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1
Carlos, Ann M., and Frank D. Lewis. "Indians, the Beaver, and the Bay: The Economics of Depletion in the Lands of the Hudson's Bay Company, 1700–1763." Journal of Economic History 53, no. 3 (September 1993): 465–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700013450.
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Indians depleted the beaver, yet we do not understand why. We analyzed the pattern and determinants of beaver exploitation in the hinterlands of three Hudson's Bay Company posts. Simulating beaver population, we found declining beaver stock within each hinterland, but overharvesting in only two. Central to this process was the Company reaction to French competition. Managers raised prices in the Albany and York hinterlands, and in response the Indians increased their harvests. Churchill, which did not experience French competition, had more stable fur prices and showed no evidence of overexploitation of the beaver.
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Majdáková, Andrea, Blanka Giertliová, and Iveta Hajdúchová. "Prediction by financial and economic analysis in the conditions of forest enterprises." Journal of Forest Science 66, No. 1 (January 30, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/84/2019-jfs.
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Individual companies need to know their financial condition. They have a wide range of methods and procedures to create a system of the financial and economic analysis of a company. The analysis is focused on the evaluation of a specific group of methods for predicting the financial health of a business entity. Evaluations of the financial situation of a company are divided into point methods, mathematical and statistical methods and neural networks. The individual methods differ from each other in difficulty, in the extent of the analyzed areas and possibilities of application. The aim of this work is to assess the possibilities of using selected methods of comprehensive evaluation of companies as a tool for an analysis of the position of each company in the branch. The suitability and feasibility of each method are tested on a selected group of companies. Quick Test, Tamari Model, Beaver Model are included in this work. Based on the results, improvements and recommendations for the practical use were suggested. The results showed that the best predictive methods are Quick Test and Tamari Model, because they are quick and unequivocal when assessing the analyzed companies. An inappropriate prediction method is the Beaver model, which uses only two financial indicators to evaluate companies.
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Joyner, Donald T., and Carl B. McGowan Jr. "Determining Manufacturing Costs Using T-Accounts and Simple Mathematics." Accounting and Finance Research 13, no. 2 (April 22, 2024): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/afr.v13n2p72.
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Accounting is a system to provide information to decision-makers about a company. To facilitate decision-making, accounting reports should provide information that has predictive ability, Beaver, Kennelly, and Voss (1968). The Pathways Commission continues in the same vein and argues that accounting should provide information that facilitates good decisions. Managerial accounting tracks three types of costs: direct materials, direct labor, and factory overhead as these costs move through the manufacturing process from raw materials to work-in-process inventory to finished goods inventory and finally to cost of goods sold. T-accounts are a technique that company managers can use to keep track of costs to determine prices and profits. We demonstrate how to use T-Accounts in a simple manufacturing company to track costs and profits.
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Ackerman, Marianne. "England Mirvish, Marx, and Shakespeare." Canadian Theatre Review 50 (March 1987): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.50.009.
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In the beginning, champagne. Monday morning, September, 1986, cast and crew of the newly-formed English Shakespeare Company (ESC) assemble in the drafty Territorial Army Drill Hall, South-West London. Wearing his familiar bankers’ blue suit and white shirt, Torontonian David Mirvish grins his eager-beaver, anything-is-possible grin and toasts the most ambitious theatrical venture launched in London this season. In the next nine weeks, director Michael Bogdanov, 25 actors and a small crew will rehearse some 80 roles in three of Shakespeare’s history plays. Henry IV, Parts 1 & 2 and Henry V will play 12 English cities, plus Paris, Berlin, Düsseldorf, Hamburg, and Toronto. The entire nine-hour trilogy will be performed each Saturday.
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Bilousko, Tamila, Andrii Kazanovskyi, Rustam Mogylevskyi, Serhii Zasunko, and Inna Rud. "THE IMPACT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES ON THE COMPANY PROFITABILITY." Financial and credit activity problems of theory and practice 3, no. 56 (June 30, 2024): 280–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.55643/fcaptp.3.56.2024.4342.
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The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of the human resource management (HRM) strategy on the company's profitability. The research employed economic, mathematical, and statistical methods (correlation and regression analysis, Granger causality test, Dickey-Fuller test, Beaver ratio, and ZEW Economic Sentiment Index). The profitability analysis found that the profit increased by approximately 1% (USD 13 billion) in the USA. It was determined that US companies are characterised by a developed HRM strategy and the profitability of companies is increasing. The analysis of the impact of HRM strategy on profit was carried out only for the 20 largest US companies. It was studied that profitability, rates of change in wages and average wages have a positive effect on increasing profits, and the most significant is the effect of labour productivity, which confirms previous conclusions about the positive impact of HRM strategy on the company profitability. The main conclusion is the need for significant investment in employee training, development of specialised training programmes and professional development of employees; material encouragement of personnel; improvement of working conditions and organisation; creating a favourable moral and psychological environment, and providing opportunities for career and scientific development. Further research can be aimed at avoiding the existing limitations of this study and moving to the empirical analysis of individual organisations or their aggregates in developing countries, which also has practical value. The selected evaluation method made it possible to determine the type of HRM strategy and adjust its impact on profitability, which is also an academic novelty.
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Vargas Charpentier, José Alonso, Michelle Barrett Gómez, and José Miguel Cordero Rojas. "Modelos para la prevención de bancarrotas empresariales utilizados por el sector empresarial costarricense (Models for company bankruptcy prevention used by the Costa Rican business sector)." TEC Empresarial 7, no. 3 (December 5, 2013): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v7i3.1575.
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<p>El presente artículo ofrece un análisis de<br />los modelos para la prevención de bancarrota<br />más citados en la literatura, entre los cuales<br />están: modelo Z score de Altman, modelo de<br />Ohlson, modelo de Beaver, modelo de árboles<br />de decisión y modelo DuPont. Además, incluye<br />un estudio de los modelos utilizados por el<br />sector empresarial costarricense, en el cual se<br />evidencia el desconocimiento sobre el tema,<br />ya que la mayoría de empresas investigadas<br />no utiliza o conoce ningún modelo con la<br />capacidad de prevenir las bancarrotas. En ese<br />sentido, las herramientas más utilizadas son las<br />razones financieras, control sobre el presupuesto<br />y, en algunos casos, el esquema integral de<br />rentabilidad (Dupont).</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abtract</strong></p><p>This article presents an analysis of the<br />models for bankruptcy prevention most<br />cited in literature, that is, the Z-score model<br />by Altman, the Ohlson 0-score, the Beaver<br />method, the Decision Tree model and the<br />DuPont method. It also includes a study of<br />models used by the Costa Rican business<br />sector that shows a complete lack of awareness<br />of the subject, since most of it does not know or<br />use any model for bankruptcy prevention. To<br />this end, financial ratios, budget control and<br />in some cases the DuPont integral profitability<br />methods are the ones most used.</p>
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Sapuntsov, Andrey Leonidovich. "Settler colonialism during the quasi-state period of the activity of Hudson’s Bay Company (1670-1870)." Genesis: исторические исследования, no. 11 (November 2019): 148–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2019.11.31189.
