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1
Bindon, B. M., and N. M. Jones. "Cattle supply, production systems and markets for Australian beef." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): 861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01052.
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Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
2
Austen, Dick. "Foreword to 'Producing and Processing Quality Beef from Australian Cattle Herds'." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 41, no. 7 (2001): I. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/eav41n7_fo.
Full textAbstract:
Markets for Australian beef throughout the 20th century have been moulded by world wars, economic depressions, droughts, transport technology, cattle breeding, trade barriers, global competition, livestock disease eradication, human health risks, food safety, Australian Government policy, consumerism and beef quality. Major ‘shocks’ to beef marketing include the development of successful shipments of chilled carcases to Britain in the 1930s, the widespread trade disruption caused by World War II, expansion (early 1950s) and then a reduction in beef exports to Britain (1956), the introduction and then proliferation of Bos indicus derived cattle in northern Australia (1960s), licensing and upgrading of Australian abattoirs to export to USA and the consequential brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign leading to record export tonnages of Australian processing beef to USA (1960–70). In 1980, increased beef trade to Japan began, leading in the late 1980s to expansion of high-quality grain finished products into that market. By 1993, beef exports to Japan (280.5 kt) exceeded those to USA (274.4 kt), signalling the significant shift in beef exports to Asia. Commencing in about 1986, the USA recognised the value of beef exports to Asian markets pioneered by Australia. Australia’s share of the Japanese and South Korean markets has been under intense competition since that time. Another major influence on Australia’s beef market in the early 1990s was growth in live cattle exports to Asian markets in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Live exports accounted for 152000 heads in 1992 and 858000 heads in 1996. Improved management systems (e.g. fences) and consequent regulation of cattle supply even in the wet season, a by-product of the brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication campaign, were indirect drivers of the growth in live exports. Throughout the period 1940–2000, domestic consumption of beef and veal declined from 68 to 33.3 kg/head.year, reflecting competition from other foods, perceptions of health risks, price of beef, periodic food safety scares, vegetarianism, changes in lifestyle and eating habits and lack of consistency of eating quality of beef. Despite this decline, the domestic Australian beef market still consumes a significant component (37%) of total Australian beef production. In 1984–85, the reform of the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation set in train a major directional change (‘New Direction’) of the beef sector in response to beef market trends. Under Dick Austen’s leadership, the Australian Meat and Livestock Corporation changed the industry’s culture from being ‘production-driven’ to being ‘consumer-driven’. Market research began in Australia, Japan and Korea to establish consumer preferences and attitudes to price, beef appearance and eating quality. Definite consumer requirements were identified under headings of consistency and reliability. The AusMeat carcass descriptors were introduced and a decade later traits like tenderness, meat colour, fat colour, meat texture, taste, smell, and muscle size were addressed. These historical ‘shocks’ that shaped the Australian beef markets have all been accompanied by modification to production systems, breeding programs, herd structure, processing procedures, advertising and promotion, meat retailing and end-use. The increasing importance of the food service sector and the ‘Asian merge’ influence on beef cuts usage in restaurant meals and take-away products are the most recognisable changes in the Australian food landscape. The Cooperative Research Centre¿s research portfolio was built around the changing forces influencing beef markets in the early 1990s. Australia needed to better understand the genetic and non-genetic factors affecting beef quality. One example was the poor success rate of cattle being grain-fed for the Japanese premium markets. Another was the relative contribution of pre- and post-slaughter factors to ultimate eating quality of beef. The Meat Standards Australia scheme was launched in 1997 to address this problem in more detail. The Cooperative Research Centre contributed significantly to this initiative. In the year 2001, Australia, with only 2.5% of world cattle numbers retains the position of world number one beef trader. We trade to 110 countries worldwide. The Australian beef sector is worth A$6 billion annually. The diversity of Australian environments, cattle genotypes and production systems provides us with the ability to meet diverse specifications for beef products. A new set of market forces is now emerging. Strict accreditation rules apply to Australian producers seeking access to the lucrative European Union market. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies like bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie are a continuing food safety concern in Europe. This and the foot and mouth disease outbreak in Britain early in 2001 have potentially significant indirect effects on markets for Australian beef. And the sleeping giant, foot and mouth disease-free status of Latin American countries Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina continues to emerge as a major threat to Australian beef markets in Canada and Taiwan. As in the past, science and technology will play a significant role in Australia¿s response to these market forces.
3
Ferguson, D. M., R. D. Warner, P. J. Walker, and B. Knee. "Effect of cattle marketing method on beef quality and palatability." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 7 (2007): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05213.
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This study was conducted to determine the effect of direct consignment compared with saleyard marketing on beef quality and palatability. A total of 258 cattle (mean carcass weight 227 ± 19 kg) from nine vendor properties in Victoria, Australia were used. From each vendor group (about 30 cattle/vendor), half were either: (1) processed through a saleyard and then sent to the abattoir or (2) directly consigned to the abattoir. All cattle were slaughtered at the same abattoir and the lairage and postslaughter management of the cattle and their carcasses was standardised. The cattle that had been directly consigned were slaughtered the day after dispatch from the property, whereas saleyard cattle were slaughtered 2 days after dispatch. Striploin (longissimus lumborum) samples were evaluated 1 day postslaughter and after 14 days aging. Overall, marketing method had only a small impact on the various meat quality measures and palatability. A significant vendor × marketing method interaction was found for most traits including muscle glycogen (semimembranosus and semitendinosus), pH (1, 3 and 24 h postslaughter), L*, a* and b* colour values and consumer panel scores [tenderness, flavour and combined score (MQ4)]. Juiciness scores were unaffected by marketing method but were significantly influenced by vendor group (P < 0.001). For MQ4 score, there was a general trend showing that steaks from cattle that had been marketed through the saleyard had marginally lower MQ4 scores than those that had been directly consigned in five of the eight groups. However, this trend was only significant for two of the five groups. A significant three-way interaction between vendor group × marketing method × aging duration was found for shear force (P < 0.001) and cooking loss percentage (P < 0.001). The effect of marketing method on shear force was generally small and not always statistically significant but there was a trend indicating that saleyard marketing resulted in slightly higher shear forces at either 1 or 14 days postslaughter for the majority of the vendor groups. It was concluded that marketing method had a small but variable impact on palatability and meat quality.
4
Whan, I., G. Bortolussi, and R. Backus. "The impact of innovation on beef production in far northern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 2 (2006): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05175.
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In this paper we examine the forces that have shaped Australia’s far northern (north of 20° south) beef industry over the past 35 years. This is done for the purpose of tracing its transformation from a state of relative isolation to an integral part of the national beef industry. We note that integration is being accompanied by a greater focus, particularly by corporate producers, on specialised breeding in the far north and this is being assisted by innovations that increase herd fertility and raise the meat quality of the progeny, while retaining adaptation of the breeding herd to the local environment. Among a range of technologies, genetic improvement has significant potential to bring about rapid improvement in the meat quality of tropically adapted cattle. With respect to gene-based technology, however, independent producers will have to be convinced about the rigour of the technology and the prospects of economic gains before they make significant management changes. To this end, innovative marketing systems are needed that will reveal the link between expected meat returns and the offer prices applying to groups of growing cattle in any location. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to develop and introduce a descriptive and informative trading language for growing cattle that incorporates inherent qualities including those that influence meat quality. Innovations that will complement those applying to enhancement of meat quality are more general but will significantly raise herd productivity. We also compare the operating systems of both corporate and independent producers in the region.
5
Charmley, E., M. L. Stephens, and P. M. Kennedy. "Predicting livestock productivity and methane emissions in northern Australia: development of a bio-economic modelling approach." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 2 (2008): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07264.
