Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Before 1848'
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Brown, David Ewan. "The Scottish origin-legend before Fordun." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23752.
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Cook, Geoffrey Stephen. "The development of social security in Ireland (before and after independence) 1838-1990." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319908.
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Lucas, Rory C. M. "The evolution of monastic liturgy in northern Britain before 1153." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19942.
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This thesis proposes that Northumbrian monastic liturgy evolved in ways distinct from those of the rest of Britain, and traces its development through three markedly contrasting periods of its history. The first chapter is concerned with the origins of monastic life in Northumbria, up to the death of the Venerable Bede in 735. Taking as source material the historical works of Bede and other contemporary lives of the saints, specific references to liturgy and chant are analysed, with the purpose of determining the importance of liturgical music in the evangelization of Northumbria, the type and provenance of the chants used, and the methods of musical transmission in the absence of notation. It becomes apparent from this analysis that by the early eighth century, Northumbrian monastic liturgy had reached a degree of sophistication unsurpassed even by Canterbury. The second chapter shows, mainly by evidence from liturgical books, how a small remnant of monastic life survived the ravages of the Viking raids, until the return of relative stability after the Norman Conquest. The persistence of cults of Northumbrian saints throughout Britain is also documented, using evidence from liturgical kalendars. The revival of monastic life after the Conquest is the subject of the third chapter, with emphasis on how the new or revived monasteries compiled their liturgical books. Strands of influence on the Durham Missal are investigated, and a little-known Scottish Tironensian missal is used as evidence of the growing importance of the reformed Benedictine orders in the north of Britain at the beginning of the twelfth century, largely due to the encouragement of David, Earl of Northumbria, who was later King David I of Scotland.
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Oh, Yeon-Soo. "Poor relief in Scotland before 1845 : with particular reference to the contribution made by the Church." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1994. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU089063.
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This thesis presents an account of the operation of the system of poor relief in Scotland, as it developed under legislation passed by the Scottish Parliament in the 16th and 17th centuries. Attention is given to the principles which underlay what is usually called the Old Scottish Poor Law as well as to an analysis of the varied practice in providing relief in the country. The first four chapters concentrate on the actual working of the old system---how it was funded, which categories of poor it was intended to support, how and by whom it was managed, the varying mixture in localities of "public" funding (collections at church, dues and fees, interest on accrued capital, legal assessment where this was introduced) and of "private" or "voluntary" funding in money or in kind (individual gifts, community-based subscriptions, and so on). The distinctive approaches to the problem of the local destitute by town and rural areas, and between towns and in different regions of the country, are reviewed. The strains on the old system in the late 18th and early 19th centuries are noted---particularly, the impact of rising and shifting population, the social disorganization caused by agrarian improvements and the onset of rapid industrialization and then by intermittent periods of deep trade recessions and widespread unemployment and of crop failures and dearth in the countryside. In chapters 5 and 6 these social and economic strains form the background to a long debate between those who resisted any change in the Old Poor Law and would-be reformers.
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Poon, Heidi Y. H. "Life before Darwin : body, mind and soul in Britain, 1815-1859." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30653.
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How does bodily matter become alive? Is the mind reducible to the brain? These questions became crucial in the emergent discipline of life science at the turn of the nineteenth century, when the term 'biology' was coined. The new scientific theories that arose at this time directly impinged on contemporary religious beliefs concerning the soul as the principle of immortality, and the mind as the divinely endowed basis for human morality. Through an interdisciplinary study of three episodes, all of which originated in 1816, this thesis examines the interface between science and religion with regard to souls, minds, and the living body, in the half-century before Darwin's Origin of Species. The first episode focuses on a series of controversies (1816-1822) surrounding William Lawrence, a professor at the Royal College of Surgeons. He postulated that life could emerge from matter, and that matter could generate thought and sensation. The express materialism in these views engendered strong scientific and religious opposition. This study argues that the scientific opposition to Lawrence's views was motivated largely by a desire to defend the institutional and professional standing of the surgeons rather than by a commitment to oppose Lawrence's materialism. In examining the religious opposition to Lawrence, this thesis concludes that ultimately it was a concern for a secure institutional basis for morality rather than a wish to defend the doctrine of the soul per se that was at stake. The second episode revolves around George Combe, the influential author of The Constitution of Man (1828). He was decried as an atheist because his phrenological science allegedly reduced the mind to the physical brain. This thesis offers a new interpretation of Combe's science as the means through which he framed a natural religion with a code of morality based on natural law. It was a religion that sought to recast the role of a more materialistic conception of the mind as the vehicle for morality, and to displace the reliance on an immortal soul and a future state for the enforcement of morals. The third episode centres on Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (1818). Through studying the novel as the fable of its sub-title, The Modern Prometheus, I conclude that the power of Mary Shelley's moral vision lies in its inescapable warning that an absolute denial of the spiritual aspects of life is inimical to our humanity. Without being explicitly religious, Frankenstein encapsulates a new kind of secular humanist spirituality that denies outright materialism. In summary, this thesis argues that the interface between religion and biology, concerning the nature of the living body and the mind, despite initial appearances, were not primarily over the issues of materialism. The three episodes studied illustrate a spectrum of attitudes towards scientific materialism, and it is found that ultimately, it was the necessity for a secure basis of morality that shaped the responses.
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Scotland, Jennifer L. "Inspection time in patients with intracranial tumours before and after neurosurgery." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/4425.