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This article is dedicated to the colonial activity of Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) founded in 1670 by the British for exploitation of fur in North America and conducting geographical surveying un the Northwestern region. The author sets a goal to determine the forms of organization of the European colonial settlements and peculiarities of their cooperation with the Native Americans in HBC trade operations. It is also important to ascertain the reasons for conducting reforms prior to monopolization of HBC in the fur market, as well as within the system of colonial control. The research material contains the colonization theories, archival materials of HBC, travelers’ testimonies, and analysis of the relevant legal documents. The author also applies the methods of cognitive dialectics, historical objectivism, and comparison of multifaceted sources in the context of socio-philosophical observation. The conclusion is made on the dominance of enclave topology in the colonial activity of Hudson’s Bay Company, when the European settlers resided mostly in coastal areas (forts and trading posts), as well as practices exploitative approaches towards relations with the Native Americans. However, the latter got an opportunity to sell beaver pelts to the Europeans through monetary exchange and unqualified labor. After taking over the French competitors, HBC transformed into a quasi-state, incorporating privately operated enterprise with colonial administration. The conclusion is made that the escalated discontent of the British Crown with usurpation of administrative power and business in Hudson’s Bay Company along with its engagement in monopolization of the market, led to disassembling of the aforementioned colonization model in 1870; the power was partially delegated the Canadian government.
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Heijink, Martijn. "‘Yet this comes in useful for building ships’: Shipbuilding and repairs in New Netherland." International Journal of Maritime History 31, no. 3 (August 2019): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871419860695.
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Contemporaries cited the great wood reserves of the colony of New Netherland on the Hudson River as an excellent resource for shipbuilding. However, this remained a small industry during the colony’s Dutch period between 1624 and 1664. Ship repairs in New Netherland took off on a small scale: vessels calling at the colony were repaired with limited means or entirely new vessels were constructed if a ship was found to be irreparable. Skilled workers who could construct small boats were at least present in New Netherland around 1630. There is evidence for structural shipbuilding in the 1630s. In this decade, the West India Company had a small shipyard on Manhattan and employed a shipwright who was mainly concerned with building small vessels for local and regional use, as well as repairs to Company ships calling at the colony. This pattern seems to have continued in later years. The scale of shipbuilding and repairs in New Netherland was much smaller than in New England. The latter colony had a geography comparable to the former and developed a significant export trade of newly built ships. New England developed this shipbuilding industry because it lacked other export goods, such as cash crops. New Netherland did not need to do this, because it could focus on its lucrative export of beaver skins. New Netherland also faced much heavier competition from shipyards in the Netherlands than New England did from British shipyards.
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Vargas Charpentier, José Alonso. "Modelos de Beaver, Ohlson y Altman: ¿Son realmente capaces de predecir la bancarrota en el sector empresarial costarricense? (Models of Beaver, Ohlson and Altman: are really able to predict the bankruptcy in the Costa Rican business sector?)." TEC Empresarial 8, no. 3 (December 6, 2014): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/te.v8i3.2078.
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<p>El presente artículo analiza la aplicación de mo- delos para la prevención de bancarrotas empresariales en el sector empresarial costarricense. Se aplicaron los modelos a un grupo de empresas que se acogieron al proceso de intervención financiera, o quiebra, en el Juzgado Concursal de los Tribunales de Justicia de San José, con el fin de determinar si estos modelos fueron capaces de predecir la bancarrota. Dentro de los hallazgos principales están que el Modelo de <br />Altman calificó a cuatro de las cinco empresas anali- zadas como zona roja el año en que se declararon en quiebra, el Modelo de Ohlson, con su ecuación O1 u O3, calificó en quiebra las cinco empresas el año en que se dio, y el modelo de Beaver calificó como el año con peores indicadores al último en tres oca- siones, a diferencia de los otros modelos, los cuales no indicaron que el año de quiebra tuviera los peores indicadores.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract </strong></p><p> </p><p>This article analyzes the models for company bankruptcy prevention used by the Costa Rican business sector. The author applied the studies models to the selected group of companies that had started the judicial intervention or bankruptcy process within the Bankruptcy Court of the Justice Court of San Jose. The objective was to determine if the selected models were capable to prevent the bankruptcy before it initialized. The primary fin- ding was an EM Score 4:5 analyzed companies in <br />the red zone that had filed for bankruptcy within that year. The use of the O1 and O3 equations of the Ohlson method was to predict the bankruptcy of the five companies in the year that had filed to have a bankruptcy case. However, in the Beaver method the companies scored a three as the worst indicators of the year to file for bankruptcy yet the remaining company’s worst year was not the ability to file for bankruptcy within the time.</p>
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Stolyarova, Lyubovj. "Theriac of Jerome Horsey." ISTORIYA 14, no. 12-2 (134) (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840026524-5.
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The study is dedicated to the history of the so-called universal antidote: theriaс (treacle), the goal of the efforts of medical science of the Antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Modern Time. The wide usage of poisons in the European politics up to the late 18th century made it necessary to obtain an antidote effective against at least many poisons. Various recipes of theriac mention up to one hundred components, mostly stimulating excretory functions of human organism and working as anesthetic, absorbent, antidepressant, and sedative, some of the components being, nevertheless, useless from the point of view of nowadays pharmacology (such as snake skin, beaver jet, etc.). The first mention of the usage of theriac as a remedy in Russia is connected with the events of 1591 in Uglich, Moscow, and Yaroslavl, when Tsarvich Dmitry Ivanovich died and Tsaritsa Maria Fedorovna Nagaya was supposed to have been poisoned. The paper discusses the etymology of the word theriac, the evolution of the makeup of medieval European theriacs, one of which, the ‘Venice treacle’, was given to the family of the Tsarevich and the Tsaritsa by Jerome Horsey, diplomat and the head of the Moscow office of the English Trade Company.
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Veenhof, Klaas. "“Modern” Features in Old Assyrian Trade." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 40, no. 4 (1997): 336–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568520972601549.
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AbstractThis contribution presents evidence for “modern” features in Old Assyrian trade (ca. 19th century B.C.), i.e. features not attested in earlier commercial records from ancient Mesopotamia or elsewhere and/or usually considered innovations of classical or early medieval times. It focuses on contractual and legal rules for long-term partnerships (a first step towards company law) and for coping with insolvent, absent or unwilling debtors. It also analyses the implications of bonds in the name of “the (anonymous) creditor,” occasionally designated as “the bearer of the bond,” the earliest evidence of and the first step towards the creation of commercial “bearerâ–™s cheques.”
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Kandyral, O. "ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AS A METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVE FINANCIAL SITUATION OF THE ENTERPRISE." Criminalistics and Forensics, no. 64 (May 7, 2019): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33994/kndise.2019.64.71.
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The article analyzes the issues and problems of conducting an economic analysis in order to determine the actual financial condition of enterprises and prevent the possibility of bankruptcy. An assessment of the importance of timely diagnosis of the actual financial condition of an enterprise and of an economic analysis of the financial prerequisites of a possible bankruptcy of an enterprise under current market conditions is made. Also the concept of “bankruptcy” and “insolvency” of the enterprise in accordance with the current legislation of Ukraine are described. As world practice shows, bankruptcy of an enterprise is not an accidental phenomenon, but a consistent pattern which can be detected and eliminated in a timely manner. The most common methodological approach to diagnosing the state and the threat of bankruptcy is the coefficient approach which involves the use of a list of special financial ratios-indicators of an enterprise — relative indicators calculated by comparing certain absolute measures of economic activity with one another. The author reviewed the classical models of economic express analysis of the financial condition of the company to identify possible bankruptcy, developed by American scientists, economists William Beaver and Edward Altman. Depending on the values of indicators of these models, an assessment was made of the degree of proximity of a business entity to bankruptcy. Advantages and disadvantages of using these models in practice in the conditions of a modern market economy taking into account the specifics of the financial situation in Ukraine are described and analyzed. According to the results of the study, a list of measures for the exit of enterprises that are at risk of possible bankruptcy from the current unfavorable situations has been proposed. The author also concluded that further scientific developments on this topic are necessary and will be of interest both among scientists and among the participants of financial and economic relations. Key words: economic analysis, test method, enterprise, financial condition
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Van Delft, H. P. E., and S. Renssen. "Article: The Age-Old Distinction Between Public and Private Limited Liability Companies: Should It Stay or Should It Go?: A figment of academics’ imaginations." European Company Law 20, Issue 1 (January 1, 2023): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2023001.
