ negative attitude, affect, and behaviour in the corporate setting. The contributors also study moral and ethical dimensions of the corporate life and look at the way consumption practices have evolved in contemporary India. This volume also presents a model of ethical leadership based on Guna theory and principle of Karma appropriate for Indian setting. It explores the potential of inspirational meta value for revamping the corporate functioning and overcoming corruption and other malpractices.
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Reilly, Catherine, and Alistair Byrne. Investing for Retirement in a Low Returns Environment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.003.0005.
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Low returns on financial assets and increasing longevity mean saving for retirement is becoming more challenging than it has been in the past. Generations retiring in the near term face increased longevity but have lived through periods with strong market returns boosting their assets, and many also have defined benefit plan entitlements. Younger generations, who also face increasing longevity, are unlikely to earn historical investment returns on their retirement portfolios, and few have traditional pensions. We model the likely outcomes for different cohorts under scenarios for savings behavior, investment returns, and longevity. While younger generations do face substantial challenges, we show that plausible courses of action involve increased contributions and delayed or partial retirement, which can provide reasonable income replacement rates in retirement. We map out the steps that the retirement industry (government, employers, and financial services providers) must take to support people in following these courses of action, such as providing more flexibility over social security.
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Stefan, Vogenauer. Ch.1 General Provisions, Introduction to Chapter 1 of the PICC. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0004.
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This chapter contains three groups of ‘general provisions’ of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). The first group deals with fundamental principles of contract law, including freedom of contract, freedom from formal requirements, the bindingness of contract, good faith and fair dealing, and the so-called ‘prohibition of inconsistent behaviour’. The second group of provisions addresses the role and function of mandatory rules and the third group deals with the application of the PICC, focusing on general guidelines for the interpretation of the various articles of the instrument; specific key terms that are used throughout the following Chapters of the PICC such as ‘court’, ‘place of business’, ‘obligor’, ‘obligee’, and ‘writing’; the role of usages and practices established between the parties; and rules for certain scenarios that may arise in various contexts if the PICC apply.
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Schinoff, Beth, Kristie Rogers, and Kevin G. Corley. How Do We Communicate Who We Are? Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.8.
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How do individuals develop a shared understanding of organizational identity? In this chapter, we focus on the top-down part of this process, examining how individuals, on behalf of organizations, communicate “who we are.” We present a framework of how these “identity custodians” convey organizational identity by saying (i.e., telling members who we are), showing (i.e., modeling behaviors that communicate who we are), and/or staging (i.e., providing opportunities for members to enact who we are) identity content. Building on this framework, we develop a typology based on the clarity of custodians’ perceptions of organizational identity content and the extent to which these custodians intentionally communicate identity content to organizational members. We describe four archetypal scenarios within this typology to articulate when and why identity custodians engage in saying, showing, and staging, and bring our theorizing to life through anecdotes from extant literature and the popular business press.
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Boski, Pawel. Explorations in Dynamics of Symbolic Meaning with Cultural Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879228.003.0006.
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To counterbalance the predominantly verbal measures and psychometric orientation in cross-cultural psychology, this chapter proposes the concept of cultural experiment. It is a method of sampling normative behavioral scripts, exploring their inner structures of meaning, and finally designing reversals, with the expectation of disconfirmation as their ultimate validity test. Pictorial materials (videos) are the preferred methods in this approach as contextualized models of existing cultural arrangements or their modifications. Empirical evidence comes from five cross-cultural research projects spanned over 30 years. These experiments illustrate contrasts in psychological adaptation to congruent and incongruent scenarios. They provide answers when new cultural ways meet with resistance and when novelty is appreciated or tolerated. Three experiments focus on dynamics of gender role prescriptions from Polish and Scandinavian perspectives. Another study investigates person perception of culturally familiar and remote African actors. The last study explores tolerance priming through religious icons from in-group and out-group cultures.
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Glavin, Ronnie, Sven Staender, and Andrew Smith. Human factors and simulation in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0035.