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Introduction: Many patients with brain tumours experience dysfunction in several cognitive domains. Given the limited survival times of the majority of patients with brain tumours, maintenance or improvement of quality of life is as important as increasing survival time. Impaired cognition has a negative impact on quality of life and as such, cognitive function is becoming an increasingly important endpoint in clinical trials in neuro-oncology. However, measuring cognition in patients with brain tumours is problematic for a number of reasons. Most intracranial tumours are initially treated with surgery and studies of neurosurgical morbidity often evaluate physical as opposed to cognitive domains, yet the latter can have a greater negative impact on the patient’s quality of life. This thesis therefore details cognition in brain tumour patients at the time of presentation (pre-operatively) and examines the effects of surgical intervention on cognitive function. Of particular interest is the potential utility of inspection time, a computer-based measure of the brain’s information processing efficiency, as a measure of brain slowing as a result of the tumour and as an indicator of response to surgical intervention. Methods: The study is based on a cohort of 118 newly-presenting patients with a supratentorial brain tumour who were to have surgery (biopsy or resection). Each patient was administered a comprehensive battery of cognitive tests prior to surgery (baseline). The battery comprised inspection time testing, other standardised cognitive measures and assessment of mood, quality of life and functional status. Post-operatively, each patient repeated the inspection time test in addition to a selected number of the other tests administered at baseline. For comparison, a group of patients admitted for elective spinal surgery (n = 85) were also tested pre- and post-operatively. A group of healthy volunteers provided a second control group by being tested twice (n = 80). Results: The brain tumour cohort were significantly impaired by comparison with both control groups at baseline (pre-operatively) on the majority of the cognitive measures, including inspection time. Baseline inspection time scores were significantly related to some scores on the EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire in the brain tumour group, but not in the spinal surgery group. There was no significant difference between the brain tumour and spinal surgery groups in term of the levels of pre-operative anxiety and depression. The brain tumour cohort showed significantly greater relative deterioration on inspection time following surgery by comparison with both control groups. The brain tumour cohort also deteriorated significantly on several other measures postoperatively by comparison with the healthy control group. Detailed analyses were carried out to determine the differential effects of tumour type, location, and type of surgery (biopsy or resection) on inspection time and other functions in the brain tumour group. Conclusions: Tumour-related cognitive impairment appears to be common in a heterogeneous group of brain tumour patients with a variety of different tumours located throughout the brain. Surgical intervention has a negative impact on function in brain tumour patients, although this deterioration may be transient. General slowing of visual information processing appears to be common to brain tumour patients and the inspection time task provides a feasible and useful method of assessment in brain tumour patients. The task is sensitive to tumour-related brain slowing and can provide a reliable assessment of response to surgery. Given the task’s advantages over more commonly-used cognitive measures, it could be usefully incorporated into cognitive tests batteries in neuro-oncology.
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Lin, Chi-I. "Mourning before death : mother-son relationships in Shakespeare's histories and tragedies." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30390.
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In Mourning before Death, I discuss the representation of maternal mourning in King John, the Henry VI trilogy, Richard III, Titus Andronicus, and Coriolanus. Primarily, I explore Shakespeare’s expansion of maternal roles from his source texts, especially their lamentations anticipating the death of sons in these plays. Shakespeare emphasises the grief experienced by mothers which is largely absent in the historical accounts on which the plays are based. My research address Phyllis Rackin’s definition of females as ‘anti-historians’ and examines how mothers in mourning intrude into historical events and confront masculine authority. This study focuses principally on Shakespeare’s representation of maternal authority in terms of mother-son relationships. The introduction identifies the importance of ‘women’s time’ and physical expressions of maternal distress and the dramatic conflicts these provoke. Chapter 2 examines how Constance’s grief affects the reaction of the audience to the power struggle in King John. Chapter 3 is concerned with how Margaret’s queenship in Henry VI disrupts the development of English kingship and endangers the existing Lancastrian rule. Chapter 4 discusses the psychological and physical meanings expressed through the use of the sitting posture, a gesture which embodies the mother’s pain. Chapter 5 discusses Shakespeare’s exploration of political wildness and barbarism through his representation of Tamora’s tragic passion. Chapter 6 discusses Volumnia’s maternity and her appropriation of the Roman concept of honour. The conclusion considers the strength of maternal authority and female power in Shakespeare’s representation of maternal mourning.
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Malherbe, Vertrees Canby. "The Cape Khoisan in the Eastern districts of the colony before and after Ordinance 50 of 1828." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20204.
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Includes bibliographical references.My study arose from a wish to consolidate work begun in the 1970s concerning the indigenous people of the Cape - the 'Bushmen' and 'Hottentots' of the historical record who, properly, are called San and Khoi, or 'the Khoisan' • My idea was to build upon existing work (of others, chiefly, but also of my own) concerning their dispossession and subordination by colonists from Europe. The focus has, as far as possible, been the people themselves, with Ordinance 50 of 1828 the pivotal point. The ordinance removed certain disabilities peculiar to the Khoisan and other 'free people of colour' in the colony, and conferred equality before the law. Other researchers have explored the alleged vagrancy of Ordinance SO's beneficiaries, its impact upon wages, and the government's administration of the law. My project is to uncover all and any of the ways in which the ordinance, in tandem with some simultaneous reforms, was actually experienced by Khoisan. The hint (by L. C. Duly) that a study of 'informal processes' at the local level might yield fresh insights suggested a means to raise the visibility of the Khoisan in the colony's 'master narrative' and, in the process, break new ground. It has proved well-suited to the aim of keeping Khoisan experience to the fore without slipping around to more familiar ways of seeing whereby public policy, the interests of elites, or the application of the law insinuate themselves as principal concerns. The most important source materials used are in the Cape Archives Depot of the State Archives. These include mission documents as well as government records and correspondence. Three newspapers began publication during the period of the study (c. 1820-1835). These are housed at the South African Library, as are certain private journals, travel books, and political commentaries of the time. Valuable secondary works and dissertations, in this and related fields, are available at the Jagger and African Studies libraries at the University of Cape Town. Part I provides a historiographical review and sets out the aims and objects of the study. Part II deals with economy and government, law, custom and daily life prior to the 50th ordinance. The first year after it was law, when the Khoisan, officials and colonists tested its provisions, is the subject of Part III. Part IV carries the account to 18 34-35 when a draft vagrant law shook the Khoisan, and war brought havoc to the eastern frontier. The final section draws together certain themes - self-perceptions and identity, acculturation and the status of traditional lifestyles, the Khoisan's 'ancient' and (new) 'burgher' claim to the land, to mention some. The study concludes that the power of Ordinance 50 to transform the lives of those it proposed to liberate (the Khoisan, principally) has been inflated - more strikingly by those who have looked back on it than by its beneficiaries and their mentors at the time.
