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Academic literature on the topic 'Before 4 September 1870'

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Published: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Before 4 September 1870"

1

Yang, Yali, Shang-Ping Xie, Yan Du, and Hiroki Tokinaga. "Interdecadal Difference of Interannual Variability Characteristics of South China Sea SSTs Associated with ENSO." Journal of Climate 28, no. 18 (September 11, 2015): 7145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0057.1.

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Abstract The correlation between sea surface temperature (SST) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) persists into post-ENSO September over the South China Sea (SCS), the longest correlation in the World Ocean. Slow modulations of this correlation are analyzed by using the International Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Dataset (ICOADS). ENSO’s influence on SCS SST has experienced significant interdecadal changes over the past 138 years (1870–2007), with a double-peak structure correlation after the 1960s compared to a single-peak before the 1940s. According to the ENSO correlation character, the analysis period is divided into four epochs. In epoch 3, 1960–83, the SST warming and enhanced precipitation over the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean, rather than the Indian Ocean basinwide warming, induce easterly wind anomalies and warm up the SCS in the summer following El Niño. Besides the Indian Ocean effect, during epochs 2 (1930–40) and 4 (1984–2007), the Pacific–Japan (PJ) pattern of atmospheric circulation anomalies helps sustain the SCS SST warming through summer (June–August) with easterly wind anomalies. The associated increase in shortwave radiation and decrease in upward latent heat flux cause the SCS SST warming to persist into the summer. Meanwhile, the rainfall response around the SCS to ENSO shows interdecadal variability, with stronger variability after the 1980s. The results suggest that both the remote forcing from the tropical Indian Ocean and the PJ pattern are important for the ENSO teleconnection to the SCS and its interdecadal modulations.
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Pina, José C., José A. M. Bono, Ademir K. M. de Oliveira, Rodrigo dos S. Rufino, and Diogo O. Amorim. "Organic residues on rooting and yield of sugarcane in Typic Quartzipsamments soil." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 7 (July 2015): 650–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n7p650-655.

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The use of renewable residues as a source of nutrients, associated with chemical input, can provide better efficiency, greater amount of nutrients available to the plant and reduce its application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different organic residues associated with chemical fertilizer (NPK) on sugarcane rooting and yield. The experiment was conducted in a Typic Quartzipsamments soil, located in Campo Grande-MS, Brazil, from October 2010 to September 2013. The plots were 4 x 5 m (20 m2), set in a randomized block design with four replicates. The treatments consisted of poultry litter (10 t ha-1), filter cake (10 t ha-1), vermicompost (10 t ha-1) and vinasse (300 m3 ha-1), all associated with basic NPK fertilizer, and control (only basic fertilization). All sources were applied in the furrows before planting, with the exception of vinasse, which was applied through fertigation. The results showed that treatment with filter cake obtained the highest amount of roots with yield gain in the 1st and 2nd harvests.
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Wood, Ballard L., Kirk C. McDaniel, and Dennis Clason. "Broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae) dispersal, viability, and germination." Weed Science 45, no. 1 (February 1997): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s004317450009250x.

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Broom snakeweed achene dispersal was monitored by placing surface-level traps outwards in the cardinal directions from 12 plants and collecting the achenes weekly or biweekly from September 1993 until seeds were no longer retained by the plants after 42 wk. About 50% of the achenes dispersed between October and December. Especially high numbers of achenes were dislodged during periods of intense winter winds and rains, with 78% of the seed placed into the east tray and 86% falling within 50 cm of the parent plant. Achene production averaged 3,928 (± 1,146) per plant in 1993 and 2,036 (± 987) per plant in 1994. Achenes collected over time directly from the inflorescence and achenes stored in nylon packets on the soil surface averaged 82% viability during fall and winter. Achene viability declined rapidly in late spring, and few remained viable before the next seed crop. Greenhouse experiments compared the influence of water application interval and water amount on broom snakeweed germination and seedling survival. Treatments consisted of 4 water intervals: daily, 5-d, 10-d, and 15-d intervals; and 4 water amounts: field capacity (1/1 fc), 3/4 fc, 1/2 fc, and 1/4 fc. Germination was 52% at daily 1/1 fc, and no seed germinated at daily 1/4 fc. Data suggest that optimum germination occurs when soils are maintained at a minimum soil matric potential (Ψm) > −180 kPa for at least 4 d. Optimum Ψm for seedling survival appears to range between −300 and −900 kPa, while seedling mortality would generally be expected with a Ψm of > −1800 kPa.
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Lee, Yoojin, Kihyun Kim, Sang Kyun Sohn, Dongwon Back, Joon Ho Moon, Je-Jung Lee, Jae-Cheol Jo, et al. "Benefit of Two Additional Cycles of Bortezomib/Thalidomide/Dexamethasone (VTD) Induction Therapy Compared to Four Cycles of VTD for Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-113229.

