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1
Gulesci, Selim. Forced Migration and Attitudes Towards Domestic Violence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the long-term effects of internal displacement caused by the Kurdish-Turkish conflict on women’s attitudes towards domestic violence. Using the Turkish Demographic and Health Survey, we show that Kurdish women who migrated from their homes during the conflict are more likely to believe that a husband is justified in beating his wife; and the spouses of migrant women were more likely to have tried to control their wives by limiting their movements or social interactions. In a novel dataset of applicants to a women’s shelter, we find that forced migrant women have endured violence for longer and of greater intensity before deciding to seek assistance. We discuss possible mechanisms through which forced migration may affect migrants’ attitudes towards domestic violence.
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Neyrinck, Arne P., Patrick Ferdinande, Dirk Van Raemdonck, and Marc Van de Velde. Donor organ management. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0034.
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Organ transplantation is the standard treatment modality for end-stage organ disease in selected cases. Two types of potential organ donors can be identified: the brain-dead ‘heart-beating donors’, referred to as DBD (donation after brain death), and the warm ischaemic ‘non-heart-beating donors’, referred to as DCD (donation after circulatory death). Brain death induces several physiological changes in the DBD donor. An autonomic storm is characterized by massive catecholamine release, followed by autonomic depletion during a vasoplegic phase. This is associated with several hormonal changes (suppression of vasopressin, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis) and an inflammatory response. These physiological changes form the basis of organ donor management, including cardiovascular stabilization and hormonal therapy (including vasopressin and analogues, thyroid hormone, and cortisol). Donor management is the continuation of critical care, with a shift towards individual organ stabilization. An aggressive approach to maximize organ yield is recommended; however, many treatment strategies need further investigation in large randomized trials. DCD donors have now evolved as a valid alternative to increase the potential donor pool and challenge the clinician with new questions. Optimal donor comfort therapy and end-of-life care are important to minimize the agonal phase. A strict approach towards the determination of death, based on cardiorespiratory criteria, is prerequisite. Novel strategies have been developed, using ex situ organ perfusion as a tool, to evaluate and recondition donor organs. They might become more important in the future to further optimize organ quality.
3
Barnhurst, Kevin G. Broadcast News Became Less Episodic. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252040184.003.0017.
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This chapter considers the provision of context and analysis in television news. Americans have tended to be realist, viewing problems as “concrete rather than abstract” and are relying more on television for news, which simplifies “complex issues to the level of anecdotal evidence.” However, episodic newscasts may lead audiences to ignore the modern big picture of social conditions and public policy behind problems. For a century the U.S. population has scored poorly on standard memory tests of political knowledge. An uninformed audience may need more explanations, but did the interpretive turn fail to spread to television as critics suggest? It is shown that television news adopted the wider modern perspectives that critics demanded. Since the 1960s, newscasters have expanded interpretation on national evening news. After beating newspapers to the newest stories, network newscasts themselves began shifting into modern interpretive styles instead of sticking with realist, episodic coverage.
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Arnold, Gretchen. U.S. Women’s Movements to End Violence against Women, Domestic Abuse, and Rape. Edited by Holly J. McCammon, Verta Taylor, Jo Reger, and Rachel L. Einwohner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190204204.013.15.
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Movements to end violence against women in the United States have brought the issues of rape, incest, wife-beating, and sexual harassment to public attention, given birth to community support systems for survivors, laid the foundation for research, and triggered significant cultural change. However, they have not been without their critics. After tracing the history of the battered women’s and the anti-rape movements, this chapter explores three areas of controversy surrounding both movements. The first is the charge that activists have abandoned their feminist political agendas and have become part of the social service mainstream. The second criticism is that the movements have excluded minority women and, as a result, have supported policies that do more harm than good. The third debate surrounds whether these movements have been co-opted by the state and are used more to regulate and control the poor and minorities than to challenge existing structures of power.
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Mac Suibhne, Breandán. The Name of Informer. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198738619.003.0006.
