Relevant bibliographies by topics / Beams

Academic literature on the topic 'Beams'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Beams"

1

Lv, Yu, Hong Juan Cui, Pei Tao Dong, Zhi Hua Chen, and Xue Zhong Wu. "A Silicon Micro-Accelerometer with Triangle Cross-Section Beam by Anisotropic Wet Etching in TMAH Solution." Key Engineering Materials 503 (February 2012): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.503.151.

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A capacitive accelerometer with triangle cross-section beam fabricated by anisotropic wet etching of (100) silicon is presented in this paper. The feature of this accelerometer is that eight suspension beams with triangle cross-section are formed by anisotropic wet etching of (100) silicon in TMAH solution, without heavy boron doping or Si-Si bonding. When the width of beam is decided, the beam’s geometry is determinate. The formation procedure of the triangle cross-section beam is analyzed in detail. Through this beam-fabrication approach, the beam’s thickness can be well controlled by beam’s width and intrinsic stress in the beams is minimized. Accelerometers with different sensitivities can be easily fabricated by varying the width of the beams. For a device with 23 μm width beams, the resonance frequency and the quality factor are 644 Hz and 32, respectively. The sensitivity of accelerometer is measured as 2 V•g-1.
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Elkafrawy, Mohamed, Ahmed Khalil, Mohammad AlHamaydeh, Rami Hawileh, and Wael Abuzaid. "Enhancing the Shear Capacity of RC Beams with Web Openings in Shear Zones Using Pre-Stressed Fe-SMA Bars: Numerical Study." Buildings 13, no. 6 (June 11, 2023): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061505.

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Openings in the shear span can significantly affect the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, particularly in terms of shear capacity and crack propagation. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of strengthening the web opening in the shear zone of RC beams by using iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) bars, providing valuable insights for structural engineers and researchers. Numerical analysis with ABAQUS/CAE 2020 software was employed in the current study. The research was divided into six groups of beams with web openings of different lengths (150, 300, and 450 mm), prestressing levels (0%, 30%, and 60%), and reinforcement diameters (14, 18, and 22 mm) of Fe-SMA bars. The results show that the presence of web openings can cause a significant reduction in the cracking and ultimate loads of the beams, with reductions ranging from 11% to 50% and 36% to 48%, respectively. However, by adding pre-stressed Fe-SMA bars around small web openings (100 × 150 mm), the shear capacity of the beam is restored, and the beam exhibits behavior similar to solid beams. Additionally, activating the Fe-SMA bars by 30% and 60% resulted in almost similar cracking loads but improved load-carrying capacity of the beam with small openings by 12% and 9%, respectively, compared to the solid beam. The technique proposed for enhancing shear strength is most effective for beams with small (100 × 150 mm) and medium (100 × 300 mm) web openings as it can restore both the beam’s shear strength and stiffness. However, for beams with larger web openings (100 × 450 mm), the use of activated Fe-SMA beams can recover almost 90% of the solid beam’s shear capacity. Furthermore, reinforcing small openings with Fe-SMA bars of different diameters enhances beam shear capacity and stiffness, while for larger openings, higher Fe-SMA reinforcement ratios could potentially restore the beam’s full strength and stiffness. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening web openings in RC beams, particularly in shear zones, and provides significant insights into how to strengthen beams with web openings, thereby contributing to developing safer structures. However, further laboratory experiments are recommended to validate, complement and extend the findings of this numerical study.
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Salem, Osama (Sam). "Parametric study on load ratio effect on the flexural bending behaviour of axially-restrained HSS steel beams subjected to fire." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 9, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 342–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-10-2017-0042.