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Newby-Alexander, Cassandra. ""The world was all before them": A study of the black community in Norfolk, Virginia, 1861-1884." W&M ScholarWorks, 1992. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623823.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the lives, accomplishments, and struggles of the black community in Norfolk, Virginia, between the years of 1861 and 1884, from the black perspective.;The integration of documents with statistics to uncover the mentalite of blacks is the focus of this study's research. The black community of this period was not always reactive, but active in determining its own fate. Even during slavery, Norfolk's blacks took an active role in their destiny through participation in the Underground Railroad.;This study suggests that blacks strove diligently to work with, and in some cases, conciliate, the white oligarchy. Unfortunately, their efforts met with resistance and defeat. Despite these difficulties, the black community pulled together to assist its members as the whites unified to subjugate them.;The results of the investigation suggest that had blacks continued to be politically active, Norfolk would have had an economically prosperous black community. Instead, the introduction of Jim Crow laws served to oppress blacks economically and produce a sense of hopelessness, socially and politically.
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McCulloch, Kenneth H. "Four days before the mast : a study of sail training in the UK." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24934.
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The origins, nature and significance of modern sail training in the UK as an educational venture are considered, and providers’ claims in respect of the benefits of participation are scrutinised. The study employs a sociological perspective, and has two main elements. First, the contemporary sail training movement is examined. It is shown to have origins and relations in the historical and cultural context of seafaring, and is located in a relationship to the practices of youth work and adventures education. An analytic framework of traditions is developed to differentiate the range of approaches identified in a survey of sail training providers in terms of their distinctive origins, value positions and culture, expressed purposes and preferred types of vessel. Case studies of three sail training organisations representative of the main traditions are presented, and it is argued that these distinctive traditions can be understood as ideologies, expressing significantly distinct views of the social world. The second element of the study is an ethnographic account of practice in the main traditions, using observation and interview data from eleven voyages. The findings give attention to the experience of domestic and communal life and to participants’ engagement in technical aspects of seafaring. The problems of living at sea faced by all participants are shown to form an inescapable background to exposure to the tasks and techniques of maritime work. Evidence from the fieldwork is compared with claims by providers regarding the benefits of participation, and it is argued that in its own terms sail training can be successful as an environment for learning to work with others in both the technical and domestic domains. Voyage duration is established as a key variable, and discrepant cases at two levels help to establish both the significance of boundaries, and the limiting conditions for positive outcomes in respect of providers’ claims. The central arguments of the study are, firstly, that sail training expresses implicit ideologies, through the ways power is understood and expressed. Secondly it is argued that it is the creation of an enclosed community or total institution, through the physical and social boundaries of a ship at sea that give the experience of participation its particular character as an environment for learning.
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Finlay, John. "Professional men of law before the Lords of Council, c.1500-c,1550." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21240.
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In 1532, James V founded a College of Justice. In the past lawyers and historians have often differed in their opinions of the significance of this event for the history of Scots law. What is beyond dispute is that a by-product of the foundation was the preservation, for the first time, of the names of professional men of law whose practice linked them directly to a Scottish court. The men on this list, and another preserved from 1549, provide the earliest opportunity to study in depth men of law in their professional context. Described by a variety of titles, of which 'advocate' is the best known today, the careers of these men illustrate the evolution of increasingly sophisticated procedures of the lords of council and the College of Justice, and the not inconsiderable ability of those who pled before these bodies on a regular basis. In the relatively short period considered in this study, professionalisation of the function of the legal representative in Scotland advanced significantly. For the first time the king used his own advocate on a regular basis to defend and pursue his legal interests. During the reign of James V, a single advocate also became associated with the queen mother. Further down the social scale, amongst both clerics and laymen, similar, if sometimes less durable, relationships were formed with professional men of law. Legal representation of the poor is also well attested during this period. For the first time records allow contemporary relationships between men of law and their clients to be compared, and in some cases details of the terms upon which those relationships were entered into and maintained have survived. These indicate that various services were provided by men of law beyond the core activities of rendering advice and representation to their clients in return for a fee. The standing of Scottish men of law, not only within their own society but also by comparison with men who followed a legal career in England, France, Castile and the Low Countries, was broadly favourable in terms both of social status and educational background. In this thesis they are studied collectively and individually, and placed within the context of their own time as well as within the context of the wider history of the legal profession.
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Boe, Jeffrey L. "Painting Puertorriqueñidad: The Jíbaro as a Symbol of Creole Nationalism in Puerto Rican Art before and after 1898." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4290.
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In the three decades surrounding the Spanish-American war (1880-1910), three prominent Puerto Rican artists, Francisco Oller (1833-1917), Manuel E. Jordan (1853-1919), and Ramón Frade (1875-1954) created a group of paintings depicting "el jíbaro," the rural Puerto Rican farm worker, in a way that can be appropriately labeled "nationalistic." Using a set of motifs involving clothes, customs, domestic architecture and agricultural practices unique to rural Puerto Rico, they contributed to the imagination of a communal identity for creoles at the turn of the century. ("Creole" here refers to individuals of Spanish heritage, born on the island of Puerto Rico.) This set of shared symbols provided a visual dimension to the aspirational nationalism that had been growing within the creole community since the mid- 1800s. This creollismo mythified the agrarian laborer as a prototypical icon of Puerto Rican identity. By identifying themselves as jíbaros, Puerto Rican creoles used jíbaro self-fashioning as a way to define their community as unique vis a vis the colonial metropolis (first Spain, later the United States). In this thesis, I will examine works by Oller, Jordan and Frade which employ jíbaro motifs to engage this creollismo. They do so by painting the jíbaro himself, his culture and surroundings, the fields in which he worked, and the bohío hut which was his home. Together, these paintings form a body of jíbaro imagery which I will contextualize, taking into account both the historical circumstances of jíbaro life, as well as the ways in which signifiers of jibarismo began to gain resonance amongst creoles who did not strictly belong to the jíbaro class. The resulting study demonstrates the importance of the mythified jíbaro figure to the project of imagining Puerto Rican creole society as a nation, and the extent to which visual culture participated in this creative process.