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This article attempts to answer the question whether the distinction between public and private companies is still needed or whether it is outdated. The question will be answered from an EU perspective, while taking the Dutch legal system as a leading example. In the Netherlands, there was a huge time-gap between the introduction of the public company in 1811 and the introduction of the private company in 1971, 160 years later. This seems to justify the question whether we needed the private company at all. Public company, private company, minimum capital requirement, capital maintenance rules, bearer shares, registered shares
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林文舟, 林文舟. "合併後存續公司為何承受消滅公司的稅務違章責任？." 月旦財稅實務釋評 54, no. 54 (June 2024): 026–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/270692572024060054002.
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Okunola, Oluwatobi, Olawale John Olukunle, Oluwafemi Adeyemi Adetola, and Waleola Akinfiresoye. "The Comparative Analysis of a Developed Swing Beater and Conventional Beater of a Palm Nut Cracking Machine." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 11, no. 8 (August 31, 2023): 1298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v11i8.1298-1303.5814.
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Based on high dependent of many processing company on palm kernel oil, high quality palm nut cracking machine is not only necessary but also important to revitalize the production of palm kernel in other to meup with ever increasing industrial demand. Different palm kernel beaters; Swing beater (SB) and the conventional type known as rigid beater (RB) of an existing palm kernel cracker were investigated using the moisture content (7, 17, 26% (db)), five different speeds (970, 1200, 1450,1750, 2430rpm) and three different average nut sizes (14.5, 22.15, 29.43mm) of palm kernel nut. Approximately, six thousand palm nuts of Tenera specie were collected, dried, cleaned and sorted to evaluate the machine. Result shows that, the maximum quality efficiency recorded for Swing beater was 89.5% at 17% moisture content (db), 29.4 mm average nut size and 970 rpm machine speed. Similarly, for the performance of rigid beater, the maximum quality efficiency of 71.5% was recorded at 26% moisture content (db), 29.4 mm average nut size and 970 rpm machine speed. The effect of nut size was however not significant on the quality efficiency however it was generally observed that quality efficiency increased with increase in the nuts size. The machine speed has a significant effect on the quality efficiency. Generally, the quality of the kernel recovered decreased as the machine speed decreased. Beater configuration has significant effect on the quality efficiency of the palm nut cracking machine at 5% significant level. Swing beater can be used instead of conventional beater (rigid beater) to crack palm nut for higher quality of whole kernel recovery.
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Batas Bjelić, Ilija, and Dejan Molnar. "Puna cena električne energije proizvedene iz lignita u Srbiji." Energija, ekonomija, ekologija XXIII, no. 4 (2021): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/eee21-4.38b.
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The main goal of this research is to alocate costs by type to cost bearers. Two basic bearers of costs have been defined in the public electricity company in Serbia (hereinafter referred to as the company), although it is a homogeneous product: 1. electricity from lignite thermal power plants and 2. electricity from hydropower plants. In that sense, we have carried out a set of procedures through which the costs per unit of product were incurred (in this case, the unit of production is 1 MWh of electricity). First, on the basis of the costs that the company records in its income statements during 2017, 2018 and 2019, it is estimated how much expenditure the company has and bears, i.e. the state (since it is a public company) for the production of 1MWh. Then, the cost price was "upgraded" with those expenses that are "not seen" directly in the company's income statement, but are paid by society and the state in other ways. In this way, based on available data, we determined the cost of 1MWh of electricity produced from lignite for Serbian citizens today, and estimated how much it could cost in the near future, when access to electricity production based on unfair competition based on neglecting health costs and effects global warming.
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van Bochove, Christiaan, Michael Milo, and Ton van Velzen. "Plane nostris moribus: customary financing on future salary by the Dutch East India Company." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis / Revue d'Histoire du Droit / The Legal History Review 91, no. 1-2 (August 25, 2023): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-2023xx07.
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Summary Transferring claims has traditionally been a dogmatic near impossibility in the civilian institutional tradition. In practice, however, contractual creativity provided space to develop a variety of mechanisms for transferring claims. Our paper explores such a mechanism, which financed the seamen of the Dutch East India Company (voc), on the basis of their claims to future salary. The associated document, the so-called transportbrief, started from a seaman’s debt, which by mandate the Company accepted to pay to the bearer of the document, if conditions as performance of labor obligations were met. Payment practice itself was carefully orchestrated by resolutions of the voc board, the Heeren xvii, thereby tailoring market and law according to the various interests involved.
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Sheokand, Jyoti, and Davinder Parkash. "COMPACT CPW FED ANTENNA HAVING DUAL AND INVERTED BEAKER SHAPED FOR WLAN/WIMAX OPERATIONS." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 2 (October 30, 2012): 234–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v3i2a.6775.
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In recent years, great interest is focused on microstrip antennas for their small volumes, low profiles, good integration, low costs and good performance. With the continuous growth of wireless and mobile communication service and the constant miniaturization of communication equipment, there are higher demands for the volume of antennas, integration and working band. This paper presents a basic rectangular shaped microstrip patch antenna for wireless communications system which is suitable for 4.54 GHz to 5.632 GHz band operations. These systems may include upper higher bands of WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) and wireless local-area network (WLAN). A rectangular ring slot is cut and double T shape along with one inverted beaker slot is embedded into it. Besides that, in the inverted beaker shape, similar shape slot is cut. This design has several advantages such as compact size, omnidirectional radiation pattern etc. which all are studied. The results confirm good performance of the single and multiband antenna design.
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Esposito De Falco, Salvatore. "Editorial: New guidelines in corporate governance studies – Initial signs of reducing the limits of the agency’s theory." Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review 3, no. 2 (2019): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cgobr_v3_i2_editorial.
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The new challenge is to review the behavior of the proprietary system and its relationship with the company; the objective is to fill the great void left by the agency's theory, giving greater consideration to the interests of the company itself, as the bearer of its own expectations and needs, even independent of the ownership system. The possible considerations that arise from it, therefore, must not be limited to studying the relationship between Principal and Agent, but between Principal-Agent-Firms. In this new perspective, research on Corporate Governance must more consider the interest of the firm. In this issue of Corporate Governance and Organizational Behavior Review, the trends highlighted welcome these new considerations. The debate is still on the basic stage, but hopefully, it can contribute to the start of a change of mind.
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Mascarenhas, Kiran. "LITTLE HENRY'S BURDENS: COLONIZATION, CIVILIZATION, CHRISTIANITY, AND THE CHILD." Victorian Literature and Culture 42, no. 3 (June 6, 2014): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150314000072.
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The History of Little Henry and His Bearer (1814), an Evangelical tract, was published on the heels of the Charter Act of 1813, an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that introduced more regulation of the East India Company and legalized missionary work in India. The act implicitly rationalized expanding British dominance, invoking the moral mission to save the heathen. Little Henry captures this zeitgeist and was received enthusiastically by a readership newly interested in additional imperial expansion as a means of bringing civilization to the colonial world (Regaignon 89).