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Enteric fermentation from livestock is a large source of methane, which has a global warming potential 23 times that of carbon dioxide. In Australia, enteric emissions from the livestock sector contribute 10% of Australia’s greenhouse gases. The northern Australian beef industry about 16 million animals is a major contributor to these emissions. However, relative to temperate systems, comparatively little research has been conducted on enteric methane emissions from tropical feeding systems. This paper describes a modelling approach that estimates cattle methane emissions for various bioregions of northern Australia. The approach incorporates a metabolisable energy based model of animal production linked to a property herd economic model. This provides a flexible tool to evaluate animal and property herd dynamics on regional methane yields and liveweight productivity, as well as to assess financial impacts. The model predicts that an important determinant of methane output per unit of product is reduced days to market. Reduced days to market may be achieved through a range of energy supplementation and marketing strategies.
6
Maman, Ujang, Akhmad Mahbubi, and Ferry Jie. "Halal risk mitigation in the Australian–Indonesian red meat supply chain." Journal of Islamic Marketing 9, no. 1 (March 5, 2018): 60–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jima-12-2015-0095.
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Purpose This study aims to identify halal risk events, halal risk agents, measure halal risk level and formulate the halal risk control model (mitigation) in all stages in the beef supply chain from Australia to Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This research combines qualitative and quantitative method. It elaborates nine variables as the Halal Control Point: halal animal, animal welfare, stunning, knife, slaughter person, slaughter method, invocation, packaging, labeling and halal meat. This study uses house of risk, a model for proactive supply chain risk. Findings The main mitigation strategies to guarantee the halal beef status in the abattoir is the obligation of vendor or the factory to issue a written manual of stunning tool. The priority of halal risk mitigation strategies for the retailing to avoid the meat contamination is the need of a halal policy for transporter’s companies and supermarkets. Research limitations/implications Every actor must be strongly committed to the application of halal risk mitigation strategies and every chain must be implemented in the halal assurance system. Originality/value This model will be a good reference for halal meat auditing and reference for halal meat import procurement policy.
7
Polkinghorne, R., R. Watson, J. M. Thompson, and D. W. Pethick. "Current usage and future development of the Meat Standards Australia (MSA) grading system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 11 (2008): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea07175.
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Progress in the development and adoption of the Meat Standards Australia system has encouraged substantial change and an improved consumer awareness at all points of the Australian beef production chain. The system is moving from niche to mainstream market application with the exciting potential to transform many industry practices and build a more direct consumer focus. The system aims to accurately predict consumer satisfaction levels for individual cooked beef portions. This is a major advance on grading systems that classify carcasses into groups of like appearance. A prediction model was developed based on consumer testing and has proved to be useful in categorising a wide range of beef into consumer grades within cooking methods. These provide a basis to ensure a predictable eating quality result for the consumer and a mechanism to align product description and pricing throughout the production chain. When used in value-based marketing systems financial reward can be directly linked to consumer satisfaction encouraging a consumer-focussed industry. Research is proceeding to extend and improve the accuracy of the prediction model encompassing additional cattle types and cooking methods. Several projects in other countries are adding insights into the relative response of consumers from varied cultural backgrounds. It is hoped that further international collaboration will facilitate use of the developed technology to improve consumer value and industry returns through improved product consistency in global markets.
8
Kostomakhin, N. M., and M. S. Mansurova. "Economically useful traits of cows Australian breeding in the Amur region." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2102-01.
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Recently, a signifi cant number of livestock of specialized beef breeds is imported from abroad particularly from Australia. So the study of the adaptive ability and eff ectiveness of the use of Australian cattle of Hereford breed in the Amur region is relevant. The purpose of the work was to study the growth, development and reproductive capacity of Hereford cattle in the Amur region. Experimental studies have been carried out in the collective farm “Tomichevsky” in the Belogorsky district in the Amur region for four years. The reproductive ability of imported Hereford cows of Australian selection, as well as indicators of calving easy, live weight and height in the rump have been examined in the article. The assessment of similar indicators of progeny obtained from imported cows-dams and dams of local selection have been given. It has been found that the cows of the Australian breeding had a large live weight and were taller than the cows of Hereford breed the same age as the cows of Amur breeding. Fewer off spring were obtained from imported cows, a high percentage of dead calves were born, long open day’s period and calving interval, and a low coeffi cient of reproductive ability have been revealed. When analyzing the results of the study of the adaptive ability of Hereford cows obtained from imported Australian Hereford cows and Hereford cows of the Amur breeding, it has been found that all calving were successful in the cows, and no cases of dead calves were born. Indicators of reproductive ability were within the normal range, but were more optimal in the progeny of Australian breeding. The results obtained on base of researches we can conclude that the progeny of Australian Herefords have higher adaptive abilities in comparison with similar indicators of their mothers.
9
Bowen, M. K., and F. Chudleigh. "Grazing pressure, land condition, productivity and profitability of beef cattle grazing buffel grass pastures in the subtropics of Australia: a modelling approach." Animal Production Science 58, no. 8 (2018): 1451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an17780.
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There is widespread evidence that beef cattle land managers in Queensland are using stocking rates for perennial pastures that are substantially higher than recommended guidelines, and some indication that these decisions are motivated by perceived financial and economic benefits. Considerable effort has been, and is currently being, applied by public-sector organisations to encourage producers to reduce grazing pressure from beef cattle across Queensland’s pastoral lands. A better understanding of the relationships among stocking rate, land condition and profitability of beef-grazing enterprises is imperative to better inform cattle producers and policy makers. The present study assessed the effect of grazing pressure and land condition on the productivity and profitability of a steer-turnover enterprise utilising buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) pastures in central Queensland. A property-level, regionally relevant herd model was used to determine whole-of-business productivity and profitability over a 30-year investment period. Growth paths for steers from weaning to marketing were developed for 16 scenarios encompassing a range of pasture-utilisation rates (30%, 35% and 50% of annual biomass growth), land condition (A, B and C) and market targets (feedlot entry at 474 kg or slaughter at 605 kg). The economic effect of each scenario was assessed by comparison to a base scenario of 30% pasture utilisation and turn-off of slaughter steers. Our analyses demonstrated a large economic advantage from increasing grazing pressure above 30% utilisation for buffel grass pastures, even with assumptions of declining land condition and animal performance. For instance, producing slaughter steers under a 50% pasture-utilisation regime with a continuous decline in land condition from A to C (and, hence, productivity) over Years 10–30 was AU$21 772/annum more profitable than was a 30% pasture-utilisation strategy, which is widely recommended as closer to a long-term, safe utilisation rate. The present research has provided insights into the relationship between grazing pressure and economic returns of beef producers over the medium term. However, it should be considered as a scoping study due to the paucity of data for effects of utilisation rate on the productivity of buffel grass pastures and, hence, on land-condition rating. Further research is required to better understand the effects of utilisation rate of buffel grass, and other sown pasture grass and legume species, on plant biomass production, plant-diet quality for cattle, land-condition decline and cattle productivity.
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Lean, Ian J. "Effects of retailer pressure on the efficiency of agricultural industries." Animal Production Science 53, no. 11 (2013): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13178.
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Considerable progress has been made in reducing starvation during the past century. This was achieved through increased use of arable land and adoption of new technologies. Future increases in food production will depend to a greater extent than in the past on the adoption of new technologies and must be even more rapidly achieved than in the past to meet the increase in demand for food. Intensive industries such as the poultry industry are under pressure from those engaged with a naturalistic fallacy. Technologies such as antibiotics for chickens or hormonal growth promotants (HGPs) for beef cattle that are safe for people, reduce environmental impacts of production, increase profits for producers, and improve animal well-being will be needed to achieve these increases in food production. The precedent set in the EU in banning HGPs can be understood as a response to the illegal abuse of diethylstilboestrol in the EU and as a non-tariff trade barrier to reduce the importation of beef from more efficient producers. The banning of antibiotics in the EU reflects the unwise application of a ‘precautionary principle’ through which risks were not soundly assessed. However, the unilateral ban established by Coles Supermarkets Pty Ltd on HGPs in Australia represents a more dangerous development, in which marketing ploys have been accorded a higher value than the care of animals, the environment, or the profit made by producers. Decisions such as these have reduced the viability of animal production in the UK and pose a threat to sustainable agricultural production in Australia.