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Human factors is the study of how interactions between organizations, tasks, and the individual worker impact human behaviour and affect systems performance. The importance of human factors in anaesthesia and critical care has been increasingly recognized, leading to its inclusion in the European-wide standards for patient safety in anaesthesiology within the Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology. ‘Person’ factors include permanent characteristics such as an individual’s personality and temporary influences such as physical condition, stress, morale, and workload. ‘Task’ factors include task complexity, preparation and checking, timing, equipment, and working environment. ‘Organization’ factors include communication, leadership, staffing levels, and organizational (safety) culture. While some of these features rely on the technical domain of anaesthetic/critical care practice, most are in the domain of ‘non-technical’ skills. This chapter reviews a number of these influences in detail and describes how non-technical aspects of practice can be encouraged and promoted. Simulation has been used as an educational tool in healthcare for some years, often with anaesthetists closely involved in establishing and running simulation centres and programmes. However, recent changes in medical education, coupled with public demands for increased patient safety, have brought simulation to the fore. This chapter reviews the classification of simulation systems and outlines the use of scenario-based and in situ simulation, before examining the evidence for its effectiveness. The authors emphasize that simulation provides a means for achieving an educational aim rather than being a technological end in its own right.
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Howes, Oliver, ed. Treatment Response and Resistance in Schizophrenia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.001.0001.
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Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders are common mental illnesses, but their treatment is complex. This book provides a state-of-the-art overview of their treatment, with a focus on the real-world challenges faced by clinicians and patients. It brings together contributions from leading experts from around the world to cover key conceptual issues, including how to evaluate response, the nature of treatment resistance, ultra-medication (clozapine) treatment resistance, and pseudo-resistance, and how to choose a first-line antipsychotic drug that maximizes response and minimizes side effects. It also covers how to use clozapine, and alternatives to it, the use of family interventions and cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis, and treatment strategies where clozapine has not worked, as well as new drugs and non-pharmacological treatments in the pipeline. All contributions are based on the latest evidence, focusing on systematic reviews and meta-analyses, where available, but are informed throughout by the authors’ clinical experience. This is brought together in a section where the evidence is applied to real-world clinical scenarios from the authors’ own practice. Overall, readers will gain a thorough understanding of the clinical challenges, the latest evidence in the field, and how to apply it to give patients the best chance of getting better.
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Mele, Alfred R. Manipulated Agents. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927967.001.0001.
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Thought experiments featuring manipulated agents and designed agents have played a significant role in the literature on moral responsibility. What can we learn from thought experiments of this kind about the nature of moral responsibility? That is this book’s primary question. An important lesson lies at the core of its answer: Moral responsibility for actions has a historical dimension of a certain kind. A pair of agents whose current nonhistorical properties are very similar and who perform deeds of the same kind may nevertheless be such that one is morally responsible for the deed whereas the other is not, and what makes the difference is a difference in how they came to be as they are at that time—that is, a historical difference. Imagine that each of these agents attempts to assassinate someone. Depending on the details of the cases, it may be that one of these agents is morally responsible for the attempt whereas the other is not, because one of them was manipulated in a certain way into being in the psychological state that issues in the behavior whereas the other agent came to be in that state under his own steam. A variety of thought experiments are considered. They include stories about agents whose value systems are radically altered by manipulators, vignettes featuring agents who are built from scratch, and scenarios in which agents magically come into being with full psychological profiles.
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Pritchett, Lant, Kunal Sen, and Eric Werker, eds. Deals and Development. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801641.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
When are developing countries able to initiate periods of rapid growth and why have so few of these countries been able to sustain growth over decades? Deals and Development: The Political Dynamics of Growth Episodes seeks to answer these questions and many more through a novel conceptual framework built from a political economy of business–government relations. Economic growth for most developing countries is not a linear process. Growth instead proceeds in booms and busts, yet most frameworks for thinking about economic growth are built on the faulty assumption that a country’s economic performance is largely stable. Deals and Development explains how growth episodes emerge and when growth, once ignited, is maintained for a sustained period. It applies its new framework to examining the growth of countries across a range of institutional and political contexts in Africa and Asia, using the examples of Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Ghana, Liberia, Malawi, Rwanda, and Uganda. Through these country analyses it demonstrates the explanatory power of its framework and the importance of feedback cycles in which economic trends interact with political behaviour to either sustain or terminate a growth episode. Offering a lens through which to analyse complex scenarios and unwieldy amounts of information, this book provides actionable levers of intervention to bring around reform and improve a country’s chance at achieving transformative economic growth.