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Dunmei, Р. "CURRENT SITUATION, STRUCTURE AND MEASURES TO COUNTERACT BUSINESS CRIME IN CHINA." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), no. 1 (April 7, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2021.77.1.073-080.
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Entrepreneurship is the main bearer of economic activity, which is why the company is central to public life, and moreover, the entrepreneur is recognised as the soul of the company. However, some entrepreneurs, unaware of the rule of law and responsibility, take risks in areas such as corporate finance, financial management, trade and product quality, which leads to an increase in crime among entrepreneurs, which to some extent limits the development of market economies. Entrepreneurial crime as a negative social phenomenon reveals institutional weaknesses in the functioning, management, control and other links of enterprises. In order to overcome previous risks, improvement of the concept, mechanism, organisation and methods of legal risk management should be organically combined with the production and management of the enterprise in order to form a system of prevention and effective prevention of entrepreneurial crime.
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Perna, Rosalba, and Lars Hernquist. "Disks Irradiated by Beamed Radiation from Compact Objects." Astrophysical Journal 544, no. 1 (November 20, 2000): L57—L60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/317300.
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Houben, Robby. "Shareholder Rights and Responsibilities in the Context of Corporate Social Responsibility." European Business Law Review 27, Issue 5 (October 1, 2016): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2016028.
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In this article the authors reflect in more detail on shareholder rights and responsibilities, highlighting two recent developments that could give rise to further debate, namely: shareholder’s activist conduct in the general meetings of systemic enterprises and shareholder responsibility as to voting without having an economic interest in the company in which the votes are casted (“empty voting”). Empty voting is problematic in that it allows parties to vote who do not or to a small extent bear the ultimate risk of a company. In doing so, it blurs the traditional ratio along the lines of which the shareholders are the ultimate risk bearers in a company and best placed to assess what is in the interest of the company. More in general, shareholder activism may have negative consequences for the target company, for example when activism leads to a higher risk profile of the target company. Rather than curtailing the shareholder rights, the authors plea for greater shareholder involvement in the decision-making of a (systemic) company as a counterbalance against aggressive activists.
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Corráin, Daithí Ó. "‘They blew up the best portion of our city and … it is their duty to replace it’: compensation andreconstruction in the aftermathof the 1916 Rising." Irish Historical Studies 39, no. 154 (November 2014): 272–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002112140001909x.
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In his vivid account of Easter Week 1916, The insurrection in Dublin, the writer James Stephens observed: ‘The finest part of our city has been blown to smithereens, and burned into ashes. Soldiers amongst us who have served abroad say that the ruin of this quarter is more complete than anything they have seen at Ypres, than anything they have seen anywhere in France or Flanders.’ In a letter to his sister, Henry Beater, company secretary of Arnotts, also likened the smouldering ruins of Sackville Street and the adjoining thoroughfares to a scene from the war: House after house destroyed utterly. Clery & Co., D.B.C., Eason, G.P.O., Metropole and Imperial Hotels, Freeman’s Journal and literally dozens of other establishments in ruins. Henry St. on both sides from the pillar to Arnott & Co. nearly every house down and absolutely ruined.
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Nwafor, Anthony. "Protection of shareholders class rights in company law." International Journal of Law and Management 63, no. 5 (February 4, 2021): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlma-11-2020-0288.
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Purpose A company that is registered with share capital may issue different classes of shares and may confer rights on members, which place them in different classes in the company’s organisational structure. This paper is concerned with the propensity for encroachment on such vested class rights as companies strive to wriggle out of business challenges spawn by the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the extent of protection that the law accords to the different classes of shareholders and members in a company especially when the company seeks to vary the vested class rights. Design/methodology/approach A doctrinal methodology, which relies on existing literature, case law and statutory instruments, is adopted to explore the nature of class rights and the adequacies of the remedial measures availed by statute to the aggrieved bearers of class rights in the context of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008 with inferences drawn from the UK companies statute and case law. Findings The findings indicate that accessing the remedies available to aggrieved shareholders under the relevant statutory provisions are fraught with conditionality, which could make them elusive to those who may seek to rely on such provisions to vindicate any encroachment on their class rights. Practical implications The paper embodies cogent information on the interpretation and application of the relevant statutory provisions geared at the protection of shareholders class rights, which should serve as guides to companies and the courts in dealing with matters that affect the vested class rights of shareholders and members of a company. Originality/value The paper shows that protections offered to classes of shareholders under the law can also be extended to classes of members who are not necessarily shareholders, and that shareholders who seek to vindicate their class rights may conveniently rely on Section 163 that provides for unfair prejudice remedy to avoid the onerous conditions under Section 164 of the South African Companies Act 71 of 2008, which directly deals with class rights.
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Tomšík, P. "The bonsai management." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 53, No. 7 (January 7, 2008): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1150-agricecon.
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Management can be understood as a “bonsai” integrating its roots in long-term bases with the trunk of general management growing from it supporting a cultivated treetop branching out in the real time. Managers need to develop a new understanding of the management process that will respond to global trends in the world’s economy. More precisely it needs to create more progressive management styles. Management will be successful if it is based upon people’s own knowledge and their development. In addition it has to look beyond the confines of the company and even of the country and to take into account the on-going and permanent development of technology. With particular regard to technology, man should be seen as a bearer of knowledge, regarded as an investment and seen as a source of long-term profit.
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Berti, Carlo, and Antonella Bertocchi. "Il ricorso al trust liquidatorio nella gestione della crisi d’impresa." N° 4 (luglio-agosto), no. 4 (August 1, 2024): 646–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35948/1590-5586/2024.612.
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Tesi La figura del cd. trust liquidatorio si rivela vero e proprio alfiere della valorizzazione dell’autonomia negoziale anche nella gestione della crisi di impresa, avendo dapprima contribuito ad evidenziare, nelle elaborazioni giurisprudenziali, la compatibilità di atti di destinazione del patrimonio con le generali regole poste a tutela dei creditori dell’impresa ed apparendo ora, all’esito dell’entrata in vigore del Codice della crisi d’impresa e dell’insolvenza, efficace indicatore degli intendimenti eventualmente abusivi perseguiti dall’imprenditore. The author’s view The figure of the so-called liquidating trust has proved to be a true standard-bearer of the enhancement of negotiating autonomy also in the management of a company’s crisis, having first contributed to highlighting, in the case law, the compatibility of acts of asset allocation with the general rules protecting the company’s creditors and now appearing, following the entry into force of the Code on company crisis and insolvency, to be an effective indicator of any abusive intentions pursued by the entrepreneur.
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Veress, Emod. "Report from Hungary: Is It Possible to Issue Bearer Shares in Hungary? Remarks on Mandatory and Default Rules in Hungarian Company Law." European Company Law 16, Issue 3 (June 1, 2019): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eucl2019014.
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Mubarok, Dede Husni, Dedeh Hamidah, and Mira Nurmayanti. "IMPLEMENTATION OF MUDHARABAH CONTRACT ON CIAMIS PRUDENTIAL SHARIA INSURANCE PRODUCTS." Syari'ah Economics 5, no. 1 (May 19, 2021): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36667/se.v5i1.209.