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McCown, RL. "Being realistic about no-tillage, legume ley farming for the Australian semi-arid tropics." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961069.
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There is a long tradition of expectation that, in time, land use in the better-endowed areas of Australia's semi-arid tropics would intensify from beef production on grassy woodlands to broadacre production of dryland crops. However, successive development attempts have yet to result in a substantial field crop industry. This paper reflects on a recent 20-year research and development episode in which ley farming, so successful in the wheat-sheep zone of southern Australia, was adapted and trialed in the tropical north. The system tested in the tropics was one which featured (i) coarse grain crops in rotation with legume leys and (ii) cattle grazing native pasture in the crop growing season and ley and crop residues in the dry season. It can be concluded that this system is technically successful. But compared with the ley system in southern Australia, the benefits of pasture legumes are less efficiently captured, both in the animal and the crop production enterprises. In addition, in this climate and on these soils, pastures with the high legume composition needed to substantially substitute for nitrogen fertiliser in the crop phase pose a serious threat of soil acidification. In contrast to legume leys, the advantage of no-tillage, mulch farming practices over conventional cultivation is much greater in this semi-arid tropical region than in temperate or Mediterranean areas: by slowing evaporation, mulch is often crucial in reducing high temperature injury or impedance to emerging seedlings as well as reducing the deleterious effects of intensive summer rainfall. But even with this improvement the climatic risks in dryland grain cropping remain a strong deterrent to crop industry development. Today, the findings from past experimentation, accrued farming experience, and new information products combine to provide what seem to be more realistic expectations for agriculture in this region. Even with the 'best' technology, this region suffers comparative disadvantage with respect to dryland field crop production and marketing. However, the region enjoys comparative advantages in the production of several other types of commodities, and a more realistic approach to 'Research and Development' includes a shift of resources toward activities with production and marketing advantages.
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Bowen, M. K., and F. Chudleigh. "Productivity and profitability of alternative steer growth paths resulting from accessing high-quality forage systems in the subtropics of northern Australia: a modelling approach." Animal Production Science 59, no. 9 (2019): 1739. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an18311.
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Beef producers have to determine the best allocation of a limited resource of high-quality forage. This analysis assessed the most profitable way of incorporating high-quality forages into the whole-of-life steer growth path on forage systems in central Queensland, using property-level, regionally relevant herd models that determine whole-of-business productivity and profitability over a 30-year investment period. Twenty-two growth paths (liveweight change over time) from weaning to marketing were investigated for steers grazing buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) pastures with and without access to leucaena–grass pastures (Leucaena leucocephala spp. glabrata + perennial, tropical grass (C4) species) or forage oats (Avena sativa) for varying intervals throughout their growth path. The production, economic and financial effect of each growth path was assessed by comparison to a base scenario that produced finished, slaughter steers (605 kg) from buffel grass pastures. The relative profitability of marketing steers at feedlot entry (feed-on) weight (474 kg) instead of slaughter weights was also assessed. The growth paths were applied within two beef enterprises, namely (1) steer turnover and (2) breeding and finishing. For both enterprises, grazing steers on leucaena-grass pastures from weaning until they achieved feedlot entry weight (474 kg) was substantially more profitable than any other growth path. Compared with the base scenario, this optimal growth path improved profitability by 121% and 37% for the steer turnover and the breeding and finishing enterprises respectively. The purchase of additional breeders for the latter enterprise was required to optimise utilisation of the leucaena–grass pastures immediately. Incorporating leucaena–grass pastures at any steer age improved the profitability of the steer turnover enterprise (AU$7368–AU$106508 extra profit/annum), and similarly for the breeding and finishing enterprise (AU$1754–AU$31383 extra profit/annum) except for two scenarios where leucaena–grass pastures were provided to older steers targeted at the feed-on market (AU$4816 and AU$23886 less profit/annum). However, incorporation of leucaena–grass into steer growth paths also resulted in increased peak deficit levels and financial risk to the business compared with buffel grass-only production systems, with payback periods for the most profitable growth path of 8 and 14 years for the steer turnover and the breeding and finishing enterprise respectively. All growth paths that incorporated forage oats and leucaena–grass resulted in lower economic and financial performance than did comparable growth paths that incorporated leucaena–grass only. Furthermore, incorporating oats into buffel grass-only growth paths always reduced the enterprise profitability. There was no relationship, across scenarios within an enterprise, between change in profit and the number of extra weaners produced or the amount of extra beef produced per hectare.
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Savage, T. M. "CRUDE OIL MARKETING DEREGULATION." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87031.
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The Australian Government's decision to deregulate indigenous crude oil marketing from 1 January 1988 brings to an end the period of the Government's involvement in this area of the petroleum industry. The determination of price, the development and monitoring of administrative procedures to ensure equitable allocation of indigenous crude, and the resolution of differing views between producers, refiners and marketers were all areas where Government was actively involved. While the extent of future involvement is uncertain, the policy changes put a different dimension on exploration and production efforts for all companies and on their relationship with the marketplace, both locally and overseas.The move to deregulation widens the available options for all parties - producers, refiner/ marketers and international traders. WTiile these options exist, the most probable situation in 1988 is not expected to be greatly different from that which has existed in the last couple of years. No refineries will be shut down; product imports will increase slightly but not significantly enough to affect total demand on Australian refineries. A reduced level of indigenous crude should be run to enable greater flexibility in crude/feedstock selection for optimising refinery profitability. However, at least 75 per cent of indigenous production should be continued to be absorbed within Australia with the bulk of the exports being made from Gippsland and Jabiru areas.The change in emphasis towards product excise has ensured that the Australian Government has the mechanism to sustain revenue, essentially independent of the prices obtained for indigenous crude. As such, the Government's involvement in crude oil marketing, if at all, will be significantly reduced.Factors affecting negotiations between producers and other interested parties have been explored. It is considered that, although it is highly unlikely that firm markets will have been established by early 1988, a workable set of arrangements will have been developed to ensure that crude oil production is moved. As many uncertainties will exist on the validity of these arrangements for the long term, there will be a tendency towards spot or short-term sales agreements so that the options are left open. The key pricing points are seen to be the value BP Australia is prepared to pay for Western Australia and Queensland production, at Kwinana and Brisbane respectively, and the prices being obtained by Esso/BHP for Gippsland crude in the export market.
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Kidane, H. "Export Market for Australian Beef Industry." Journal of Food Products Marketing 14, no. 1 (October 30, 2007): 11–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j038v14n01_02.
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Pettigrew, Simone. "A grounded theory of beer consumption in Australia." Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 5, no. 2 (June 2002): 112–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13522750210423814.
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Polonsky, Michael Jay, Les Carlson, Stephen Grove, and Norman Kangun. "International environmental marketing claims." International Marketing Review 14, no. 4 (August 1, 1997): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02651339710173426.
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Examines the differences in types of environmental claims used in advertisements in Australia, Canada, the UK and USA. The advertisements are examined using a content analysis schema with four categories (product orientation, process orientation, image orientation or environmental fact) which have been developed and reported in the literature. The four types of environmental advertisements can be “compressed” into two groups: substantive claims (product and process based) and posturing claims (image and environmental fact based). Suggests that claims in advertisements may be a proxy for firm behaviour and therefore firms using substantive claims in their advertisements are more environmentally involved than firms using posturing claims in their advertisements. Finds that US advertisements use the most posturing claims and least substantive claims, with Australian advertisements using the most substantive claims and least posturing claims. This may suggest that US firms (i.e. the companies making these claims) are less environmentally involved compared with firms in the three other countries examined.
