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Academic literature on the topic 'Bedrock weathering'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Bedrock weathering"

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Shen, Xianda, Chloe Arson, Ken L. Ferrier, Nicole West, and Sheng Dai. "Mineral Weathering and Bedrock Weakening: Modeling Microscale Bedrock Damage Under Biotite Weathering." Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 124, no. 11 (November 2019): 2623–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019jf005068.

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Ott, Richard F., Sean F. Gallen, and Darryl E. Granger. "Cosmogenic nuclide weathering biases: corrections and potential for denudation and weathering rate measurements." Geochronology 4, no. 2 (July 6, 2022): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gchron-4-455-2022.

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Abstract. Cosmogenic radionuclides (CRNs) are the standard tool to derive centennial-to-millennial timescale denudation rates; however, it has been demonstrated that chemical weathering in some settings can bias CRNs as a proxy for landscape denudation. Currently, studies investigating CRN weathering biases have mostly focused on the largely insoluble target mineral quartz in felsic lithologies. Here, we examine the response of CRN build-up for both soluble and insoluble target minerals under different weathering scenarios. We assume a simple box model in which bedrock is converted to a well-mixed regolith at a constant rate, and denudation occurs by regolith erosion and weathering either in the regolith or along the regolith–bedrock interface, as is common in carbonate bedrock. We show that weathering along the regolith–bedrock interface increases CRN concentrations compared to a no-weathering case and how independently derived weathering rates or degrees can be used to correct for this bias. If weathering is concentrated within the regolith, insoluble target minerals will have a longer regolith residence time and higher nuclide concentration than soluble target minerals. This bias can be identified and corrected using paired-nuclide measurements of minerals with different solubility coupled with knowledge of either the bedrock or regolith mineralogy to derive denudation and long-term weathering rates. Similarly, single-nuclide measurements on soluble or insoluble minerals can be corrected to determine denudation rates if a weathering rate and compositional data are available. Our model highlights that for soluble target minerals, the relationship between nuclide accumulation and denudation is not monotonic. We use this understanding to map the conditions of regolith mass, weathering, and denudation rates at which weathering corrections for cosmogenic nuclides become large and ambiguous, as well as identify environments in which the bias is mostly negligible and CRN concentrations reliably reflect landscape denudation. We highlight how measurements of CRNs from soluble target minerals, coupled with bedrock and regolith mineralogy, can help to expand the range of landscapes for which centennial-to-millennial timescale denudation and weathering rates can be obtained.
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Worthington, Stephen R. H., Gareth J. Davies, and E. Calvin Alexander. "Enhancement of bedrock permeability by weathering." Earth-Science Reviews 160 (September 2016): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.07.002.

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Grocholski, B. "Bedrock weathering runs to the hills." Science 350, no. 6260 (October 29, 2015): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.350.6260.524-c.

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Shen, CD, J. Beer, S. Ivy-Ochs, Y. Sun, W. Yi, P. W. Kubik, M. Suter, Z. Li, S. Peng, and Y. Yang. "10Be, 14C Distribution, and Soil Production Rate in a Soil Profile of a Grassland Slope at Heshan Hilly Land, Guangdong." Radiocarbon 46, no. 1 (2004): 445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200039758.

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Concentrations of organic carbon, carbon isotopes (13C and 14C), atmospheric 10Be in soil, and in situ 10Be in bedrock and weathering rock were determined in a study of a profile of a grassland slope at the Heshan Hilly Land Interdisciplinary Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Guangdong Province, China. A good linear relationship between depth and the 14C apparent age of the organic carbon demonstrates that the rock weathering process and the accumulation process of organic matter in the slope are relatively stable. Both 14C and 10Be results show that about 34% of soil in the grassland slope has been eroded during the past 3800 yr. The 10Be results for interstitial soil from weathered rocks show that the 90-cm-thick weathering rock layer above the bedrock has evolved over a period of 1.36 Myr. The concentrations of in situ 10Be in the weathered rock and bedrock are 10.7 × 104 atoms/g and 8.31 × 104 atoms/g, respectively. The weathering rate of the bedrock, equivalent to the soil production rate, was estimated at 8.8 × 10-4 cm/yr, and the exposure ages of the weathered rock and the bedrock were 72 kyr and 230 kyr, respectively.
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Riebe, Clifford S., Russell P. Callahan, Sarah B. M. Granke, Bradley J. Carr, Jorden L. Hayes, Marlie S. Schell, and Leonard S. Sklar. "Anisovolumetric weathering in granitic saprolite controlled by climate and erosion rate." Geology 49, no. 5 (January 12, 2021): 551–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48191.1.