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Purpose In fire condition, the limiting temperature of a restrained steel beam depends on a few parameters, e.g. temperature distributions along and across the beam, beam’s load ratio and span length. The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural fire behaviour of axially restrained steel beams under different beam’s load ratios, taking into consideration the effect of the beam’s end connections configuration. Design/methodology/approach A three-dimensional finite element (FE) computer model has been developed to simulate the structural fire behaviour of axially restrained steel beams and their end connections. After successfully validating the developed model against the outcomes of the available large-size fire resistance experiments, the FE model has been used in a parametric study to investigate the beam’s load ratio effect on the behaviour of the axially restrained steel beams and their end connections. Findings The parametric study showed that increasing the beam loading level significantly increased the beam deflections at elevated temperatures; where, increasing the beam’s load ratio from 0.5 to 0.9 reduced the beam fire resistance by about 100 s. In contrast, decreasing the beam’s load ratio from 0.5 to 0.3 allowed the beam to easily achieve a 30-min fire resistance rating with no fire protection applied. Originality/value Experimental parametric studies are difficult to control in a laboratory setting and are also expensive and time consuming. Therefore, the reasonable accuracy of the validated FE model in reproducing the experimental fire behaviour of steel beams and their end connections makes it a very useful tool for both numerical and analytical studies.
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Siew, Jia Ning, Qi Yan Tan, Kar Sing Lim, Jolius Gimbun, Kong Fah Tee, and Siew Choo Chin. "Effective Strengthening of RC Beams Using Bamboo-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer: A Finite-Element Analysis." Fibers 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11050036.

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This paper presents a finite-element model of the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with and without openings externally strengthened with bamboo-fibre-reinforced composite (BFRC) plates. The simulation was performed using ABAQUS Unified FEA 2021HF8 software. The stress–strain relationship of the RC was modelled using a model code for concrete structures, whereas the concrete-damaged plasticity model was used to simulate concrete damage. The predicted crack pattern of the beams was comparable to that from experimental observations. The ultimate load-bearing capacity of RC beams in flexure was predicted with an error of up to 1.50%, while the ultimate load-bearing capacity of RC beams with openings in shear was predicted with an error ranging from 1.89 to 13.43%. The most successful arrangement for strengthening a beam with openings in the shear zone was to place BFRC plates perpendicular to the crack on both sides of the beam’s surface, which increased the beam’s original load-bearing capacity by 110.06% compared to that of the control beam (CB). The most effective method for strengthening RC beams in flexure is to attach a BFRC plate to the entire bottom soffit of the RC beam. This maximises the ultimate load-bearing capacity at the expense of the beam’s ductility.
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Awaludin, Ali, and Urwatul Wusqo. "Flexural Resistance of LVL Sengon Beams with Lateral Stiffener at Both Ends." MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL 27, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mkts.v27i2.35911.

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Slender beams (beams having a large section height to width ratio ( )) are commonly used in a structure that needs a large bending moment capacity. However, the use of slender beams in a structure is susceptible to overturning and torsion occurrence. Therefore, lateral bracing is usually placed in several points of the beam to prevent lateral-torsional buckling. In this study, a three-point bending test was conducted to evaluate the capacity of 250 mm x 50 mm x 2500 mm Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) beams made from Sengon. Two lateral supports were placed at both ends to prevent the beam's lateral displacement. The bending test result shows that the ultimate load of the LVL beam reach 27.88 kN before failure. Furthermore, the LVL beams' bending capacity was calculated using the mechanical properties provided by several previous studies. The LVL beam's capacity was predicted using manual calculation (based on SNI 7973: 2013) and numerical analysis. Numerical analysis was performed using ABAQUS software, and the results were evaluated using the Tsai-Hill and maximum strain failure criterion. The results showed that the maximum strain criterion provides a better prediction of the LVL beam's capacity than Tsai-Hill failure criterion.
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Thang, Nguyen Truong, and Nguyen Hai Viet. "Simplified calculation of flexural strength deterioration of reinforced concrete T-beams exposed to ISO 834 standard fire." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - HUCE 15, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce(nuce)2021-15(4)-11.

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Reinforced concrete (RC) T-shaped cross-section beam (so-called T-beam) is a common structural member in buildings where beams and slabs are monolithically cast together. In this paper, a simplified calculation method based on Russian design standard SP 468.1325800.2019 is introduced to determine the flexural strength of RC T-beams when exposed to ISO 834 standard fire. The idea of 500oC isotherm method, which is stipulated in both Eurocodes (EC2-1.2) and SP 468, is applied associated with specifications of temperature distribution on T-beams’ cross sections and the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel. A case study is conducted to explicitly calculate the flexural strength deterioration (FSD) of T-beams compared to that at ambient temperature. A calculation sheet is established for parametric studies, from which the results show that the FSD factor of RC T-beams is adversely proportional to the dimensions of the beam’s web and flange. However, the effect of these components of T-beams is not significant.
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Hildén, P., E. Ilina, M. Kaivola, and A. Shevchenko. "Multifrequency Bessel beams with adjustable group velocity and longitudinal acceleration in free space." New Journal of Physics 24, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 033042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac5aef.