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Financial concerns were a factor in McGlynn’s decision to contact Cruise in late March 1856. So too was a fear that he would be connected to a letter threatening Gallagher which he had written at the behest of the Mollies. That anxiety, in turn, stemmed from the fractious politics of the local lodge. The previous year, its ‘master’ had survived a challenge from militants who thought that he should be ordering more ‘outrages’. However, the militants remained a strong faction in the lodge. McGlynn’s fear heightened when the savage beating of a man in a neighbouring parish caused the Catholic clergy to condemn the Mollies. McGlynn’s information revealed Gallagher’s neglect of his aged father, John, to have been an additional source of the Mollies’ animosity to him; so too, it seems, was the death of a man struck with a whip by a relative of his wife.
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Bodroghkozy, Aniko. Selma in the “Glaring Light of Television”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036682.003.0006.
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This chapter examines television news' reporting of the Selma campaign for voting rights that led directly to the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Television cameras present on the Edmund Pettus Bridge on Sunday March 7, 1965, were able to capture the beating, gassing, and brutalizing suffered by voting rights demonstrators as they attempted to march to Montgomery. The uproar generated by that footage generated more support, volunteers, and moral clout for the civil rights movement. This chapter considers how one news program, The CBS Evening News with Walter Cronkite, presented the Selma campaign as an ongoing nightly news story, with particular emphasis on its coverage of the campaign's three martyrs: Jimmie Lee Jackson, Rev. James Reeb, and Viola Liuzzo. It also discusses the response of white Selmians in the “glaring light of television” and the commentary in the African American press regarding the television coverage of the campaign.
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Stahlke, Samantha, and Pejman Mirza-Babaei. The Game Designer's Playbook. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845911.001.0001.
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Abstract Video games have captivated us for over 50 years, giving us entire worlds to explore, new ways to connect with friends, thought-provoking stories, or just a fun way to pass the time. Creating games is a dream for many, but making great games is challenging. This is a book about that challenge. More specifically, it’s a book about game interaction design—in other words, shaping what players can do and how they do it to make a game satisfying and memorable. Our time with a game is built on interaction, from basic things like pushing buttons on a controller, to making complicated strategic decisions and engaging with its narrative. If you’ve ever felt the adrenaline rush from beating a perfectly tuned boss fight or been delighted by the fanfare of picking up that last collectible, you’ve experienced good interaction design first-hand. This book is about learning what makes for great (or terrible!) interaction design in games, exploring things like controls, feedback, story, and tutorial design by analyzing existing games. It also looks at how newer and still-developing tech like VR and streaming are changing the ways we play, and how you can bring great interaction design to your own games.
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Timmermann, Marybeth, trans. The Urgency of an Anti-Sexist Law. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039003.003.0039.
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The Yvelines criminal court has recently acquitted Mr. Leber (see Le monde, January 24),1 who had fatally beaten his wife and who had left her to slowly die on the kitchen floor all night long.What we are calling into question are the sexist motivations that have led to this acquittal. For having broken a few windows, young people are sentenced to years of imprisonment. For having killed his wife, Mr. Leber will receive no penalty on the pretext that this offense falls under the domain of “love” or the conjugal relationship. It is worth questioning a judicial system where circumstances that are usually aggravating become, in this case, attenuating circumstances....
9
de Beauvoir, Simone. Preface to Djamila Boupacha. Translated by Marybeth Timmermann. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036941.003.0013.
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A twenty-three-year-old Algerian woman and liaison agent for the FLN was imprisoned, tortured, raped with a bottle by French military men, and it’s considered ordinary.1 Since 1954, in the name of suppressing rebellion, then of pacification, we are all accomplices of a genocide that has claimed over a million victims; men, women, old folks and children have been slaughtered: gunned down during search-raids, burned alive in their villages, throats slit or bellies ripped open, many tortured to death. Entire tribes have been left to starve and freeze, at the mercy of beatings and epidemics in the “relocation camps” which are in fact extermination camps—serving also as brothels to the elite soldiers—and where more than five hundred thousand Algerians currently await their death. During the course of the last few months, the press, including even the most circumspect papers, has been full of horror stories: assassinations, lynchings, violent racist attacks on Arab immigrants; manhunts in the streets of Oran; corpses by the dozen in Paris, hanging from trees in the Bois de Boulogne and along the banks of the Seine; maimed limbs and blown up heads; bloody All Saints Day in Algiers....