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Abstract Erosion at Earth’s surface exposes underlying bedrock to climate-driven chemical and physical weathering, transforming it into a porous, ecosystem-sustaining substrate consisting of weathered bedrock, saprolite, and soil. Weathering in saprolite is typically quantified from bulk geochemistry assuming physical strain is negligible. However, modeling and measurements suggest that strain in saprolite may be common, and therefore anisovolumetric weathering may be widespread. To explore this possibility, we quantified the fraction of porosity produced by physical weathering, FPP, at three sites with differing climates in granitic bedrock of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA. We found that strain produces more porosity than chemical mass loss at each site, indicative of strongly anisovolumetric weathering. To expand the scope of our study, we quantified FPP using available volumetric strain and mass loss data from granitic sites spanning a broader range of climates and erosion rates. FPP in each case is ≥0.12, indicative of widespread anisovolumetric weathering. Multiple regression shows that differences in precipitation and erosion rate explain 94% of the variance in FPP and that >98% of Earth’s land surface has conditions that promote anisovolumetric weathering in granitic saprolite. Our work indicates that anisovolumetric weathering is the norm, rather than the exception, and highlights the importance of climate and erosion as drivers of subsurface physical weathering.
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Murphy, Brendan P., Joel P. L. Johnson, Nicole M. Gasparini, Gregory S. Hancock, and Eric E. Small. "Weathering and abrasion of bedrock streambed topography." Geology 46, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g40186.1.

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Lebedeva, Marina I., and Susan L. Brantley. "Weathering and erosion of fractured bedrock systems." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 42, no. 13 (July 20, 2017): 2090–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.4177.

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Bédard, Pierre. "Postglacial and pre-last-glacial weathering of till on the high plateaus of central Gaspésie, Quebec, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 9 (September 1, 1993): 1853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-163.

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Geochemical data from mineral exploration surveys are used to assess postglacial and pre-last-glacial weathering on the high plateaus of central Gaspésie by comparing the distribution of 30 elements in the B and C horizons of a thin soil developed on glacial deposits. Under postglacial weathering, Fe2O3, TiO2, P2O5, Cr, Li, U, and V are immobile relative to Al2O3, whereas the other elements are mobile and have been depleted to various degrees from the B horizon. Loss-on-ignition value is the only parameter showing a significant enrichment from the C to the B horizons. The apparently high degree of geochemical weathering of the glacial deposits in respect to their source bedrock lithologies suggests that the deposits also contain previously weathered material. The spatial distribution of the geochemical weathering index values calculated for the C horizon shows no clear relation to the underlying bedrock formations. The high values are located on topographic highs, with maxima over deeply weathered bedrock occurrences, and the low values are located in glacial valleys. The spatial distribution of this weathering index in the glacial deposits shows the geochemical signature of a pre-last-glacial weathered mantle.
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Napieralski, Stephanie A., Heather L. Buss, Susan L. Brantley, Seungyeol Lee, Huifang Xu, and Eric E. Roden. "Microbial chemolithotrophy mediates oxidative weathering of granitic bedrock." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 52 (December 16, 2019): 26394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1909970117.

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The flux of solutes from the chemical weathering of the continental crust supplies a steady supply of essential nutrients necessary for the maintenance of Earth’s biosphere. Promotion of weathering by microorganisms is a well-documented phenomenon and is most often attributed to heterotrophic microbial metabolism for the purposes of nutrient acquisition. Here, we demonstrate the role of chemolithotrophic ferrous iron [Fe(II)]-oxidizing bacteria in biogeochemical weathering of subsurface Fe(II)-silicate minerals at the Luquillo Critical Zone Observatory in Puerto Rico. Under chemolithotrophic growth conditions, mineral-derived Fe(II) in the Rio Blanco Quartz Diorite served as the primary energy source for microbial growth. An enrichment in homologs to gene clusters involved in extracellular electron transfer was associated with dramatically accelerated rates of mineral oxidation and adenosine triphosphate generation relative to sterile diorite suspensions. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed the accumulation of nanoparticulate Fe–oxyhydroxides on mineral surfaces only under biotic conditions. Microbially oxidized quartz diorite showed greater susceptibility to proton-promoted dissolution, which has important implications for weathering reactions in situ. Collectively, our results suggest that chemolithotrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria are likely contributors in the transformation of rock to regolith.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bedrock weathering"

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Karlsson, Anna. "Samband mellan berggrund och vegetation : Grönstensområden och skyddad natur." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69988.