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Abstract The group velocity of an optical beam in free space is usually considered to be equal to the speed of light in vacuum. However, it has been recently realized that, by structuring the beam’s angular and temporal spectra, one can achieve well pronounced and controlled subluminal and superluminal propagation. In this work, we consider multifrequency Bessel beams that are known to propagate without divergence and show a variety of possibilities to adjust the group velocity of the beam by means of designed angular dispersion. We present several examples of multifrequency Bessel beams with negative and arbitrary positive group velocities, as well as longitudinally accelerating beams and beams with periodically oscillating local group velocities. The results of these studies can be of interest to scientists working in the fields of optical beam engineering, light amplitude and intensity interferometry, ultrafast optics, and optical tweezers.
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Sheng, Jie, Zongjian Yu, Guotao Dou, and Hao Liu. "Fatigue Damage Behaviors of TRC-Strengthened RC Beams." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 5113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155113.

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For the investigation of fatigue damage behavior of textile reinforced concrete (TRC)-strengthened RC beams, in this study, eight RC beams were fabricated, and five of them were strengthened with TRC and tested under fatigue loading until failure, using a four-point bending setup. Research parameters included reinforcement ratio, textile ratio, and strengthening methods (single-side and U-wrapped). The failure mode, fatigue life, fatigue deformation, and other properties of TRC-strengthened beams were analyzed. Experimental results revealed that there were two fatigue failure modes for TRC-strengthened RC beams. In the first mode, the textile was snapped, but the steel bars did not rupture. In the second mode, both the textile and steel bars broke. Fatigue failure modes depended on the textile ratio. The TRC-strengthened beam’s fatigue life was significantly higher than the non-strengthened RC beam. At the same textile ratio, the TRC-strengthened beam’s fatigue life using the single-side method was longer than that using the U-wrapped method. With the increase in fatigue loading time, the midspan deflection of the TRC-strengthened beam was developed in three stages, namely rapid development stage, stable development stage, and destabilized development stage. The residual deflection and strain damage accumulation of tensile steel bars of TRC-strengthened beams were significantly reduced with the increase in textile or reinforcement ratios; thus, the beam’s fatigue life was prolonged.
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Słowik, Marta. "Analysis of fracture processes in reinforced concrete beams without stirrups." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 57 (June 22, 2021): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.57.23.

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The analysis of fracture processes which led to shear failure in reinforced concrete beams without transverse reinforcement was performed on the basis of test results from the author’s own experimental investigation and numerical simulations. The variable parameters during the experiment were a beam’s length and a shear span. It was observed that the character of failure in the beams depended on the beam’s length and the span-to-depth ratio. In slender beams characterized by the shear span-to-depth ratio 3.4 and 4.1, the formation of the critical diagonal crack caused a brittle, sudden failure and the shear capacity was low. In short beams, when the shear span-to-depth ratio was 1.8 and 2.3, the failure process had a more stable character with a slow developing of inclined cracks and the significantly higher load capacity was reached. The activation of various shear transfer mechanisms was examined with regard to the slenderness of the member and the transition between a beam action which took place in slender beams to an arch action which predominated in short beams was described.
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Muhtar, Amri Gunasti, Suhardi, Nursaid, Irawati, Ilanka Cahya Dewi, Moh Dasuki, et al. "The Prediction of Stiffness of Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Experiment Data and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)." Crystals 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090757.

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Stiffness is the main parameter of the beam’s resistance to deformation. Based on advanced research, the stiffness of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams (BRC) tends to be lower than the stiffness of steel-reinforced concrete beams (SRC). However, the advantage of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams has enough good ductility according to the fundamental properties of bamboo, which have high tensile strength and high elastic properties. This study aims to predict and validate the stiffness of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams from the experimental results data using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The number of beam test specimens were 25 pieces with a size of 75 mm × 150 mm × 1100 mm. The testing method uses the four-point method with simple support. The results of the analysis showed the similarity between the stiffness of the beam’s experimental results with the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis results. The similarity rate of the two analyses is around 99% and the percentage of errors is not more than 1%, both for bamboo-reinforced concrete beams (BRC) and steel-reinforced concrete beams (SRC).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Beams"

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ROSSETTI, CONTI MARCELLO. "BEAM DYNAMICS FOR EXTREME ELECTRON BEAMS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/622706.