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Kane, Ingrid. "Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke : can brain imaging and consent processes before treatment be improved?" Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24750.
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The general aim of my research was to work on streamlining and improving a few key areas in the care for patients with stroke, particularly those likely to be candidates for thrombolysis. I focussed on: optimising the imaging method for patient selection; assessing the availability of different imaging methods; and evaluating a range of options for obtaining consent for treatment or research in this setting. In the imaging work I discuss some aspects of the two major imaging modalities available to stroke patients – computerised tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the evidence available for the treatment of acute stroke with thrombolysis. I then explore the evidence lying behind the use of some of the advanced MR imaging modalities and how they may assist in the selection of patients for thrombolysis. Using a systematic review, I play particular attention to the evidence behind the MR perfusion diffusion mismatch theory and the interaction with thrombolysis. Having analysed the evidence available on ‘mismatch’ and thrombolysis I go on to compare the many techniques available for measuring the perfusion lesion and the problems that arise as a result of this. I move from the more complex details of specific MR techniques to the practicalities of imaging acute stroke patients with MR, dealing with a UK survey on the actual availability of MR scanners. Finally, I deal with patients who meet clinical and imaging criteria for thrombolysis who require consent. This is a stage that can cause huge delays, particularly with an acutely ill patient. The process of consent needs to begin imaging. It is a vital first step in thrombolysis because, without it, patients can not undergo the complex MR imaging techniques that are discussed in earlier chapters of the thesis.
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Dima, Dafni. "European labour market trajectories before and during the 2008 financial crisis : national, regional and individual variation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31084.
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Since 2008 Europe has been in crisis, a financial and debt crisis that spread from the U.S. to all European countries. This thesis aims to provide evidence on the consequences of the crisis for individuals’ labour market outcomes across different countries and regions of Europe and to analyse how the recession has differentially affected sub-groups of the European population. Through the analysis of the longitudinal component of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) dataset, the project sheds light on the labour market trajectories of more than 20,000 Europeans across 11 European countries and 41 regions, before and during the 2008 financial crisis (2005-2012). Sequence and cluster analysis are used to investigate the heterogeneity of individual labour market trajectories across countries and time, while multilevel models are used to study regional labour markets during the years in crisis. The concept of transitional labour markets, as well as theories of labour market segmentation, job competition and job mobility, provide the theoretical framework for this research. The empirical findings show that during the financial crisis, labour market trajectories appear more turbulent and fragmented for the already disadvantaged sub-groups, namely women, younger workers and low educated workers. Furthermore, during the Great recession, an increase in unemployment among men confirms the sectoral profile of the crisis, which hit harder the male-dominated sectors of construction and industry. At the same time, a decrease in inactivity among women is consistent with the added worker effect, according to which women in periods of economic hardship are pushed towards labour market activity in order to contribute to the household income. Countries with weak economies and underperforming labour markets prior to the crisis, such as Greece and Italy, unsurprisingly experienced a deep and persistent crisis, while countries with stronger economies and more inclusive labour markets, such as Denmark and Sweden, managed to survive the crisis with less social harm. The institutional context of the countries offering high chances of employment even during the financial crisis, such as the Nordic countries, lies on the flexicurity of their labour markets. Indeed, flexible labour markets with the use of reduced working-time schemes, i.e. part-time forms of employment, contained unemployment during the financial shock. However, we need to be cautious about flexibility without security or partial deregulation of the markets, implemented in southern European countries, because during the crisis such policies led to further labour market segmentation and thus an increase in employment inequalities. Finally, the region of residence matters in employment outcomes, almost as much as the country of residence. In fact, from the regional analysis of individual employment outcomes during the years of the crisis, an uneven distribution of labour is detected even within the national borders. Summing up, the European crisis should be considered as the sum of national and regional crises.
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Thompson, Bethan. "Date labelling and the waste of dairy products by consumers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33150.
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The objective of this thesis is to advance our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste. It does this by investigating the effect of psychological, social, and contextual factors on date-label use and willingness to consume dairy products in relation to the expiry date. These effects are tested using structural equation models and survey data gathered from 548 Scottish consumers. The results of this study make two contributions to the literature on date-labelling and food waste. The first contribution is primarily theoretical. By improving our understanding of how consumers use date labels and the implications of date-label use for household dairy product waste, it supports the contention that food waste is best understood, not as a behaviour, but as the outcome of multiple behaviours. It argues that in order to understand why food waste is created, it is important to identify the factors that affect the individual behaviours that lead to it, such as date-label use, and how these behaviours relate to one another. These results also have implications for communications and campaigning around food waste reduction. The second contribution has policy relevance. It provides evidence of the likely limited effect of increasing the number of dairy products labelled with a best-before date rather than a use-by date on food waste. This is an approach recently proposed to reduce household food waste. It finds that better knowledge of the best-before date is associated with a higher willingness to consume products after the best-before date has passed. However, perceived risks about consuming products beyond their best-before date, including not just safety but quality, freshness, and social acceptability, appear to interact with date-label knowledge and dampen its influence. It argues that to be effective, any changes in date-labelling should be accompanied by communication that goes beyond improving date-label knowledge, and addresses the multifaceted nature of related risk perceptions and conceptions of date-label trust.
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Dhas, T. Arul. "The prayer of Jesus at Gethsemane, with reference to other prayers and speeches before death or martyrdom." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19680.