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Mafic bedrock being beneficial to vegetation is a relationship that is being mentioned in different kinds of nature related litterature. This relationship is however not always explained and other factors may be as important as, or even more influential than, the bedrock content. In this study the relationship between mafic rock and protected areas of nature is being examined, based on the following questions. -          How does geology, with respect to bedrock content and weathering, create benign conditions for vegetation? -          To what extent is the environment on mafic bedrock, or in its proximity, often judged as worth protecting? The theoretical basis for the study is soil formation regarding parent material, based on Jenny´s formula, and weathering according to the Goldich dissolution series. The method used is a comparison between maps showing bedrock and maps showing areas with protected nature. The protected areas are considered as connected to the mafic bedrock if they are within the mafic area, or up to 2 km from the mafic area in the direction of the ice movement during the last ice age (Weichsel) in Sweden. The mainland of the municipality of Oskarshamn, on the southeast coast of Sweden, is used for a case study. The bedrock in this area is mainly felsic, with some minor areas being mafic. The result shows a higher degree of protected nature, for the types “naturreservat” and ”Natura 2000”, on mafic bedrock, or in the vicinity of the mafic area, than for felsic bedrock. The result for Oskarshamn is compared to mafic bedrock areas around Åseda and Fagerhult and to the limestone area around Vintrosa. For all of these three cases there are areas of protected environment, within or in the vicinity of the studied bedrock areas. Although there seems to be a relationship between mafic bedrock and protected nature, other factors need to be considered as well. The influence of topography, access to water, local climate and e.g. the particle size of the soil, may contribute considerably to the content and distribution of the vegetation at a specific place.
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"Introducing a terrestrial carbon pool in desert bedrock mountains." Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18039.

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abstract: Growth of the Phoenix metropolitan area led to exposures of the internal bedrock structure of surrounding semi-arid mountain ranges as housing platforms or road cuts. Such exposures in the Sonoran and Mojave deserts reveal the presence of sedimentary calcium carbonate infilling the pre-existing fracture matrix of the bedrock. Field surveys of bedrock fractures filled with carbonate (BFFC) reveal an average of 0.079 +/- 0.024 mT C/m2 stored in the upper 2 m of analyzed bedrock exposures. Back-scattered electron microscopy images indicate the presence of carbonate at the micron scale, not included in this estimation. Analysis of the spatial extent of bedrock landforms in arid and semi-arid regions worldwide suggests that ~1485 GtC could potentially be stored in the upper 2 m horizon of BFFCs. Radiocarbon dating obtained at one of the sites indicates it is likely that some of the carbonate was flushed into the bedrock system during glacial wet pulses, and is stored on Pleistocene timescales or longer. Strontium isotope analysis at the same site suggest the potential for a substantial cation contribution from weathering of the local bedrock, indicating the potential exists for sequestration of atmospheric carbon in BFFCs. Rates of carbon release from BFFCs are tied to rates of erosion of bedrock ranges in desert climates.
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M.A. Geography 2013
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Books on the topic "Bedrock weathering"

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Patton, Peter C. Erosional development of bedrock spur and gully topography in the Valles Marineris, Mars. Middletown, CT: Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wesleyan University, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bedrock weathering"

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Li, XiaoLong, DuoXi Yao, and JinXiang Yang. "Study of Bedrock Weathering Zone Features in Suntuan Coal Mine." In Advances in Computer Science, Environment, Ecoinformatics, and Education, 330–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23321-0_51.

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Howard, Alan D. "Long profile development of bedrock channels: Interaction of weathering, mass wasting, bed erosion, and sediment transport." In Rivers Over Rock: Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels, 297–319. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/gm107p0297.

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Maltman, Alex. "The Lay of the Land." In Vineyards, Rocks, and Soils. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190863289.003.0013.

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Every farmer knows that certain crops do better in particular fields, and every gardener knows that some plants grow better in certain spots in the garden. Grapevines are no different. The idea forms the basis of the concept of terroir, and in this and the following two chapters we will meet a number of factors, besides the minerals and rocks we have been talking about, that contribute to it. First, we consider the shape of the land surface. The weathering of rocks produces loose debris—sediment—which sooner or later will move, and this gives rise to erosion. The two processes usually work hand in hand though, strictly speaking, weathering happens in place, whereas erosion results from movement of the debris. We will look more closely at weathering in the next chapter, in the context of generating soil. Here we are concerned with erosion. It may involve sand particles being hurled at outcrops by high winds, or rivers loaded with particles grinding at the land to form a river channel. In some places, rock-charged ice may be gnawing away at the bedrock. Ultimately, the shape of the land surface is the result of how such processes interact with the solid bedrock. In other words, the interplay between erosion and bedrock determines the physical lay of vineyards. Plateaus are level upland areas. They can be formed in any kind of material: it’s the flat, table-like form that defines them. For instance, a vast area of the Deccan Plateau of central India, focus of a burgeoning wine industry, is made up of horizontal flows of basalt lava. The Colorado Plateau in the United States is formed largely of horizontal sedimentary strata. It has been deeply incised by rivers, in places leaving isolated blocks such as mesas and buttes (Figure 8.1; see Plate 18). Mesas have a larger summit area than buttes, compared to their heights. These bodies of rock have not been individually uplifted, as is sometimes claimed. They are remnant blocks, erosion having taken away the strata that were once around them.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Formation and Classification." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0010.

