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Journal articles on the topic 'Beampattern'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Rixon Fuchs, Louise, Atsuto Maki, and Andreas Gällström. "Optimization Method for Wide Beam Sonar Transmit Beamforming." Sensors 22, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 7526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22197526.

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Imaging and mapping sonars such as forward-looking sonars (FLS) and side-scan sonars (SSS) are sensors frequently used onboard autonomous underwater vehicles. To acquire information from around the vehicle, it is desirable for these sonar systems to insonify a large area; thus, the sonar transmit beampattern should have a wide field of view. In this work, we study the problem of the optimization of wide transmission beampatterns. We consider the conventional phased-array beampattern design problem where all array elements transmit an identical waveform. The complex weight vector is adjusted to create the desired beampattern shape. In our experiments, we consider wide transmission beampatterns (≥20∘) with uniform output power. In this paper, we introduce a new iterative-convex optimization method for narrowband linear phased arrays and compare it to existing approaches for convex and concave–convex optimization. In the iterative-convex method, the phase of the weight parameters is allowed to be complex as in disciplined convex–concave programming (DCCP). Comparing the iterative-convex optimization method and DCCP to the standard convex optimization, we see that the former methods archive optimized beampatterns closer to the desired beampatterns. Furthermore, for the same number of iterations, the proposed iterative-convex method achieves optimized beampatterns, which are closer to the desired beampattern than the beampatterns achieved by optimization with DCCP.

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2

Zhang, Xiaojun, and Zishu He. "The MIMO Radar Transmit Beampattern Matching Design with Sidelobe Suppression." Electronics 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 3650. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11223650.

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In this paper, a novel method termed the cosine approach is proposed to address the sidelobe suppression problem in MIMO radar transmit beampattern matching design. In contrast to the traditional optimization algorithms that try to find the optimum solutions from feasible regions, the proposed method, starting from outside the feasible regions, aims to obtain a satisfactory solution from a series of optimal transmit beampatterns. We first standardized the sidelobe suppression problem in MIMO radar transmit beampattern matching design and put forward four criteria to guide the micro-adjustment to the desired beampattern. Then, the cosine method was proposed to adjust the desired beampattern as well as increase the main-to-sidelobe ratio (MSLR) of the transmit beampattern. Finally, several numerical examples were chosen to test the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.

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3

Häcker, P., S. Uhlich, and B. Yang. "Fast beampattern evaluation by polynomial rooting." Advances in Radio Science 9 (July 29, 2011): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-9-145-2011.

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Abstract. Current automotive radar systems measure the distance, the relative velocity and the direction of objects in their environment. This information enables the car to support the driver. The direction estimation capabilities of a sensor array depend on its beampattern. To find the array configuration leading to the best angle estimation by a global optimization algorithm, a huge amount of beampatterns have to be calculated to detect their maxima. In this paper, a novel algorithm is proposed to find all maxima of an array's beampattern fast and reliably, leading to accelerated array optimizations. The algorithm works for arrays having the sensors on a uniformly spaced grid. We use a general version of the gcd (greatest common divisor) function in order to write the problem as a polynomial. We differentiate and root the polynomial to get the extrema of the beampattern. In addition, we show a method to reduce the computational burden even more by decreasing the order of the polynomial.

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4

Hong, Sheng, Yantao Dong, Rui Xie, Yu Ai, and Yuhao Wang. "Constrained Transmit Beampattern Design Using a Correlated LFM-PC Waveform Set in MIMO Radar." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030773.