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The extreme electron beams are characterized by parameters that are comparable or superior to the state of the art. The beams parameters proposed in the more advanced machines under development or in operation demonstrate that extreme beam qualities are necessary to conceive experiments meeting the demands of cutting-edge research. The optimization of parameters such as brightness, beam current or energy spread plays a major role in the design choices of new and competitive machines. A large amount of simulations of beam dynamics is required, accompanied later by a specific R&D of machine components and demonstration experiments. In the field of beam dynamics, the development and improvement of tracking simulators and optimization tools is a main topic. For this reason, in the beam physics group of INFN & University of Milan the code GIOTTO, based on a genetic algorithm, is being developed for years specifically for this purpose. During the work of PhD, I developed new features in the GIOTTO code that allowed me to apply it to new type of problems: simulation of a beam based method for the increase of the brightness of linac beams, design from scratch of matching lines for plasma driven FELs (Free Electron Lasers), the study of new linear acceleration and compression techniques and a preliminary study on how to produce an ultra-cold beam for a quantum-FEL. All these works are united by being applied to linear machines dedicated to the production of high-brightness electron beams for various purposes. During the last year of PhD, I had the opportunity to participate in the design of an FEL source, named MariX. MariX is based on a compact acceleration scheme where the electron beam propagates twice through a superconducting standing wave linac thanks to an arc compressor that reverses the direction of the beam and compresses it.
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Sosa, Alejandro. "Development of beam instrumentation for exotic particle beams." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2015. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2038259/.

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Modern nuclear physics makes extensive use of exotic particle beams created using accelerators, such as unstable ion isotopes and antiprotons. These give access to a wide range of fundamental studies that are at the cutting edge of science. The commissioning and operation of these accelerators require powerful beam diagnostic devices that are specially adapted to these unusual, and often very faint, beams. The work leading to this thesis, focuses on the development of the beam diagnostic system of the future superconducting linear accelerator at the High Intensity and Energy Isotope Separator On-Line Device (HIE-ISOLDE), which shall deliver stable and unstable isotope beams ranging from Helium to Radium at beam energies between 0.3 and 10 MeV/u and intensities from few particles per second up to 1 nA. The main elements of the diagnostics system are a Faraday cup for the measurement of the absolute beam current, a scanning blade with a V-shaped slit, which together with the Faraday cup allows one to measure the transverse beam profile and the beam position, a silicon detector for energy spectroscopy and time of flight measurements, plus a set of collimators and attenuating or stripping foils. The performance of the beam instrumentation will impact directly on the operation of the facility, therefore a lot of care has been put to identify the performance requirements and ensure that the design fulfills the needs. The techniques used by the systems studied during this work are widely used, but had to be adapted to the special design of the superconducting HIE-ISOLDE Radioactive EXperiment (REX) linac. In particular the compactness of the accelerator, and as a consequence of the diagnostic devices, required pushing the understanding of the physics behind the techniques in order to overcome limitations in the design parameters usually considered unbreakable. For this realistic models of all devices had to be developed that allowed detailed numerical studies. This new set of diagnostics for the HIE-ISOLDE REX linac is the most compact in the facility, and has been tested extensively in a wide range of ion beams. In addition to the HIE-ISOLDE work, a Secondary Emission Monitor (SEM) was tested at the Antiproton Decelerator (AD) facility using a 300 keV antiproton beam, together with other detector groups in the AEgIS collaboration such as nuclear emulsions, the MIMOTERA and the 3D pixel detector. In the frame of this thesis, a performance comparison among these detector technologies is done with the aim to identify an ideal set of diagnostics for the AD and for other similar antiproton facilities. This thesis first presents the models developed as well as the results of the numerical simulations, then the design of the prototypes and the experimental results obtained with beams in antiproton and ion accelerator facilities. All devices and techniques part of this R&D are characterized in detail, their performance and limitations described and options for further improvements indicated.
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Kimstrand, Peter. "Beam Modelling for Treatment Planning of Scanned Proton Beams." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Oncology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8640.

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Scanned proton beams offer the possibility to take full advantage of the dose deposition properties of proton beams, i.e. the limited range and sharp peak at the end of the range, the Bragg peak. By actively scanning the proton beam, laterally by scanning magnets and longitudinally by shifting the energy, the position of the Bragg peak can be controlled in all three dimensions, thereby enabling high dose delivery to the target volume only. A typical scanned proton beam line consists of a pair of scanning magnets to perform the lateral beam scanning and possibly a range shifter and a multi-leaf collimator (MLC). Part of this thesis deals with the development of control, supervision and verification methods for the scanned proton beam line at the The Svedberg laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden.