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There are Jewish literary traditions of Isaac's prayer which are different from the Biblical narrative in Gen 22. In the story of Aqedah, it looks as if Isaac's obedience and willingness together with Abraham's have been accepted in God's sight as sacrifice and something which forgives people's sins and which redeems people from all distress. This was done even without Isaac literally being sacrificed according to the tradition. If Jesus was familiar with these traditions, it could be that Jesus thought that his death and sacrifice might be accepted even without the actual performance of it. The last words of Socrates and his acceptance of his death without any compliant had been influential in the Hellenistic culture. As the Greek literature had a great influence on whatever happened in the literary world of the first century, it is just possible that Jesus was familiar with the story of the heroic death of Socrates and his words. In addition, our observation has brought us to the conclusion that the gospel writers have been influenced to some extent by the Greek writings. In any case it is likely that Jesus knew that to be troubled in the face of death was not considered honourable in the sight of wish people. Our reference to Eleazar sheds some light on the life of Jewish martyrs. We have noticed that the certainty and the willingness of Eleazar were exemplary for the other martyrs. There is no question of escape from his torture in Eleazar's mind. It is also to be noted that the tradition of martyrs is not new to Jesus. Eleazar prayed that his death may be accepted in expiatory sacrifice. There is a possibility of influence between the prayer of Eleazar and either Jesus or the Gospel writers.
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Hugo, Johan. "The other before us? : A Deleuzean critique of phenomenological intersubjectivity /." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1044.
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Szarek, Patrycja. "Corruption and legal methods of fighting it : the European Union policy towards the Central and Eastern European countries before and after the accession." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29390.
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The fight against corruption emerged as one of the most significant issues during the 2004 enlargement and gained even more importance with the accession of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007. This thesis examines the European Union (EU) policy against corruption in the context of the accession of the Central and Eastern European countries in 2004. Its prime objective is to illustrate the differences between EU policy towards existing Member States and the candidate countries in this area. The thesis outlines the legal bases and historical development of the EU anti-corruption framework, and goes on to show that the enlargement process has profoundly transformed this policy framework. It analyses how the fight against corruption became one of the EU membership criteria and explains that accession policy forced the EU to create new institutions and mechanisms to address the problem of corruption within the candidate countries. The thesis also argues that the experience gained by the EU in the 2004 accession led to a more robust anti-corruption stance during the accession of Bulgaria and Romania and will have implications for any future enlargements of the EU. However, the thesis further points at the limited nature of the anti-corruption framework that applies to existing Member States and argues that it does not respond to the urgent need to enhance anti-corruption standards within the EU. The thesis suggests that the EU should use the experience gained within the pre-accession process to develop a more coherent framework that would promote higher anti-corruption standards among Member States.
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Byrne, Delma V. "The influence of early work experiences undertaken before leaving second level education on the socio-economic outcomes of school leavers in the Republic of Ireland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/24010.
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Young people increasingly engage in work opportunities while still in second level education, and these ‘early work experiences’ can be acquired through part time job holdings or as school organised work experiences as part of a wider programme of studies. This dissertation examines the characteristics of a representative sample of second level education school leavers who participate (or not) in early work experiences in terms of gender, and an array of socio-economic family and parental background factors as well as a measure of socio-economic disadvantage in the area in which they live. The influence of early work experiences on socio-economic outcomes relating to participation in further/higher education and participation in the labour market are then examined. Two main approaches are considered: human capital and social capital. The first approach emphasises the role of early work experiences as a source of human capital that adds to the productivity of young people and which would be recognised in the labour market. The second approach emphasises the role of factors such as family background, school type attended and regional both in determining participation in and outcomes of early work experiences. Based on this theoretical framework, a number of hypotheses are tested. The dominant statistical methodologies used to analyse the data from the 2003 School Leaver Survey were formations of generalised linear models. The results indicate that both human and social capital approaches are useful for examining the influence of early work experience on later outcomes, but that selection into these types of early work experience have the greatest influence on socio-economic outcomes.
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Livieratou, Antonia. "After the palace and before the polis : study cases from the centre and the periphery : the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age in the Argolid and Central Greece." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15806.
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The thesis examines the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age, i.e. the periods from Late Helladic IIIC (LHIIIC) to Protogeometric (PG) ( 1200-900 BC) in two areas of the Greek Mainland, the Argolid and Phokis-East Lokris. The Argolid, and in particular the Argive plain, which included among others the citadel of Mycenae, could be described as the core area of the Mycenaean world par excellence, while Phokis -East Lokris could be conventionally thought to belong to the Mycenaean periphery, since no palatial establishment was ever developed in the area. Through the comparative study of the evidence from the two areas, the different course of their post-palatial development is studied, and the factors that affected this development are carefully examined and discussed. In particular, the thesis investigates whether and how the different Mycenaean past of the two areas, and more specifically the different role of each one of them in the Mycenaean world affected their evolution in the period not only immediately after the palatial collapse but also in the transition to the Early Iron Age. The analysis of all the published evidence from LHIIIC to PG period (settlement remains, burials and cult evidence) offers a detailed view of the occupation of the areas in each phase of the transitional period and helps us gain a general, long-term understanding of settlement patterns, burial customs, cult practices and material culture. The study of continuity and changes in all these aspects also allows us to follow the socio-political evolution. In general, it is shown that the transition from the Late Bronze to the Early Iron Age was experienced very differently in each of the two areas under examination. The long-term view of the evidence as adopted by the present study, bridges the divide that scholarly literature has created between the two eras, while at the same time places the two areas in the general context of the Aegean. It also takes into account the significant role that external factors such as trade contacts or population movements played in this crucial period. Overall, this study stresses the individuality of each area and of each site of the Greek mainland, and demonstrates the complex historical reality of the transitional period and its many different components. The final aim of the thesis is to enlighten the transformation process that two different areas of the Greek mainland underwent from the post-palatial times until the beginning of the Early Iron Age, a process believed to carry the seeds for the rise of the most typical political formation of ancient Greece, the polis.
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Бараннікова, Наталія Андріївна, and Nataliia Barannikova. "Дослідження системи антикризового управління на підприємстві, на прикладі ТОВ "Микулинецьке АТП 16144"." Thesis, Тернопільський національний технічний університет імені Івана Пулюя, 2017. http://elartu.tntu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18948.