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Soil is the superficial layer of the land area of the Earth and contains weathered inorganic materials, organic matter, air, and water. The branch of soil science that studies the formation and classification of soils is termed pedology. For both scientific and technical purposes, soils around the world are organized into various categories on the basis of their differences and similarities. There are two types of soil classification schemes: (i) the scientific or pedological classification schemes which group soils on the basis of morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties as well as stage of weathering; and (ii) the technical or practical classification schemes which group soils based on selected properties for specific applications in agriculture and urban development, such as making a quick appraisal of soil fertility capability of farmlands or determining the suitability of septic tank installations of a housing development site. Soils are formed from the weathering of rocks and rock debris that have been eroded and transported by water, wind, ice, or gravity to other sites within the landscape. The soil, together with any underlying weathered debris and/or weathered bedrock, is termed regolith. The formation of soils from rock and minerals may take a long period of time, that is, thousands or millions of years. The pathways of soil formation are shown in fig. 7-1. The development of distinct characteristics of a soil profile or pedon involves physical, chemical, and biological weathering processes. The weathering process that involves the breakdown of rock and minerals by the action of water, pressure, heat, and freeze, into increasingly smaller fragments or particles is called physical weathering. The processes that involve hydrolysis, dissolution, and the formation of secondary minerals, such as clay-sized layer silicates and Fe and Al oxides, are called chemical weathering. The two important and interrelated chemical processes of tropical weathering are desilication and laterization. Desilication involves the dissolution of silicate minerals, and the subsequent leaching of dissolved silica from the soil profile by rain. The loss of silica from the soil eventually leads to the formation and accumulation of Fe and Al oxides in the soil, a weathering process known as laterization.
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Hachinohe, Shoichi, Nobuaki Hiraki, and Takasuke Suzuki. "Rates of weathering and temporal changes in strength of bedrock of marine terraces in Boso Peninsula, Japan." In Developments in Geotechnical Engineering, 171–85. Elsevier, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1250(00)80015-2.

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Twidale, C. R. "Granitic Terrains." In The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199248025.003.0019.

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Granite underlies substantial areas of Southeast Asia. It forms the core of many of the major uplands. Yet exposures are scarce. High rainfall, consistently high temperatures, and the naturally abundant vegetation have together caused the granite to be deeply weathered. Most of the land surface is underlain by a more or less thick mantle of weathered rock or regolith. Only where the regolith has been removed by natural agencies, for example on some hill crests and steep midslopes, in river channels, and in coastal areas, is the bedrock naturally exposed, though road cuttings, quarries, and other artificial excavations provide excellent sections. Anthropogenically induced and accelerated soil erosion have also revealed bedrock morphology in places. The granitic terrains consist essentially of high ridges rising abruptly from the valley floors or adjacent plains. In detail, slopes, river channels, and rocky coasts strewn with granite blocks and boulders are characteristic of the region, and the nature of granite weathering has also influenced the character of the sediment load transported to rivers and coasts. Though the granites of Southeast Asia are well documented geologically and as sources of tin and other minerals, there are few modern accounts of their geomorphological aspects. Early travellers like Logan (1848) made astute observations relevant to the development of granitic forms, and the officers of the geological surveys of Malaya and, later, of Malaysia have, taking their lead from the first director onwards, noted salient features of the granitic terrains they mapped. These observations and interpretations, taken together with the few specifically geomorphological studies of particular features, and analyses of granitic landforms in other countries, permit the granitic terrains of Southeast Asia to be placed in context. Granitic rocks are widely distributed in Southeast Asia, particularly in the mainland states (Hutchison 1989). Those of the Malay Peninsula were emplaced at various depths: shallow epizonal, deep catazonal, but mostly mesozonal emplacement at 5–11 km depth. In plan, granites are widely distributed (Gobbett and Tjia 1973; Chinese Geosciences Research Institute 1975; UNESCO 1980). In the Malay Peninsula, granites occupy the cores of major regional anticlines, and many plutons are exposed in the breached crests of such structures.
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Lewin, John, and Jamie Woodward. "Karst Geomorphology and Environmental Change." In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199268030.003.0022.