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This research is motivated by the provisions of the DSN-MUI Fatwa Guideline Number 21/DSN-MUI/IV/2001, which states that a mudharabah contract can be converted into a tabarru contract, but a tabarru contract cannot be converted into a mudharabah contract. The purpose of this study was to determine the mudharabah contract in Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah Ciamis insurance. This study also aims to determine the tabarru’ contract on Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah Ciamis insurance, as well as to determine the implementation of the mudharabah and tabarru’ contracts on Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah Ciamis insurance. The type of research used is field qualitative with descriptive analysis method. This study uses primary and secondary data sources. The results show (1) the mudharabah contract at Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah Ciamis, namely where the insurance participant/insured is domiciled as shahibul maal and the Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah company is the mudharib/manager. Where participants leave contributions (premium payments) to companies which will then be managed in the form of investments in halal companies that have been approved by the Indonesian Ulema Council. (2) The tabarru’ contract at Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah Ciamis is a contract that changes the contract where the participant becomes a risk bearer other than the company. The company is only a manager/operator. The manager is not entitled to use the tabarru’ funds if there is no power of attorney from the insurance participant to avoid maisyir, gharar and usury. (3) The implementation of the mudharabah and tabarru’ contracts on Pru Taqwa Prudential Syari’ah Ciamis is in accordance with existing provisions, namely based on the DSN-MUI Fatwa Number 21/DSN-MUI/IV/2001 concerning General Guidelines for Sharia Insurance, namely the mudharabah contract which can be converted into a tabarru’ contract and a tabarru’ contract cannot be converted into a mudharabah contract.
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Becht, Marco. "Loyalty voting structures: A better dual class?" Theoretical Inquiries in Law 25, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2024-0002.
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Abstract Loyalty voting structures (LVS) are designed to provide registered shareholders with multiple voting rights following a specified holding period. In theory this concept strikes a balance between dual-class structures (DCS), which enshrine founder control, and open structures that allow for control challenges. LVS entail a single class of shares, enabling all shareholders to possess multiple votes without incurring additional costs, while also limiting the privilege through a transfer sunset provision. Notably, LVS also preserve a key control advantage of DCS for founders, as they minimize the likelihood of control challenges through contested board elections. However, in practice LVS distinguish between bearer shares that are fully fungible and registered shares that allow the company to verify the holding period. Institutional shareholders often find it impossible to register their shares, thereby being deprived of multiple voting rights. Consequently, LVS effectively function as a mechanism to enhance control akin to dual-class structures. Transforming loyalty voting structures into a better dual class for institutional shareholders would require some legal and significant procedural modifications.
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Frey, Sándor, Krisztina Perger, and Krisztina Éva Gabányi. "No Compact Radio Emission from the Proposed Blazar Candidate Counterpart for the Fermi Source 4FGL J1848.7–0129." Research Notes of the AAS 7, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2515-5172/acb146.
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Abstract By assessing available radio data, we argue that the recently proposed new counterpart for the Fermi γ-ray source 4FGL J1848.7−0129 is unlikely to be a blazar. The radio source coincident with a Chandra X-ray point source is extended on ∼10″ angular scale, has no detected compact component (3 GHz flux density ≲1 mJy), and its radio spectrum is steep. These properties contradict to what is expected for blazars with relativistically beamed radio jet emission.
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Abbas, Mahmoud I. "HPGe detector photopeak efficiency calculation including self-absorption and coincidence corrections for Marinelli beaker sources using compact analytical expressions." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 54, no. 5 (May 2001): 761–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(00)00308-0.
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Hamid, Asrul. "Kerjasama (Syirkah) Penyedia Jasa Tiket Dengan Penyedia Jasa Transportasi di Panyabungan Dalam Analisis Hukum Islam." Islamic Circle 2, no. 1 (August 16, 2021): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.56874/islamiccircle.v2i1.486.
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Cooperation (syirkah) between CV owners. A ticket service provider with the owner of a transportation service provider on travel transportation in Panyabungan, namely where CV. Maharani Travel with travel car owners divides profits of 70% and 30% for car owners. And CV. Mandiri Taxi divides the profit of 45% for the company and 25% for the car owner and 30% for the driver and if there is an accident or things that are detrimental then from both CVs. the travel stated that the bearer of the loss was the owner of the CV. the largest travel agent and the driver, while the owner of the travel car is not responsible. According to the view of Islamic law on the practice carried out by CV. Maharani Travel with travel car owners and CV. Mandiri Taxi and the owner of a travel car are not appropriate because it should be in a collaboration (syirkah) in addition to fulfilling the requirements and pillars, as well as responsibilities both in terms of profits and losses must be the responsibility of both parties in accordance with their respective capitals that they tasharruf.
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I Gede Yudi Arsawan, Dian Purnamasari, and Rini Purwaningsih. "KEDUDUKAN HUKUM PENGURUS PERSEROAN SEBAGAI PENANGGUNG PAJAK." Jurnal Hukum PRIORIS 11, no. 1 (December 9, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/prio.v11i1.18776.
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In carrying out the governance of a nation, there are expenses necessary for the expenditures of the state, some of which are obtained through tax revenues collected from individuals classified as taxpayers. However, not all taxpayers fulfill their tax payments on time, and sometimes there are those who fall behind on their taxes, resulting in tax debt. Article 9, paragraph (2) PMK 61/2023 specifically governs the liability of limited liability company directors, wherein the corporate tax debt can be borne personally and/or jointly, including the entire tax debt and tax collection costs. This differs from the responsibility of limited liability company directors as regulated in Law 40/2007, which fundamentally imposes limitations on the accountability of individuals in their positions. As a result, there is ambiguity for corporate managements regarding the limitations of accountability in the tax perspective compared to the corporate law perspective. This research attempts to examine the importance of affirming the legal position of corporate directors as tax debtors. By using normative methods, the author aims to find legal certainty regarding the issues discussed. This research concludes that there is a legal vacuum in regulating the requirements for corporate managements to be exempted from being tax bearers. So that the author recommends that written regulations must be made regarding the understanding of the tax debt insurer for the company's tax debt is limited only to the company's management who is responsible for the company when the tax debt arises. Keywords: Corporate Managements, Tax Debt Insurer, Tax Debt
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Salö, Linus. "Broadcasting the skeptron: the upset of sociolinguistic closure in Swedish public service television." International Journal of the Sociology of Language 2022, no. 275 (May 1, 2022): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl-2021-0044.
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Abstract This article explores upset reactions to purportedly deviant language use in the newsroom of the Swedish public service television company SVT. Adopting a historical gaze to contemporary struggles, it focuses on the news anchor Dina Haddad (an alias selected by me for the sake of anonymity) and the injurious, bigoted complaints she receives from detractors by virtue of speaking Swedish with a foreign accent. Through historical contextualization, the article casts Swedish public service television as a system of sociolinguistic closure, sustained through individual and institutional efforts of correction. Conceptually, it invokes the image of the skeptron to illustrate how linguistic authority is exerted through an interplay between delegators and holders. Against this backdrop, drawing on interview data and a selection of scornful emails, Haddad’s broadcast appearance is grasped as indexing the symbolic recognition of unsolicited change. Her foreign accent is perceived as revealing the countervailing upset of sociolinguistic closure, sanctioned by the establishment. For detractors, this is at once a critique against the skeptron-delegator, SVT, and the skeptron-bearer, Haddad. While the verbal attacks she receives are more about social change than language per se, I argue that the efficacy of producing linguistic complaints pertains to SVT’s historical role in sustaining doctrines of correctness.
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Fachreziansyah, Muhammad Ghifari, Valentina Tohang, and Hansi Joachim. "The Implementation of Accounting Standards for Coffee Plantation." E3S Web of Conferences 388 (2023): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338803016.