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Loutit, T. S. "AUSTRALIAN PETROLEUM RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: AN EXAMPLE OF PROBLEM-DRIVEN GEOSCIENCE RESEARCH MANAGEMENT." APPEA Journal 36, no. 1 (1996): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95028.
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The Australian petroleum exploration research program is customer-driven and reflects the balance between the need for the petroleum industry to reduce exploration risk in the short term and the government need to improve the perception of prospectivity in the longer term. Higher prospectivity will lead to greater exploration investment and competition, whereas risk-reduction will increase the efficiency and effectiveness of the exploration industry. Thus the objectives of the primary customers may be significantly different, with government intent on increasing the amount of investment and competition between explorers, whereas industry is intent on keeping expenditure to a minimum and maintaining competitive advantage. Despite the differences, collaboration between all groups involved in exploration and exploration-related research in Australia is essential to solve the range of exploration problems and generate new paradigms. Collaborative research ventures are most successful when new ideas stimulate explorer and researcher alike to focus resources on the key questions despite factors such as competitive advantage. Government geoscience researchers must play a significant role in generating and marketing new concepts to help maintain Australia's supply of domestic petroleum products.The scale of the petroleum research undertaken, and the degree of collaboration between industry and research groups in Australia, is remarkable. There is a productive balance between groups developing and applying new technology and those undertaking regional geological and petroleum systems research. This balance has been reached because of the long-term commitment by the Australian Government, via legislation and funding, to ensure the preservation of exploration data in national geoscience database systems, and that basic and applied research at all scales, from basins to wells, is undertaken in support of petroleum exploration and development.Despite the success of a number of collaborative research projects, research and development resources are still under-utilised by the Australian petroleum industry. Government research agencies must develop a higher marketing profile to ensure that the utilisation of the resources is at a maximum.
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&NA;. "Methyl aminolevulinate ['Metvix'; PhotoCure] has been granted marketing authorisation in Australia." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1382 (April 2003): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-200313820-00042.
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Ponzoni, R. W., and S. Newman. "Developing breeding objectives for australian beef cattle production." Animal Science 49, no. 1 (August 1989): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004232.
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ABSTRACTA sequential procedure for the development of breeding objectives for beef cattle improvement is presented. The procedure is general, and could be used for other types of domestic livestock. The development proceeds in four phases: (1) specification of the breeding, production and marketing system; (2) identification of sources of income and expenses; (3) determination of biological traits influencing income and expense; (4) derivation of the economic value of each trait, based on discounted gene flow methods. As an example, a breeding objective is developed for a pure breeding herd from which male calves are marketed at 9 months of age and surplus heifers are sold at 15 months of age. Situations examined included: (1) the effect of discounting on the breeding objective (income and expense per year v. discounting at 0, 5 and 10%); (2) the effect of ignoring the economic value for food intake in the objective; (3) the effect of inclusion of yearling weight or the deletion of calving date from the selection index. In general, correlations between objectives for discounting and income and expense per year were greater than 0·95, whereas correlations between indices were greater than 0·85. Setting food costs equal to zero shifted emphasis from reproduction to growth traits, with a consequent increase in food intake. The addition of yearling weight to the index caused a small increase in the accuracy of the index, whereas the deletion of calving date had a large effect, halving the accuracy of the index. The practical implications of the results are discussed.
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Duff, Cameron. "Alcohol Marketing and the Media: What are Alcohol Advertisements Telling US?" Media International Australia 108, no. 1 (August 2003): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0310800105.
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The marketing and promotion of alcohol have attracted considerable controversy in Australia in recent years. Many researchers argue that the active promotion of alcohol has led to increases in alcohol consumption in Australia, particularly among the young, as well as a range of alcohol-related harms and problems. Others contest this view, whilst the alcohol industry itself contends that alcohol advertising is more concerned with winning and maintaining ‘market share’ than with attracting new drinkers. As such debates intensify, it is timely to consider changes in the content and format of alcohol advertising in this country. This paper examines a number of recent Australian alcohol advertisements, comparing those for beer with those for spirits and ‘ready to drink’ products in highlighting some significant changes in the ways leisure and consumption are represented in youth cultures. I argue that many of these advertisements present alcohol as a potent means of enhancing young people's leisure experience in ways that risk endorsing excessive alcohol consumption as an appropriate or ‘normal’ leisure activity for young people.
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Sinclair, John, and Barry Carr. "Making a market for Mexican food in Australia." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 10, no. 2 (May 21, 2018): 175–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-07-2017-0042.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to account for the remarkable proliferation of Mexican restaurants and tequila bars in contemporary urban Australia, in the absence of any geographical contiguity, historical connection or cultural proximity between Australia and Mexico.Design/methodology/approachThe paper traces how the particularities of direct cultural contact, interpersonal networks and grass-roots entrepreneurism can open up new markets, and how the ground is, thus, prepared for subsequent large-scale international corporate entry to those markets. This research is based on interviews with key figures in the development of the Mexican food industry in Australia, interpreted in terms of the extant literature on cultural globalisation. The first-hand accounts of these participants have been interpreted in the light of available secondary sources and relevant theory.FindingsThe most striking theme to emerge in the study is the relative absence of Mexicans, or even Mexico-experienced Australians, in the making of a market for Mexican food in Australia. Rather, initially, Americans were prominent, as entrepreneurs and in forming a consumer market, while in later decades, entrepreneurs and consumers alike have been Australians whose experience of Mexican food has been formed in the United States, not Mexico. The role of hipster subculture and travel is seen as instrumental. Also of interest is the manner in which the personal experiences and interrelationships of the Americans and Australians have shaped the development of the Mexican food industry. This is not to ignore the much more recent participation of a new wave of immigrants from Mexico.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the scope of the study is national, the sharper focus is on the experience of Melbourne; it would be useful for future researchers to investigate other major cities, even if Melbourne has been the most pivotal of Australian cities in the history of Mexican food in Australia. The study has conceptual and theoretical implications for debates around cultural globalisation and “Americanisation”.Originality/valueThe paper provides a close-grained and suitably theorised account of how a particular consumer trend has become extended on a global basis, with particular attention to both individual experience and agency, and corporate activity.
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Mollenhauer, Jeanette. "Stepping to the fore: The promotion of Irish dance in Australia." Scene 8, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2020): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/scene_00022_1.
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This article contributes to scant literature on Irish dance praxis in Australia by demonstrating how the confluence of global and local factors have permitted Irish dance in Australia to step to the fore. Irish step dance is a globally recognizable genre that has dispersed through, first, the migration of Irish people throughout the world and, more recently, through itinerant theatrical troupes. In Australia, a significant node of the Irish diaspora, Irish step dance has managed to achieve unusual prominence in a dance landscape that has traditionally been dominated by genres from within the Western concert dance canon. Drawing on both extant literature and ethnographic data, this article examines three threads from the narrative of Irish dance in Australia. First, the general choreographic landscape of the nation is described, showing that the preferences of Australian dance audiences have been shaped to privilege styles that are popular onstage and on-screen, with the resulting marginalization of culturally-specific genera. Second, localized effects of the global contagion instigated by the development of the stage show Riverdance are explored. Here, the domains of aesthetics and decisive marketing strategies are discussed, showing how engagement with Australian audiences was achieved. Finally, the article introduces an idiosyncratic localized influence, the children’s musical group The Wiggles, which was conceived independently but which also promoted interest and enthusiasm for Irish dance in Australia by engaging with young children and presenting propriety of Irish dance as available to all, regardless of cultural ancestry.