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Whilst about 12 per cent of the earth’s dry and ice-free land is covered by carbonate rocks (limestone, marble, and dolomite), the proportion is significantly higher in the landscapes that border the Mediterranean Sea. These rock types are especially widespread in the northern part of the region and limestones in particular reach great thicknesses in Spain, southern France, Italy, the Balkan Peninsula, and Turkey and in many of the Mediterranean islands. Abundant precipitation in the uplands of the Mediterranean has encouraged solutional weathering of these carbonate rocks for an extended period. The region contains some of the deepest karst aquifers in the world, with many extending deep below present sea level (e.g. Bakalowicz et al. 2008). The regional fall in base level associated with the Messinian Salinity Crisis allowed the formation of very deep, multiphase karst systems in several parts of the Mediterranean basin (e.g. Mocochain et al. 2006). Thus, karst terrains and karstic processes are very significant components of the physical geography of the Mediterranean basin. Indeed, along with the climate and the vegetation, it can be argued that limestone landscapes (including limestone bedrock coasts) are one of the defining characteristics of the Mediterranean environment. Much of the northern coastline is flanked by mountains with bare limestone hillslopes (Figure 10.2) drained by short and steep river systems whose headwaters commonly lie in well-developed karst terrain. Karst terrains are also well developed in the Levant and in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco and Algeria, while relict karst features can be identified in the low-relief desert regions of Libya and Egypt (Perritaz 2004) (Figure 10.1). Mediterranean karst environments are also associated with distinctive soils, habitats and ecosystems as described in Chapters 5, 6, and 23. The nature and evolution of the karst landscapes across the Mediterranean region displays considerable spatial variability due to contrasts in relief, bedrock composition and structure, climatic history, and other factors. The karst geomorphological system is distinguished from other systems (e.g. glacial, fluvial, coastal, and aeolian) because of the dominant role of dissolution which results in water flowing in a subterranean circulation system rather than in surface channels (Ford 2004).
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Warrick, Arthur W. "The Soil System." In Soil Water Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195126051.003.0006.

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Soil exists at the boundary between the atmosphere and the Earth’s subsurface. It plays a critical role in the hydrologic cycle, in addition to serving as the location of most human activity. An examination below the Earth’s surface generally reveals a profile similar to that shown in figure 1-1 A. The first zone encountered is the soil zone. This soil has developed from parent material through biological and other factors of weathering. If time is sufficient, then horizons will have formed with differing physical and chemical properties. At greater depths the soil merges with additional unconsolidated material. Eventually, at still greater depths, bedrock is encountered. The dimensions of these various zones are highly variable. For example, the soil profile may exist on bedrock that is partially exposed at the soil surface. Conversely, the unconsolidated layer can be hundreds of meters thick, as is the case in many alluvial basins. The subsurface can also be described in terms of water regimes that exist.The hydrologic profile consists of the vadose zone and the phreatic zone. The vadose zone is from the ground surface to the permanent water table, and includes the root zone, the soil profile, and the capillary fringe, which is a tension-saturated zone bordering the water table. The water at the water table is at atmospheric pressure; above the water table the pressure is less than atmospheric pressure and below the water table it is greater. The system is unsaturated above the capillary fringe, meaning that not only is the water under tension, but that some of the pore space is filled with air. The extent of the capillary fringe is dependent on the porous material. Generally, itextends a few centimeters for coarse material, or perhaps a meter for fine materials. A more complete depiction would include further saturated regions in the vadose zone, such as those due to surface infiltration or due to impeding layers that result in a perched water. Historically, the term groundwater was used to denote water beneath the permanent water table, but it is now commonly used to describe all subsurface water.
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Gough, L. P., and W. C. Day. "Cadmium Accumulation in Browse Vegetation, Alaska — Implications for Animal Health." In Geology and Health. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195162042.003.0018.

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We conducted biogeochemical investigations of Cd transport and uptake by vegetation over a metamorphic and intrusive terrane in the Fortymile River watershed and Mining District, east-central Alaska. The occurrence of Cd in eolian-dominated sub-arctic soils developed over five major rock units was examined, as well as its relative bioaccumulation in willow. Although the bioaccumulation of Cd by willow (Salix spp.) has been known for some time (Gough 1991), the connection to adverse animal health, under natural (geogenic) conditions, has only recently been demonstrated (Larison et al. 2000, Mykelbust and Pederson 1999). We present Cd data for three soil horizons and the leaf and twig material of Salix glauca L. (grayleaf willow) collected at sites within defined rock units. The cycling of Cd and its bioaccumulation in willow are compared among rock types and soil horizons. Cadmium in study area soils is derived from aeolian dust (loess) and the weathering of the primary bedrock. Plots of rare earth elements (REE, normalized to chondrite abundance’s) in samples of A, B, and C soil horizon soils were similar to REE patterns in regional loess samples and did not correspond to bedrock patterns. Not surprisingly, therefore, we found essentially no difference in the concentration of Cd in soils developed over different lithologic units. In addition, the anthropogenic input (from mining) at sites we sampled was found to be minimal. Cadmium levels in soil are generally higher than that found in the study area rock types (~2ppm)(Day2000). In our acidic soils (pH 4.5-6.0), Cd should be mobile (readily leached), and should tend to form complexes with carbonates, hydroxides, and phosphates. Interestingly, Cd concentrations decrease with increasing soil depth — a trend directly proportional to soil organic matter content. Enrichment factors (EF), a measure of the relative uptake by a plant of an element from its substrate — a sort of “bioavailability” assessment, are presented in Figure 12.2 for Cd in willow leaf material. This procedure normalizes the data, with respect to a geochemical reference element (in this case Ce), for each of the soil horizons developed over the five major rock units.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Basic Information About Soils and Plants." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0004.

