Journal articles: 'Bearing formations'

1

SCHREIBER, B. C. "Salt Formations: Paleozoic Salt Bearing Formations of the World." Science 228, no. 4697 (April 19, 1985): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.228.4697.317.

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FILATOV, Eugene, and Ludmila FILATOVA. "Geological and geochemical specialization of ore-bearing formations." Domestic geology, no. 3-4 (September 14, 2021): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2021-10021.

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The geochemical and metallogenic specialization and zoning of structural-material complexes are analyzed. In the general systematic operational circuit of metallogenic forecasting and geological prospecting, processing the data on the geochemical specialization of geological formations and their constituents make it possible to perform a formational interpretation of anomalous geochemical fields revealed in the course of multipurpose geological and geochemical mapping; to subdivide the explored areas by the types of geological formations differing by their ore-bearing potential, with allocation of the most productive subformations, phases, and facies; and to provide quantitative estimates of the forecasted resources. Geochemical criteria of the ore-bearing potential of geological formations consist, first of all, in stable correlations between petrochemical features of ore-bearing rocks and their corresponding fluctuations of the ore composition (for example, the correlation of the potassium content of ore-hosting silicic volcanic rocks of the ore-bearing volcanogenic geological formations with the Cu/Pb ratio in ores of various types of deposits of the VMSD formational family). These criteria are to be taken into account in regional and local assessments of the perspective ore-bearing potential of geological formations.

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He, Zhanxiang, Zuzhi Hu, Weifeng Luo, and Caifu Wang. "Mapping reservoirs based on resistivity and induced polarization derived from continuous 3D magnetotelluric profiling: Case study from Qaidam basin, China." GEOPHYSICS 75, no. 1 (January 2010): B25—B33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3279125.

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In Sanfu, Qaidam basin, China, traditional geophysical methods have failed to find subtle hydrocarbon reservoirs. In an attempt to predict and delineate gas reservoirs, we used a type of magnetotelluric (MT) profiling called 3D continuous electromagnetic profiling (CEMP). Electric logs indicate that gas-bearing formations have high resistivity relative to nongas-bearing formations. Obvious resistivity anomalies derived from MT sounding curves are interpreted to come from gas-bearing formations; we observed no such anomalous resistivity away from gas-bearing reservoirs. For CEMP, five electric components were recorded at each station; the inline electric components of all stations were measured using dipoles placed end to end. Becausethe survey area was quite wide, we divided it into three rectangular blocks for data processing and inversion. After noise removal and static corrections, the data from each block were inverted with a 3D nonlinear conjugate-gradient inversion method to obtain the spatial distribution of resistivity. Using this resistivity, we created a 2D model, which we inverted to determine the induced polarization (IP) parameters. We found that a high-resistivity anomaly and high IP anomaly are two key indicators when predicting and delineating the location of gas-bearing reservoirs. In our case study, a known gas-bearing formation had a high-resistivity anomaly and a high IP anomaly. We identified two similar anomalous regions outside the known gas-bearing formations. As a result, two new prospects were determined as targets worth drilling.

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Shekhunova, S. B. "PECULIARITIES OF SALT BEARING FORMATIONS POSTSEDIMENTARY CHANGES." Collection of Scientific Works of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the NAS of Ukraine 3 (December 16, 2010): 116–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30836/igs.2522-9753.2010.147270.

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5

Sonnenfeld, P. "Paleozoic salt bearing formations of the world." Marine Geology 73, no. 3-4 (November 1986): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-3227(86)90024-1.

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Wolf, K. H. "Paleozoic salt bearing formations of the world." Earth-Science Reviews 22, no. 3 (November 1985): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(85)90075-3.

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Aghamammadova, M. Ya. "Oil formations of Azerbaijan, their lithographic and geochemical characteristics." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2021-4-4-7.

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Petroleum sediments in Azerbaijan have been researched and described by now in the form of complexes. Not only oil and gas deposits, but also the fields and accumulations of bitumen, bituminized rocks and oil shales are associated with these sediments. Furthermore, there are iodine, brom, the components of natural soda and so on in the oil, oil products and sediments as well. Alongside with it, a great amount of valuable metals present in the content of oil, produced water, bitumen and oil shales as an addition. This circumstance dictates the necessity of formation division of oil sediments. There are ten oil formations: Upper Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene, oil bearing-terrigenic; Middle Pliocene, oil-gas-bituminous-terrigenic; diatom-oil bearing-sand-clay; Miocene, oil-bituminous-sand-aleurite; Upper Oligocene-Miocene, oil bearing-terrigenic-carbonate; Eocene, oil bearing-clay-sand-marly; Upper Cretaceous, oil bearing-carbonate; Lower Cretaceous, oil bearing-terrigenic-carbonate; Upper Jurassic, oil bearing-sand-aleurite.

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He, Faqi, Ying Rao, Weihong Wang, and Yanghua Wang. "Prediction of hydrocarbon reservoirs within coal-bearing formations." Journal of Geophysics and Engineering 17, no. 3 (February 25, 2020): 484–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jge/gxaa007.

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Abstract This paper presents a case study on the prediction of hydrocarbon reservoirs within coal-bearing formations of the Upper Palaeozoic. The target reservoirs are low-permeability low-pressure tight-sandstone reservoirs in the Daniudi Gas Field, Ordos Basin, China. The prime difficulty in reservoir prediction is caused by the interbedding coal seams within the formations, which generate low-frequency strong-amplitude reflections in seismic profiles. To tackle this difficulty, first, we undertook a careful analysis regarding the stratigraphy and lithology of these coal-bearing formations within the study area. Then, we conducted a geostatistical inversion using 3D seismic data and obtained reservoir parameters including seismic impedance, gamma ray, porosity and density. Finally, we carried out a reservoir prediction in the coal-bearing formations, based on the reservoir parameters obtained from geostatistical inversion and combined with petrophysical analysis results. The prediction result is accurately matched with the actual gas-test data for the targeted four segments of the coal-bearing formations.