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Crawford, Robert, and Matthew Bailey. "Speaking of research: oral history and marketing history." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 10, no. 1 (February 19, 2018): 107–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-02-2017-0007.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the value of oral history for marketing historians and provide case studies from projects in the Australian context to demonstrate its utility. These case studies are framed within a theme of market research and its historical development in two industries: advertising and retail property. Design/methodology/approach This study examines oral histories from two marketing history projects. The first, a study of the advertising industry, examines the globalisation of the advertising agency in Australia over the period spanning the 1950s to the 1980s, through 120 interviews. The second, a history of the retail property industry in Australia, included 25 interviews with executives from Australia’s largest retail property firms whose careers spanned from the mid-1960s through to the present day. Findings The research demonstrates that oral histories provide a valuable entry port through which histories of marketing, shifts in approaches to market research and changing attitudes within industries can be examined. Interviews provided insights into firm culture and practices; demonstrated the variability of individual approaches within firms and across industries; created a record of the ways that market research has been conducted over time; and revealed the ways that some experienced operators continued to rely on traditional practices despite technological advances in research methods. Originality/value Despite their ubiquity, both the advertising and retail property industries in Australia have received limited scholarly attention. Recent scholarship is redressing this gap, but more needs to be understood about the inner workings of firms in an historical context. Oral histories provide an avenue for developing such understandings. The paper also contributes to broader debates about the role of oral history in business and marketing history.
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Seeger, B. R. "Wheelchair occupant restraints in motor vehicles." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 15, no. 1 (April 1991): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093649109164275.
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The issue of safety for wheelchair users in motor vehicles has been raised in Australia by parents of young people with disabilities. Investigations revealed that wheelchair users were not covered by any legislated safety requirements, and each case received special dispensation from compliance with regulations covering the able-bodied population. Dynamic testing of restraint systems at the University of Michigan had revealed that existing systems were unsafe. Dynamic tests confirmed those findings on systems used at that time in Australia. Testing led to the design, development and marketing of a new wheelchair occupant and restraint system which remains a system of choice for use by organisations where the same people use the same buses in the same position each day. Australian Standard 2942-1987, Wheelchair Occupant Restraint Assemblies for Use in Motor Vehicles, has since been developed. It establishes design and performance requirements for these restraints and includes details of dynamic testing procedures. This paper describes the development of the above restraint system and the subsequent Australian Standard.
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Rao, Sally, and Lorelle Frazer. "Australian Franchisor Websites: Moving towards Network Behaviour." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research 1, no. 1 (April 1, 2006): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jtaer1010006.
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Australia is one of the leading nations using the internet in both business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-tobusiness (B2B) settings (ABS 2004). However, little academic attention has been paid to the adoption of internetbased technology in the Australian franchising sector. Thus this paper addresses the problem of how Australian franchise organisations use internet-based technologies in their franchise systems. This research examines the websites of a sample of 202 Australian franchisors to determine their function as a communication and marketing tool within the franchise network. The aim is to document the web activities undertaken by Australian franchisors to provide an exploratory and descriptive snapshot that can be used as a platform for theoretical efforts The analysis reveals that adoption of internet technologies is still in its infancy in Australian franchise systems with the major uses of franchisor websites being providing information to consumers and as a means of attracting potential franchisees. There is evidence that franchise organisations are moving towards network behaviour through the internet.
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Hackett, Lisa J. "Diversity and democratization of Dior in Australia: Social factors in fashion modification in the 1940s‐50s." Journal of European Popular Culture 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jepc_00010_1.
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Christian Dior’s 1947 ‘New Look’ collection has been widely examined for its influence on both haute couture and clothing styles in the 1950s. In the Australian context, Margaret Maynard examined how the New Look was marketed through the ideological positioning of women’s roles in the domestic sphere. This marketing campaign was spearheaded by two business syndicates who brought a series of French Fashion Parades to Australia in the late 1940s through the 1950s. Despite the hype around the parades, just how much the fashions were adopted by the wider public has not been measured. Australians did not adopt the New Look unchanged, instead local sensibilities, climate and culture meant modification was inevitable.Through examining home-sewing patterns, photographs of key cultural events and images from popular magazines from the period, this article establishes how the New Look was modified in the Australia. Results show that despite the many women who were eager to embrace the new fashion, many more were reticent, clinging in particular to the shorter hemlines they had adopted during the war years. This led to a hybrid style that both followed the French lead and suited Australian society. French designers, keen to expand their business empires through licensing, responded to these adaptions, incorporating elements into their later collections. This represented a step away from the trickle-down model. This changing dynamic gave Australian customers the confidence to demand more from the fashion designers and to adapt fashion to suit the Australian context. By examining the impact of Dior’s New Look through the lens of ordinary Australian women, the influences of both the designer and his customers on the evolution of post-Second War World are exposed.
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Wu, Hao. "Wuyutai Business Plan." Journal of Finance Research 3, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/jfr.v3i1.984.
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Wuyutai founded in 1887, it has been over 130 year’s history. As a Chinese tea brand, Wuyutai brand enters into Australia market is difficult. It has to keep Chinese traditional culture to make sure Australia consumer can accept this new brand and Chinese tea product. And Australia market have already fulfilled tea product from premium class product to lower price class product like T2 brand and Lipton brand. Those exist brands have stray in Australia market for long years. Especially Lipton brand, it also can buy it in China market. Wuyutai have to face powerful Competitor in Australia market. This article uses porter five forces to analysis Australia tea market, SWOT to analysis Wuyutai itself and use marketing 4P theory to make marketing strategies. It not only uses theory to analysis, the article uses Wuyutai existing financial data to ensure that the marketing plan can be implemented.
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Bamforth, Jill, Charles Jebarajakirthy, and Gus Geursen. "Understanding undergraduates’ money management behaviour: a study beyond financial literacy." International Journal of Bank Marketing 36, no. 7 (October 1, 2018): 1285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-05-2017-0104.
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Purpose The money management behavior of undergraduates determines their smooth transition into adulthood. Economic, social and psychological factors also affect undergraduates’ money management behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate how undergraduates manage and respond to economic, social and psychological factors affecting their money management behavior, and to examine whether this response changes as they make progress in their degree. Design/methodology/approach Adopting a qualitative exploratory approach, this study examined Australian undergraduates as they face many challenges to their money management behavior. The data were collected using six focus group discussions, held in three Australian universities, in which 47 undergraduates participated. Findings The findings have shown that their approach to manage spending, income, saving, peer relationships and stress changes as they make progress in their degree. However, they shared similar approaches to investment, followed parental money management advice and used technology for cost reduction, irrespective of the progress in their degree. Research limitations/implications This study was conducted with the data collected from a relatively small sample of respondents and was limited only to undergraduates. Moreover, this study was conducted in Australia, indicating that some of the results might be specific to the Australian context. Practical implications The findings of this study can be utilized by governments, financial institutions, educational institutions and parents who are interested in inculcating prudent money management behavior in undergraduates. Originality/value This study extends the scope of the literature beyond financial literacy, and has shown how undergraduates respond to economic, social and psychological aspects relating to money management behavior and how these responses vary as they make progress in their degree. This study has applied a qualitative exploratory approach, in contrast to quantitative methods which have generally been applied for studies relating to undergraduates’ money management behavior.
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Jalleh, Geoffrey, Robert J. Donovan, Billie Giles-Corti, and C. D'Arcy J. Holman. "Sponsorship: Impact on Brand Awareness and Brand Attitudes." Social Marketing Quarterly 8, no. 1 (March 2002): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000212545.
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Sponsorship is a rapidly growing tool in both commercial and social marketing areas, in Australia and overseas. Australian health promotion foundations distribute substantial funds to arts, sports, and racing organizations for the opportunity to have these organizations' events sponsored by health promoting organizations. However, in spite of substantial commercial and health expenditures, there has been little published systematic evaluation of sponsorship. Recent years have seen far more attention to this area. This article presents the results of a study designed to evaluate sponsorship effectiveness in terms of its two main communication objectives: brand awareness and brand attitude. Two health and four commercial sponsorships were evaluated at two major sporting events. Overall, the data suggest that sponsorship can influence both brand awareness and brand attitude, and that the health sponsorships had more impact than the commercial sponsors studied. These and other data confirm the potential usefulness for greater use of sponsorship in social marketing campaigns.