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All higher plants require the following factors for growth: . . . 1. Light 2. Heat* 3. Water* 4. Carbon Dioxide* 5. Oxygen* 6. Nutrients* 7. Mechanical Support* * Supplied by Soil or Soil Substitute. Except for light, all of these requirements are supplied by soil or a soil substitute; however, they must be supplied in the proper combination for best plant growth. Whichever of these is supplied below the optimum level will limit plant growth. Landscape architects need to determine which factor or factors limit growth and take measures to correct it. . . . WHAT IS SOIL? . . . “The soil” is a general term for the layer of the earth’s crust above the bedrock that has been weathered (physically and biochemically) by destructive and synthetic sources. “A soil” denotes a specific well-defined part of “the soil” with recognized properties and characteristics. There are thousands of different kinds of soils, and each individual soil has its own characteristics and responds to specific management. The name of a soil is associated with specified soil properties within stated limits. A few examples are Cecil clay loam, Marshall silt loam, and Norfolk sand. A number of factors have been involved in the formation of the soil and also of individual soils. The type of soils that have been formed depend on the nature of parent material (rocks and minerals), topography (lay of the land), climate (temperature and precipitation) whether or not living organisms are present, and geological time for formation. A change in any one or more of these soil-forming factors can have a profound effect on the specific “soil” that is formed. Is it any wonder that many diverse kinds of soil have been formed? In fact, branches of soil science called soil genesis and soil classification delve into this diversity in great detail. Soil Parent Material. Most soils are derived from the weathering of rocks and minerals. Exceptions to this are man-made soils and organic soils that are almost exclusively developed from organic matter.
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Conference papers on the topic "Bedrock weathering"

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Elo, S. "Gravity Anomalies Due to Overburden, Bedrock Weathering and Fracture Zones." In 57th EAEG Meeting. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201409562.

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Moon, Seulgi, Gen K. Li, Justin T. Higa, Giuseppe Formetta, Dino G. Bellugi, William E. Dietrich, and Riccardo Busti. "KEYNOTE ADDRESS: INFLUENCE OF TOPOGRAPHIC STRESS ON BEDROCK WEATHERING AND LANDSLIDES." In PRF2022—Progressive Failure of Brittle Rocks. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022pr-376058.

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Ahlstrom, Isabel, and Amy Rhodes. "EXAMINING MINERALOGICAL INFLUENCES OF BEDROCK ON WATER CHEMISTRY THROUGH CHEMICAL WEATHERING EXPERIMENTS." In Northeastern Section-56th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021ne-361920.

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Hasenmueller, Elizabeth A., Xin Gu, Julie N. Weitzman, Thomas S. Adams, Gary E. Stinchcomb, David M. Eissenstat, Patrick J. Drohan, Susan L. Brantley, and Jason P. Kaye. "WEATHERING OF ROCK TO REGOLITH: THE ACTIVITY OF DEEP ROOTS IN BEDROCK FRACTURES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-303126.

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Wan, Jiamin, Tetsu Tokunaga, Wenming Dong, Curtis Beutler, Alexander Newman, Wendy Brown, Markus Bill, et al. "Fossil Carbon Release and Exports from Subsurface Sedimentary Bedrock Weathering in Mountainous Watersheds." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10075.

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Mushkin, Amit, Aharon Adam, Itai Haviv, Shimrit Maman, and Dan G. Blumberg. "DO MARTIAN HILLSLOPES WITH RECURRING SLOPE LINEAE (RSL) EXPERIENCE ENHANCED BEDROCK WEATHERING RATES?" In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382497.

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Ross, Sean L., and Suzanne P. Anderson. "ROCK WEATHERING OBSERVED IN OUTCROPS AND IN BEDROCK EXPOSED BY DEBRIS FLOWS: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF GRANODIORITE WEATHERING IN A LANDSCAPE CONTEXT." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285787.