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Abstract Introduction Four cycles of bortezomib/thalidomide/dexamethasone (VTD) induction therapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is one of the standard therapy for patients aged less than 65 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM). Complete remission (CR) status before ASCT is an important prognostic factor for progression-free survival (PFS). We analyzed whether two additional cycles of VTD improved the pre- and post-transplant responses as well as PFS compared to the four cycles of VTD induction therapy. Methods A total of 222 patients with NDMM between September 2014 and August 2016 from eleven hospitals in South Korea were included in the current study. The patients received at least four or more cycles of VTD induction therapy before administration of high-dose therapy (HDT, melphalan 200mg/m2) followed by ASCT. VTD regimen was consisted of bortezomib subcutaneous infusion (1.3 mg/m2 on days 1, 4, 8, and 11), thalidomide (100 mg daily), and dexamethasone (40 mg on days 1-4, 8-11), which was administered every 4 weeks. Results The median age was 57 years (range 30−64 years), and 120 patients (61.9%) were male. Revised international scoring system (R-ISS) classified 59 (30.4%), 86 (44.3%), and 49 patients (25.3%) as stage I, II, and III, respectively. VTD induction was administered 4 cycles in 194 patients (VTD4, 67.5%) and more than 4 cycles in 63 (VTD6, 32.5%) before HDT. Patient characteristics at diagnosis did not differ between VTD4 and VTD6. CR rate before HDT was significantly higher in VTD6 than VTD4 (31.7% vs 13.0%, P = 0.003). However, CR rate after HDT/ASCT was similar between VTD4 and VTD6 (69.0% vs 65.5%, P = 0.726). There was no difference in the incidence of peripheral neuropathy (PN) (≥ grade 2 or that required dose reduction) between two groups. The median follow-up duration was 18.0 months (range 7.0-43.8 months). The 2-year PFS did not differ between the two groups (51.7 ±5.7% in VTD4 and 62.1±8.6% in VTD6, P = 0.240). Multivariate analysis revealed that the achievement of CR was a favorable prognostic factor for PFS (HR 0.27 [0.08−0.90], P = 0.034). Deletion 17p (HR 2.87 [1.01−7.92], P = 0.048) and t(4;14) (HR 3.38 [1.76−6.48], P < 0.001) in FISH were adverse prognostic factors for PFS. Patients with stage I/II by R-ISS receiving additional two cycles of VTD showed prolonged PFS (median PFS not reached vs. 27.6 months, P = 0.034). In the multivariate analysis, VTD6 was a favorable prognostic factor for PFS for patients with stage I/II by R-ISS, (HR 0.11 [0.02−0.52], P = 0.005). Conclusion CR rates increased with additional cycles of VTD induction therapy for NDMM. However, the PFS benefit was observed only in patients with R-ISS stage I/II. For patients with high-risk MM, intensive induction therapy that overcome poor prognostic factors should be administered to improve long-term outcomes. Figure. Figure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Lee, Choon Kee, Qi Wei, Mark Lovell, Karen Swisshelm, John Ryder, Han Myint, J. Fred Kolhouse, and William Robinson. "Unremitting Presence of Marrow Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene Rearrangement (IGH-GR) 3 Months Following Autotransplant Is Associated with Poor Outcome in Disease Control in Patients with Multiple Myeloma (MM)." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.1807.1807.

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Abstract Abstract 1807 Poster Board I-833 In the study, we sought to determine the role of serial monitoring of immunoglobulin heavy chain monoclonality by IGH-GR tests in symptomatic MM patients who have been uniformly treated with induction chemotherapy, autotransplant following high-dose melphalan-based ablative therapy and post-transplant maintenance. Between September 2006 and April 2009, 51 patients (median age 60, range 37 – 77 years) were evaluated for conventional cytogenetics, myeloma FISH panel and IGH-GR on bone marrow samples prospectively every 3 months (mo) starting before initiation of therapy. The myeloma FISH panel included probes for chromosomes 1, 4, 11, 13, 14, and 17. IGH-GR test was performed by the InVivoScribe Technologies IGH Gene Rearrangement Assay using PCR primers targeting the conserved framework within the V-J region and J regions. A segment of the HLA-DQA1 gene was amplified as a control for patient DNA quality. 22 patients had IgG, 12 IgA, 13 light chain only and 4 nonsecretory MM. 30 patients (59%) were previously treated before and 16 (31%) had prior relapse. 23 patients (45%) received a tandem transplant and all patients received a maintenance regimen that included bortezomib and lenalidomide. Of the 51 patients, 11 (22%) had pre-therapy cytogenetic abnormalities (CA), 22 (43%) FISH abnormalities (FA) and 22 (43%) positive IGH-GR for monoclonality. Detection of positive IGH-GR was not associated with either CA (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.32) or FA (p = 0.14). The 3-year overall survival was 92% with 4 deaths. Relapse occurred in 10 with a 3-year cumulative index (CI) of 20%. In 3 to 12 mo following the first transplant, CA were seen in 7 (14% - 3 mo), 4 (8% - 6 mo) and 3 patients (6% - 12 mo); for FA, 9 (18%), 5 (10%) and 4 (8%); for IGH-GR, 10 (20%), 6 (12%) and 8 (17%). Findings before therapy were prognostic in survival and disease control. The 3-yr Kaplan-Meier survival was 80% for 11 patients (22%) with pre-therapy CA compared to 96% for those (n = 40) without CA (Logrank p = 0.02), 83% for 22 patients with FA (43%) compared to 100% for those (n = 29) without FA (p = 0.03), and 87% for 22 positive for IGH-GR (43%) versus 96% for those (n = 29) negative for IGH-GR (p = 0.03). Pre-therapy CA but not FA nor IGH-GR was significant for the CI of relapse: 33% vs. 15%, p = 0.06. Of the post-transplant follow-up on the CI of relapse, only the 3-mo evaluation was prognostically significant (Table). Although the current findings require further study for confirmation, the data suggests a potential role of IGH-GR tests in monitoring treatment responses in patients with MM. Additional primers such as the ones used in the BIOMED-2 may increase the sensitivity of test. Cumulative Index of Relapse Pre-therapy 3-mo post-transplant 6-mo post-transplant 12-mo post-transplant CA + vs. - 33% vs. 15% P=0.06 43% vs. 18% P = 0.02 50% vs. 23% P = 0.03 33% vs. 13% P = 0.7 FA + vs. - 17% vs. 17% P = 0.52 33% vs. 16% P = 0.02 40% vs. 19% P = 0.67 25% vs. 15% P = 0.16 IGH-GR + vs. - 28% vs. 9% P = 0.57 30% vs. 19% P = 0.001 29% vs. 17% P = 0.3 25% vs. 19% P = 0.37 Disclosures Myint: Seattle Genetics, Inc.: Research Funding.
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Costantino, J., F. Ballatore, G. Marchionni, M. Alfarano, C. Vizza, and C. Chimenti. "TRANSTYRETIN CARDIAC AMYLOIDOSIS IN ELDERLY PATIENTS: ALWAYS A WILD TYPE?" European Heart Journal Supplements 26, Supplement_2 (April 2024): ii42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartjsupp/suae036.094.