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Archer, Ben. "Impact of Postgraduate Qualifications on the Career Progression of Middle Leaders in Schools." Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal 7, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.3.781-794.2021.
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<p>With a highly competitive higher education market in Australia, there is a significant push for professionals to obtain further qualifications. While much has been written on the progression to Principalship in schools, there is a paucity of writing on the progression into Middle Leadership. A survey of middle leaders in Australian schools indicate that the skills learned in postgraduate qualifications are highly valued by people entering Middle Leadership, however, no impact is recorded in relation to progression into further leadership roles. This research has the potential to influence the career decision making of school teachers and leaders, as well as influence the marketing of postgraduate qualifications by higher education providers.</p>
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Hammond, K. "Breeding strategies for the development of the Australian beef industry: an overview." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, no. 2 (2006): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea05230.
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Strategic directions for the period 2010 to 2020 and research and development needs are considered for the Australian Beef Industry from the breeding sector’s perspective. These are related to the way major technologies are developed for an industry, the current status and likely trends in market development and appropriation of benefits to the consumer, processor, commercial beef producer and breeding sectors. The primary strategic needs identified are: (i) understand the functional biology for the major production environments (supply chain packages), (ii) accelerate the speed of genetic improvement for production environment breeding goals based on commercial sector profitability and the dissemination of superior genetic material to this sector, and (iii) retain and develop the Beef Cooperative Research Centre concept over the period. Tactics for realising each strategy are considered. Rigorously designed industry-level studies based on a genotype × environment interaction approach, involving all major production environments and breeds, have an important role to play, as do the serial development of measuring equipment and procedures for carcass quality and yield, body maintenance, disease management and maternal performance. Information and communication, molecular genetics and artificial insemination technologies, along with formal progeny testing and an extended BREEDPLAN system, will be increasingly used by the breeding as well as commercial industry sectors to more consistently meet particular market demands. Carefully executed progeny testing is a pragmatic and necessary breeding approach for the period, serving a number of important purposes. The beef industry as a whole will need to take more responsibility for its genetic improvement element by: managing the appropriation of benefits across sectors, developing an increasingly effective system of value-based marketing and, for each sector and production environment, a more appropriate program of capacity building. The industry could now usefully consider the further development of its activity to address these longer-term strategic needs.
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Dawes, John. "Regularities in buyer behaviour and brand performance: The case of Australian beer." Journal of Brand Management 15, no. 3 (June 22, 2007): 198–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550099.
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Ellis, Robert B., and David S. Waller. "Marketing education at the University of Melbourne." History of Education Review 46, no. 1 (June 5, 2017): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/her-12-2015-0030.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse the early days of marketing education by observing the first “Marketing” subject in Australia, which was taught at the University of Melbourne, and comparing elements of the early subject to the introductory Marketing subject of today. Design/methodology/approach The information used for this study was obtained from material in the University of Melbourne Archives, including calendar entries, subject descriptions, and university announcements, as well as from interviews and correspondence with various people including those in academic and administrative positions, and former students. Findings The origins of university-level marketing education in Australia can be seen to have been shaped by several influences, including: the external environment of the country at that time; the areas of interest of academic staff; the availability of teaching material – textbooks, academic articles, appropriate case studies, academic research papers, etc.; the academic staff and teaching materials from the USA; and the extent to which the supporting technology of marketing had changed. Practical implications By observing the development in marketing education over the years, from its beginnings in Australia at the University of Melbourne, this paper shows changes in the content which assists in the understanding of what has led to how marketing is taught in Australasian universities and colleges today. Originality/value Marketing education research usually focusses on what is happening at the moment, so the value of this study is that it is one of the few that looks at marketing education from a historical perspective.
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Jones, Sandra C., Samantha L. Reis, and Kelly L. Andrews. "Communication about Organ Donation Intentions: Formative Research for a Social Marketing Program Targeting Families." Social Marketing Quarterly 15, no. 2 (May 22, 2009): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000902894040.
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With the introduction of the Australian Organ Donation Register, responsibility regarding organ donation decisions primarily rests with the individual. However, family members can be instrumental in facilitating or hindering the rate of organ donation by objecting to or confirming the individual's wishes. Attitudes and beliefs of family members have been shown to be a strong influence on people's intentions to donate. Numerous studies have also demonstrated that family communication about organ donation can improve the rate of organ donation. We surveyed 23 matched pairs of undergraduate university students and their parents and found that attitudes to organ donation were positive and that there was a tendency for these dyads to give concordant responses regarding attitudes, level of family communication, and intent to donate. These findings have implications for improving Australia's organ donation rate, and recommendations for messages promoting organ donation are discussed.
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Racela, Olimpia C. "Bangkok beer & beverages: in pursuit of growth." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 5, no. 2 (March 27, 2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-08-2014-0193.
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Title Bangkok beer & beverages: in pursuit of growth. Subject area Entrepreneurship, Strategic management, Importer/Distributor, Marketing, Environmental forces, Wine, Thailand. Study level/applicability Senior undergraduate or graduate MBA students taking a course in entrepreneurship, strategic management, marketing or small business management. Case overview Bangkok Beer & Beverages (BB&B) Company is an importer, distributor and marketer of premium spirits and wines in Thailand. The case takes place in April 2007, after the public announcement of BB&B's distribution agreement with Fosters Group of Australia to distribute the Group's Penfolds brand throughout Thailand. Coinciding with this milestone of BB&B is the rising interest in wine and the announcement by the Thailand Government to impose stricter regulations for the distribution and promotion of alcoholic beverages to curb consumption in response to demands made by several public interest groups. Within this backdrop, Pongchalerm Chalermsaphayakorn, co-founder and CEO of BB&B, was working with a team to consider future opportunities to pursue for sustainable long-term growth. Expected learning outcomes This case problem can be used to increase students' understanding of: how an entrepreneurial firm attempts to build/develop organizational capability; how decision-makers should assess the impact of, and respond to, the threat of significant and uncontrollable changes to the business macroenvironment; a firm's market position and the identification of strategic groups in an industry; and evaluating different growth opportunities and the implications on a firm's mission. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes.
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Higgs, W. G., and P. E. Prass. "AUSTRALIAN GTL CLEAN DIESEL: A STRATEGIC OPPORTUNITY FOR AUSTRALIA’S STRANDED GAS RESERVES." APPEA Journal 42, no. 2 (2002): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj01064.
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Australia’s lack of gas supply infrastructure and market opportunities means that in the northwest of our nation more than 100 trillion cubic feet of gas remains uncommitted to customer contracts.Because of Western Australia’s relatively small domestic gas markets and the long transport distances to larger markets, the belief has been that only the LNG industry has the scale to monetise the large volumes of gas required to underpin greenfield developments and expansion of gas supply infrastructure.Changing fuel specifications around the world, combined with the limited opportunities for new LNG contracts, has renewed interest in gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology as an alternative to crude oil refining for a source of clean and efficient transport fuels. GTL is an exciting new market opportunity for Australian gas.Exploration interest in Australia appears to be waning. Declining opportunities for oil discoveries and the lack of markets for natural gas make investments in Australia’s upstream sector unattractive compared to other locations around the world.In addition, Australia has dwindling crude oil supplies and faces the prospect of increasing reliance on imported crude oil and refined products. An Australian GTL Clean Diesel industry can help overcome these hurdles by creating a designer blendstock and a valuable new GTL Clean Diesel export industry.A GTL Clean Diesel industry would not only help resolve many of Australia’s current upstream and downstream problems in the petroleum industry, but would also provide massive economic benefits to Australia.This paper will look not only at the making but also the marketing of this fuel of the future.