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He, R., W. Wang, X. Zheng, D. He, W. Zhao, E. Wang, and S. Deng. "Fault identification in the bedrock weathering crust by the spectral decomposition based on matching pursuit." In 82nd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202113056.

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Hancock, Gregory S., Charles M. Shobe, M. C. Eppes, and Eric E. Small. "FIELD EVIDENCE FOR THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHERING ON ROCK ERODIBILITY AND CHANNEL FORM IN BEDROCK RIVERS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306421.

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Sullivan, Pamela, Hang Wen, Xi Zhang, Aaron Koop, Victoria Moreno, Rachel Keen, Kayalvizhi Sadayappan, et al. "HOW SENSITIVE IS THE RATE OF BEDROCK WEATHERING TO NEAR-SURFACE CHANGES IN CRITICAL ZONE ARCHITECTURE?" In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-368243.

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Reports on the topic "Bedrock weathering"

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Caritat, P. de, and U. Troitzsch. Towards a regolith mineralogy map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study in the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian region. Geoscience Australia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2021.035.

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Bulk quantitative mineralogy of regolith is a useful indicator of lithological precursor (protolith), degree of weathering, and soil properties affecting various potential landuse decisions. To date, no national-scale maps of regolith mineralogy are available in Australia. Catchment outlet sediments collected over 80% of the continent as part of the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) afford a unique opportunity to rapidly and cost-effectively determine regolith mineralogy using the archived sample material. This report releases mineralogical data and metadata obtained as part of a feasibility study in a selected pilot area for such a national regolith mineralogy database and atlas. The area chosen for this study is within the Darling-Curnamona-Delamerian (DCD) region of southeastern Australia. The DCD region was selected as a ‘deep-dive’ data acquisition and analysis by the Exploration for the Future (2020-2024) federal government initiative managed at Geoscience Australia. One hundred NGSA sites from the DCD region were prepared for X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, which consisted of qualitative mineral identification of the bulk samples (i.e., ‘major’ minerals), qualitative clay mineral identification of the <2 µm grain-size fraction, and quantitative analysis of both ‘major’ and clay minerals of the bulk sample. The identified mineral phases were quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, calcite, dolomite, gypsum, halite, hematite, goethite, rutile, zeolite, amphibole, talc, kaolinite, illite (including muscovite and biotite), palygorskite (including interstratified illite-smectite and vermiculite), smectite (including interstratified illite-smectite), vermiculite, and chlorite. Poorly diffracting material (PDM) was also quantified and reported as ‘amorphous’. Mineral identification relied on the EVA® software, whilst quantification was performed using Siroquant®. Resulting mineral abundances are reported with a Chi-squared goodness-of-fit between the actual diffractogram and a modelled diffractogram for each sample, as well as an estimated standard error (esd) measurement of uncertainty for each mineral phase quantified. Sensitivity down to 0.1 wt% (weight percent) was achieved, with any mineral detection below that threshold reported as ‘trace’. Although detailed interpretation of the mineralogical data is outside the remit of the present data release, preliminary observations of mineral abundance patterns suggest a strong link to geology, including proximity to fresh bedrock, weathering during sediment transport, and robust relationships between mineralogy and geochemistry. The mineralogical data generated by this study are presented in Appendix A of this report and are downloadable as a .csv file. Mineral abundance or presence/absence maps are shown in Appendices B and C to document regional mineralogical patterns.
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de Caritat, Patrice, Brent McInnes, and Stephen Rowins. Towards a heavy mineral map of the Australian continent: a feasibility study. Geoscience Australia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.11636/record.2020.031.