Full textAbstract:
Дипломна робота складається зі вступу, семи розділів, висновків, списку використаної літератури, додатків.Досліджено сутність кризи та кризових явищ, а також причини їх виникнення. Розглянуто сутність та значення антикризового управління, а також описано його методи. Охарактеризовано організаційно-економічні засади діяльності ТОВ «Микулинецьке АТП 16144» та проведено оцінку рівня його кризового стану із врахуванням внутрішніх та зовнішніх чинників. Обґрунтовано вибір стратегії антикризового управління та запропоновано заходи по виведенню ТОВ «Микулинецьке АТП 16144» з кризи.
The essence of the crisis’s and their causes has been investigated. The essence and importance of crisis management and it’s methods are described/ Organizational and economic principles of activity of LTD “Mykulynetske ATP 16144” are characterized. The level of crisis and influence of internal and external factors have been evaluated/ The choice of crisis management strategy is proved. Anti-crisis measures for LTD “Mykulynetske ATP 16144”have been proposed.
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Barnett, Maura. "The contemporary response to British art before Ruskin's "Modern painters" : an examination of exhibition reviews published in the British periodical press and the journalist art critics who penned them : from the late eighteenth century to 1843." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1993. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34732/.
Full textAbstract:
A particular literary genre, the exhibition review, forms the subject of this dissertation. It represents one facet of a discourse which began to develop in Britain during the latter years of the eighteenth century. Art historians have become increasingly interested in such criticism, but have usually treated it, not as an historical phenomenon which in itself deserves a full investigation, but as a pool of evidence from which to draw remarks concerning individual artists or works of art It is argued that such a one-dimensional approach is unsatisfactory, but that in attempting to go beyond it, the methodological problems posed by this primary source need to be considered. It is stressed that the building up of a basic corpus of knowledge is very important, and an inventory of identified critics is presented in order to assist this. Some observations on the careers of these critics are given. The exhibition reviews published in two contrasting periodicals, the Sun and The Examiner, form the subjects of case studies. The latter are known to have been penned by Robert Hunt and present no problems of attribution. The former are ascribed to John Taylor and the supporting evidence is put forward. The reviews are compared and it is shown how they differed according to their published contexts, and according to the idiosyncracies of their authors. It is suggested that in spite of these differences, a shared critical idiom was a strong force which led reviewers to make many similar comments. This idiom and the precedents which determined its nature are examined. The ways in which it at once harboured and yet disguised certain ideologies are demonstrated. Evidence which helps to place reviews into a more rounded picture of the past is given in conclusion, including statements which show that contemporaries perceived the press as an important influence on the development of taste.
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SORENSEN, Michael Kuur. "Young Hegelians before and after 1848 : when theory meets reality." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/14703.
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Defence date: 23 September 2010Examining Board: Prof. Martin van Gelderen (European University Institute, Supervisor); Prof. Heinz-Gerhard Haupt (European University Institute); Prof. Rainer Forst (Göethe Universität Frankfurt am Main); Prof. Iain Hampsher-Monk (University of Exeter)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
This thesis argues that the 1848 revolutions played a key role in the development of the political thought of the Young Hegelians, Arnold Ruge, Bruno Bauer, Moses Hess and Karl Marx. They all developed revolutionary ideas in the 1840s and hoped for revolutionary events as those that unfolded in 1848, but their theories failed to predict the outcome of the revolution. In the empirical analysis this thesis clearly demonstrates that the Young Hegelians under study changed their theoretical outlooks as a direct result of the 1848 revolutions. It is argued that the mechanism for this change is intellectual disillusionment. The idea is that these intellectuals became disillusioned with the theories they had developed in the 1840s because they experienced the 1848 as an intellectual failure.
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Tao-hui, Niu, and 牛道慧. "American Merchants in Guangzhou Before the Opium War (1784-1844)." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45047640418059477981.
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Fiala, Bonnie. "Using social cognitive constructs to predict preoperative exercise before total joint replacement." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2979.
Full textAbstract:
Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine social cognitive constructs as predictors of preoperative exercise (PE) in a sample of individuals waiting for total joint replacement (TJR) surgery using the framework of Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Methods: Participants (N = 78) were individuals waiting for TJR at the two major urban centres on Vancouver Island, Canada who completed measures of the SCT (barrier self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, self regulation, task efficacy & sociocultural factors of pain, physical function and neighbourhood walking environment) framed for (PE). Results: Independent t-tests suggested no differences between type of surgery (hip versus knee), gender or age for PE (p<.05). Over half of the sample was considered inactive (55%) using a definition of physical activity as accumulating at least 30 minutes of exercise at a moderate or vigorous intensity at least 3 days per week in bouts of 10 minutes or more. Bivariate correlations relating to PE were significant (p<.05) between self regulation (SR) (.25), task efficacy for exercise (TEE) (.27) and pain (-.28). Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that SR (β=.17) and TEE (β=.20) explained 10% of the variance in PE behaviour, but were not significant predictors of PE independently. The addition of pain to the regression analysis added 4% of the explained variance, and remained the only significant predictor (p<.05) of Pe behaviour. Conclusions: SCT showed modest capability in predicting PE in this sample, suggesting further testing of theoretical models is warranted in this area. These findings highlight the influence of pain on exercise before TJR surgery, and support the importance of considering individual factors such as pain when designing targeted interventions to increase activity in this population.
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Buaillon, Emmanuelle. "À Paris/sur Paris: a variationist account of prepositional alternation before city names in Hexagonal French." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/13199.