Radiotherapy is preceded by treatment planning, where one of the main objectives is predicting the dose to the patient. The dose is calculated by a dose calculation engine and the accuracy of the results is of course dependent on the accuracy and sophistication of the transport and interaction models of the dose engine itself. But, for the dose distribution calculation to have any bearing on the reality, it needs to be started with relevant input in accordance with the beam that is emitted from the treatment machine. This input is provided by the beam model. As such, the beam model is the link between the reality (the treatment machine) and the treatment planning system. The beam model contains methods to characterise the treatment machine and provides the dose calculation with the reconstructed beam phase space, in some convenient representation. In order for a beam model to be applicable in a treatment planning system, its methods have to be general.

In this thesis, a beam model for a scanned proton beam is developed. The beam model contains models and descriptions of the beam modifying elements of a scanned proton beam line. Based on a well-defined set of generally applicable characterisation measurements, ten beam model parameters are extracted, describing the basic properties of the beam, i.e. the energy spectrum, the radial and the angular distributions and the nominal direction. Optional beam modifying elements such as a range shifter and an MLC are modelled by dedicated Monte Carlo calculation algorithms. The algorithm that describes the MLC contains a parameterisation of collimator scatter, in which the rather complex phase space of collimator scattered protons has been parameterised by a set of analytical functions.

Dose calculations based on the phase space reconstructed by the beam model are in good agreement with experimental data. This holds both for the dose distribution of the elementary pencil beam, reflecting the modelling of the basic properties of the scanned beam, as well as for complete calculations of collimated scanned fields.

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Ratsibi, Humbelani Edzani. "Laser drilling of metals and glass using zero-order bessel beams." University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5428.

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>Magister Scientiae - MSc
This dissertation consists of two main sections. The first section focuses on generating zero order Bessel beams using axicons. An axicon with an opening angle y = 5⁰ was illuminated with a Gaussian beam of width ω₀ = 1.67 mm from a cw fiber laser with central wavelength λ = 1064 nm to generate zero order Bessel beams with a central spot radius r₀ = 8.3 ± 0.3 μm and propagation distance ½zmax = 20.1 ± 0.5 mm. The central spot size of a Bessel beam changes slightly along the propagation distance. The central spot radius r₀ can be varied by changing the opening angle of the axicon, y, and the wavelength of the beam. The second section focuses on applications of the generated Bessel beams in laser microdrilling. A Ti:Sapphire pulsed femtosecond laser (λ = 775 nm, ω₀ = 2.5 mm, repetition rate kHz, pulse energy mJ, and pulse duration fs) was used to generate the Bessel beams for drilling stainless steel thin sheets of thickness 50 μm and 100 μm and microscopic glass slides 1 mm thick. The central spot radius was r₀ = 15.9 ± 0.3 μm and ½zmax = 65.0 ± 0.5 mm. The effect of the Bessel beam shape on the quality of the holes was analysed and the results were discussed. It was observed that Bessel beams drill holes of better quality on transparent microscopic glass slides than on stainless steel sheet. The holes drilled on stainless steel sheets deviated from being circular on both the top and bottom surface for both thicknesses. However the holes maintained the same shape on both sides of each sample, indicating that the walls are close to being parallel. The holes drilled on the glass slides were circular and their diameters could be measured. The measured diameter (15.4±0.3 μm) of the hole is smaller than the diameter of the central spot (28.2 ± 0.1 μm) of the Bessel beam. Increasing the pulse energy increased the diameter of the drilled hole to a value close to the measured diameter of the central spot.
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Linfield, Edmund Harold. "The uses of ion beams with molecular beam epitaxial growth." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386165.

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Chang, Daqing. "Freely vibrating beams." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq23587.pdf.

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Hulland, Meg. "Pultruded GFRP beams : an evaluation of the Expanded Web Beam concept." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.551628.