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Heavy minerals (HMs) are minerals with a specific gravity greater than 2.9 g/cm3. They are commonly highly resistant to physical and chemical weathering, and therefore persist in sediments as lasting indicators of the (former) presence of the rocks they formed in. The presence/absence of certain HMs, their associations with other HMs, their concentration levels, and the geochemical patterns they form in maps or 3D models can be indicative of geological processes that contributed to their formation. Furthermore trace element and isotopic analyses of HMs have been used to vector to mineralisation or constrain timing of geological processes. The positive role of HMs in mineral exploration is well established in other countries, but comparatively little understood in Australia. Here we present the results of a pilot project that was designed to establish, test and assess a workflow to produce a HM map (or atlas of maps) and dataset for Australia. This would represent a critical step in the ability to detect anomalous HM patterns as it would establish the background HM characteristics (i.e., unrelated to mineralisation). Further the extremely rich dataset produced would be a valuable input into any future machine learning/big data-based prospectivity analysis. The pilot project consisted in selecting ten sites from the National Geochemical Survey of Australia (NGSA) and separating and analysing the HM contents from the 75-430 µm grain-size fraction of the top (0-10 cm depth) sediment samples. A workflow was established and tested based on the density separation of the HM-rich phase by combining a shake table and the use of dense liquids. The automated mineralogy quantification was performed on a TESCAN® Integrated Mineral Analyser (TIMA) that identified and mapped thousands of grains in a matter of minutes for each sample. The results indicated that: (1) the NGSA samples are appropriate for HM analysis; (2) over 40 HMs were effectively identified and quantified using TIMA automated quantitative mineralogy; (3) the resultant HMs’ mineralogy is consistent with the samples’ bulk geochemistry and regional geological setting; and (4) the HM makeup of the NGSA samples varied across the country, as shown by the mineral mounts and preliminary maps. Based on these observations, HM mapping of the continent using NGSA samples will likely result in coherent and interpretable geological patterns relating to bedrock lithology, metamorphic grade, degree of alteration and mineralisation. It could assist in geological investigations especially where outcrop is minimal, challenging to correctly attribute due to extensive weathering, or simply difficult to access. It is believed that a continental-scale HM atlas for Australia could assist in derisking mineral exploration and lead to investment, e.g., via tenement uptake, exploration, discovery and ultimately exploitation. As some HMs are hosts for technology critical elements such as rare earth elements, their systematic and internally consistent quantification and mapping could lead to resource discovery essential for a more sustainable, lower-carbon economy.
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Salcido, Charles, Patrick Wilson, Justin Tweet, Blake McCan, Clint Boyd, and Vincent Santucci. Theodore Roosevelt National Park: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293509.

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Theodore Roosevelt National Park (THRO) in western North Dakota was established for its historical connections with President Theodore Roosevelt. It contains not only historical and cultural resources, but abundant natural resources as well. Among these is one of the best geological and paleontological records of the Paleocene Epoch (66 to 56 million years ago) of any park in the National Park System. The Paleocene Epoch is of great scientific interest due to the great mass extinction that occurred at its opening (the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event), and the unusual climatic event that began at the end of the epoch (the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, an anomalous global temperature spike). It is during the Paleocene that mammals began to diversify and move into the large-bodied niches vacated by dinosaurs. The rocks exposed at THRO preserve the latter part of the Paleocene, when mammals were proliferating and crocodiles were the largest predators. Western North Dakota was warmer and wetter with swampy forests; today these are preserved as the “petrified forests” that are one of THRO’s notable features. Despite abundant fossil resources, THRO has not historically been a scene of significant paleontological exploration. For example, the fossil forests have only had one published scientific description, and that report focused on the associated paleosols (“fossil soils”). The widespread petrified wood of the area has been known since at least the 19th century and was considered significant enough to be a tourist draw in the decades leading up to the establishment of THRO in 1947. Paleontologists occasionally collected and described fossil specimens from the park over the next few decades, but the true extent of paleontological resources was not realized until a joint North Dakota Geological Survey–NPS investigation under John Hoganson and Johnathan Campbell between 1994–1996. This survey uncovered 400 paleontological localities within the park representing a variety of plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, and trace fossils. Limited investigation and occasional collection of noteworthy specimens took place over the next two decades. In 2020, a new two-year initiative to further document the park’s paleontological resources began. This inventory, which was the basis for this report, identified another 158 fossil localities, some yielding taxa not recorded by the previous survey. Additional specimens were collected from the surface, among them a partial skeleton of a choristodere (an extinct aquatic reptile), dental material of two mammal taxa not previously recorded at THRO, and the first bird track found at the park. The inventory also provided an assessment of an area scheduled for ground-disturbing maintenance. This inventory is intended to inform future paleontological resource research, management, protection, and interpretation at THRO. THRO’s bedrock geology is dominated by two Paleocene rock formations: the Bullion Creek Formation and the overlying Sentinel Butte Formation of the Fort Union Group. Weathering of these formations has produced the distinctive banded badlands seen in THRO today. These two formations were deposited under very different conditions than the current conditions of western North Dakota. In the Paleocene, the region was warm and wet, with a landscape dominated by swamps, lakes, and rivers. Great forests now represented by petrified wood grew throughout the area. Freshwater mollusks, fish, amphibians (including giant salamanders), turtles, choristoderes, and crocodilians abounded in the ancient wetlands, while a variety of mammals representing either extinct lineages or the early forebearers of modern groups inhabited the land. There is little representation of the next 56 million years at THRO. The only evidence we have of events in the park for most of these millions of years is isolated Neogene lag deposits and terrace gravel. Quaternary surficial deposits have yielded a few fossils...
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