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Trinder, J. "Marketing the Surveying and Geospatial Profession." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XL-6 (April 23, 2014): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xl-6-99-2014.
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Many universities around the world are experiencing a decline in the number of students entering programs in surveying and geospatial engineering, including some institutions with prestigious pasts. For Australia, this raises the question of whether there will be adequate graduates in the future to replace the current cohort of surveying and geospatial professionals when they retire. It is not clear why it has not been possible to attract more school leavers into the surveying and geospatial programs, but it may be because the community at large is unaware of the many career opportunities. Several surveys have been carried out in Australia to determine the status of graduates entering the profession and the impact that shortages of graduates in the surveying and geospatial professions in the future. These shortages could seriously limit the development of infrastructure and housing if they are not overcome. Another issue is whether the demand for graduates is changing due to developments in technology that allow surveying and mapping to be undertaken more quickly and efficiently than in the past. Marketing of education programs into schools and the general population is essential. A solution maybe for a concerted global effort to encourage more school leavers to enrol in surveying and geospatial engineering programs and hence improve the viability of the profession for the future. The paper will review the impacts of shortages in graduates entering the profession and approaches to improve the marketing of the surveying and geospatial professions.
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Welch, Lawrence S., and Reijo K. Luostarinen. "Inward-Outward Connections in Internationalization." Journal of International Marketing 1, no. 1 (March 1993): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1069031x9300100104.
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This article examines the impact of inward and outward aspects of internationalization. The effect of the inward process on outward moves has been the subject of limited research, although some evidence from studies of licensing and franchising in Australia suggests inward steps can sometimes play an important preparatory role in the outward process. Governments have for some time used inward international flows to force a reverse process—through strict countertrade policies, for example, or, as in the Australian case through its ‘partnership scheme.’ An important public policy question is how to regard international steps in any outward promotional scheme. For example, among individual firms there is a need to use inward moves in a more productive way to promote outward internationalization, perhaps by selecting foreign suppliers in part on the basis of their ability to contribute to an outward strategy.
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Campbell, Ian. "Towards Customer Leadership." Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/ajtde.v4n4.69.
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Today Australia's telecommunications market is strongly contested. Competitors with highly skilled, experienced and focused marketing teams battle for market position, market share and profit growth.This has not always been so.Telecom Australia was established in 1975 as the government owned national telecommunications carrier. Protected by regulated monopolies for network services and customer premises equipment, Telecom held perhaps 90% of the market. The predominantly engineering culture believed that it only needed a nominal marketing department and no sales force.In 1981 the monopolies were threatened. Telecom decided that it needed a sales force - quickly.This is a brief story of the building of that sales force over the first five years.In a government owned business steeped in the public service culture, strongly influenced by the public service unions and under a Labour government it was a grinding task.After five years the "subscribers" were more widely addressed and treated as "customers" and the sales force was operational. It was to be at least another six years before the sales force made the customers the focus of the business, and the skills, experience, management and culture of the force could match serious competitors in a de-regulated market.
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Campbell, Ian. "Towards Customer Leadership." Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy 4, no. 4 (January 11, 2017): 133–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18080/jtde.v4n4.69.
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Today Australia's telecommunications market is strongly contested. Competitors with highly skilled, experienced and focused marketing teams battle for market position, market share and profit growth.This has not always been so.Telecom Australia was established in 1975 as the government owned national telecommunications carrier. Protected by regulated monopolies for network services and customer premises equipment, Telecom held perhaps 90% of the market. The predominantly engineering culture believed that it only needed a nominal marketing department and no sales force.In 1981 the monopolies were threatened. Telecom decided that it needed a sales force - quickly.This is a brief story of the building of that sales force over the first five years.In a government owned business steeped in the public service culture, strongly influenced by the public service unions and under a Labour government it was a grinding task.After five years the "subscribers" were more widely addressed and treated as "customers" and the sales force was operational. It was to be at least another six years before the sales force made the customers the focus of the business, and the skills, experience, management and culture of the force could match serious competitors in a de-regulated market.
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Wilson, Tom, and Fiona Shalley. "Estimates of Australia’s non-heterosexual population." Australian Population Studies 2, no. 1 (May 26, 2018): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v2i1.23.
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Background Demographers have studied minority populations for many years, but relatively little attention has been paid to sexual minority groups. Population estimates for sexual minorities would be useful as denominators for a range of health and socioeconomic indicators, to monitor representation in employment, assist budget planning and inform the marketing of goods and services. Aim The aim of this paper is to present some approximate estimates of the non-heterosexual adult population of Australia in mid-2016 by sex, broad age group and state and territory. Data and methods Data on sexual identity were sourced from three nationally representative surveys: the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey, the second Australian Study of Health and Relationships and the ABS General Social Survey. Use was made also of 2016 ABS Census of Population and Housing (Census) data and Estimated Resident Populations. Prevalence rates of the non-heterosexual population aged 18+ were averaged over the three surveys and multiplied by ERP to obtain national population estimates. Census data on same-sex couples were used to distribute the national estimates by state and territory. Results Australia’s non-heterosexual population aged 18+ in 2016 is estimated to have been 592,000, representing about 3.2% of the adult population. New South Wales is home to the largest non-heterosexual population (about 204,000) and the Northern Territory the smallest (4,700), while the highest prevalence is in the Australian Capital Territory (5.1%). Conclusions Australia’s non-heterosexual population is a relatively small population, but its prevalence varies considerably by age and sex and between states and territories. Estimates of this population should prove useful for monitoring health and wellbeing and for a variety of planning and policy purposes.
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Hossain, Mohammad Alamgir, and Mohammed Quaddus. "Factors Affecting RFID Adoption." International Journal of Information Systems and Supply Chain Management 7, no. 3 (July 2014): 24–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisscm.2014070102.
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In marketing, a customer purchases a product while a consumer uses the product; which means that an adopter of an innovation behaves like a consumer of a new product. But surprisingly no initiative has been made to relate/integrate an adopter with a consumer. This article has done this. Technological, organizational, environmental factors as well as “expectations” from using the technology are important for the acceptance and continued use of a technological innovation. This paper integrates the effect of innovation characteristics along with the expectation on RFID adoption, in the context of Australian livestock industry. To do this, this study first presents a theoretical analysis then presents the outcomes from eight interviews which were conducted among livestock farms in Australia. Finally, it proposes a research framework while proposing eleven propositions related to RFID adoption. Contribution-wise, policy makers may compare their experience with this study, evaluate the past, and find the future direction.
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Sangha, Kamaljit K., Ronju Ahammad, Muhammed Sohail Mazahar, Matt Hall, Greg Owens, Leanne Kruss, Gordon Verrall, Jo Moro, and Geoff Dickinson. "An Integrated Assessment of the Horticulture Sector in Northern Australia to Inform Future Development." Sustainability 14, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 11647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141811647.
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The horticulture sector in northern Australia, covering north of Western Australia (WA), Northern Territory (NT), and north Queensland (QLD), contributes $1.6 billion/year to the Australian economy by supplying diverse food commodities to meet domestic and international demand. To date, the Australian Government has funded several studies on developing the north’s agriculture sector, but these primarily focused on land and water resources and omitted an integrated, on-ground feasibility analysis for including farmers’/growers’ perspectives. This study is the first of its kind in the north for offering a detailed integrated assessment, highlighting farmers’ perspectives on the current state of the north’s horticulture sector, and related challenges and opportunities. For this, we applied a bottom-up approach to inform future agriculture development in the region, involving a detailed literature review and conducting several focus group workshops with growers and experts from government organisations, growers’ associations, and regional development agencies. We identified several key local issues pertaining to crop production, availability of, and secure access to, land and water resources, and workforce and marketing arrangements (i.e., transport or processing facilities, export opportunities, biosecurity protocols, and the role of the retailers/supermarkets) that affect the economic viability and future expansion of the sector across the region. For example, the availability of the workforce (skilled and general) has been a challenge across the north since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Similarly, long-distance travel for farm produce due to a lack of processing and export facilities in the north restricts future farm developments. Any major investment should be aligned with growers’ interests. This research highlights the importance of understanding and incorporating local growers’ and researchers’ perspectives, applying a bottom-up approach, when planning policies and programs for future development, especially for the horticulture sector in northern Australia and other similar regions across the globe where policy makers’ perspectives may differ from farmers.