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Coffee is one of the most prominent agricultural products In Indonesia, besides other commodities such as palm oil, rubber, cocoa, and tea. The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) regulates the agriculture business in IAS 4. which was issued in December 2000 and prospectively applied worldwide on the 1st of January 2003. The standard encourages coffee plantations to be recorded at their fair value which leads to many contradictions. In 2014, IASB amended IAS 41 specifically for bearer plants because it is used only for production, and it should be treated similarly to property, plant, and equipment (PPE). The main challenge is versatility. As the growth of the coffee plantation industry in Indonesia increases, accountability has become an important issue to deal with. As there are scarce studies regarding the adoption of accounting standards for coffee plantations in Indonesia, this research is intended to give fresh insights from the business owner’s perspective in the implementation of the related agriculture accounting standards. This research employs a qualitative method with a semi-structured interview and triangulation method. Our findings show that coffee farmers already complied with the PSAK 16 and PSAK 69, even though there are still many challenges that the company faced since the coffee plants are high in versatility and uncertainty.
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MELNYCHENKO, Oleksandr, and Maksym MELNYCHENKO. "BRAND MANAGEMENT IN MODERN CONDITIONS: WARTIME CHALLENGES AND PERSPECTIVES." Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Economic sciences 304, no. 2(2) (March 18, 2022): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2022-304-2(2)-4.
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The situation in which Ukrainian society currently finds itself due to the aggression of the Russian Federation requires quick and effective solutions from all participants in the economic process. Powerful Ukrainian brands are also forced to respond to an unprecedented situation. This article considers how brands respond to the challenges of wartime, what are the prospects for their development in this context. The purpose of the research is to identify effective branding strategies implemented in practice by 10 leading Ukrainian brands during the war period to determine the vector of their further development. Ten leading Ukrainian brands according to the 2021 rating were involved in the analysis of activities in wartime conditions. As a result of the analysis, it was found that not all brands respond to the challenges dictated by the situation and adjust their own brand strategies accordingly. Given the fact that each brand is the bearer of certain values that the company creates and affirms during its existence, the main task of the brand as the bearer of these values is to maintain and, if possible, increase customer loyalty. The analysis of the activities of leading Ukrainian brands during hostilities on the territory of Ukraine proves that the main brand strategy defined by the management was a reflection on military operations in Ukraine. It is actually about active reflection, i.e. direct participation in assistance, assistance to citizens, implementation of charitable projects that directly provide assistance to those who need it, etc. The second, no less important, brand strategy is the maximum digitization of the brand in order to provide services or deliver goods as quickly as possible. In wartime conditions, minimum clicks, simple interface, informative content to get any product or service becomes urgent, because the situation in which the customer is, and may find himself in, can suddenly change, so the sooner the customer gets the desired result, the better for all process participants. We see the promising development of brands in the maximum digitalization of offers, if not now, then in the post-war period, otherwise the brand will be lost among more promising competitors with digitalized offers. Further research should present the analysis of certain industries activities and their leading brands during the wartime in Ukraine.
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Schneider, Marguerite, and Alix Valenti. "A Property Rights Analysis of Newly Private Firms: Opportunities for Owners to Appropriate Rents and Partition Residual Risks." Business Ethics Quarterly 21, no. 3 (July 2011): 445–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq201121326.
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ABSTRACT:A key factor in the decision to convert a publicly owned company to private status is the expectation that value will be created, providing the firm with rent. These rents have implications regarding the property rights of the firm’s capital-contributing constituencies. We identify and analyze the types of rent associated with the newly private firm. Compared to public firms, going private allows owners the potential to partition part of the residual risk to bond holders and employees, rendering them to be co-residual risk bearers with owners. We propose that new promotion-based contracts with bond holders and employees, reflecting their particular investments, be negotiated as the firm migrates from public to private status. These contracts should acknowledge the firm’s intent to maximize shareholder value and its need to take the risks necessary to do so, but support that the firm’s survival not be undermined due to its possibly opportunistic owners.
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Lu, Wan-Jin, Ping Zhou, Pei Wang, Yi-Xuan Shao, Xiang-dong Li, Jacco Vink, Di Li, and Yang Chen. "Upper Limits on the Radio Pulses from Magnetars and a Central Compact Object with FAST." Astrophysical Journal 963, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad27cf.
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Abstract Magnetars and central compact objects (CCOs) are subgroups of neutron stars that show a number of properties distinguished from canonical radio pulsars. We performed radio observations of three magnetars, SGR 0418+5729, 1E 2259+586, and 4U 0142+61, and a CCO, PSR J1852+0040, with the Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical radio Telescope at 1.25 GHz, aiming to search for radio pulsations in their quiescent states. During two observation epochs, no radio pulses have been detected toward any target above a significance of signal-to-noise ratio = 7 from either the direct folding or blind search. We provided the most stringent upper limit of radio flux (≲2–4 μJy) for the magnetars and the CCO. For the magnetars with long periods, the real upper limits are likely 1 order of magnitude larger due to the red noise. The deep radio observations suggest that these magnetars and the CCO are indeed radio-quiet sources or unfavorably beamed.
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Kar, Anirban, Nathan Jones, N. Özlem Arat, Richard Fishel, and Jack D. Griffith. "Long repeating (TTAGGG)nsingle-stranded DNA self-condenses into compact beaded filaments stabilized by G-quadruplex formation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 293, no. 24 (April 19, 2018): 9473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.ra118.002158.
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Orienti, M., and D. Dallacasa. "Variability and parsec-scale radio structure of candidate compact symmetric objects." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 499, no. 1 (September 21, 2020): 1340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2856.
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ABSTRACT We report results on multiepoch Very Large Array (VLA) and pc-scale Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) observations of candidate compact symmetric objects (CSOs) from the faint sample of high-frequency peakers. New VLBA observations could resolve the radio structure in about 42 per cent of the observed sources, showing double components that may be either mini-lobes or core-jet structures. Almost all the sources monitored by the VLA show some variability on time-scale of a decade, and only one source does not show any significant variation. In 17 sources, the flux density changes randomly as it is expected in blazars, and in four sources the spectrum becomes flat in the last observing epoch, confirming that samples selected in the GHz regime are highly contaminated by beamed objects. In 16 objects, the pc-scale and variability properties are consistent with a young radio source in adiabatic expansion, with a steady decrease of the flux density in the optically thin part of the spectrum, and a flux density increase in the optically thick part. For these sources, we estimate dynamical ages between a few tens to a few hundred years. The corresponding expansion velocity is generally between 0.1c and 0.7c, similar to values found in CSOs with different approaches. The fast evolution that we observe in some CSO candidates suggests that not all the objects would become classical Fanaroff–Riley radio sources.
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Kostadinović, Ivana, and Marija Petrović-Ranđelović. "The Importance of Improving The Competitiveness of The SMEEs for Development of The Economy of Republic of Serbia." Economic Themes 53, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ethemes-2015-0014.
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Abstract The results of numerous investigations carried out show that the sector of small and medium-sized enterprises and entrepreneurship (SMEEs) represent a significant driving force of economic development of each country and that it is a potential generator of entrepreneurial ideas and innovations. With the intensification of the process of transition after 2000, SMEEs has become a bearer of economic growth and employment and grown into the most dynamic and most efficient segment of the economy of the Republic of Serbia. However, these companies still face many problems in business which is only further underlined by the global financial and economic crisis. The low level of competitiveness of this sector in the Republic of Serbia represents an important limitation of its future development. The main competitive advantage of every modern company accented in its ability to innovate. The advantage of SMEEs, among many others, is reflected in innovation. In general, SMEEs due to their flexibility, as well as a homogeneous structure having a good and an important prerequisite to develop innovation and thus enhance market competitiveness. Regarding their flexibility, it is particularly evident in periods of slow or stagnant economic activity and crises. Therefore, the main direction of development of the SME sector is an innovative approach to real market needs. Providing that, the aim of this paper is to contribute to a clearer understanding of the role and importance of SMEEs for economic development of the Republic of Serbia, as well as to point out the importance of improving the competitiveness and innovativeness of this sector bodies for the future economic development of the national economy.