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This paper considers the design of a desired transmit beampattern under the good ambiguity function constraint using a correlated linear frequency modulation-phase coded (LFM-PC) waveform set in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) radar. Different from most existing beampattern design approaches, we propose using the LFM-PC waveform set to conquer the challenging problem of synthesizing waveforms with constant-envelope and easy-generation properties, and, meanwhile, solve the hard constraint of a good ambiguity behaviour. First, the ambiguity function of the LFM-PC waveform set is derived, and the superiority of LFM-PC waveforms over LFM and PC waveforms is verified. The temporal and spatial characteristic analysis of the LFM-PC waveform set demonstrates that both the transmit beampattern and sidelobe level are mainly affected by the frequency intervals, bandwidths, and phase-coded sequences of the LFM-PC waveform set. Finally, the constrained beampattern design problem is formulated by optimizing these parameters for desired beampatterns and low sidelobes at different doppler frequencies, which is a bi-objective optimization problem. To solve this, we propose a joint optimization strategy followed by a mandatory optimization, where the sequence quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm and adaptive clonal selection (ACS) algorithm are exploited iteratively. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of our proposed method.

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5

Gholampour, Amir, Sayed Mahmoud Sakhaei, and Seyed Mehdi Hosseini Andargoli. "Robust Waveform Design of Ultrasound Arrays for Medical Imaging." Ultrasonic Imaging 40, no. 6 (September 11, 2018): 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0161734618797578.

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Sound speed is an effective parameter in designing an optimal beamformer. In conventional ultrasound imaging systems, the beamformer is designed assuming a fixed value of speed, whereas the speed in a tissue is not known precisely and also may fluctuate by a great value. The errors in estimating sound speed may lead to a severe degradation in the reconstructed image, as mainlobe width and sidelobe level of the beampattern are sensitive to the speed variations. In this paper, we consider the design of a transmit beamformer, which is robust to the speed variations. The problem is formulated as a convex optimization problem versus the covariance matrix of the excitation waveforms to obtain a beampattern with predefined mainlobe width and a minimum sidelobe level for all possible variations of speed. Then, by eigen-analysis of the obtained covariance matrix, a set of nonidentical single-carrier short-pulses for the excitation waveforms were designed. Various simulations indicate that the proposed method can yield a robust beampattern whose mainlobe width and sidelobe level almost remain constant by 10% speed variations. In contrast, the beampatterns obtained by nonrobust methods suffer extensive changes.

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6

Zhou, Changlin, Chunyang Wang, Jian Gong, Ming Tan, Yingjian Zhao, and Mingjie Liu. "FDA-MIMO Beampattern Synthesis with an Analytical Method." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (November 13, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9051131.

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Since the beampattern has the characteristics of range-angle dependence, frequency diverse array multiple-input multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar has a good application prospect. There have been many studies to improve the performance of the beampattern by optimizing the frequency offset. However, on the basis of fully understanding the time parameters, the relationship between the array element frequency offset and the beampattern performance still needs to be clarified. Based on a new FDA-MIMO radar framework, this paper presents an analytical solution of the beampattern, which removes the influence of the time parameter. Taking the minimum main lobe as the objective function, an analytical method for solving a better frequency offset is given. Then, a method of using the window function was proposed to reduce the high side lobes of the range dimension. Comparing with the existing FDA radar beampattern design methods, it can achieve a more focusing beampattern. The simulation results verify the correctness of the theory.

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7

Kadam, Vivek, and Surendra Bhosale. "A Modified Method for Beam-Forming Using Covariance Matrix in MIMO Radar System." International Journal on Engineering, Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonest.68.

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A MIMO radar provides solution for beamforming, since transmit beampattern synthesis is well proven method for stimulating the antenna array to develop the beampattern. It is close to the desired one which can give minimum error between these two. A covariance matrix in beamforming contains the direction of invariable data and magnitude distribution in multidimensional space which decides the closeness with the desired beampattern. Here, selection of an optimal covariance matrix is constrained optimization problem with minimization of cost function. In high directivity radar systems, the antenna beam is needed to be steered to cover a large area for detection. In this proposed work, minimization of convex function and transmit beampattern synthesis is carried out with modifications of the covariance matrix ‘Rcov’ for minimum and maximum transmission power utilization constraints. The beampattern design problem is reformulated here, as semi-definite programming optimization problem and solved using convex optimization, with MATLAB simulation platform. The results show that the beampattern generated using this modified covariance matrix is optimally close to desired pattern.