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Averkina, T. I. "Sandy soils of pre-Quaternary continental formations Russian territory." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 5 (October 28, 2020): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2020-5-92-99.

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The engineering-geological features of the sands included in the pre-Quaternary continental terrigenous formations (red and gray-colored, coal-bearing and lignite-bearing, molasses and molasses coal-bearing), which are widespread in Russia, are characterized. The results of studying the composition, structure, condition and properties of these soils within the various regions of Russia are presented.

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Codrea, V., Ο. Barbu, and H. Bedelean. "MIDDLE MIOCENE DIATOMITE- BEARING FORMATIONS FROM WESTERN ROMANIA." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 40, no. 1 (June 8, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16329.

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In Western Romania diatomite occurs only in the Lower Sarmatian (Middle Miocene) formations, as a consequence of intense volcanism developed in Apuseni Mountains and evolution of peculiar sedimentary basins connected to the Pannonian realm. The main basins with diatomite successions are Zar and and VadBorod. The diatomite preserves besides diatoms (centric and pennate) and other microfossils (dinoflagellates, ebriidinas, silicoflagellates, phytolites) assemblages a lot of macrofossils as plants (mainly foliar imprints), fish, reptiles and mammals. Several taxa are indicative for environment reconstruction. The Lower Sarmatian climate is estimate as wet warm temperate to subtropical. A tentative of both aquatic and land environments reconstruction is done.

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Vysotskiy, V. N., and A. I. Sidorenkov. "CONCRETION CYCLICITY OF OIL- AND GAS-BEARING FORMATIONS." International Geology Review 29, no. 2 (February 1987): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818709466141.

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12

Trinh, Minh Hoang, Dwaipayan Mukherjee, Daniel Zelazo, and Hyo-Sung Ahn. "Formations on directed cycles with bearing-only measurements." International Journal of Robust and Nonlinear Control 28, no. 3 (September 12, 2017): 1074–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rnc.3921.

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13

Sharpenok, Lyudmila N., Lyudmila I. Lukianova, and Oleg V. Petrov. "Geopetrological model of formation diamond-bearing fluid-explosive breccia structures (urals type)." LITOSFERA, no. 5 (October 28, 2018): 743–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2018-18-5-743-757.

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Geopetrological model of diamond-bearing fluid-explosive breccia formations is a well-structured system of the features that are typical of several similar formations in the Cis-Ural and West Ural areas of the Perm Krai. The model reflects a number of basic common factors in these structures’ morphology, their rock composition and the conditions for their formation. Regional and local geological positions featuring diamond-bearing formations as well as the parameters common for their widespread formation areas are characterized. The necessity of mineralogical and geochemical studies of black sand, while prospecting for diamond-bearing targets is highlighted. This will help identify specific mineral associations and geochemical anomalies typical of these widespread formation areas. The description of the geological structure, which the best-studied Efimov deposit, is given in detail. The description of this deposit is used as an example of illustrating the shape of breccia bodies and their polyphase structure, as well as describing their texture and rock structure specifics. Particular attention is paid to the petrographic characteristics of all kinds of fluid-explosive breccias, which to a different extent contain clastic, protomagmatic and newly formed fluidogenic material. The paper gives the characteristics and specifics of mineral grains of various origin, many of which are abundant in gas-liquid inclusions, characterized by block extinction, while quartz possess planar elements. Brought into focus are the differences in the diamond bearing capacity of rocks belonging to different successive evolution phases of fluid breccia formations. The model considered in the paper will make it possible in the course of studies of newly discovered breccia structures with a limited number of parameters to predict their missing features and assessment criteria with respect to possible beneficial mineralization.

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14

Tareq, Hiba. "Lithological Study of Mishrif, Rumaila, Ahmadi and Mauddud Formations Using Vp/ Vs Ratio, Acoustic Impedance and Well Logging at Amara Oil Field, Southern Iraq." Iraqi Geological Journal 54, no. 2D (October 31, 2021): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.46717/igj.54.2d.4ms-2021-10-23.

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The lithology of four formations from the Cretaceous period (Mishrif, Rumaila, Ahmadi, and Mauddud) was evaluated using the Acoustic Impedance and Vp/Vs ratio cross plot from Rock Physics Templates. Dipole sonic logs in Am-6-Am-10 well log were used to calculate compression velocity then the estimated shear velocity using Greenberg Castagna equations. RHOB and VP logs were used to calculate Acoustic Impedance. The ratio of Vp/Vs was measured then used with Acoustic Impedance colored by shale volume which is measured from gamma ray log, porosity and water saturation to estimate lithology type of the considered formations using cross plots and rock physics chart in the Techlog software. The lithology of the formations found to be of high porosity limestone alternating with hard limestone layers and the shale volume increases in the Ahmadi formation. The water bearing zone was found in all Formations, this zone is indicted by high Vp/ Vs ratio and low AI. The hydrocarbon bearing zones were indicated by low amount of both Acoustic Impedance and Vp/Vs ratio and this observation was shown in Mishrif and Mauddud formations.