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This thesis presents the work completed on the evaluation of the expanded web beam concept. The research focussed on investigating methods for expanding the web of a standard pultruded GFRP I-beam to achieve improved mechanical performance whilst achieving an overall saving on mass. The 14 (102 x 102 x 6.4mm) beam was chosen as the standard beam from which the beams were constructed and the mechanical performance of the larger 18 (203 x 203 x 9.5mm) beam as the target for the modified beams. Three designs were proposed and two full-scale beams were built and tested. Of the three designs proposed, one used Quickstep manufactured sandwich panels and another metal connectors fabricated by a Selective Laser Melting facility. All the designs were analysed using theoretical closed form solutions and ANSYS FE software. A tension coupon testing programme was carried out in support of these analyses. The two full-scale beams were tested, together with an 18 beam, in three-point bending and lateral-torsional buckling. The slender nature of the expanded web beams meant that lateral bracing was required for the lateral buckling testing. Of the two modified beams the one that performed the best achieved, 85% of the deflection limit load and 71% of the lateral- torsional buckling load of the 18 beam for an overall mass saving of 38%.
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Lokhande, Ajinkya M. "Evaluation of steel I-section beam and beam-column bracing requirements by test simulation." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53114.

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The ANSI/AISC 360-10 Appendix-6 provisions provide limited guidance on the bracing requirements for beam-columns. In cases involving point (nodal) or shear panel (relative) lateral bracing only, these provisions simply sum the corresponding strength and stiffness requirements for column and beam bracing. Based on prior research evidence, it is expected that this approach is accurate to conservative when the requirements can be logically added. However, in many practical beam-column bracing situations, the requirements cannot be logically added. This is because of the importance of the brace and transverse load position through the cross-section depth, as well as the fact that both torsional and lateral restraint can be important attributes of the general bracing problem. These attributes of the bracing problem can cause the current beam-column bracing requirement predictions to be unconservative. In addition, limited guidance is available in the broader literature at the current time regarding the appropriate consideration of combined lateral and torsional bracing of I-section beams and beam-columns. Nevertheless, this situation is quite common, particularly for beam-columns, since it is rare that separate and independent lateral bracing systems would be provided for both flanges. More complete guidance is needed for the proper consideration of combined bracing of I-section beams and beam-columns in structural design. This research focuses on a reasonably comprehensive evaluation of the bracing strength and stiffness requirements for doubly-symmetric I-section beams and beam-columns using refined Finite Element Analysis (FEA) test simulation. The research builds on recent simulation studies of the basic bracing behavior of beams subjected to uniform bending. Various cases of beam members subjected to moment gradient are considered first. This is followed by a wide range of studies of beam-column members subjected to constant axial load and uniform bending as well as axial load combined with moment gradient loading. A range of unbraced lengths are considered resulting in different levels of plasticity at the member strength limit states. In addition, various bracing configurations are addressed including point (nodal) lateral, shear panel (relative) lateral, point torsional, combined point lateral and point torsional, and combined shear panel lateral and point torsional bracing.
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Cheng, Wen. "Optical Vortex Beams: Generation, Propagation and Applications." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1375370902.

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Batihan, Ali Cagri. "Vibration Analysis Of Cracked Beams On Elastic Foundation Using Timoshenko Beam Theory." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613602/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, transverse vibration of a cracked beam on an elastic foundation and the effect of crack and foundation parameters on transverse vibration natural frequencies are studied. Analytical formulations are derived for a beam with rectangular cross section. The crack is an open type edge crack placed in the medium of the beam and it is uniform along the width of the beam. The cracked beam rests on an elastic foundation. The beam is modeled by two different beam theories, which are Euler-Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam theory. The effect of the crack is considered by representing the crack by rotational springs. The compliance of the spring that represents the crack is obtained by using fracture mechanics theories. Different foundation models are discussed
these models are Winkler Foundation, Pasternak Foundation, and generalized foundation. The equations of motion are derived by applying Newton'
s 2nd law on an infinitesimal beam element. Non-dimensional parameters are introduced into equations of motion. The beam is separated into pieces at the crack location. By applying the compatibility conditions at the crack location and boundary conditions, characteristic equation whose roots give the non-dimensional natural frequencies is obtained. Numerical solutions are done for a beam with square cross sectional area. The effects of crack ratio, crack location and foundation parameters on transverse vibration natural frequencies are presented. It is observed that existence of crack reduces the natural frequencies. Also the elastic foundation increases the stiffness of the system thus the natural frequencies. The natural frequencies are also affected by the location of the crack.
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Books on the topic "Beams"

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Mauro, Mezzetto, ed. Beta beams: Neutrino beams. London: Imperial College Press, 2009.