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8

Tan, Ming, Chunyang Wang, Hui Yuan, Juan Bai, and Lei An. "FDA-MIMO Beampattern Synthesis with Hamming Window Weighted Linear Frequency Increments." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2020 (April 16, 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4851909.

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By utilizing a tiny frequency increment across the array elements, frequency diverse array (FDA) generates a beampattern possessing the property of range-angle-dependent. However, the beampattern of the conventional FDA is “S”-shaped, which means it is coupled in range-angle domains, resulting in low target indication accuracy and poor jamming suppression ability. In this paper, taking advantage of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique and multiple matched filters, a new FDA framework using Hamming window weighted linear frequency increments is proposed. Correct FDA-MIMO framework and multiple matched filters are used to remove the influence of the time parameter. A range-angle-decoupled beampattern with sharp pencil-shaped mainlobe and low sidelobe levels can be produced. Comparing with the existing FDA-decoupled transmit beampattern design methods, a more focusing beampattern can be achieved. Simulation results validate the superiority of the proposed system.

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9

Gong, Pengcheng, and Zhenhai Shao. "Transmit Beampattern Synthesis with Constant Beamwidth and Sidelobe Control for Wideband MIMO Radar." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/376279.

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A beampattern synthesis approach is proposed to design the power spectral density matrix (PSDM), which is chosen to achieve a given transmit beampattern in wideband multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar systems. The proposed approach focuses on transmit beampattern synthesis with constant beamwidth and sidelobe control. Moreover, the design problem is further converted to a convex optimization problem, which is solved efficiently via the modeling system CVX. In comparison to these recently developed wideband MIMO beampattern synthesis methods, the proposed approach maintains a constant beamwidth across the entire frequency band and provides a great improvement in sidelobe control. Numerical simulation results are obtained to validate the effectiveness of this approach.

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10

Tan, Ming, Lei Bao, Hang Zhu, Wei Song, and Xinmei Wang. "Range-angle-dependent beamforming for FDA radar with Hamming interelement spacing and sinusoidal multicarrier approach." AIP Advances 13, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 015003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0128079.

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By employing a tiny frequency offset across the array elements, a frequency diverse array (FDA) produces a beampattern with the property of being range-angle-dependent. However, the beampattern of a traditional FDA has many maxima at undesired range-angle couples, which is unfavorable for target localization and jamming suppression. In this paper, a novel FDA scheme with Hamming interelement spacing, namely, the HIS-FDA, is proposed. By adopting Hamming window weighted interelement spacing and frequency offsets optimized by the genetic algorithm, the HIS-FDA produces a dot-shaped well-performed beampattern, which has superior performance over the existing FDA systems, especially in the angle dimension. The multiple input multiple output technique and multiple matched filters are employed at the receiver to solve the time-varying problem. A new multicarrier (MC) technique termed the sinusoidal MC approach is also presented to improve the beampattern performance, especially in the range dimension. Our proposed scheme outperforms the existing FDA systems in terms of the mainlobe width in the range and angle profiles, the sidelobe level, and the range-angle spatial region of the mainlobe. Comparison results are provided to validate the superiority of the proposed scheme.

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11

Martínez-Graullera, Óscar, Júlio Cesar Eduardo de Souza, Montserrat Parrilla Romero, and Ricardo Tokio Higuti. "Design of 2D Planar Sparse Binned Arrays Based on the Coarray Analysis." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 30, 2021): 8018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21238018.

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The analysis of the beampattern is the base of sparse arrays design process. However, in the case of bidimensional arrays, this analysis has a high computational cost, turning the design process into a long and complex task. If the imaging system development is considered a holistic process, the aperture is a sampling grid that must be considered in the spatial domain through the coarray structure. Here, we propose to guide the aperture design process using statistical parameters of the distribution of the weights in the coarray. We have studied three designs of sparse matrix binned arrays with different sparseness degrees. Our results prove that there is a relationship between these parameters and the beampattern, which is valuable and improves the array design process. The proposed methodology reduces the computational cost up to 58 times with respect to the conventional fitness function based on the beampattern analysis.