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À is the prototypical preposition used before city names in French, yet there are reports that, since the mid-20th century, sur also appears in this context in vernacular varieties of European French. To date, research on the choice between à and sur has focused on semantic and pragmatic differences between the two, and has relied on made-up examples, small participant usage surveys, or empirical datasets that were not systematically analyzed. Moreover, the influence of social factors has received only scant attention. This thesis addresses these shortcomings by providing a quantitative, variationist and longitudinal account of à/sur alternations. It asks the following question: Which factors (linguistic and social) can account for prepositional variation before city names in Hexagonal French? The data was drawn from two publicly available corpora of spoken Hexagonal French, representing three locales: the Parisian city-centre, a group of suburban cities surrounding Paris, and the midsize provincial city of Orléans. The speakers (N = 151) were born between 1878 and 1994, providing a mixture of real- and apparent-time perspectives on variation. Following variationist methods, the analysis considers all contexts where à/sur variation is possible (N = 2542) and seeks to elucidate the variable grammar. Results indicate important differences between the three areas under study, both in terms of social patterns and in terms of linguistic constraints. In Paris, the use of sur is restricted to a few speakers and a few linguistic contexts, and is overall very infrequent. In the suburbs and Orléans, sur is more widely attested across speakers and contexts, but it remains a minority variant which seems to be on the decline, especially in the suburbs. Further, in Orléans, the variable grammar is less linguistically constrained, suggesting a trajectory of geographic diffusion. Overall, the quantitative findings support some of the semantic and pragmatic hypotheses proposed in earlier work while shedding light on how geographic, social and linguistic factors combine to explain a phenomenon of variation that has never been studied using variationist methods before.Graduate
2022-07-19
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Abbott, George Malcolm. "Prescription before diagnosis: the dynamics of public policy construction in the BC Liberal New Era, 2001-2005." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/10749.
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The BC Liberal New Era was an intense and often controversial period in the province's political history. One day after being sworn into office with a massive majority, Premier Gordon Campbell announced a 25 percent personal income tax cut, potentially relinquishing one billion dollars in tax revenue. Seven weeks later, Campbell and his Finance Minister followed up with another billion in business and corporate tax cuts. Based on the apparent success of tax cuts in provinces like Ontario, where tax cuts coincided with very strong economic growth, they believed tax cuts in 2001 would prove efficacious despite sharply declining economic indices. Cautionary advice was dismissed and tax cuts quickly translated into a $4.4 billion deficit and deep expenditure reductions for ministries other than Health, Education, and Advanced Education. Their decision proved to be a compelling, real-world example of prescription before diagnosis.
The 2001/02 fiscal year sawonly 0.6 percent economic growth, much as the Ministry of Finance had predicted, not the 3.8 percent growth anticipated by the Premier and Finance Minister. An overall $4.4 billion deficit quickly translated into deep expenditure reductions for
ivministries other thanHealth, Education, or Advanced Education. The latter ministries accounted for seventy percentof BC’s budget and were protected from cuts by a campaign commitment.Resource ministries were hit hard with cuts of up to 45 percent but could not come close to filling the budgethole. The New Era thus offers a second and stark example of prescriptionbefore diagnosis: the belief that social ministries could also manage deep budget cuts without detrimental consequences to the disadvantaged and vulnerable clients they served.Long before tax cut optimism began to fade, Campbell introduced an array of processes –like core review, deregulation, devolution,and alternative service delivery –drawn from other jurisdictions and, indirectly, from the tenets of New Public Management. Those processes were clearly designed to foster smaller government, prompting a critical question:was the introduction of dramatic tax cuts into a recessionary environment intended to produce aself-induced crisis, thereby underlining the imperative of austerity? My dissertation supportsthat suggestion, butalso concludes that the “burning platform” became a far greater conflagration than its authors anticipated. The BC Liberal New Era campaignplatform’s ambitious social policy agenda was consequently sacrificed to sustain its economic agenda. The New Era campaign document aimed to maximize voter appeal by promising “everything at the same time”and similar expectations drove New Era processes.Ministries were obliged to deliver on process goals as well asexpensive New Era platform commitments while simultaneously cutting staff and programs. Confronted by seemingly endless and intractable problems, ministries looked nationally and internationally for policy experience that might inform provincial solutions. Policy transfer produced mixed results. The New Era experience suggests that the frequency and intensity of process demands –compounded by budget-driven resource attrition –inhibited rather than fostered policy success.Graduate
2020-12-04
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Chewka, Kaitlyn. "The politics of protecting species: an examination of environmental interest group strategies before and after the Species at Risk Act." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/3546.
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Our planet is currently in the midst of a mass extinction event. Plants and animals are dying off at a rate undocumented since the dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. Unlike earlier extinction events, however, the current ecological crisis is primarily being driven by a single species – homo sapiens. Although a seemingly overwhelming issue, environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) have dedicated themselves to ensuring strong species protection. In Canada, these interest groups launched and sustained a successful national campaign for federal endangered species legislation that culminated in the enactment of the Species at Risk Act (SARA). While ENGOs‟ campaign for protective legislation has been well-documented by scholars, there is a dearth of research regarding ENGOs‟ strategies following the passage of SARA. In order to address this knowledge gap, this thesis examines and compares the strategies employed by interest groups in both the pre- and post-passage stages of the Act. After conducting qualitative interviews with seven representatives of Canadian-based ENGOs, this study finds that following the passage of SARA interest groups, dissatisfied with the government‟s weak implementation of the Act, decided to overhaul their strategic approach and shifted the species at risk issue to three new institutional venues: the boardrooms of private corporations, the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC), and the domestic judicial arena. The thesis concludes that, despite inherent challenges, shifting institutional venues can be a successful strategy for ENGOs faced with a government reluctant to implement the hard-won legislative commitments. This work may prove to be particularly pertinent for other non-governmental organizations facing similar obstacles.Graduate
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Elhoshy, Mostafa Kamal Kamel. "Signal processing techniques for modern radar systems." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/11025.