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15

Kalsi, M. S., P. D. Alvarez, D. Somogyi, and Aaron Richie. "Load-Responsive Hydrodynamic Bearing for Downhole Drilling Tools." Journal of Tribology 129, no. 1 (November 6, 2006): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2404963.

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A load-responsive hydrodynamic thrust bearing has been developed that has capabilities to operate under higher load and speed combinations than the current bearing designs used in roller cone drill bits, downhole drilling motors, and other downhole drilling tools. The bearing dynamic surface, which is initially flat, deflects elastically under load to provide an efficient hydrodynamic geometry that generates a lubricant film, with a minimum film thickness that varies from 0.25 to 2.0μm. The bearing operates with friction coefficients typically in the range of 0.003 to 0.005, which are significantly lower than the conventional roller cone bit thrust bearing designs that operate in a boundary/mixed lubrication regime. Lower friction will allow bit seals to run cooler, and higher load/speed capabilities will increase drilling efficiency and extend component life in hard rock formations. Additionally, the new bearing is suitable for applications where tilting pad thrust bearings are used, offering the advantage of being simple, compact, and more economical.

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16

Markovskii, Anatolii. "On identifying the formation pressure and filtration coefficients of two gaz-bearing formations." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 6, no. 4 (84) (December 27, 2016): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2016.86177.

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17

Liu, Xiao Peng, Xiao Xin Hu, Xiao Ling Zhang, Rui Xu, and Ling Ling Zhi. "Applications of Conventional Logs in Low Resistivity Contrast Tight Gas Reservoirs Identification." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.41.

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It’s a great challenge in identifying gas bearing formation from conventional logs in tight gas sandstones due to the low resistivity contrast caused by high irreducible water saturation. Based on the difference of the principles of three kinds of porosity logs (density, neutron and acoustic logs), three porosities difference method, three porosities ratio method, correlation of neutron and density logs and the overlap method of water-filled porosity and total porosity are introduced to identify tight gas bearing reservoirs. In gas bearing formations, the difference of three porosities is higher than 0.0, the ratio of three porosities is higher than 1.0, the correlation between density and neutron logs is negative, and the water filled porosities are lower than total porosities. On the contrary, in water saturated formations, the difference of three porosities is lower than 0.0, the ratio of three porosities is lower than 1.0, the correlation between density and neutron logs is positive, and the water filled porosities are overlapped with total porosities. Considering the complexity of in-suit formation, when the proposed identification criterion are mainly meet, the pore fluid should be determined, field examples show that the proposed techniques are applicable in tight gas formation identification.

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Chen, Pei-Ji, Jianjun Li, Masaki Matsukawa, Haichun Zhang, Qifei Wang, and Martin G. Lockley. "Geological ages of dinosaur-track-bearing formations in China." Cretaceous Research 27, no. 1 (February 2006): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2005.10.008.

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19

Nikiforova, Zinaida. "Mineralogical Criteria for the Prediction of Gold Mineralization in the Structures of the Siberian Craton." Minerals 12, no. 6 (May 30, 2022): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12060694.

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Generalization of the results of the study of placer gold and the mechanisms of its distribution in the east of the Siberian Platform made it possible for the first time to reveal that the ore sources of gold-bearing placers were mainly mineralization of the gold-sulfide formation formed under the influence of hydrothermal metasomatic processes occurred in deep fault zones. It is determined that the gold-bearing hydrothermal-metasomatic formations of the gold-sulfide rock formation are amagmatic, near-surface, low-temperature and spatially confined to deep faults. These formations are widespread in terrigenous-carbonate strata and sand deposits of PZ-MZ age and are observed in the zones of brecciation, silicification, and ferruginization. The analysis of the mechanisms of distribution of hydrothermal-metasomatic gold-bearing formations in the east of the Siberian Platform, based on previously conducted research of predecessors and our field observations, allowed us to establish the following. In the northeast, hydrothermal-metasomatic formations occur in the field of development of the Zhigansky fault, the Molodo-Popigai and Anabar-Eekite fault system, in the central part of the east of the Siberian Platform, the Vilyui paleorift (Kempendyai dislocations), and in the southeast in the Baikal-Patom thrust belt in ancient faults (Bappagai, Khorinsky, etc.). Metasomatites of hydrothermal origin form extended narrow formations along ancient faults activated in the Mesozoic, as well as conformable deposits in the Vendian, Cambrian carbonate strata, Jurassic and Cretaceous sandstones. It is proved that these formations are amagmatic and are not related to the widespread magmatism of the basic composition, which is confirmed by the homogenous mineral composition of metasomatites, independent of the composition of magmatic bodies spatially located with them. Zones of metasomatites with gold mineralization contain Au from 0.5 to 3.0 g/t, and in isolated cases up to 24–32 g/t. Gold is represented from finely-dispersed to visible fine, with a size from 0.01 to 0.5 mm or more. It is known that hydrothermal-metasomatic processes on the territory of Central Aldan contributed to the formation of large deposits such as Kuranakh, Tabornoye and others. It is possible that the identified gold-ore metasomatites, developed along the zones of regional faults and not confined to magmatic formations, widely occurred both in the northeast and in the southeast of the Siberian Platform, represent a huge metallogenic potential.

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Ford, R. Craig, and Norman A. Duke. "Concentration of gold during retrograde metamorphism of Archean banded iron formations, Slave Province, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 30, no. 8 (August 1, 1993): 1566–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e93-135.