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Abstract Background Transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTR) exists in two forms: a genetic form transmitted by autosomal dominant inheritance (ATTRv) and a wild type form (ATTRwt). Clinically, the hereditary form tends to have an early onset in adulthood and it is characterized by a particular tropism for nervous as well as cardiac tissue. In contrast, the "wild type" form has a later onset with major cardiac involvement and neurological manifestations usually limited to carpal tunnel syndrome. Methods and Results In our centre, from September 2021 to June 2023, 52 patients older than 70 years received a diagnosis of cardiac ATTR (87% male, 13% female, mean age 81±5y). In all patients, blood tests showed a significant and stable increase in the values of troponin Ths (0.079 microg/L±0.074) and NT–proBNP (2000±1800 pg/ml), with the absence of a monoclonal component in the blood and urine, and miocardial bisphosphonate scintigraphy positive grade 2/3. All patients underwent genetic testing by amplification of exons 2,3 and 4 of the TTR gene with subsequent sequencing. Unexpectedly, in 10 elderly (70%male, 30% female, mean age 77±4 y) patients (19%) the genetic test resulted positive with 4 different mutations of pathogenetic significance (Val30Met; Ile68Leu; Val142Ile;, Phe84Leu). Three patients showed peripheral neuropathy with the presence of carpal tunnel syndrome, while isolated carpal tunnel syndrome was present in the remaining 7 cases. The three patients with neurologic involvement started Patisiran therapy, and 7 patients were treated with Tafamidis. First–degree relatives (16 consanguineous, average age 49±12 years) agreed to be subjected to genetic screening; of these 9 (3 male and 6 females, age 47±8 years) were positive for the corresponding mutation and underwent echocardiogram, MRI and myocardial scintigraphy. These tests were normal in 8 probands, included in an annual follow–up protocol to identify an early manifestation of the disease, and was diagnostic for amyloidosis in 1 patient who started specific therapy. Conclusions Our experience shows that 19% of patients older than 70 years with a diagnosis of cardiac ATTR may be affected by a genetic form. Making genetic diagnosis in this context is particularly important for screening family members: current therapies are in fact much more effective if started early before organ damage occurs.
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7

Tkachov, A., and Y. Shahova. "DAILY DYNAMICS OF SEXUAL HUNTING SIGNS IN COWS AND HEIFERS OF MATING AGE OF DAIRY HERD WITH LOOSE HOUSING." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 123 (2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-123-176-183.

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The article reveals the feasibility of organizing and conducting the selection of cows and heifers by sexual activity for artificial insemination day and night. Revealed for three months in females (n=717): in 600 signs of sexual activity in 0,70 %, 700-19,94 %; 800- 19,25 %; 900 – 9,21 %; from 1000-1200-14.78 %; from 1300-1400- 4.32 %; from 1500-1600-15.2 %; from 1700-1900 – 9,76 %; 2000-6,83 %. It was revealed that most animals had sexual activity in the morning (49.10 %). In August, 213 heads were studied, of which the signs of sexual activity in 600 had 2.35 %; in 700-14.08 %; in 800 - 11.74 %; in 900 - 8.45; in 1000 decreased to 3.29 %, in 1400 - an increase to 11.74 %; in 1600 - 12.68 %; in 1800 - 13.15% and 2000 - 22.54 %. Round-the-clock monitoring revealed a state of libido, for a period of 0000-400 hours morning 25,00 %, 400-800 – 18,27 %, 800-1200 – 17,34 %, 1200-1600 – 20,19 %, 1600-2000 – 4,81 %, 2000-2400 - 14,42 %. Of the 104 cows identified in the hunt, 62.5 % showed sexual activity in the period from 2000 to 800, and only 37.5 % of cows in the hunt were detected during the working hours of the artificial insemination operator. Also, from 22 heifers, 40.9 % showed signs of sexual activity in the period from 2000 to 800, and 59.09 % showed signs of sexual activity during working hours. Therefore, given the acceleration of physiological processes in the warm season, there are prerequisites for reducing the efficiency of the operator. In September (an hour later), it was revealed in females (n=270): in 700 - 18.89 %, in 800 - 21.85 %; before 900 there was a decrease to 1000 %; and by 1000 hours - a rapid increase to 27.04 %; by 1400, a decrease to 1.85 %; from 1600 to 2000 - 12.96, 7.04 and 0.37 %, respectively. In October, out of 234 animals in 700, 26.50 % of females showed signs of sexual activity, which is 7.60 more than in September and 12.42 % more than in August; in 800 - 23.08 %; in 900-8.97 %; in 1000, a slight increase to 11.11 % was observed, by 1400 - a decrease to 0.43 % (similar to the previous month); in 1600, 20.09 % were detected, in 1800 - 9.83 %. So, during the daylight hours, cows and heifers show signs of sexual activity not evenly: the first wave of excitement begins with a sunrise and lasts 4-6 hours, the second begins at 1400-1600 and continues until sunset. The data obtained indicate that it is advisable to identify cow’s sexual activity both during the day and at night. Such studies should be carried out depending on the time of year: the length of daylight and the temperature of the environment. The conducted research can serve as a basis for compiling the multiplicity of detection of cow’s sexual activity during the day and the mode of their detection libido during working shifts by artificial insemination operators, their assistants and other workers.
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Durand, André. "A book by Henry Dunant, written in collaboration with Dr. Chéron." International Review of the Red Cross 25, no. 248 (October 1985): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400024773.

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Henry Dunant, speaking briefly in his memoirs of a visit to a Dr. Chéron in rue Taitbout, Paris, on 4 September 1870, added the following interesting detail: “We had just published a book, under his name, which we wrote together.”
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Li, Shuling, Jiannong Liu, Haifeng Guo, Prasad L. Gawade, Christopher Kim, Mark E. Bensink, and David Chandler. "Trends in Neutropenia-Related Hospitalization in Older Patients with Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) Receiving Myelosuppressive Chemotherapy in the United States: 1995-2015." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-115213.