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Duarte Alonso, Abel, and Vlad Krajsic. "The theory of planned behaviour, micro-growers and diversification: an exploratory study." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 9, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-09-2014-0018.
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Purpose – The purpose of the study is to study diversification among Australian olive growers in various regions, as well as perceived opportunities and challenges of olive growing from the perspective of micro olive growers. In doing so, the study considers and adopts the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Design/methodology/approach – Semi-structured interviews with 24 micro olive growers operating in the Australian state of New South Wales were conducted. Findings – The findings partly identify alignment with the TPB. Essentially, attitude or growers’ favourable assessment to diversify appears to determine growers’ intention to implement diversification strategies, including adding value to olive production, and marketing it through tourism. In contrast, subjective norm, which refers to the impact of social influence or pressures, in the case of the present study to growing olives or to diversifying into olive oil production, was to a great extent disconfirmed. Originality/value – Very limited research has investigated the motivations of micro olive growers, especially in the Southern Hemisphere. In particular, the use of the TPB has been adopted to a very limited extent in the context of micro-farm diversification, including among emerging industries such as olive growing in Australia. The study addresses these current research gaps.
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Haworth, Jeff. "Australian onshore petroleum acreage and releases 2017." APPEA Journal 57, no. 2 (2017): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj16256.
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This paper is a compilation of material from state and territory jurisdictions regarding onshore acreage and its availability for petroleum exploration in 2017. Australian state and territory governments continue to support investment in the petroleum industry through the provision of acreage for exploration, which is promoted nationally and internationally. Updates are provided on recent upstream developments and government initiatives. Present and future policy directions that relate to onshore petroleum exploration are described, particularly for jurisdictions that are not making land available this year. When the APPEA conference was last held in Perth, in 2014, the oil price and exploration outlook were very different from today. In 2016, the petroleum industry experienced the full impact of the downturn, with the price for oil reaching a low of under $27 USD/barrel (WTI) early in the year. Several companies departed the onshore, exploration was at a fifteen-year low and much acreage has been surrendered across Australia. However, 2017 is showing signs of improvement with oil prices in the mid-50s and some hope that the industry will turn the corner this year. Low levels of exploration activity may have implications for future domestic gas supplies, and rising gas prices are of concern to local manufacturing industries and consumers throughout Australia. However, this may present marketing opportunities for successful explorers.
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Pulker, Trapp, Scott, and Pollard. "The Nature and Quality of Australian Supermarkets’ Policies that can Impact Public Health Nutrition, and Evidence of their Practical Application: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2019): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040853.
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Improving population diets is a public health priority, and calls have been made for corporations such as supermarkets to contribute. Supermarkets hold a powerful position within the food system, and one source of power is supermarket own brand foods (SOBFs). Many of the world’s largest supermarkets have corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies that can impact public health, but little is known about their quality or practical application. This study examines the nature and quality of Australian supermarkets’ CSR policies that can impact public health nutrition, and provides evidence of practical applications for SOBFs. A content analysis of CSR policies was conducted. Evidence of supermarkets putting CSR policies into practice was derived from observational audits of 3940 SOBFs in three large exemplar supermarkets (Coles, Woolworths, IGA) in Perth, Western Australia (WA). All supermarkets had some CSR policies that could impact public health nutrition; however, over half related to sustainability, and many lacked specificity. All supermarkets sold some nutritious SOBFs, using marketing techniques that made them visible. Findings suggest Australian supermarket CSR policies are not likely to adequately contribute to improving population diets or sustainability of food systems. Setting robust and meaningful targets, and improving transparency and specificity of CSR policies, would improve the nature and quality of supermarket CSR policies and increase the likelihood of a public health benefit.
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Bednall, T. "COMPETITION LAWS IN THE COOPER BASIN." APPEA Journal 35, no. 1 (1995): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj94052.
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Competition laws in Australia are in the process of substantial reform. The major competition issues facing participants in the Cooper Basin: market definition, and competition between joint venturers are reviewed. The manner in which the Trade Practices Act has been applied to Cooper Basin producers is reviewed, proposed reforms to implement new national competition policy are outlined, and the likely impact which those reforms will have on the production and marketing of gas from the Cooper Basin are discussed.The likelihood, under reformed laws, of development of natural gas pipelines, open access, the difficulties of separate marketing of gas by joint venture parties, the potential for inter-basin competition in Australia, and the real issue of whether substantial benefits will flow to consumers of gas as a result of the application of new competition policies are evaluated.
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Polonsky, Michael Jay, John Ford, Krystal Evans, Allison Harman, Skye Hogan, Laura Shelley, and Lucy Tarjan. "Are feminists more critical of the portrayal of women in Australian beer advertisements than non-feminists?" Journal of Marketing Communications 7, no. 4 (January 2001): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527260127416.
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Sofo, Francesco, and Michelle Sofo. "The Role of Education in Breaking the Nexus between e-Marketing and Online Fraud." International Journal of Online Marketing 6, no. 3 (July 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijom.2016070101.
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The world of marketing has changed through the incorporation of electronic means through which new customers and new markets can be reached. As a result, the world of trade and commerce has been revolutionized, revealing new and sometimes less scrupulous ways of dealing in an online marketplace. The article provides three Australian examples (each featuring a nexus between e-marketing and fraudulent online transactions) in order to gain a deeper appreciation of the darker side that exists to e-marketing. It also explores education and adult learning as means of raising awareness and skills in dealing with harmful e-marketing practices found in occurrences such as Internet fraud.
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Wellard-Cole, Lyndal, Astrid Hooper, Wendy L. Watson, and Clare Hughes. "Nutrient composition of Australian fast-food and fast-casual children’s meals available in 2016 and changes in fast-food meals between 2010 and 2016." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 16 (September 12, 2019): 2981–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019001897.
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AbstractObjective:A quarter of Australian children are overweight or obese. Research conducted in 2010 found that fast-food children’s meals were energy-dense and nutrient-poor. Since then, menu labelling and self-regulation of marketing have been introduced in Australia. The present study aimed to: (i) investigate the nutrient composition of children’s meals offered at fast-food chains; (ii) compare these with children’s daily requirements and recommendations and the food industry’s own criteria for healthier children’s meals; and (iii) determine whether results have changed since last investigated in 2010.Design:An audit of nutrition information for fast-food children’s meals was conducted. Meals were compared with 30 % (recommended contribution for a meal) and 100 % of children’s daily recommendations and requirements. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine if the proportion of meals that exceeded meal requirements and recommendations, and compliance with the food industry’s own criteria, changed between 2010 and 2016.Setting:Large Australian fast-food chains.Participants:All possible children’s meal combinations.Results:Overall, 289 children’s meals were included. Most exceeded 30 % of daily recommendations and requirements for a 4-year-old’s energy, saturated fat, sugars and Na. Results were also substantial for 8- and 13-year-olds, particularly for Na. When compared with mean energy and nutrient contents from 2010, there were minimal changes overall.Conclusions:Children’s meals can provide excess energy, saturated fat, sugar and Na to children’s diets. Systematic reformulation of energy, saturated fat, sugars and Na would improve the nutrient composition of the meals.