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12

Wang, Wen-Qin, and Huaizong Shao. "A Flexible Phased-MIMO Array Antenna with Transmit Beamforming." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/609598.

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Although phased-array antennas have been widely employed in modern radars, the requirements of many emerging applications call for new more advanced array antennas. This paper proposes a flexible phased-array multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array antenna with transmit beamforming. This approach divides the transmit antenna array into multiple subarrays that are allowed to overlap each subarray coherently transmits a distinct waveform, which is orthogonal to the waveforms transmitted by other subarrays, at a distinct transmit frequency. That is, a small frequency increment is employed in each subarray. Each subarray forms a directional beam and all beams may be steered to different directions. The subarrays jointly offer flexible operating modes such as MIMO array which offers spatial diversity gain, phased-array which offers coherent directional gain and frequency diverse array which provides range-dependent beampattern. The system performance is examined by analyzing the transmit-receive beampatterns. The proposed approach is validated by extensive numerical simulation results.

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13

Ahmad, Zeeshan, Zain ul Abidin Jaffri, Shu-Di Bao, and Meng Chen. "Frequency diverse array radar with non-uniform array spacing based on sigmoid function." Journal of Electrical Engineering 73, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2022-0005.

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Abstract As a widely recognized electronic beam steering concept, frequency diverse array (FDA) radar is an effective and feasible solution to provide beam scanning ability in both angle as well as range dimension as a function of time. However, the conventional FDA radar employing progressive incremental frequency offsets across the array elements generates an S-shaped and range-angle coupled beampattern. As such, the FDA beampattern can be decoupled into range-angle dimensions by employing non-linear frequency offsets or using non-uniform arrays. Frequency offsets design has been extensively researched in recent years, whereas non-uniform arrays were given little attention so far. In this paper, we propose a novel FDA radar with a unified configuration of non-uniform linear array, and non-linear frequency offsets to achieve a high-resolution dot-shaped range-angle dependent beampattern. More specifically, the non-uniform inter-element spacing is calculated using the sigmoid function, and non-linear frequency offsets are generated by logistic map, and triangular window function. Simulation results clearly demonstrate the performance advantages of the proposed FDA radar in terms of beam width and side lobe levels.

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14

He, Zhengyao, Qiang Shi, and Shaoxuan Wu. "Investigation of Low-Sidelobe Beampattern Controlling Methods for Acoustic Transmitting Array of Underwater Vehicles." Polish Maritime Research 24, s2 (August 28, 2017): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2017-0071.

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Abstract In underwater unmanned vehicles, complex acoustic transducer arrays are always used to transmitting sound waves to detect and position underwater targets. Two methods of obtaining low-sidelobe transmitting beampatterns for acoustic transmitting arrays of underwater vehicles are investigated. The first method is the boundary element model optimization method which used the boundary element theory together with the optimization method to calculate the driving voltage weighting vector of the array. The second method is the measured receiving array manifold vector optimization method which used the measured receiving array manifold vectors and optimization method to calculate the weighting vector. Both methods can take into account the baffle effect and mutual interactions among elements of complex acoustic arrays. Computer simulation together with experiments are carried out for typical complex arrays. The results agree well and show that the two methods are both able to obtain a lower sidelobe transmitting beampattern than the conventional beamforming method, and the source level for each transmitting beam is maximized in constraint of the maximum driving voltage of array elements being constant. The effect of the second method performs even better than that of the first method, which is more suitable for practical application. The methods are very useful for the improvement of detecting and positioning capability of underwater unmanned vehicles.

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15

Akçakaya, Murat, and Arye Nehorai. "Biologically inspired coupled antenna beampattern design." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 5, no. 4 (November 10, 2010): 046003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3182/5/4/046003.

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16

Amar, Alon, and Miriam A. Doron. "Beampattern Synthesis With Blind Interference Suppression." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 60, no. 9 (September 2012): 4982–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2012.2203807.

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17

Sun, Chao, and Yi-xin Yang. "On beampattern design for beamspace music." Acoustical Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (2004): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.25.2.