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Abstract Introduction: Febrile neutropenia (FN) is a serious complication among patients receiving myelosuppressive chemotherapy (MC). Clinical trials have shown efficacy of primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (PP-GCSF) in reducing FN risk, but few population-based studies have examined trends in PP-GCSF use and FN incidence in older patients over the past 20 years. We describe trends in MC regimens by FN risk category, PP-GCSF use, and risk of neutropenia (NP)-related hospitalization focusing on older NHL patients initiating MC. Methods: We identified patients (age ≥ 66 years) diagnosed with NHL and initiating MC each year 1995-2015 using Medicare 5% (1994-2007) and 20% (2007-2015) sample data. We required patients to be continuously enrolled in Medicare Part A and B for 12 months before MC initiation (first MC treatment in the year with no claims for MC agents in the preceding 12 months) and to survive ≥ 6 days after initiation. The first MC cycle started on the MC initiation date (day 1) and ended at the next administration at least 6 days, but no more than 35 days, after initiation. If no second cycle started before day 35, the first cycle was considered completed at the earliest of day 35 after initiation, the day before regimen change, death, disenrollment from Part A or B, or September 30, 2015. Chemotherapy regimen was defined based on MC agents on Part A outpatient (OP) or Part B (PB) claims from day 1-day 6 of the first cycle and, on the same claims, an ICD-9-CM diagnosis code for NHL. Based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines, regimens with FN risk >20% and 10%-20% were classified as high and intermediate FN risk categories, respectively. Patients receiving MC agents but not high or intermediate FN risk regimens were classified as "Other" FN risk category. PP-GCSF use was defined as an administration of pegfilgrastim or any short-acting CSF (filgrastim, tbo-filgrastim, filgrastim-sndz, or sargramostim) in OP/PB claims up to 5 days after first cycle chemotherapy completion. NP-related hospitalization was identified from Part A inpatient claims with ICD-9-CM diagnosis code 288.0X in the first five positions between day 7 and the last day of the cycle. We describe trends in proportions of patients receiving MC regimens by FN risk category, with PP-GCSF use, and with NP-related hospitalization in the first cycle. Trends in NP-related hospitalization rates were further evaluated using a logistic regression model with calendar year treated as a continuous variable and functional form estimated by a penalized spline after adjusting for age, race, baseline hospital length of stay, baseline NP-related hospitalization, number of comorbid conditions, and MC FN risk category. Results: Yearly cohorts included 538-717 eligible patients, 1995-2007, and 1877-2640, 2008-2015. Proportions of patients aged ≥80 years increased from 39% in 1995 to 44% in 2015. Proportions receiving high/intermediate FN risk regimens were <20% before 1997, 36% in 1997, and 40%-46% 1998-2015 (Figure 1). Most patients receiving high/intermediate risk regimens (88%-96%) received CHOP-21 (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine every 21 days with or without rituximab). Overall, PP-GCSF use increased from 8% in 1995 to 60% in 2015, mainly due to introduction of pegfilgrastim in 2002 (Figure 2). PP-GCSF use was more common in patients receiving high/intermediate FN risk regimens than in patients receiving other regimens (Figure 3). Overall, unadjusted incidence of NP-related hospitalization decreased from 7% in 1995 to 4% in 2015 (Figure 4). Change point in trend was detected at 2010; incidence of NP-related hospitalization decreased, on average, 6% each year before 2010 (p<0.0001) and was flat from 2010 (p=0.6) after adjustment for changed patient characteristics. Conclusions: Among older patients diagnosed with NHL receiving MC, 1995-2015, PP-GCSF use increased substantially after 2002. Over the same 20-year period, incidence of NP-related hospitalization in the first cycle decreased, on average, 6% each year before 2010 and was flat from 2010. Further studies are needed to understand overall decreasing trends in NP-related hospitalization and effects of changes in chemotherapy and FN management. Disclosures Liu: FibroGen Inc.: Consultancy. Gawade:Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Kim:Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Bensink:Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership. Chandler:Amgen: Employment, Equity Ownership.
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Filipciuc, Ion. "Serbarea de la Putna și războiul franco-prusac (1870 - 1871)." Analele Bucovinei 58, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 251–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.56308/ab.2022.1.17.

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"Between the cultural and religious event dedicated to the Moldavian ruler Stephen the Great, organized by the Romanian students from Vienna, Paris, Liege, Iasi, Berlin, Bucharest and Blaj, which was to take place on Saturday, August 15/27, 1870, at the Putna Monastery (in Bukovina, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire), and the armed confrontation between France and Prussia (which started on Tuesday, July 7/19, 1870 and ended on September 2, 1870, with the surrender of the French army, the deposition and the exile of Napoleon III on Sunday, September 4, 1870) there is no cause-purpose-effect connection, all the more so as the two events happened dispersed in time and space (Berlin, Paris, Vienna, Bucharest, Putna). And yet regarding the two historical facts, one Romanian and the other European, there was a factor of concern because in order to fill the vacant throne of the Kingdom of Spain, the Chancellor of Prussia chose Prince Leopold of Sigmaringen-Hohenzollern, whose brother Charles occupied in Bucharest the throne of the Romanian Principalities. However, the Bucharest-Berlin-Madrid triangle offered Europe a Hohenzollernian political perspective that could not be accepted by the hegemon pretender from Paris. The celebration at the tomb of Stephen the Great was firstly suggested by Iraclie Porumbescu, a parish priest in Putna village (Iasi, 1857). It was later presented by the Romanian student Constantin Aronovici in his dissertation „About the Genius of Stephen the Great” (Vienna, Saturday, December 4, 1869), conceived by Emanuil Logothetti (Saturday, December 25, 1869) and partially organized by Gabriel Băleanu inside the Putna Monastery on Saturday, August 15/27, 1870). The celebration took place in the tradition of the Assumption, with guests from Bukovinian villages and many others who came from Moldova, without causing impediments or suspicions in the context of the events in Europe. The central committee of the Romanian students in Vienna postponed the celebration for 1871, for a reason which is understandable in the “mioritic space”: the disappearance of the insurance policy of the money deposited at a Viennese bank, recklessly entrusted to the Romanians “Pêrlea & Murăşanu”. The invocation of the Franco-Prussian war (July 19, 1870 – May 10, 1871) was an excellent gimmick for credible publicity in the “Wallachian void”. "
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Books on the topic "Before 4 September 1870"

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Dill, Harry F. African American inhabitants of Rapides Parish, Louisiana, 1 June - 4 September 1870. Bowie, Md: Heritage Books, 1998.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs. Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands. Custer Battlefield National Monument Indian memorial: Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Parks and Public Lands of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on H.R. 4660, to authorize the establishment of a memorial at Custer Battlefield National Monument to honor the Indians who fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn, and for other purposes : hearing held in Washington, DC, September 4, 1990. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1991.