10
Bosworth, R. J. B. Introduction. Edited by R. J. B. Bosworth. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199594788.013.0001.
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Of all political concepts of relatively recent times, fascism, along with the name of the Nazi chief, Adolf Hitler, elicits the most automatically negative reaction in most minds. Its mention at once conjures images of marching automatons, extreme violence, war, and genocide. The fascists, along with Hitler, it is widely assumed, were virtuously beaten in the Second World War, when liberals, democrats and socialists, capitalists and communists, came together, at least from 1941, to resist, to produce, to conquer, and to save humankind. Even though it is now more than sixty years since Hitler and his Italian ally, Benito Mussolini, died at the end of the Second World War, the history of fascism, it seems, retains contemporary menace.
11
O'Donnell, Ian. Postscript. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0011.
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Ireland ceased being a killing state by degrees. The final execution took place on 20 April 1954 when Michael Manning felt Albert Pierrepoint place a noose around his neck.1 A carter from Limerick, Manning had ambushed and suffocated Catherine Cooper, a nurse forty years his senior. This was a brutal crime involving a vulnerable victim who was badly beaten and sexually assaulted. By Manning’s own account he was making his way home after a day’s drinking when he saw a woman he did not recognize walking alone. As he put it afterwards: ‘I suddenly lost my head and jumped on the woman and remember no more until the lights of a car shone on me.’...
12
Hepburn, Allan. Bombed Churches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828570.003.0002.
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More often than not, the blitz was represented by bombed churches. Images of St Paul’s Cathedral soaring above smoke and, in a more tragic key, the ruins of St Michael’s Cathedral in Coventry encapsulate the values that Britons thought they were fighting for in the Second World War. John Piper, Cecil Beaton, Hanslip Fletcher, and other visual artists, many of them employed by the War Artists’ Advisory Committee (WAAC), expressed their ideas about British heritage through paintings, drawings, and photographs of church architecture. At the same time, writers such as Virginia Woolf, John Strachey, John Betjeman, and Louis MacNeice modulated their patriotism—with quibbles and caveats—into ‘a faith to fight for’. Drawing on poetry, novels, tracts, newspaper articles, and visual culture, this chapter demonstrates the propagandistic value of bombed churches during the Second World War, then flashes forward to the consecration of the rebuilt cathedral in Coventry, which opened with great fanfare and an arts festival in May 1962.
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Ginbar, Yuval. Making Human Rights Sense of The Torture Definition. Edited by Metin Başoğlu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374625.003.0010.
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In this chapter, the author first argues that the definition of torture in the Convention Against Torture “makes human rights sense”—that it is sound morally, legally, and practically, strict enough to define a serious violation and crime but flexible enough to accommodate new interpretations. Second, the author advocates a “torture minus” approach to distinguishing, where necessary, between torture and the wider violation of cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment (CIDT/P), holding that CIDT/P is ill-treatment that lacks any one (or more) of the torture definition’s key requirements. Finally, without underestimating past and possibly future US interrogational torture, the author calls for a focus on the lived realities of torture—its victims are mostly individuals from poor, marginalized communities being “beaten up,” rather than suspected terrorists subjected to sophisticated “enhanced interrogation techniques.” Approaches to “pain or suffering” discussed elsewhere in this volume are threaded into the analysis.
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Hopkin, Jonathan. Anti-System Politics. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699765.001.0001.
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Recent elections in the advanced Western democracies have undermined the basic foundations of political systems that had previously beaten back all challenges—from both the Left and the Right. The election of Donald Trump to the US presidency, only months after the United Kingdom voted to leave the European Union, signaled a dramatic shift in the politics of the rich democracies. This book traces the evolution of this shift and argues that it is a long-term result of abandoning the postwar model of egalitarian capitalism in the 1970s. That shift entailed weakening the democratic process in favor of an opaque, technocratic form of governance that allows voters little opportunity to influence policy. With the financial crisis of the late 2000s, these arrangements became unsustainable, as incumbent politicians were unable to provide solutions to economic hardship. Electorates demanded change, and it had to come from outside the system. Using a comparative approach, the text explains why different kinds of anti-system politics emerge in different countries and how political and economic factors impact the degree of electoral instability that emerges. Finally, it discusses the implications of these changes, arguing that the only way for mainstream political forces to survive is for them to embrace a more activist role for government in protecting societies from economic turbulence.