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Gold-bearing iron formations are widely distributed within extensive metasedimentary terranes of the Archean Slave Province, situated in the northwestern Canadian Precambrian Shield. Mineralized iron formations occur within thick turbidite sequences overprinted by a protracted history of deformation, metamorphism, and plutonism. Economically significant gold prospects are specifically sited at structural culminations characterized by polyphase folding. Based on garnet–biotite geothermometry on the stable prograde metamorphic assemblage of enveloping metapelites, peak metamorphic conditions are approximated to be 570 °C and 4 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa). Diagnostic prograde mineralogy reveals that two facies of silicate iron formation are represented at the five gold occurrences investigated: (1) amphibolitic iron formation (AIF), characterized by quartz + grunerite + hornblende + pyrrhotite ± garnet ± graphite + ilmenite, and (2) pelitic iron formation (PIF), consisting of quartz + biotite + garnet + ilmenite ± grunerite ± hornblende. Textures reveal that grunerite crystallization preceded hornblende and garnet. Within AIF, banded pyrrhotite is in textural equilibrium with prograde metamorphic minerals. Retrograde hornblende, garnet, zoisite, apatite, carbonate, ferroactinolite, and gold-bearing sulphide minerals replace the prograde mineral assemblages on the margins of quartz veins that intensify at AIF fold hinges.It is hypothesized that the iron-formation-hosted gold deposits of the Slave Province are a result of multistage processes. Gold concentrated at high background levels within pyrrhotite-bearing AIF was remobilized during fluid migration into brittle AIF fold hinges in subsequent metamorphic and deformational events. Metamorphic fluid, ponded in fractured AIF hinge domains, caused retrogressive replacement, quartz veining, and gold-bearing sulphide precipitation during waning temperature. Although the mineralized hinge zones commonly display evidence of late chloritization, this alteration did not further affect gold distribution. The gold precipitated with destabilization of thio complexes due to sulphidation prior to low-temperature hydrothermal activity.

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Limaverde, Saulo, Rodrigo Vargas Pêgas, Rafael Damasceno, Chiara Villa, Gustavo R. Oliveira, Niels Bonde, and Maria E. C. Leal. "Interpreting character variation in turtles: Araripemys barretoi (Pleurodira: Pelomedusoides) from the Araripe Basin, Early Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil." PeerJ 8 (September 29, 2020): e9840. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9840.

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The Araripe Basin (Northeastern Brazil) has yielded a rich Cretaceous fossil fauna of both vertebrates and invertebrates found mainly in the Crato and Romualdo Formations, of Aptian and Albian ages respectively. Among the vertebrates, the turtles were found to be quite diverse, with several specimens retrieved and five valid species described to this date for the Romualdo Formation. There were also records of turtles from Ipubi and Crato Formations, mainly fragmentary material which precluded proper specific identification; however, Araripemys barretoi is supposed to occur on both Crato and Romualdo Formations. Here we describe thirteen specimens of A. barretoi-including the first description of an almost complete individual, bearing a skull, from the Crato Formation. We report a great amount of morphological variation, interpreted as being essentially of intraspecific nature, including individual, sexual and ontogenetic variation.

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Ayustyana, E., S. A. Wibisono, and F. M. H. Sihombing. "Coal Characterization of South Sumatera Basin using the Unsupervised Machine Learning Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012043.

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Abstract South Sumatra Basin is one of the sedimentary basins in Indonesia which has coal bearing formation, coal-bearing formations are rock formations that have coal layers in its area. Numerous coal proximate data (free moisture, total moisture, moisture, inherent moisture, ash content, fixed carbon, sulfur content) and ultimate data (carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) have been collected in this basin. This study aims to determine the characterization of coal in the South Sumatra Basin based on the proximate data and ultimate data using the unsupervised machine learning methods. The machine learning method has several basic concepts, namely being able to predict data by studying several patterns and factors that have been trained in a short amount of time. The study able to cluster coal in the basin into two cluster of coals with striking difference. The distribution of the two coal clusters in the South Sumatra Basin possibly influenced by the age of the formation in the South Sumatra Basin. In the first cluster, it is distributed in the older Airbenakat Formation and Muaraenim Formation, while in the second cluster it is scattered in the younger Muaraenim Formation and the Kasai Formation. The formation ages of the youngest are the Kasai Formation, the Muaraenim Formation, and the Airbenakat Formation.

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Ayustyana, E., S. A. Wibisono, and F. M. H. Sihombing. "Coal Characterization of South Sumatera Basin using the Unsupervised Machine Learning Method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 830, no. 1 (September 1, 2021): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/830/1/012043.

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Abstract South Sumatra Basin is one of the sedimentary basins in Indonesia which has coal bearing formation, coal-bearing formations are rock formations that have coal layers in its area. Numerous coal proximate data (free moisture, total moisture, moisture, inherent moisture, ash content, fixed carbon, sulfur content) and ultimate data (carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N) have been collected in this basin. This study aims to determine the characterization of coal in the South Sumatra Basin based on the proximate data and ultimate data using the unsupervised machine learning methods. The machine learning method has several basic concepts, namely being able to predict data by studying several patterns and factors that have been trained in a short amount of time. The study able to cluster coal in the basin into two cluster of coals with striking difference. The distribution of the two coal clusters in the South Sumatra Basin possibly influenced by the age of the formation in the South Sumatra Basin. In the first cluster, it is distributed in the older Airbenakat Formation and Muaraenim Formation, while in the second cluster it is scattered in the younger Muaraenim Formation and the Kasai Formation. The formation ages of the youngest are the Kasai Formation, the Muaraenim Formation, and the Airbenakat Formation.

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Eren, Tolga. "Distributed Cooperative Shape Control in Multiagent Formations Using Bearing Measurements." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 44, no. 1 (January 2011): 4815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20110828-6-it-1002.01852.