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Gatza, Geoffrey, ed. Beams. Buffalo, NY: Blazevox, 2007.

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Molecular beams. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985.

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4

Kotlyar, V. V., A. A. Kovalev, and A. P. Porfirev. Vortex Laser Beams. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351009607.

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Humphries, Stanley. Charged particle beams. New York: Wiley, 1990.

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Krueschek, Arlene. On the beams. Boston, Mass: Houghton Mifflin, 2005.

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C, Wade Richard, Ulrich Peter B, and Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers., eds. Intense laser beams. Bellingham, Wash: SPIE, 1992.

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Fu, Shiyao, and Chunqing Gao. Optical Vortex Beams. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1810-2.

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The optics of charged particle beams. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1987.

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Pauly, Hans. Atom, Molecule, and Cluster Beams II: Cluster Beams, Fast and Slow Beams, Accessory Equipment and Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Beams"

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Brugger, M., H. Burkhardt, B. Goddard, F. Cerutti, and R. G. Alia. "Interactions of Beams with Surroundings." In Particle Physics Reference Library, 183–203. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-34245-6_5.

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AbstractWith the exceptions of Synchrotron Radiation sources, beams of accelerated particles are generally designed to interact either with one another (in the case of colliders) or with a specific target (for the operation of Fixed Target experiments, the production of secondary beams and for medical applications). However, in addition to the desired interactions there are unwanted interactions of the high energy particles which can produce undesirable side effects. These interactions can arise from the unavoidable presence of residual gas in the accelerator vacuum chamber, or from the impact of particles lost from the beam on aperture limits around the accelerator, as well as the final beam dump. The wanted collisions of the beams in a collider to produce potentially interesting High Energy Physics events also reduces the density of the circulating beam and can produce high fluxes of secondary particles.
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Zayat, K. A. "Beams With Beams." In Structural Wood Detailing in CAD Format, 141–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2104-0_19.

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Roser, Thomas. "Past, Present, and Future of Polarized Hadron Beams." In Polarized Beam Dynamics and Instrumentation in Particle Accelerators, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16715-7_1.

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AbstractThe acceleration and storage of high energy polarized proton beams has made tremendous progress over the last 40 years challenging along the way the technologies, precision and the understanding of the beam dynamics of accelerators. This progress is most evident in that one can now contemplate high energy colliders with polarized beams and high luminosity at the same time. After a brief summary of the development and history of polarized proton beam acceleration this chapter will focus on the acceleration of polarized proton beams from MeV to the 100s of GeVs and the possibility of accelerating polarized beams to even higher energies in the future. Elements of the history of polarized electron beams, subject to the effects of synchrotron radiation, will be found in the electron beam polarization dedicated chapters in these lectures.
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Berz, Martin, Kyoko Makino, and Weishi Wan. "Beams and Beam Physics." In An Introduction to Beam Physics, 1–30. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12074-1.

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Minty, Michiko G., and Frank Zimmermann. "Cooling." In Particle Acceleration and Detection, 263–300. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-08581-3_11.

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AbstractMany applications of particle accelerators require beam cooling, which refers to a reduction of the beam phase space volume or an increase in the beam density via dissipative forces. In electron and positron storage rings cooling naturally occurs due to synchrotron radiation, and special synchrotron-radiation damping rings for the production of low-emittance beams are an integral part of electron-positron linear colliders. For other types of particles different cooling techniques are available. Electron cooling and stochastic cooling of hadron beams are used to accumulate beams of rare particles (such as antiprotons), to combat emittance growth (e.g., due to scattering on an internal target), or to produce beams of high quality for certain experiments. Laser cooling is employed to cool ion beams down to extremely small temperatures. Here the laser is used to induce transitions between the ion electronic states and the cooling exploits the Dopper frequency shift. Electron beams of unprecedentedly small emittance may be obtained by a different type of laser cooling, where the laser beam acts like a wiggler magnet. Finally, designs of a future muon collider rely on the principle of ionization cooling. Reference [1] gives a brief review of the principal ideas and the history of beam cooling in storage rings; a theoretical dicussion and a few practical examples can be found in [2].
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Naumenko, Konstantin, and Holm Altenbach. "Beams." In Advanced Structured Materials, 97–136. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20381-8_3.

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Wagg, David, and Simon Neild. "Beams." In Nonlinear Vibration with Control, 261–312. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10644-1_6.