15
Lindenmayer, David, Christopher MacGregor, Nick Dexter, Martin Fortescue, and Esther Beaton. Booderee National Park. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486300433.
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Booderee National Park at Jervis Bay, 200km south of Sydney, attracts over 450,000 visitors each year. The park has many special features, including dramatic wave cut platforms and sea caves, some of the whitest beach sands in Australia, and very high densities of native predators such as the Powerful Owl and the Diamond Python. This book outlines the biology and ecology of Booderee National Park.
Booderee packs an extraordinary level of biodiversity into a small area (roughly 6500 hectares), with more than 260 species of terrestrial vertebrates and over 625 species of plants. It is home to species of significant conservation concern, such as the globally endangered Eastern Bristlebird for which the park is one of its last and most important strongholds. The diversity of vegetation is also astounding: in some parts of the park, it is possible to walk from ankle-high sedgelands, through woodlands and forest and into subtropical rainforest in less than 150 metres.
The book highlights how Booderee National Park is a functional natural ecosystem and, in turn, how management practices aim to improve environmental conditions and promote biodiversity conservation. Richly illustrated with colour images from award-winning photographer Esther Beaton, it will delight visitors to the park as well as anyone with an interest in natural history.
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Duplouy, Alain, and Roger W. Brock, eds. Defining Citizenship in Archaic Greece. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198817192.001.0001.
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Citizenship is a major feature of contemporary national and international politics. It is also a legacy of ancient Greece. The concept of membership of a community appeared in Greece some three millennia ago as a participation in the social and political life of small-scale communities, but only towards the end of the fourth century BC did Aristotle offer the first explicit statement about it. Though long accepted, the Aristotelian definition remains deeply rooted in the philosophical and political thought of the classical period, but it probably fails to account accurately for the previous centuries or the dynamics of the emergent cities. Focusing on archaic Greece, this collective enquiry, bringing together renowned international scholars, aims at exploring new routes to archaic citizenship, exemplifying the living diversity of approaches to archaic Greece and to the Greek city. If the Aristotelian model has long been applied to all Greek cities regardless of chronological issues, historians are now challenging Aristotle’s theoretical definition and are looking for other ways of conceiving citizenship and community, setting the stage for a new image of archaic cities, which are no longer to be considered as primitive or incomplete classical poleis. Driven by this same objective, the essays collected here have not, however, been tailored to endorse any specific view. Each contributor brings his or her own national background and approaches to archaic citizenship through specific fields of enquiry (law, descent, cults, military obligations, associations, civic subdivisions, athletics, commensality, behaviours, etc.), often venturing off the beaten track.
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Zweig, Katharina A. Awkward Intelligence. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/13915.001.0001.
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An expert offers a guide to where we should use artificial intelligence—and where we should not. Before we know it, artificial intelligence (AI) will work its way into every corner of our lives, making decisions about, with, and for us. Is this a good thing? There's a tendency to think that machines can be more “objective” than humans—can make better decisions about job applicants, for example, or risk assessments. In Awkward Intelligence, AI expert Katharina Zweig offers readers the inside story, explaining how many levers computer and data scientists must pull for AI's supposedly objective decision making. She presents the good and the bad: AI is good at processing vast quantities of data that humans cannot—but it's bad at making judgments about people. AI is accurate at sifting through billions of websites to offer up the best results for our search queries and it has beaten reigning champions in games of chess and Go. But, drawing on her own research, Zweig shows how inaccurate AI is, for example, at predicting whether someone with a previous conviction will become a repeat offender. It's no better than simple guesswork, and yet it's used to determine people's futures. Zweig introduces readers to the basics of AI and presents a toolkit for designing AI systems. She explains algorithms, big data, and computer intelligence, and how they relate to one another. Finally, she explores the ethics of AI and how we can shape the process. With Awkward Intelligence, Zweig equips us to confront the biggest question concerning AI: where we should use it—and where we should not.