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Wen, Han-jie, and Yu-zhuo Qiu. "Geology and Geochemistry of Se-Bearing Formations in Central China." International Geology Review 44, no. 2 (February 2002): 164–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0020-6814.44.2.164.

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Molchanov, V. P. "Investigation of the plasma processability of natural carbon bearing formations." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 168 (January 2017): 012079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/168/1/012079.

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Zhao, Shiyu, Feng Lin, Kemao Peng, Ben M. Chen, and Tong H. Lee. "Finite-time stabilisation of cyclic formations using bearing-only measurements." International Journal of Control 87, no. 4 (December 10, 2013): 715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207179.2013.854439.

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Trinh, Minh Hoang, and Hyo-Sung Ahn. "Finite-Time Bearing-Based Maneuver of Acyclic Leader-Follower Formations." IEEE Control Systems Letters 6 (2022): 1004–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3088299.

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Mikheeva, Ekaterina A., Elena I. Demonterova, and Alexei V. Ivanov. "Geochemistry of the Cheremkhovo and Lower Prisayan Formations from the Jurassic Irkutsk Coal-Bearing Basin: Evidence for Provenance and Climate Change in Pliensbachian–Toarcian." Minerals 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2021): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11040357.

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The Cheremkhovo formation (Pliensbachian) is the primary coal-bearing formation of the Irkutsk basin, Eastern Siberia. Still, few geochemical studies of the Jurassic sediments of the Irkutsk coal-bearing basin have been conducted, and there are no data on the geochemistry of the coal-bearing formation itself. This study presents geochemical data for 68 samples from the Cheremkhovo formation and the overlying Lower Prisayan formation. The age of the former has been estimated by U-Pb dating of zircon from a tonstein (altered volcanic ash) layer as Pliensbachian, whereas the age of the latter is estimated as Pliensbachian–Toarcian according to regional stratigraphy. Major oxide and trace element concentrations were obtained using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Geochemical indicators showed diversity between the two studied formations. The indicators used show the change in climate conditions, from warm and humid in the Cheremkhovo formation, to hot and arid during the deposition of the lower Prisayan formation. The provenance of the Irkutsk coal-bearing basin was mainly influenced by the source composition, not recycling, and sediments were mainly derived from felsic to intermediate igneous rocks with a mixture of other rock types.

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Coti, Christian, Vera Rocca, and Quinto Sacchi. "Pseudo-Elastic Response of Gas Bearing Clastic Formations: An Italian Case Study." Energies 11, no. 9 (September 19, 2018): 2488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092488.

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The research presented in this paper focuses on the analysis of land movements induced by underground gas storage operations in a depleted reservoir in Northern Italy with the aim of increasing the understanding of the deformation response of deep formations via a real case study. The a priori knowledge of the pseudo-elastic parameters showed a substantial discrepancy between static values from triaxial lab tests and dynamic values obtained via the interpretation of sonic data at wellbore scale. The discrepancy is not surprising for the formations under investigation: A thousand meters of a silty to shaly sequence intercalated with arenaceous banks above a reservoir formation, which is basically made up of sandstone intercalated with shale intervals and conglomerates. Information collected for over more than ten years of seasonal production/injection cycles (i.e., time and space evolution of the reservoir fluid pressure and of the induced land surface movements) was then combined in a 3D numerical geomechanical model to constrain and update the a priori knowledge on the pseudo elastic model parameters via a back analysis approach. The obtained calibrated model will then be used for reliable prediction of system safety analyses, for example in terms of induced ground movements.

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Zhu, Hangyu, Lanqing Wang, Jianli Li, Jixuan Zhao, and Yue Yu. "Effects of metallurgical factors on reticular crack formations in Nb-bearing pipeline steel." High Temperature Materials and Processes 39, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2020-0043.

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AbstractMicroscopic morphologies of reticular cracks in Nb-bearing pipeline surfaces are shown in this work. A decarburization layer, oxidized round spots, and the distributions of residual elements are each detected to better understand the mechanisms of reticular crack formations. The results show that reticular cracks are discontinuously distributed and filled with iron oxide. The oxidized round spots near the crack sides are larger and more intensive than steel matrix, with primary chemical compositions of Fe, Mn, and Si oxides. There is no obvious enrichment of Cu, Cr, or Sn near the crack zones. The formation of reticular cracks occurs prior to both decarburization and the formation of oxidized round spots. The ferrite potential (FP) of the examined pipeline steel is 1.05, which leads to a higher relative crack susceptibility. It is concluded that reticular cracks are generated during the continuous casting solidification process due to the extension of intergranular microcracks along grain boundaries under the abnormal conditions of the continuous casting process.

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Wu, Xiaochuan, Renhai Pu, Donghui Wang, Dong Deng, and Machao Dong. "Three-dimensional seismic analysis of Late Paleozoic coal-bearing series reflections in the Hangjinqi, North Ordos Basin, China." Interpretation 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2019): T67—T82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2018-0087.1.