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Finance, United States Congress Senate Committee on. United States-Cuba economic relations: Hearing before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, September 4, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2003.

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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. Iraq: An independent assessment : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, September 4, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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Dorothea, Ritter, ed. Rom 1846-1870: James Anderson und die Maler-Fotografen ; Sammlung Siegert ; [anlässlich der Ausstellung "Rom 1846-1870, James Anderson und die Maler-Fotografen, Sammlung Siegert", München, Neue Pinakothek, 4. Mai - 11. September 2005]. [Heidelberg]: Edition Braus, 2005.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science. The Columbia Accident Investigation Board Report: Hearing before the Committee on Science, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, September 4, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Energy and Commerce. Blackout 2003: How did it happen and why? : hearing before the Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eighth Congress, first session, September 3 and September 4, 2003. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2004.

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Judiciary, United States Congress Senate Committee on the. Teenage drug abuse: The recent upsurge : hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, second session ... September 4, 1996. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1997.

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Committee, New Jersey Legislature General Assembly Labor. Public hearing before Assembly Labor Committee on Assembly Bill 2850 (The Workplace Drug Abuse Testing Act): September 4, 1986, State House Annex, Trenton, New Jersey. Trenton, N.J: The Committee, 1986.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Syria: Weighing the Obama administration's response : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, first session, September 4, 2013. Washington: U.S. government Printing Office, 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Before 4 September 1870"

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Lenart, Adam, José Manuel Aburto, Anders Stockmarr, and James W. Vaupel. "The Human Longevity Record May Hold for Decades: Jeanne Calment’s Extraordinary Record Is Not Evidence for an Upper Limit to Human Lifespan." In Demographic Research Monographs, 49–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49970-9_5.

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AbstractSince 1990 Jeanne Louise Calment has held the record for human longevity. She was born on 21 February 1875, became the longest-lived human on 12 May 1990 when she was 115.21 and died on 4 August 1997 at age 122.45 years. In this chapter, we use data available on 25 September 2017 on people who reached age 110, supercentenarians, to address the following questions: How likely is it that a person has reached age 122.45? How unlikely is it that Calment’s record has not yet been broken? How soon might it be broken? Assuming a constant annual probability of death of 50% after age 110, we found that the probability that a person who survived to age 110 would have lived to 122.45 by 25 September 2017 is 17.1%. Furthermore, we calculated that there was only a 20.3% chance that Calment’s record would have been broken after 1997 but before 2017. Finally, we estimated that there is less than a 50% chance that someone will surpass Calment’s lifespan before 2045. Jeanne Louise Calment’s record is exceptional but not impossible. It does not provide evidence that her lifespan is an upper limit to human lifespans.
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"4 = N I 1. August-September 1870." In Nachgelassene Fragmente 1869–1874, 87–92. De Gruyter, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783112418789-005.

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Marranci, Gabriele. "Studying Muslims in the West: Before and After September 11." In The Anthropology of Islam, 53–69. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003086857-4.

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White, Norman. "Novitiate: Roehampton:, 1868-1870." In Hopkins, 171–87. Oxford University PressOxford, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198120995.003.0015.

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Abstract During the fortnight before Hopkins entered the novitiate1 he said goodbye to friends and relations. Bridges came over to Oak Hill one day,2 and Hopkins presented him with the Aldine edition of the Earl of Surrey’s poems, which his father and mother had given him the previous Christmas. He would not be allowed personal books in the novitiate. It was later said, however, that he ‘expressed surprise at not being allowed to keep by him Swinburne’s Poems and Ballads’ while he was a novice. On the evening of 7 September, a ‘dim, fine, and very hot’ day, he said goodbye at home and set off to Manresa House, arriving late at the Georgian mansion, with its fine Doric-pillared portico.
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Dickens, Charles. "To Captain C. C. Brooke, 4 September 1869." In The British Academy/The Pilgrim Edition of the Letters of Charles Dickens, Vol. 12: 1868–1870, edited by Graham Storey, 406. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oseo/instance.00120706.

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Nair, Aruna. "4. The contract." In Textbook on Land Law, 41–68. Oxford University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192858832.003.0004.

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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on Land Law provides an accessible overview of one key area on the law curriculum. This chapter explains the contract for the sale of an estate or an interest in land. It discusses the rules for contracts made on or after September 1989; contracts made before 27 September 1989; and the use of estoppel and constructive trusts to replace part performance after the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. It also covers the effects of a valid contract to sell land and applies the law to the sale of the freehold property, 2 Trant Way.
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MacKenzie, Judith-Anne, and Aruna Nair. "4. The contract." In Textbook on Land Law, 39–67. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198839828.003.0004.

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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on Land Law provides an accessible overview of one key area on the law curriculum. This chapter explains the contract for the sale of an estate or an interest in land. It discusses the rules for contracts made on or after September 1989; contracts made before 27 September 1989; and the use of estoppel and constructive trusts to replace part performance after the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. It also covers estoppel and constructive trusts; electronic contracts; effects of the contract; remedies for breach of contract; and application of the law to the sale of the freehold property, 2 Trant Way.
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MacKenzie, Judith-Anne, and Aruna Nair. "4. The contract." In Textbook on Land Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198809586.003.0004.