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18

Zhang, Xiaojun, Zishu He, Lez Rayman-Bacchus, and Jihong Yan. "MIMO Radar Transmit Beampattern Matching Design." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 63, no. 8 (April 2015): 2049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2015.2398841.

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19

Li, Guang-ming, Qun Zhang, Qi-yong Liu, Jia Liang, Dan Wang, and Feng Zhu. "Mainlobe Jamming Suppression Using Improved Frequency Diverse Array with MIMO Radar." Journal of Sensors 2019 (May 2, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3948597.

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Frequency diverse array (FDA) has attracted much attention in recent years due to its range-angle-dependent beampattern. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar can offer waveform diversity to increase the virtual aperture length for azimuth coherent focus processing in radar imaging. Combining the advantages of FDA and MIMO radar, FDA-MIMO radar can steer multiple beams to different targets in the same line of sight (LOS) of radar with different waveforms. In this paper, an improved FDA model with the logistic map is proposed to get the aperiodic and range-angle uncoupling beampattern. Based on the proposed FDA, combining the FDA-MIMO radar, the waveform and chirp rate jitter techniques are adopted to mainlobe jamming suppression. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

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20

Li, Yuxiang, Shuainan Gu, and Nae Zheng. "MIMO Radar Transmit Beampattern Design for DOA Estimation with Sidelobe Suppression." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1512843.

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We address the problem of transmit beamspace design for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar with colocated antennas in direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation application. Three transmit beampattern sidelobe suppression strategies for designing the transmit beamspace matrix are introduced. The design of transmit beamspace matrix is based on minimizing the difference between a desired transmit beampattern and the actual one while keeping the sidelobe levels under control. Uniform elemental power distribution across the transmit antenna is guaranteed; at the same time, signal rotational invariance property is considered, which enables search-free based DOA estimation algorithms to be utilized at the receiver. The proposed optimization problems are nonconvex and are solved by using semidefinite programming relaxation technique. Moreover, the DOA estimation Cramer-Rao bound with transmit beamspace matrix is discussed. Simulation results show the superiority of the proposed techniques over the existing methods.

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21

Shi, Shuli, Yougen Xu, Kang Zhao, and Zhiwen Liu. "Polarised beampattern synthesis against array manifold mismatch." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 15, no. 8 (May 4, 2021): 910–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/mia2.12098.

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22

Tu, Lei, and Boon Poh Ng. "FLEXIBLE ARRAY BEAMPATTERN SYNTHESIS USING HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS." Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 18 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierm10120803.

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23

Chen, Baoxin, Xiaolong Chen, Yong Huang, and Jian Guan. "Transmit Beampattern Synthesis for the FDA Radar." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 17, no. 1 (January 2018): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2017.2776957.

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24

Gemechu, Ashenafi Yadessa, Guolong Cui, Xianxiang Yu, and Lingjiang Kong. "Beampattern Synthesis With Sidelobe Control and Applications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 1 (January 2020): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2938730.

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25

Koretz, A., and B. Rafaely. "Dolph–Chebyshev Beampattern Design for Spherical Arrays." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 57, no. 6 (June 2009): 2417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2009.2015120.

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26

Fan, Xuhui, Junli Liang, and H. C. So. "Beampattern synthesis with minimal dynamic range ratio." Signal Processing 152 (November 2018): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2018.06.022.

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27

Messer, Hagit. "Source localization performance and the array beampattern." Signal Processing 28, no. 2 (August 1992): 163–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1684(92)90033-s.

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28

Xu, Yanhong, Xiaowei Shi, Jingwei Xu, and Wentao Li. "Beampattern analysis of planar frequency diverse array." International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering 25, no. 5 (December 8, 2014): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mmce.20881.

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29

Wan, Pengfei, Guisheng Liao, Jingwei Xu, and Guimei Zheng. "Two-Dimensional Transceiver Beamforming for Mainlobe Jamming Suppression with FDA-MIMO Radar." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (July 8, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1265658.