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The study of sand bodies and coalbeds that formed during strong events is conducive to understand the relationship between source rocks and reservoirs. Two sets of Late Paleozoic coal-bearing sequences including the Late Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation and Early Permian Shanxi Formation, with an accumulated thickness of more than a half wavelength (90 m), were deposited in the Hangjinqi region on the northern margin of the Ordos Basin. These strata appear as two peaks and two troughs, three peaks and three troughs in the 3D seismic data. We analyzed this coal-bearing seismic response through a combination of well-data statistical analysis, the establishment of forward modeling, and the creation of crossplots. The coal-seam thicknesses of the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations and the spacing between the two sets of coal indicate the major roles in the merging and bifurcation of events. The formation of three peaks and three troughs requires that the thicknesses of the two sets of coal are greater than 2 m. The spacing between the two sets of coal must also exceed 10 m with a detectable lateral extension, which would otherwise generate two peaks and two troughs. The two peaks and two troughs indicate a combined relationship between the thin sandstones at the bottom of the Shanxi Formation and the thick coalbeds in the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations. The three peaks and three troughs suggest a combined relationship between the thick sandstones at the bottom of the Shanxi Formation and the thin coalbeds in the Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations. The drilling results clarified that the well situated at the two peaks and two troughs regions is accompanied by higher gas productivity, revealing that the coal-seam thickness has a significant influence on gas accumulation. The presence of two peaks and two troughs indicates favorability for natural gas exploration.

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Lee, J. S., and Y. T. Chao. "Classification and Correlation of Palaeozoic Coal-Bearing Formations in North China." Bulletin of the Geological Society of China 5, no. 1-2 (May 29, 2009): 107–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1926.mp51-2015.x.

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Zhao, Shiyu, Feng Lin, Kemao Peng, Ben M. Chen, and Tong H. Lee. "Distributed control of angle-constrained cyclic formations using bearing-only measurements." Systems & Control Letters 63 (January 2014): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2013.10.003.

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Mason, Sara J., Guy M. Narbonne, Robert W. Dalrymple, and Sean J. O'Brien. "Deep-Marine Ediacaran Fossil-Bearing Formations of the Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland." Paleontological Society Special Publications 13 (2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200013381.

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Olkhovanenko, V. E. "Analysis of rock strength properties in Kuznetsk Basin coal-bearing formations." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 33 (March 2016): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/33/1/012044.

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HYODO, MASAYUKI, NAOTUNE WATANABE, WAHYU SUNATA, EKO EDI SUSANTO, and HENDRO WAHYONO. "Magnetostratigraphy of Hominid Fossil Bearing Formations in Sangiran and Mojokerto, Java." Anthropological Science 101, no. 2 (1993): 157–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.101.157.

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Sikandar, Pervaiz, Evan W. Christen, and Thomas M. Stein. "Vertical electrical sounding (ves) for salinity assessment of water-bearing formations." Irrigation and Drainage 66, no. 2 (January 4, 2017): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ird.2094.

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Markovskii, A. I. "Stationary production rate of a well draining two gas-bearing formations." Fluid Dynamics 42, no. 4 (August 2007): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0015462807040175.

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Xie, Bo, Xinggui Long, and Sheng Hu. "The formation mechanism of cerium-bearing aerosols with the aid of chemical explosions in airtight scenarios." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 44 (2021): 20696–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj03330a.

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KUDRYAVTSEVA, NELLY, Vladimir KUZNETSOV, and Tatyana SERAVINA. "Geodynamic settings of the formation of non-ferrous and noble metal deposits of the Great Altai." Domestic geology, no. 2 (May 25, 2022): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2022-10007.

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In this work, we investigated the geodynamic settings of the formation of non-ferrous and noble metal deposits in the territory of the Great Altai, including the folded systems of the South-Western Altai and the Irtysh-Zaisan. The structures of Southwestern Altai were formed in three stages: riftogenic, island-arc, and collisional. Rocks of two different age formations were formed during the rift stage: lead-zinc pyrite mineralization associated with basalt-bearing andesite-dacite-rhyolitic formations, and gold-silver-polymetallic mineralization associated with basalt-rhyolitic and basaltic andesite formations. In the collisional stage, deposits of gold-sulfide-quartz and gold-low-sulfide-quartz ore formations are associated with granitoid of gabbro-granodiorite-granite formations, and rare-metal deposits are associated with granite-leucogranite. In the Irtysh-Zaisan folded system, the riftogenic stage is occurred in the Chara Trough filled with volcanic-sedimentary and calcareous-terrigenous rocks of the flyschoid formation and in its eastern frontal part, where the Kalba-Narym Trough is composed of rocks of the slate formation, and the West Kalba is composed of flyschoid. Gold-sulfide-quartz deposits are confined to the Lower Carboniferous deposits of the terrigenous-carbonaceous formation. The island-arc stage is fixed in the structures to the west of the Chara Trough, where it is represented by the basaltic andesite formation (Zharma-Saur subzone) and carbonate-terrigenous flyschoid formation (Sarsazan subzone). In the collision stage, due to the development of granite-leucogranite formation, numerous rare-metal-rare-earth deposits have originated. The island-arc structures also contain deposits and occurrences of gold-quartz, copper-porphyry and other formations.

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Wright, David B., and Ralph E. Eshelman. "Miocene Tayassuidae (Mammalia) from the Chesapeake Group of the Mid-Atlantic coast and their bearing on marine-nonmarine correlation." Journal of Paleontology 61, no. 3 (May 1987): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000028778.

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Four morphologically distinct tayassuid species are present in the marine strata of the lower Chesapeake Group in Maryland and Virginia. The oldest of these, an unnamed species, occurs in bed 2 of the Calvert Formation and is the only terrestrial mammal yet known from this unit. In the upper Calvert and lower Choptank Formations three tayassuid species resemble closely in size and morphology taxa known from the middle and upper Miocene Olcott and Valentine Formations in Nebraska. “Cynorca proterva” and “Prosthennops” xiphidonticus are present in beds 10 and 14, respectively, of the Calvert Formation. “Prosthennops” niobrarensis occurs in bed 17 of the Choptank Formation. These taxa, considered together with the other known terrestrial mammals from the Chesapeake Group, indicate the following correlations with land mammal faunas from western North America: bed 2, ?late Arikareean or early Hemingfordian; bed 10, late Hemingfordian or early Barstovian; bed 14, early late Barstovian; bed 17, late late Barstovian. These correlations are largely concordant with micropaleontogical correlations for the Chesapeake Group, but the age indicated for bed 17 is younger than an age estimate based on diatoms.