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Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on Land Law provides an accessible overview of one key area on the law curriculum. This chapter explains the contract for the sale of an estate or an interest in land. It discusses the rules for contracts made on or after September 1989; contracts made before 27 September 1989; and the use of estoppel and constructive trusts to replace part performance after the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989. It also covers estoppel and constructive trusts; electronic contracts; effects of the contract; remedies for breach of contract; and application of the law to the sale of the freehold property, 2 Trant Way.
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Larkin, Maurice. "The Road to Compiègne Diplomacy and War, 1936-1940." In France Since the Popular Front, 63–81. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198731528.003.0004.

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Abstract DEFEAT at the hands of Germany was no new experience for France in 1940. The German six-week sweep to victory of May-June had its parallel in the Prussian campaign of July-September 1870. It nearly happened again in May June 1918, after Russia’s withdrawal from the war, and was only averted by the belated arrival of the Americans in force. In 1940, however, France had to wait another four years before the Americans came again. In a celebrated broadcast to the nation just before the armistice, Marshal Petain explained the French defeat in these terms:
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Hiroshi, Oda. "4 Arbitral Institutions." In Russian Arbitration Law and Practice. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198712442.003.0004.

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This chapter focuses on arbitral institutions. After the new Law on Arbitration came into effect on 1 September 2016, permanent arbitral institutions are to be established in accordance with the amended Law. The problem was what was going to happen to the existing arbitral institutions after the Arbitral Reform. The Law provides that existing arbitral institutions that do not fulfil the requirement of the Law and thus did not receive a licence are not entitled to administer arbitration. On 1 November 2017, a vast majority of the existing arbitral institutions failed to meet the requirements of the Law on Arbitration, namely the requirement that they be set up by a non-commercial organisation, and ceased operation. There are now only two permanent arbitral institutions in Russia. Chapter 9 of the Law on Arbitration accommodates detailed rules on the organisational aspects of permanent arbitral institutions. This is different from the system before the 2015 Reform, which had almost no regulation in this respect. Chapter 9 is applicable not only to arbitral institutions which handle domestic arbitration, but also to international commercial arbitration. The chapter then looks at the institutional rules of arbitration as well as the rules on the administration of arbitration.
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Conference papers on the topic "Before 4 September 1870"

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Sun, Jiachen, Jiancong Hu, and Yongpeng Chen. "IDDF2021-ABS-0021 Better bowel preparation – appropriate preoperative time and graphic guidance to strengthen education before exam." In Abstracts of the International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF), Hong Kong, 4–5 September 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-iddf.109.

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Yuan, Xin, Hui Gao, Shuhao Zheng, Cenqin Liu, Weihong Wang, Jiarong Xie, Zhixin Zhang, and Lei Xu. "IDDF2021-ABS-0111 Nomogram of development and validation for estimation of inadequate bowel preparation risk before colonoscopy in adults." In Abstracts of the International Digestive Disease Forum (IDDF), Hong Kong, 4–5 September 2021. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Society of Gastroenterology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2021-iddf.141.

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Alguacil, Juan, Angela Zumel, Rocío Capelo, Macarena González, Marian Diaz-Santos, Angela Zumel, Miguel Ángel García, et al. "O24-4 Impact of seafood consumption before sample donation on urinary and toenail metal levels in workers exposed to heavy metals." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.127.

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Yanagihara, Hideaki, and Akira Tateno. "Accelerated Mission Tests and Reliability Improvement of F3-30 Engine." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-322.

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F3-30 is the low-bypass-ratio turbofan engine which has been developed to power the T-4 intermediate trainer for the Japan Air Self Defence Force (JASDF). The qualification tests of the engine were successfully completed in March, 1986, and the actual field service was started in September, 1988. Before the start of the actual use, accelerated mission tests (AMT) were conducted for the purpose of finding deficiencies which would occur in the actual mission usage, and verifying the time between overhaul (TBO) of the initial service. This paper describes the test method, the results, and the evaluation for them. Also it presents current status and basic ideas for the future reliability improvement of the F3-30 engine.
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Koltai, J., FM Varchetta, D. Stuckler, and M. McKee. "P69 The softer they fall: a natural experiment examining the health effects of job loss before and after fornero’s unemployment benefit reforms in italy." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.220.

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Buckton, CH, G. Fergie, P. Leifeld, and S. Hilton. "OP08 A discourse network analysis of UK newspaper coverage of the ‘sugar tax’ debate before and after the announcement of the soft drinks industry levy." In Society for Social Medicine and Population Health and International Epidemiology Association European Congress Annual Scientific Meeting 2019, Hosted by the Society for Social Medicine & Population Health and International Epidemiology Association (IEA), School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland, 4–6 September 2019. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2019-ssmabstracts.8.

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Wen, Yuchen, Jirui Hou, Ming Qu, Weipeng Wu, Tuo Liang, Wei Zhang, and Wenming Wu. "Field Pilot Test of Micro-Dispersed Gel Foam in Fractured-Vuggy Carbonate Reservoirs." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206073-ms.

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Abstract This paper summarizes the change rule of production performance and the EOR efficiency from the micro-dispersed gel foam injection in the fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir of Tahe Oilfield. The TK722CH2 well group injected gas from August 2014 to September 2018. During the gas injection stage, the effect of periodic gas injection decreased obviously, the effective direction of gas injection was single and the risk of gas channeling increased greatly. The field pilot test f micro-dispersed gel foam was carried out on September 20, 2018. The fluid is injected into well group in three slugs: micro-dispersed gel foam, normal foam and nitrogen gas. As a part of the foam pilot test monitoring, a gas tracer study was performed before and after the injection of gel foam in the reservoir. After the pilot test was carried out in the TK722CH2 well group, the subsequent injection gas swept new fractures and vugs, and a new dynamic connectivity has been established. The connectivity of well group changed from 1 injection well connects with 1 production well to 1 injection well connects with 4 production wells. Through the field pilot test of micro-dispersed gel foam, this paper verifies the effect of improve gas flooding and increase sweep volume of micro-dispersed gel foam. By analyzing the results of the field pilot test, the relevant technical mechanism of micro-dispersed gel foam in fractured-vuggy reservoir is revealed. As a result, the field pilot test in this paper provides theoretical basis and technical support for the efficient development of fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoir.
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Kasagawa, Yusuke, Masajiro Sugawara, Tsuyoshi Uchida, Katsunori Ogura, and Masahiro Yamashita. "Development of Significance Determination Process in Japan." In 16th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone16-48676.