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Naqvi, Naveena. "On the road: The novice munshi’s view of inter-imperial North India." Indian Economic & Social History Review 57, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 481–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019464620948416.
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This article analyses the diary entries made by a Persographic secretary (munshī), Aḥmad ʿAlī, who was employed by a retiring East India Company official to write an account of the journey they made together in 1780 across North India from Lucknow to the Mughal imperial capital in Delhi and back. Much of the landscape that they traversed—including a cluster of qasbahs, river passes, forests and fields—was formerly governed by a confederacy of Rohilla Afghans from 1737 to 1774. By 1780, however, this region was marked by the absence of well-defined, enduring state structures and witnessed an abundance of overlapping political claims. Under such conditions, Aḥmad ʿAlī, a novice secretary from this region who lacked access to major scholarly networks or courtly circles, found himself uniquely placed to observe and document the micro-level political and historical changes that he had lived through. Unlike his courtly counterparts, he witnessed transformations at a remove from both imperial politics and the regional courts that had developed through the eighteenth century. Rather than to a state or a single political project, his locus of service was aligned with the world of independent military entrepreneurs and their households, which were strewn across a region that he knew well. Questioning the view that secretaries were primarily cyphers of courtly culture or bureaucratic imperatives, the following pages demonstrate that while Aḥmad ʿAlī served his individual employer, he could imagine politics and history outside the constraints that came with corporate political affiliations, as a figure who was new to the work of secretarial penmanship and a seasoned bearer of textured regional knowledge.
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Seshadri, D. V. R., Achal Raghavan, and Shobitha Hegde. "Business Ethics: The Next Frontier for Globalizing Indian Companies." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 32, no. 3 (July 2007): 61–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920070305.
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Nowhere is the fast changing nature of the global business landscape more perceptible than on the ethics front. With a spate of recent unethical behaviours by large corporations in the Western world, especially in USA, their societies have become intolerant to businesses that manifest unethical behaviour. Legal and regulatory frameworks in these countries have been swift to respond through stringent laws such as the Sarbanes Oxley Corporate Reform Act. Consequently, most businesses based in these countries have become extremely risk averse on the ethics front. Few of them would like to have anything to do with any unethical company in any part of the world. This changed mindset has significant ramifications for Indian companies that have global aspirations. No Indian company that hopes to globalize in any manner can afford to ignore these changes sweeping the global business arena on the ethics front. Business ethics encompasses much more than mere compliance with laws and regulations. It is about every individual in the organization acting ethically, about creating an ethically sound working environment within the organization and about modeling ethical behaviour by leadership at all levels. Research suggests that it makes good long-term business sense to be ethical. For a company's ethics policy to be successfully implemented, it is essential that: The code of ethics is clearly communicated to employees. Employees are formally trained in it. They are told how to deal with ethical challenges. The code is implemented strongly. The code is contemporary. The company leadership adheres to the highest ethical standards. When an employee gets no clear answers from the organization while dealing with decisions that have inherent ethical dilemmas, he tends to chart his own course of action by drawing on his intuition, conviction, and beliefs, and assessing the pressures of the situation at hand, putting the organization at considerable risk. Globalizing Indian companies essentially have two options. One is to sit back and wait for the tightening of regulatory and societal screws on them, forcing them into ethical behaviour in a reactive mode. The other approach is for them to proactively herald the new era of business ethics by becoming torch bearers of the new order of things. It is in the organization's selfinterest to take a proactive posture on the ethics issue, and be well-prepared for the shape of things to come. We also show how this can be done and what challenges must be addressed for success on this journey.
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Cierna, Helena, and Erika Sujova. "The Risks of Ethical Credibility: Innovations in Companies Management." Marketing and Management of Innovations, no. 4 (2020): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2020.4-19.
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The qualitative social changes experiencing in this millennium are characterized primarily by globalization and the internationalization of economic processes. These changes require creating innovative approaches to corporate management to lead to companies’ better economic results and thus provide them with a competitive advantage. Today, companies must respond quickly to the needs of the external and internal environment, be in close contact with customers, and support internal business activity. The paper aims to assess and evaluate selected companies’ ethical credibility in Slovakia based on the research conducted at the Technical University in Zvolen. The results of the research evaluate the risks of ethical credibility in selected companies in Slovakia. The authors build the desired way of behaving and acting of all stakeholders. As a bearer of ethical-moral norms and principles, corporate culture comes to the fore as an indisputable factor in the success of a company in the competition, which acquires a global platform. The currently ongoing economic transformation process creates such conditions for companies’ activities, which require a significant increase in their activities’ efficiency and improved customer needs satisfaction, which causes the need for radical changes. The changes concern in particular, how business entities react to their internal or external environment. Risk is a term that refers to an uncertain outcome with a possible adverse condition. Risk means a threat, a potential problem, the possibility of failure, damage, loss, or destruction. Risk expresses a certain degree of uncertainty, i.e. the probability of achieving a result different from the expected result. Examples of minimizing the risks arising from the unreliability and distrust to employees could improve work efficiency, interpersonal relationships and work ethic, and the work environment. Keywords: ethics, risk, ethical credibility, enterprise, procedure algorithm, research.
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Kieven, Elisabeth. "An Italian Architect in London: The Case of Alessandro Galilei (1691–1737)." Architectural History 51 (2008): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066622x00003002.
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‘I will carry with me the best architect in Europe.’ With these bold words Robert, first Viscount Molesworth, announced to his wife his arrival in Ireland in the company of the young Italian architect and engineer Alessandro Galilei in May 1717. Lord Molesworth could not know that, twenty years later, Galilei would be indeed one of the best-known architects in Europe, after having built in Rome, to the order of Pope Clement XII Corsini (1730–40), the facade of San Giovanni in Laterano (St John Lateran), the Cappella Corsini in the same church and the facade of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini.Galilei was born on 25 August 1691, in Florence, the eldest son of the notary Giuseppe Maria Galilei and his wife Margherita Merlini. The Galilei family could trace their lineage to the Buonaiuti, who in the fourteenth century twice held the post of ‘Gonfaloniere della Giustizia’, then the most important position in the city government. They took the surname Galilei from the last Gonfaloniere in their family, the master of philosophy and medicine, Galileo (early fifteenth century). Even into the sixteenth century, members of the family belonged to the town council. The most famous bearer of the name was without doubt Galileo Galilei (1564–1641), from whom Alessandro was not directly descended but to whom he was remotely related. Although Alessandro’s father, Giuseppe, who in 1707 and 1711 was Proconsul of Notaries, counted himself as one of the nobili, the standing of the old patrician families had been considerably reduced under the Medici Grand Dukes because they did not actually hold a landed title. Financial decline seems also to have damaged the prestige of Alessandro’s branch of the family.