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With the rapid development of electronic warfare technology, the airborne electronic counter measures (ECM) system can generate mainlobe jamming using range gate pull-off (RGPO) strategy, which brings serious performance degradation of target tracking for the tracking and guidance radar. In this study, a two-dimensional transceiver beamforming approach is proposed to suppress the mainlobe jamming with frequency diverse array using multiple-input multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar. The mainlobe jamming signal differs from the real target echo in the joint transmit and receive domain due to the range dependence of FDA beampattern. The amplitude of RGPO signal is greater than the amplitude of real target echo. Thus, the transceiver beampattern can be designed to null out the jamming while maintaining the real target. The jamming suppression performance is studied in consideration of practical range constraint of RGPO. Simulation results are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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RAO, Yunhua, Hao HE, Xianrong WAN, and Jianxin YI. "Range-Angle Dependent Beampattern Synthesis Method for OFDM-Based Passive Radar." Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences 27, no. 3 (June 2022): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/wujns/2022273255.

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Frequency diverse array (FDA) radar applies a tiny frequency offset across its adjacent transmitting array elements to generate a range-angle-dependent beampattern. The increased degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) in range domain can help improve the performance of radar in target detection, localization, and clutter suppression. Passive radar utilizes uncontrollable external signal as illuminator, which makes it difficult to apply traditional frequency diverse process method. However, the third-party illuminator such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) signal usually consists of several closely spaced modulated carriers, and it has been widely selected as the illuminator for passive radar in recent years. Considering the orthogonality between even separated subcarriers, we propose a new frequency diverse process method by extracting and processing each subcarrier of received data independently and attempt to provide a range-angle dependent beampattern for OFDM passive radar. Numerical results and real data analyses verify the superiority of frequency diversity process on the received data of OFDM passive radar.

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31

Tan, Ming, Chun-yang Wang, Zhi-hui Li, Xin Li, and Lei Bao. "Stepped Frequency Pulse Frequency Diverse Array Radar for Target Localization in Angle and Range Domains." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (September 12, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8962048.

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Unlike phased array bringing angle-dependent and range-independent beamforming, a new kind of radar system called frequency diverse array (FDA) has been widely used for its ability to generate angle-range-dependent beampattern, which provides a broad prospect of radar application. Nevertheless, FDA beampattern is coupling in the angle and range responses, which results in the difficulty for FDA to differentiate the target in two domains simultaneously. In this paper, a stepped frequency pulse FDA (SFP-FDA) radar is proposed to wipe off the angle-range coupling in FDA and improve the target’s angle and range localization accuracy. Compared to the double-pulse FDA, the proposed system can achieve a better performance in range resolution and multitarget identification. The Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) is derived and used to analyze the performance of the proposed system and double-pulse FDA radar. Numerical results are implemented to verify the validity of the proposed scheme.

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32

Al-Salehi, Abdul Rahman, Ijaz Mansoor Qureshi, Aqdas Naveed Malik, Wasim Khan, and Abdul Basit. "Dual-function radar–communications: information transmission during FDA radar listening mode." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 1 (July 22, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078719000990.

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AbstractWe investigate the frequency diverse array (FDA) for joint radar and communication systems. The basic idea is to use the transmitter/receiver modules of the radar system for communication purpose during listening mode as a secondary function. The radar will be performing its routine functions during the active mode as a primary function. An FDA at the transmitter side will be used to produce an orthogonal frequency division multiplexed signal, which is proposed for the communication system. The directivity of the radar antenna, FDA in this case, provides an additional advantage to mitigate the interferences other than the Direction of Interest (DoI). The proposed technique allows two beampatterns to be transmitted sequentially from the same FDA structure. Due to the communication signal transmission in the mainlobe of the second beampattern, the bit error rate achieved in the mainlobe is better than the existing techniques using the sidelobe transmission for communications. At the receiver, both incoming signals of radar and communication will share a different spatial angle. Simulation results indicate the novelty of the idea to suppress the interferences in terms of DoI. Furthermore, we analyzed the signal-to-interference ratio and Cramer–Rao lower bounds for angle and range estimation for the proposed technique.