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In September 2006, the regulatory body of Japan, the Nuclear Industry and Safety Agency (NISA), issued an interim report entitled “The improvement of the inspection system for nuclear power plants” which had been reviewed by the Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee on Nuclear and Industrial Safety. The report addresses the potential use of risk information in order to identify the safety significant inspection scope, to select and evaluate performance indicators, to evaluate the safety significance of inspection findings, and to enhance the maintenance program. NISA has been preparing for the new inspection system in Fiscal Year 2008. Before the implementation, technical bases such as the detailed design of the new inspection system and the pilot application of major issues need to be developed. The technical support of this new inspection program is now in progress by the Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Organization (JNES) to develop methodology and technical bases for improvement of efficiency and transparency of regulatory inspection, application of risk information to develop maintenance program guidelines, selection of performance indicators, identification of the safety significance of inspection findings and comprehensive evaluation of individual plants. This paper shows the development and sample calculation of significance determination process (SDP) which is one part of the new inspection program. The SDP is applied to evaluate the significance of inspection findings. The inspection findings are categorized into four groups such as the safety function facet, the risk facet, the public and occupational radiation exposure facet and the safety importance (SI) of the inspection findings are evaluated with risk information. The sample calculation with this SDP indicated that the level of SI is the same level by the current deterministic evaluation process. At present, the SDP models have been developed into the eight types of typical Japanese nuclear power plants for Boiling Water Reactor (BWR), BWR-3, BWR-4, BWR-5, Advanced BWR, 2-Loop, 3-Loop, 4-Loop Dry Containment Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) and 4-Loop Ice-Condenser PWR.
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Fragoso, Mauricio da Rocha, Francisco Alves dos Santos, Leonardo M. Marques da Cruz, Ju´lio A. C. Pellegrini, Tatiana Mafra, Arcilan Trevenzoli Assireu, and Bruna Nogueira Cerrone. "Real-Time Ocean Monitoring Through Lagragian Drifters During an Offshore Drilling Operation." In ASME 2008 27th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2008-57807.

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MONDO Project is a surface ocean monitoring program for offshore operations never done before in Brazilian waters. It consisted on the periodic deployment of satellite tracked ocean drifters that provides real-time surface ocean currents and temperature data. Throughout September–November 2007, 40 satellite tracked ocean drifters were deployed at Santos Basin, located at the Brazilian Southeastern Ocean Bight. The results of this project can be used to study a wide range of subjects about ocean dynamics such as eddy activity, predictability, lagrangian integral scales, diffusivity, wind influence, etc. This paper is focused on eddies activities and ocean dynamics predictability. It can be observed that the number of anticyclonic eddies is a little higher than cyclonic ones during 2007 spring and that they present high values of relative vorticity (O(±10−5 s−1)). The rotation period lies between 16 days (anticyclonic) and 21days (cyclonic), with tangential velocities around 0.4 m/s. Comparison with data measured by drifters and altimetry showed good results, which indicates that a more extensive analysis about eddies in this region using altimetry data should provide relevant results. The methods of non-linear analysis applied to MONDO Project data allowed to estimate the predictability of the phenomena within Rossby radius scale (∼30 km). The results indicate that the prediction errors tend to double for periods greater than 3 days. It is suggested also that at least 4 variables should be considered in modeling studies on this region.
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Soelistiyono, D. "Challenging Pipeline In-Line Inspection (ILI) by using Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL) Intelligent Pig For Mature Pipeline With 18.2% Dent Due to Third Party Activity." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-f-17.

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Pertamina Hulu Energi - Offshore North West Java (PHE -ONWJ) field has been operating for more than 45 years, located in offshore north of West Java Island with an area of 8,300 km2. Traffic around PHE-ONWJ field has increased significantly compared to the initial stage. It is important to note that ONWJ field area is close to Jakarta. As the level of activity increases, risks to all PHE-ONWJ subsea pipelines increase as well. One of the threats that arise is pipeline dent due to third party activity such as anchor drop/drag from vessels/ships sailing across subsea pipeline. An example is the 14” MOL EPRO – NGLJ pipeline which was built in 1983 (has been operating for 38 years). On September 4, 2008, an Inline Inspection campaign was conducted to check pipeline integrity. Before launching the MFL pig, a calliper pig was deployed to check the pipeline geometry for a safe minimum passage for MFL tool run. Unfortunately, after calliper data was downloaded, an 18.2% geometry anomaly was found (ID pipe=10.63 in) categorized as the highest dent at a log distance of 14,282 m from EPRO which did not allow the MFL to run. Due to age, geometrical and operating fluid conditions, the Company was urged to obtain more comprehensive data of the pipeline’s remaining wall despite the dent. Therefore in 2018, ONWJ engaged 3P to utilize their MFL tool capable of adjusting pipeline’s dent. After several tests such as pull through on an artificial dented spool had been successfully done, finally the tool was sent to Indonesia and was successfully run through the dent pipeline 14in MOL EPRO-NGLJ safely.
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Reports on the topic "Before 4 September 1870"

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Lamontagne, M., P. Archambault, and S. Halchuk. Macroseismic information for the seven largest moderate earthquakes of the Charlevoix seismic zone, Quebec, between 1870 and 2021: February 3, 1902, M 4.5; September 30, 1924, M 5.2; January 08, 1931, M 4.9; October 19, 1939, M 5.3; October 14, 1952, M 4.5; August 19, 1979, M 4.8; March 6, 2005, M 4.7. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329135.