Full textAbstract:
This dissertation considers radar detection and tracking of weak fluctuating targets
using dynamic programming (DP) based track-before-detect (TBD). TBD combines target
detection and tracking by integrating data over consecutive scans before making a decision
on the presence of a target. A novel algorithm is proposed which employs order statistics in
dynamic programming based TBD (OS-DP-TBD) to detect weak fluctuating targets. The
well-known Swerling type 0, 1 and 3 targets are considered with non-Gaussian distributed
clutter and complex Gaussian noise. The clutter is modeled using the Weibull, K and
G0 distributions. The proposed algorithm is shown to provide better performance than
well-known techniques in the literature. In addition, a novel expanding window multiframe
(EW-TBD) technique is presented to improve the detection performance with reasonable
computational complexity compared to batch processing. It is shown that EW-TBD has
lower complexity than existing multiframe processing techniques. Simulation results are
presented which confirm the superiority of the proposed expanding window technique in
detecting targets even when they are not present in every scan in the window. Further, the
throughput of the proposed technique is higher than with batch processing. Depending
on the range and azimuth resolution of the radar system, the target may appear as a point
in some radar systems and there will be target energy spillover in other systems. This
dissertation considers both extended targets with different energy spillover levels and point
targets. Simulation results are presented which confirm the superiority of the proposed
algorithm in both cases.Graduate
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Arnold, Michelle Marie. "I knew that answer before you told me ... didn't I? : subjective experience versus objective measures of the knew-it-all-along effect." 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/772.
Full textAbstract:
The knew-it-all-along (KIA) effect occurs when individuals report that they had
previously known something that they learned only recently. Participants in a traditional
KIA experiment first rate on a number scale the likelihood of one or more given
responses being the correct answer for trivia-like questions (Phase 1); in the feedback
phase they are shown the correct answers for a portion of the questions; and in the final
phase they are asked to ignore the feedback and give the same number rating for each
question that they had given in the first phase. Although several studies have shown that
people often have difficulty retrospectively determining the level of knowledge they had
prior to the occurrence of feedback, there is no research exploring the subjective
experience of the effect. We incorporated a RememberIJust KnowIGuess judgment in a
traditional (Experiment 1) and a modified-traditional (Experiment 2: 2-alternative-forcedchoice)
KIA paradigm. In the modified paradigm the number scale was eliminated, and
participants simply chose which of two response alternatives they believed to be the
correct answer for each trivia question. Experiments 3 - 5 were similar in format to
Experiments 1 and 2, but the trivia stimuli were replaced with word puzzles, which were
expected to be better suited to inducing a feeling of having known it all along because
answers to trivia questions typically seem arbitrary, whereas solutions to word puzzles
give rise to ah-ha experiences. A typical KIA effect was observed in all five experiments,
but evidence for an accompanying subjective feeling of knew-it-all-along was found only
with word puzzle stimuli.
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Corman, Michael Kenneth. "Primary caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: an exploration of the stressors, joys, and parental coping before and after out-of-home placement." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/1227.
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In the present phenomenological study, mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) were interviewed using semi-structured, open-ended interview questions. The purpose of this study was to explore the stressors and joys, and parental coping associated with having a child with ASD, before and after out-of-home placement. A total of 9 mothers, six from British Columbia and three from Alberta, participated in the study. The findings suggest that along with stressors, parents experienced a multitude of joys throughout their caregiving experiences. Also, joys had an impact on caregiver's stress-coping process. This study, therefore, expanded upon current states of knowledge on the adaptational function of joys to caregivers of individuals with chronic conditions. In light of the findings, modified stress-coping process model based on the work of Lazarus and Folkman (1984), Folkman (1997), and Pearlin et al. (1990; 1980) is proposed. Also, findings shed light on mothers' lived-experiences leading up to and after out-of-home placement, illuminating an understudied aspect of caregiving for children with ASD.
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Nogita, Akitsugu. "Examination of the (si) and (ʃi) confusion by Japanese ESL learners." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/2991.
Full textAbstract:
It is a general belief in Japan that the English /s/ and /ʃ/ before high front vowels (as in "see" and "she") are problematic for Japanese ESL (English-as-a-second-language) learners. Some research has also reported the /s/ and /ʃ/ confusion by Japanese ESL learners. Their pronunciation errors are often explained based on phonetics, but there are reasons to believe that the learners’ knowledge of the phonemes of the target words is at fault. This study examines 1) whether monolingual Japanese speakers distinguish the [si] and [ʃi] syllables in both perception and production in the Japanese contexts and 2) what would be the sources of Japanese speakers’ challenges in mastering the distinction between [si] and [ʃi] in their English production if Japanese speakers can produce and perceive the difference between these syllables. This study conducted two experiments. In the first experiment, 93 monolingual Japanese speakers between the ages of 17 and 89 in and around Tôkyô read aloud the written stimuli that had [si] and [ʃi] in the Japanese contexts, repeated the sound stimuli that had [si] and [ʃi] in the Japanese contexts, and listened to the [si:] and [ʃi:] syllables in isolation recorded by a native speaker of Canadian English. The results showed that the participants all distinguished [si] and [ʃi] in both perception and production regardless of their ages. Based on these results, I hypothesized that the [s] and [ʃ] confusion by Japanese ESL learners is caused by misunderstanding, rather than an inability to articulate these sounds. In the second experiment, 27 Japanese ESL students were recorded reading an English passage. The passage contains /s/ (7 times) and /ʃ/ (11 times) before high front vowels. After the reading, the participants were taught the basic English phonological system and the symbol-sound correspondence rules such as “s”-/s/ and “sh”-/ʃ/. The lesson lasted 40 minutes during which the participants were also interviewed to find out their awareness of the symbol-sound correspondence. No articulation explanations were given during the lesson. After the lesson, the participants read the same passage. The results showed that /s/ and /ʃ/ were mispronounced 39 and 67 times respectively in total by the 27 participants before the lesson, but only 7 and 19 times after the lesson. These changes are statistically significant. Moreover, the interview during the lesson revealed that the participants lacked phonological awareness in English as well as the knowledge of the symbol-sound correspondence rules. This study concluded that many of the mispronunciations by Japanese ESL learners, including /s/ and /ʃ/, can be solved by teaching the English phonics rules and some basic phonological rules without teaching the articulation of these sounds.