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Huggett, Jennifer. "Petrology and diagenesis of Palaeogene clays from Ølst and Ålbækhoved, Denmark." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 40 (December 30, 1993): 256–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1993-40-11.

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The petrology and diagenesis of Paleocene and Eocene clays from 01st and Albrekhoved in northern Jutland, Denmark has been investigated using backscattered electron microscopy and XRD techniques. The Holmehus, 01st, Rpsnres and Lillebrelt Forma- tions were sampled at both localities, whilst at 01st, the Spvind Marl was also sampled. These sediments are extremely fine grained, smectite-rich, vari-coloured claystones with ash horizons in several formations. Smectite and carbonate minerals are the principal authigenic phases. Smectite is inferred to have formed as a result of alteration of volcanic glass, though it is unclear how much of the smectite is detrital. Three manganese bearing carbonate cements have been identified in all Formations sampled at both localities except the Holmehus Formation. These cements are manganoan calcite, calcian rhodochrosite and manganoan siderite. All occur as equant to subequant rhombs, up to 15 µm across, but typically 2-5 µm. Calcian rhodochrosite is present as overgrowths on rounded clay-size particles of high Mg (20%) calcite, which are either detrital grains or corroded authigenic cement. It also occurs as overgrowths on equant rhombs of earlier formed manganoan calcite. The manganoan siderite occurs as relatively large crystals (20 µm) scattered through the clay matrix and as concretions. Calcite cement is present in the Lillebrelt and 01st Formations. Quantitatively it is not as important as the more unusual Mn-bearing calcium carbonates.

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Latyshev, A. V., V. A. Rad’ko, R. V. Veselovskiy, A. M. Fetisova, and V. E. Pavlov. "Correlation of the Permian-Triassic Ore-Bearing Intrusions of the Norilsk Region with the Volcanic Sequence of the Siberian Traps Based on the Paleomagnetic Data." Economic Geology 115, no. 6 (September 1, 2020): 1173–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4746.

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Abstract We present detailed paleomagnetic data from the Permian-Triassic Cu-Ni-Pt–bearing intrusions of the Norilsk region (northwestern Siberian platform). Based on the analysis of geomagnetic secular variations recorded in the intrusions, we correlate the Norilsk ore-bearing intrusions with the Siberian Traps volcanic sequences in the region. The similarity of paleomagnetic directions of the ore-bearing intrusions to those of the Morongovsky and Mokulaevsky volcanic formations suggests that the emplacement of these lavas and intrusions occurred during the same stage of the magmatic activity. Furthermore, some weakly mineralized intrusions and barren nondifferentiated sills demonstrate paleomagnetic directions close to those of the ore-bearing intrusions. This implies that ore-bearing, weakly mineralized, and barren intrusions were emplaced during the same stage of magmatic activity. On the other hand, the paleomagnetic directions of different ore-bearing intrusions (Norilsk 1, Talnakh, and Kharaelakh), while close, are statistically different. Thus, the formation of these three intrusions and their satellites corresponds to discrete magmatic events within the same stage of magmatic activity. Based on the paleomagnetic data, the emplacement duration of individual intrusions can be estimated as <10 k.y. Our correlation scheme is consistent with some genetic models for the ore-bearing intrusions. The analysis of geomagnetic secular variations can be used as an independent tool for the investigation of other Cu-Ni and platinum group element-bearing magmatic complexes.

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Vinogradova, O. V. "PLACERS OF MAJOR VALLEYS IN THE LENA GOLD-PLACERS REGION." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 2 (April 28, 2017): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-2-35-42.

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The morphology and inner structure of the placers in the maj or valleys of the Lena gold-bearing area are considered. The morphology of placers in the plan and the distribution of gold within the contours of the valleys are determined by the morphodynamic type of the channels and their evolution in different parts of the valley. The influence of the major tributaries on the placers structure is found out. They determine the presence of the gold-bearing formations, transverse to the axis of the valley, as well as the abrupt changes of the elevation values of the bottom of the metal-bearing layers, which are located on the outcrops of different height levels and in the erosion hollows - paleochannels of the tributaries. Taking these facts into account allow predicting the position and morphology of the gold formations in buried valleys, to identify undiscovered fragments of placers and to increase the accuracy of delimitation blocks for the estimation of the gold reserves.

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Dallegge, Todd A., and Paul W. Layer. "Revised chronostratigraphy of the Kenai Group from 40Ar/39Ar dating of low-potassium bearing minerals, Cook Inlet Basin, Alaska." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, no. 10 (October 1, 2004): 1159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-057.