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33

Changpeng Ji, Meiyu Wu, Yujie Yuan, and Shuang Liu. "An Improved Method for Low-sidelobe Beampattern Optimization." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON Advances in Information Sciences and Service Sciences 3, no. 10 (November 30, 2011): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4156/aiss.vol3.issue10.2.

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34

Luo, Tao, Yong-feng Guan, Hong-wei Liu, Bo Jiu, and Meng Wu. "Transmit Beampattern Design for Planar Array MIMO Radar." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 35, no. 11 (February 18, 2014): 2707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2013.00568.

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Lu, Qinghui, Guolong Cui, Ruitao Liu, and Xianxiang Yu. "Beampattern Synthesis via First-Order Iterative Convex Approximation." IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters 20, no. 8 (August 2021): 1493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2021.3088472.

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Huang, Ling, Zhiming He, and Pengcheng Gong. "Transmit beampattern optimisation design based on constant beamwidth." International Journal of Modelling, Identification and Control 25, no. 2 (2016): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmic.2016.075279.

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Kennedy, R. A., T. D. Abhayapala, and D. B. Ward. "Broadband nearfield beamforming using a radial beampattern transformation." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 46, no. 8 (1998): 2147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.705426.

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Ma, Hui, Yanan Zhao, Liujun Zhang, and Rolf Müller. "What bats may do better: Emission beampattern complexity." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5067850.

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Cheng, Ziyang, Zishu He, Ruiyang Li, and Zhilei Wang. "Robust transmit beampattern matching synthesis for MIMO radar." Electronics Letters 53, no. 9 (April 2017): 620–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2017.0167.

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Liang, Junli, Xuhui Fan, Hing Cheung So, and Deyun Zhou. "Array Beampattern Synthesis Without Specifying Lobe Level Masks." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 68, no. 6 (June 2020): 4526–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2020.2972331.

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Yu, Xianxiang, Guolong Cui, Tianxian Zhang, and Lingjiang Kong. "Constrained transmit beampattern design for colocated MIMO radar." Signal Processing 144 (March 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2017.10.010.

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Stoica, Petre, Jian Li, and Xumin Zhu. "Waveform Synthesis for Diversity-Based Transmit Beampattern Design." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 56, no. 6 (June 2008): 2593–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2007.916139.

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Dong, Ye, Fengfeng Cheng, and Lanying Cao. "Transmit beampattern design for airborne phased-MIMO radar." Journal of Engineering 2019, no. 20 (October 1, 2019): 6642–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/joe.2019.0042.

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Lipor, John, Sajid Ahmed, and Mohamed-Slim Alouini. "Fourier-Based Transmit Beampattern Design Using MIMO Radar." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 62, no. 9 (May 2014): 2226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2014.2307838.

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Aubry, Augusto, Antonio De Maio, and Yongwei Huang. "MIMO Radar Beampattern Design Via PSL/ISL Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 64, no. 15 (August 2016): 3955–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2016.2543207.

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Feng, Lifang, Guolong Cui, Xianxiang Yu, and Lingjiang Kong. "Beampattern Synthesis via the Constrained Subarray Layout Optimization." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 69, no. 1 (January 2021): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2020.3008652.

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Wang, Lei, and Jie Zhu. "Flexible Beampattern Design Algorithm for Spherical Microphone Arrays." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 139488–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2943615.

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He, R., D. J. Xu, and F. Shen. "Array pattern synthesis using sparse representation of beampattern." Electronics Letters 48, no. 23 (2012): 1444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2012.3033.

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Roshanzamir, Amirsadegh. "Analyzing of Non-Uniform MIMO Radar MMSE Beampattern Design." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 9 (September 2014): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04922630.

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Roshanzamir, Amirsadegh. "Covariance based MIMO Radar Beampattern Design in NonUniform Arrays." IOSR Journal of Engineering 4, no. 9 (September 2014): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-04923142.

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