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Liu, Yuanqi, Ran Wang, Emmanuel Momjian, Yingkang Zhang, Tao An, Xiaolong Yang, Jeff Wagg, Eduardo Bañados, and Alain Omont. "VLBA Reveals the Absence of a Compact Radio Core in the Radio-intermediate Quasar J2242+0334 at z = 5.9." Astrophysical Journal Letters 939, no. 1 (October 26, 2022): L5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac98b2.
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Abstract High-resolution imaging is crucial for exploring the origin and mechanism of radio emission in quasars, especially at high redshifts. We present 1.5 GHz Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) images of the radio continuum emission from the radio-intermediate quasar (RIQ) J2242+0334 at z = 5.9. This object was previously detected at both 1.5 GHz and 3 GHz with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) as a point source. However, there is no clear detection in the VLBA images at both the full resolution of 10.7 mas × 4.5 mas (61.7 pc × 26.0 pc) and a tapered resolution of 26 mas × 21 mas (150 pc × 121 pc). This suggests that the radio emission from the quasar is diffuse on milliarcsecond scales with surface brightness fainter than the 3σ detection limit of 40.5 μJy beam−1 in the full-resolution image. The radio emission in the RIQ J2242+0334 is likely to be wind-like (i.e., diffuse) rather than in the form of collimated jets. This is different from the previous radio detections of the most luminous quasars at z ∼ 6 that are usually dominated by compact, high brightness temperature radio sources. Meanwhile, compared with RIQs at low redshifts, the case of J2242+0334 suggests that not all RIQs are beamed radio-quiet quasars. This optically faint RIQ provides an important and unique example to investigate the radio activity in the less powerful active galactic nuclei at the earliest cosmic epoch.
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Pacini, Carl, William Hopwood, George Young, and Joan Crain. "The role of shell entities in fraud and other financial crimes." Managerial Auditing Journal 34, no. 3 (March 4, 2019): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-01-2018-1768.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to review the use and application of shell entities, as they facilitate crime and terrorism, impede investigations and harm societies. Design/methodology/approach The study details the types and characteristics of shell entities, reviews actual cases to exhibit how shells are abused, outlines reasons shells disguise beneficial ownership and analyzes steps taken by countries and organizations to thwart the abuse of shell entities. Findings Many types of shell entities are used by white-collar criminals and are often layered in an intricate network which conceals the identity of beneficial owners. Nominees and bearer shares are used in tandem with shell entities to optimize concealment. Accountants, lawyers and trust and company service providers facilitate and promote the use and abuse of shell entities by lawbreakers. The G-8, Financial Action Task Force and G-20 have begun steps to improve ownership transparency, but the effort is moving at a modest pace. Research limitations/implications The analysis makes clear the reasons for and means by which the wealthy and powerful, along with criminals, conceal trillions of dollars of income and wealth that remain untaxed and may be used for nefarious purposes. The paper is limited by the paucity of data on concealed assets and their beneficial owners. Practical implications The findings clearly show the need for more concerted action by national governments, organizations, the United Nations and law enforcement and to improve ownership transparency and information exchange regarding shell entities. Social implications The findings demonstrate that shell entities used to conceal wealth prevent untold trillions in taxes from being collected by governments worldwide. This lack of revenue facilitates income inequality and skews national economic and fiscal policies. Also, more white-collar criminals and terrorist financiers could be brought to justice if ownership transparency is improved. Originality/value This study adds to the limited literature on shell entities, their characteristics and uses and abuses.
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Vartanova, Olena, and Inna Korol. "PECULIARITIES OF THE CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF UKRAINIAN AND FOREIGN BRANDS." Three Seas Economic Journal 2, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5150/2021-1-4.
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Ensuring sustainable competitive advantages is the main goal of the company in a chaotic and unpredictable change in the business environment. Sustainable and long-term competitive advantages are formed mainly on the basis of the new combinations or new ways of using intangible assets: they give impetus to the company's development and innovation in a rapidly transforming environment. One of such unique assets of the enterprise becomes a brand. The brand is the bearer of the value of the product in the consumer perception, and is often more attractive to the consumer than the actual consumer value of the product. Consumer perception of the brand is determined by a large number of factors, including personal and psychological factors that reflect the patterns of human consumer behavior and order its coexistence habits. The study of these aspects of consumer behavior is an extremely important task of marketing. The subject of the research is theoretical-methodical and practical aspects of peculiarities and factors of consumer perception of Ukrainian and foreign brands. The purpose of the article is to form a theoretical and methodological basis for determining and comparing the characteristics of the perception of domestic and foreign brands by Ukrainian consumers with different socio-demographic characteristics. In line with this goal, the research methodology is based on the use of expert survey methods to determine the characteristics of consumer perception of brands using Google Forms. The sample size is 169 people. Respondents were asked to rate 14 foreign and 11 Ukrainian most popular clothing brands according to selected parameters. To confirm the hypotheses formed in the study, the calculation of the Fisher's angular transformation criterion φ was used. According to the results of the study of features and factors of consumer perception of Ukrainian and foreign brands by Ukrainian consumers, the hypotheses about the greater commitment of Ukrainian consumers to foreign brands was confirmed (consumer perception of the ZARA brand exceeds the perception of the H&M brand, consumer confidence in foreign brands exceeds the trust in Ukrainian brands). Fisher's angular transformation criterion is used to confirm the hypotheses.
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Bartelega, José Antonio castro, Joyce Maria de Sylva Tavares Bartelega, Luis Felipe dos Reis Montemor, and Vinicius Hasmann Dos Santos. "Bancada para portador de necessidades especiais." Latin American Journal of Development 3, no. 4 (August 18, 2021): 2573–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46814/lajdv3n4-062.
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Visto que a área de mecânica de produção não possui espaço para portadores de necessidades especiais, o que reflete na não-disposição de vagas, devido à falta de equipamentos que possibilitem a realização de seu respectivo serviço, surgiu a ideia da criação de uma “Bancada Ajustável”, que por sua vez introduziria o portador de necessidades especiais no ramo da mecânica industrial, com foco principal no setor de ajustagem, incluindo-o profissional e socialmente, justapondo a lei nº 12.435. Isso de forma a priorizar a utilização de materiais ecológicos e de baixo impacto ambiental, no caso aço – perfil vazado – e madeira plástica de procedência reciclável, tendo ainda uma estrutura simples e compacta, uma vez que sua área de ocupação é por volta de 1m² (um metro quadrado), o que influi na redução do consumo de matéria-prima. O projeto foi baseado na NBR 9050, visando ao conforto e à praticidade em sua utilização. De acordo com pesquisas de campo, conclui-se que o projeto é interessante, tanto para o funcionário quanto para a empresa. É valido ressaltar que a Bancada pode ser usufruída por funcionários em geral, sendo eles portadores de necessidades especiais ou não, de qualquer forma, proporcionando conforto e mobilidade.
Since the production mechanics area has no space for people with special needs, which reflects in the non-availability of vacancies, due to the lack of equipment which makes it possible to perform their respective service, the idea of creating an "Adjustable Bench" arose, which in turn would introduce the special needs bearer in the industrial mechanics field, focusing mainly on the adjustment sector, including him professionally and socially, juxtaposing law no. 12,435. This in order to prioritize the use of ecological and low environmental impact materials, in this case steel - hollow profile - and plastic wood from recyclable sources, also having a simple and compact structure, since its occupation area is around 1m² (one square meter), which influences in the reduction of raw material consumption. The project was based on the NBR 9050, aiming at comfort and practicality in its use. According to field research, it was concluded that the project is interesting, both for the employee and for the company. It is worth mentioning that the bench can be used by employees in general, whether they have special needs or not, in any way, providing comfort and mobility.