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Thirty-seven tephra beds, primarily from coal partings in the Sterling and Beluga formations, were successfully dated by the 40Ar/39Ar method providing a new and revised understanding of the chronostratigraphy of late Tertiary strata within Cook Inlet Basin. Meticulous sample preparation, multiple analyses, and statistical evaluation of the data were required for these low-K, plagioclase- and hornblende-bearing tephras. Dating of subsurface core material provides the first subsurface-to-outcrop tie in Cook Inlet between well 212-24 in the Beluga River Unit and deposits in the Clam Gulch, Diamond Creek, and Fox Creek areas. The new 40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphic framework place the age of upper part of the Kenai Group strata between 4.6 and 9.4 Ma and support the 8-Ma interpretation of the boundary between the Homerian and Clamgulchian paleobotanical stages. The 49-Ma age from core data in Pioneer Unit suggests the Tyonek Formation is older than previously thought or that these units belong to an older formation. The chronostratigraphic framework demonstrates significant offset on faults along the Kenai Peninsula, the presence of faults in slumps and vegetated areas, disconformities in the stratigraphic succession, and that parts of the Sterling and Beluga formations are time-equivalent strata representing lateral facies variations. Based on crosscutting relations and structural folding, the established chronohorizons indicate that much of the structural deformation in Cook Inlet is no older than early Pliocene in age. The repeated section, due to faulting and the coeval nature of the formations, could significantly affect previous resource assessments of coal and hydrocarbon distributions.

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Mimoun, Jordan G., Carlos Torres-Verdín, and William E. Preeg. "Quantitative interpretation of pulsed neutron capture logs: Part 1 — Fast numerical simulation." GEOPHYSICS 76, no. 3 (May 2011): E81—E93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.3569600.

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Pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logs are commonly used for formation evaluation behind casing and to assess time-lapse variations of hydrocarbon pore volume. Because conventional interpretation methods for Σ logs assume homogeneous formations, errors may arise, especially in thinly bedded formations, when appraising petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing beds. There exist no quantitative interpretation methods to account for shoulder-bed effects on Σ logs acquired in sand-shale laminated reservoirs. Because of diffusion effects between dissimilar beds, Σ logs acquired in such formations do not obey mixing laws between the Σ responses of pure-sand and pure-shale end members of the sedimentary sequence. We have developed a new numerical method to simulate PNC rapidly and accurately logs. The method makes use of late-time, thermal-neutron flux sensitivity functions (FSFs) to describe the contribution of multilayer formations toward the measured capture cross section. It includes a correction procedure based on 1D neutron diffusion theory that adapts the transport-equation-derived, base-case FSF of a homogeneous formation to simulate the response of vertically heterogeneous formations. Benchmarking exercises indicate that our simulation method yields average differences smaller than two capture units within seconds of computer central processing unit time with respect to PNC logs simulated with rigorous Monte Carlo methods for a wide range of geometrical, petrophysical, and fluid properties.

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Puskarczyk, Edyta. "Applying of the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) to Identify and Characterize Sweet Spots in Shale Gas Formations." E3S Web of Conferences 35 (2018): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183503008.

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The main goal of the study was to enhance and improve information about the Ordovician and Silurian gas-saturated shale formations. Author focused on: firstly, identification of the shale gas formations, especially the sweet spots horizons, secondly, classification and thirdly, the accurate characterization of divisional intervals. Data set comprised of standard well logs from the selected well. Shale formations are represented mainly by claystones, siltstones, and mudstones. The formations are also partially rich in organic matter. During the calculations, information about lithology of stratigraphy weren’t taken into account. In the analysis, selforganizing neural network – Kohonen Algorithm (ANN) was used for sweet spots identification. Different networks and different software were tested and the best network was used for application and interpretation. As a results of Kohonen networks, groups corresponding to the gas-bearing intervals were found. The analysis showed diversification between gas-bearing formations and surrounding beds. It is also shown that internal diversification in sweet spots is present. Kohonen algorithm was also used for geological interpretation of well log data and electrofacies prediction. Reliable characteristic into groups shows that Ja Mb and Sa Fm which are usually treated as potential sweet spots only partially have good reservoir conditions. It is concluded that ANN appears to be useful and quick tool for preliminary classification of members and sweet spots identification.

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Escobar, Freddy-Humberto, Angela-Patricia Zambrano, Diana-Vanessa Giraldo, and José-Humberto Cantillo. "Pressure and pressure derivative analysis for non-newtonian pseudoplastic fluids in double-porosity formations." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 4, no. 3 (May 24, 2011): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.238.

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Non-Newtonian fluids are often used during various drilling, workover and enhanced oil recovery processes. Most of the fracturing fluids injected into reservoir-bearing formations possess non-Newtonian nature and these fluids are often approximated by Newtonian fluid flow models. In the field of well testing, several analytical and numerical models taking into account Bingham, pseudoplastic and dilatant non-Newtonian behavior have been introduced in the literature to study their transient nature in porous media for a better reservoir characterization. Most of them deal with fracture wells and homogeneous formations and well test interpretation is conducted via the straight-line conventional analysis or type-curve matching. Only a few studies consider the pressure derivative analysis. However, there exists a need of a more practical and accurate way of characterizing such systems. So far, it does not exist any methodology to characterize heterogeneous formation bearing non-Newtonian fluids through of well test analysis. In this study, an interpretation methodology using the pressure and pressure derivative log-log plot is presented for non-Newtonian fluids in naturally fractured formations, so the dimensionless fracture storativity ratio, ω, and interporosity flow parameter, λ, are obtained from characteristics points found on such plot. The developed equations and correlations are successfully verified by their application only to synthetic well test data since no actual field data are available. A good match is found between the results provided by the proposed technique and the values used to generate the simulated data.

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Jurui, HE, WANG Aiguo, RUI Xingjian, and LI Chunhai. "Ore-Bearing Formations of the Precambrian in South China and Their Prospects." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 78, no. 2 (September 7, 2010): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00142.x.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Bearing formations'

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