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This Open File Report provides the available macroseismic information for the seven largest moderate earthquakes that occurred in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone between 1870 and 2021. These earthquakes and their moment magnitude (M) are: 1) February 3, 1902, M 4.5; 2) September 30, 1924, M 5.2; 3) January 08, 1931, M 4.9; 4) October 19, 1939, M 5.3; 5) October 14, 1952, M 4.5; 6) August 19, 1979, M 4.8; 7) March 6, 2005, M 4.7. Five, possibly six, of these seven earthquakes occurred in the northeast portion of the CSZ, where the largest event of the period, the 1925 M 6.2 earthquake, also occurred. For each locality where the earthquakes were felt, macroseismic information is given and interpreted on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. The original mail questionnaires filled by postmasters for earthquakes no. 3, 4, 5 and 6 are lost. Consequently, the main sources of information are the newspaper accounts except for no. 7 for which web-based questionnaires are available. The macroseismic information from localities in Canada and in the US (from NOAA) are tabulated in Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. Most newspaper clippings that have macroseismic information are included. The Open File also provides Google Earth kmz files that allow the felt information reports to be viewed in a spatial tool.
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Klement, Eyal, Elizabeth Howerth, William C. Wilson, David Stallknecht, Danny Mead, Hagai Yadin, Itamar Lensky, and Nadav Galon. Exploration of the Epidemiology of a Newly Emerging Cattle-Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Israel. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697118.bard.

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In September 2006 an outbreak of 'Bluetongue like' disease struck the cattle herds in Israel. Over 100 dairy and beef cattle herds were affected. Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) (an Orbivirusclosely related to bluetongue virus (BTV)), was isolated from samples collected from several herds during the outbreaks. Following are the aims of the study and summary of the results: which up until now were published in 6 articles in peer-reviewed journals. Three more articles are still under preparation: 1. To identify the origin of the virus: The virus identified was fully sequenced and compared with the sequences available in the GenBank. It appeared that while gene segment L2 was clustered with EHDV-7 isolated in Australia, most of the other segments were clustered with EHDV-6 isolates from South-Africa and Bahrain. This may suggest that the strain which affected Israel on 2006 may have been related to similar outbreaks which occurred in north-Africa at the same year and could also be a result of reassortment with an Australian strain (Wilson et al. article in preparation). Analysis of the serological results from Israel demonstrated that cows and calves were similarly positive as opposed to BTV for which seropositivity in cows was significantly higher than in calves. This finding also supports the hypothesis that the 2006 EHD outbreak in Israel was an incursive event and the virus was not present in Israel before this outbreak (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Journal, 2011) 2. To identify the vectors of this virus: In the US, Culicoides sonorensis was found as an efficient vector of EHDV as the virus was transmitted by midges fed on infected white tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileusvirginianus) to susceptible WTD (Ruder et al. Parasites and Vectors, 2012). We also examined the effect of temperature on replication of EHDV-7 in C. sonorensis and demonstrated that the time to detection of potentially competent midges decreased with increasing temperature (Ruder et al. in preparation). Although multiple attempts were made, we failed to evaluate wild-caught Culicoidesinsignisas a potential vector for EHDV-7; however, our finding that C. sonorensis is a competent vector is far more significant because this species is widespread in the U.S. As for Israeli Culicoides spp. the main species caught near farms affected during the outbreaks were C. imicolaand C. oxystoma. The vector competence studies performed in Israel were in a smaller scale than in the US due to lack of a laboratory colony of these species and due to lack of facilities to infect animals with vector borne diseases. However, we found both species to be susceptible for infection by EHDV. For C. oxystoma, 1/3 of the Culicoidesinfected were positive 11 days post feeding. 3. To identify the host and environmental factors influencing the level of exposure to EHDV, its spread and its associated morbidity: Analysis of the cattle morbidity in Israel showed that the disease resulted in an average loss of over 200 kg milk per cow in herds affected during September 2006 and 1.42% excess mortality in heavily infected herds (Kedmi et al. Journal of Dairy Science, 2010). Outbreak investigation showed that winds played a significant role in virus spread during the 2006 outbreak (Kedmi et al. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 2010). Further studies showed that both sheep (Kedmi et al. Veterinary Microbiology, 2011) and wild ruminants did not play a significant role in virus spread in Israel (Kedmi et al. article in preparation). Clinical studies in WTD showed that this species is highly susceptibile to EHDV-7 infection and disease (Ruder et al. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2012). Experimental infection of Holstein cattle (cows and calves) yielded subclinical viremia (Ruder et al. in preparation). The findings of this study, which resulted in 6 articles, published in peer reviewed journals and 4 more articles which are in preparation, contributed to the dairy industry in Israel by defining the main factors associated with disease spread and assessment of disease impact. In the US, we demonstrated that sufficient conditions exist for potential virus establishment if EHDV-7 were introduced. The significant knowledge gained through this study will enable better decision making regarding prevention and control measures for EHDV and similar viruses, such as BTV.
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2023 SDG4 scorecard on progress towards national SDG 4 benchmarks: focus on early childhood. UNESCO, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54676/zslv3583.

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This is the first attempt to assess progress towards the 2025 and 2030 benchmarks, or national targets, that countries set over the past 18 months on seven SDG 4 indicators, in fulfilment of a commitment they made in 2015. The assessment covers the period 2015–20, just before the onset of COVID-19, which disrupted not only education development but also data collection systems.It highlights the importance of the benchmarking process, also recognized by the UN Secretary-General in the Transforming Education Summit in September 2022. Compiling the benchmark database has revealed differences in data sources and indicator definitions used, which will require better coordination between the national and global levels to be resolved. The process further highlights the need for more data, as they are currently insufficient to understand past trends and evaluate future prospects for a number of indicators. In many cases, countries also need to set more and better-informed national targets, notably on the gender gap in completion rates and in learning outcome indicators.This publication surveys overall progress on all benchmark indicators and looks more closely at individual country progress in three of them. One indicator – the participation rate in organized learning one year before primary – is further analysed to understand how progress may be associated with free and compulsory pre-primary education legislation, equity-oriented regulation of private provision, and public spending. Ultimately, the purpose of benchmarking is to encourage countries to link progress with policy change and learn from other countries’ experience.
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