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Schomburg, Werner Karl. "Beams." In Introduction to Microsystem Design, 91–110. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-47023-7_9.

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Emri, Igor, and Arkady Voloshin. "Beams." In Statics, 321–88. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2101-0_9.

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Schomburg, Werner Karl. "Beams." In Introduction to Microsystem Design, 65–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19489-4_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Beams"

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Wittig, Lars-Christian, Matthias Cumme, Stefan Nolte, Ernst-Bernhard Kley, and Andreas Tuennermann. "Beam shaping for multimode beams." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Ernst-Bernhard Kley and Hans Peter Herzig. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.448054.

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Kikutani, E. "Beam-beam simulation with non-Gaussian beams." In Beam dynamics issues of high luminosity asymmetric collider rings. AIP, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.39748.

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Sonnendrücker, Eric. "Adaptive Vlasov Simulations of Intense Beams." In HIGH INTENSITY AND HIGH BRIGHTNESS HADRON BEAMS: 33rd ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1949517.

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Powell, J., F. Q. Guo, P. E. Haustein, R. Joosten, R. M. Larimer, C. Lyneis, D. M. Moltz, et al. "BEARS: radioactive ion beams at LBNL." In EXOTIC NUCLEI AND ATOMIC MASSES. ASCE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.57305.

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Kamerdzhiev, Vsevolod. "Diagnostics for Intense Electron Cooled Ion Beams." In HIGH INTENSITY AND HIGH BRIGHTNESS HADRON BEAMS: 33rd ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics Workshop on High Intensity and High Brightness Hadron Beams. AIP, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1949522.

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Wangler, Thomas P. "Beam halo in high-intensity beams." In Computational accelerator physics. AIP, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.45324.

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Woche, Manfred F., Uwe Laux, and Jannis Papamastorakis. "Dichroic beam splitter for convergent beams." In Astronomical Telescopes and Instrumentation, edited by Masanori Iye and Alan F. M. Moorwood. SPIE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.395413.

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Chen, C. "Halo formation and chaos in space-charge-dominated beams." In Space charge dominated beams and applications of high brightness beams. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51072.

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Lagniel, J.-M. "Nonlinear resonances, chaos and halo formation in space-charge dominated beams." In Space charge dominated beams and applications of high brightness beams. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51073.

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Bruhwiler, David L. "Lowest-order phase space structure of a simplified beam halo Hamiltonian." In Space charge dominated beams and applications of high brightness beams. AIP, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.51074.

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Reports on the topic "Beams"

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Ng, King-Yuen. Linear beam-beam effects for round beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6876253.

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Hallett, J. B. L51525 Sizing of Girth Weld Defects Using Focused Ultrasonic Beams. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010202.

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This project was produced to evaluate the performance of focused beams in sizing and positioning defects in pipeline girth welds. The sound beams from standard flat transducers were focused using acoustic lenses. Two types of plastics, having different sound velocities are used in the design of these lenses. One is used for the lens and the other for the wedge. The profile of the lens/wedge boundary was designed to focus the sound at a selected depth. The design takes into account the beam angle, beam diameter, focal point and working range required. The effects of test surface curvature were also incorporated into the design. This project was conducted in three phases using sample welds containing real defects, such as root cracks, slag and lack of sidewall fusion. In Phase III the individual defect size predictions were compared to the actual defects found during destructive examination. Only the readings where the signal sources could be positively identified as defects by breaking open or sectioning were included. All measurements were made to the nearest 0.5 mm (0.02 inches).
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Ziemann, V. Beam-beam deflection and signature curves for elliptic beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6431631.

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Norem, J. A beam profile monitor for small electron beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5415096.

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Fite, Jesse, S. Nemesure, M. Sivertz, A. Rusek, and I.-H. Chiang. Beam Degrader Wheel for Gold Beams at NSRL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1775551.

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Donald, M. Round beams v flat beams integrated luminosity considerations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6985125.

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Adderley, P., W. Barry, J. Heefner, P. Kloeppel, R. Rossmanith, M. Wise, and S. Jachim. A beam position monitor for low current dc beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6360195.

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Sun, Yin-e. Angular-momentum-dominated electron beams and flat-beam generation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/15017103.

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Fermi Research Alliance, LLC. Stopping muon beams. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1605580.

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Pitthan, Rainer. Test Beams and Polarized Fixed Target Beams at the NLC. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784842.

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