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Wilson, Robyn S., Sarah M. McCaffrey, and Eric Toman. Wildfire Communication and Climate Risk Mitigation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.570.
Full textAbstract:
Throughout the late 19th century and most of the 20th century, risks associated with wildfire were addressed by suppressing fires as quickly as possible. However, by the 1960s, it became clear that fire exclusion policies were having adverse effects on ecological health, as well as contributing to larger and more damaging wildfires over time. Although federal fire policy has changed to allow fire to be used as a management tool on the landscape, this change has been slow to take place, while the number of people living in high-risk wildland–urban interface communities continues to increase. Under a variety of climate scenarios, in particular for states in the western United States, it is expected that the frequency and severity of fires will continue to increase, posing even greater risks to local communities and regional economies.Resource managers and public safety officials are increasingly aware of the need for strategic communication to both encourage appropriate risk mitigation behavior at the household level, as well as build continued public support for the use of fire as a management tool aimed at reducing future wildfire risk. Household decision making encompasses both proactively engaging in risk mitigation activities on private property, as well as taking appropriate action during a wildfire event to protect personal safety. Very little research has directly explored the connection between climate-related beliefs, wildfire risk perception, and action; however, the limited existing research suggests that climate-related beliefs have little direct effect on wildfire-related action. Instead, action appears to depend on understanding the benefits of different mitigation actions and in engaging the public in interactive, participatory communication programs that build trust between the public and natural resource managers. A relatively new line of research focuses on resource managers as critical decision makers in the risk management process, pointing to the need to thoughtfully engage audiences other than the lay public to improve risk management.Ultimately, improving the decision making of both the public and managers charged with mitigating the risks associated with wildfire can be achieved by carefully addressing several common themes from the literature. These themes are to (1) promote increased efficacy through interactive learning, (2) build trust and capacity through social interaction, (3) account for behavioral constraints and barriers to action, and (4) facilitate thoughtful consideration of risk-benefit tradeoffs. Careful attention to these challenges will improve the likelihood of successfully managing the increasing risks that wildfire poses to the public and ecosystems alike in a changing climate.
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Kumar M., Dileep. 50 short case studies in business management. UUM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670474243.
Full textAbstract:
The Higher Education Institutions that run business management programs in Malaysia is under severe criticism from industry that the passing out management graduates do not have adequate practical exposure to the industry and lack of practical skills to deal industrial issues proactively as the catalyst of change.This indicates that the traditional management education curriculum, as presently constituted, may not be adequately preparing individuals for the challenges they experience as professional managers.To deal with this issue, many management institutes are adopting case study as a pedagogy, a hypothetical or actual business situation to formulate a recommended policy or decision based on the facts and figures provided, to induce practical exposure to the students by simulating case situations, which improve students analytical skills and decision-making skills.A case study in business management course is a rigorous analysis of an incident, situation, person, crisis or any such phenomenon or concept, in relation to industry, business or people in the organisations.It is well related to the management, process or methodology adopted by the organisation stressing analysis of chain of events for better change management in relation to business operation context. The case studies included in this book provides better perspective of various issues and situations in the business field.The cases are written from the field of Organisational Behaviour, Human Resource Management, Marketing, Business Ethics, International Business, Strategic Management, Business Laws and General Management. These case studies are to be thoroughly analyzed by the faculty members before applying that into the classroom. It is expected that the faculty members should refer to the similar case scenarios at local and international levels to stimulate students to have better discussion on the multifaceted issues or situation. Instead of a direct entry into theoretical concepts, the author suggests that the faculty members distribute these cases well in advance and invite students to come for creative discussions and practical solutions.By preparing solutions to case studies, the students will be exposed to a variety of business operations, business process, management roles, and business situations.Thus the case studies can adequately integrate theoretical concepts effortlessly in realistic situations with better referential skills.The 50 cases included in this book can extremely be valuable in preparing students a career in industry by giving better chance to develop analytical and decision-making skills in the classroom that meet up the challenges of industry.