Journal articles on the topic 'Beamforming'
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Bhat, Irfan Nissar, and Er Harish Dogra. "Beamforming for 5G Networks." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (October 31, 2018): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18405.
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Innok, Apinya, Peerapong Uthansakul, and Monthippa Uthansakul. "Angular Beamforming Technique for MIMO Beamforming System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/638150.
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The method of MIMO beamforming has gained a lot of attention. The eigen beamforming (EB) technique provides the best performance but requiring full channel information. However, it is impossible to fully acquire the channel in a real fading environment. To overcome the limitations of the EB technique, the quantized beamforming (QB) technique was proposed by using only some feedback bits instead of full channel information to calculate the suitable beamforming vectors. Unfortunalely, the complexity of finding the beamforming vectors is the limitation of the QB technique. In this paper, we propose a new technique named as angular beamforming (AB) to overcome drawbacks of QB technique. The proposed technique offers low computational complexity for finding the suitable beamforming vectors. In this paper, we also present the feasibility implementation of the proposed AB method. The experiments are undertaken mainly to verify the concept of the AB technique by utilizing the Butler matrix as a two-bit AB processor. The experimental implementation and the results demonstrate that the proposed technique is attractive from the point of view of easy implementation without much computational complexity and low cost.
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krishna, Mr P. V. Murali, and Lade Surendra Babu. "HYBRID BEAMFORMING FOR MULTIBEAM PHASED ARRAY RECEVIERS." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 07, no. 12 (December 30, 2023): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem27817.
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In the search for enhanced wireless communication systems, multibeam phased array receivers have gained prominence. They promise to significantly boost data rates, reduce latency, and improve reliability. However, implementing multibeam receivers with traditional beamforming techniques can be challenging due to the high computational demands and the need for multiple radio frequency (RF) chains. Hybrid beamforming combines the advantages of digital and analog beamforming to strike a balance between performance and complexity. Our research delves into the following aspects of Hybrid beamforming for multibeam phased array receivers: Reduced Hardware Complexity: By blending digital and analog beamforming, we reduce the number of required RF chains, making multibeam receivers more cost-effective. Enhanced Beam Steering: Hybrid beamforming maintains precise control over multiple beams, ensuring efficient signal reception and transmission. Real-World Applications: We discuss practical applications in 5G and beyond, satellite communications, and radar systems. The paper delves into the fundamental concepts of analog and digital beamforming, illustrating their respective strengths and limitations. It then presents the architecture of hybrid beamforming systems, emphasizing the synergistic integration of analog and digital components. Special attention is given to the design considerations of beamforming networks, antenna arrays, and the beam steering mechanism. KEYWORDS Hybrid Beamforming , Phased Array , Multi-Beam , Analog Beamforming , Digital Beamforming , Beamforming Networks , Antenna Array , Beam Steering , Spatial Multiplexing , Precoding , Channel Estimation , Interference Mitigation , Power Consumption , Millimeter Wave (mmWave) , 5G and Beyond .
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Zheng, Senyao, Hui Zhao, Long Zhao, Jie Mei, and Weimin Tang. "Multiuser Beamforming with Limited Feedback for FDD Massive MIMO Systems." Chinese Journal of Engineering 2016 (March 7, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9821845.
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This paper discusses the multiuser beamforming in FDD massive MIMO systems. It first introduces the feature of FDD massive MIMO systems to implement multiuser beamforming schemes. After that, considering the realistic implementation of multiuser beamforming scheme in FDD massive MIMO systems, it introduces the knowledge of channel quantization. In the main part of the paper, we introduce two traditional multiuser beamforming schemes and analyse their merits and demerits. Based on these, we propose a novel multiuser beamforming scheme to flexibly combine the merits of the traditional beamforming schemes. In the final part of the paper, we give some simulation results to compare the beamforming schemes mentioned in the paper. These simulation results show the superiority of the proposed beamforming scheme.
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Puhle, Christof. "Demonstration of a unified approach to beamforming." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 4450–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2709.
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In this paper, we discuss a unification of several well-known frequency domain beamforming methods into one working principle. The methods under consideration include Functional Beamforming, Asymptotic Beamforming, Adaptive Beamforming and - as a natural limiting case - Standard Beamforming. Common to most of these methods is the underlying eigenvalue decomposition of the cross-spectral matrix. Introducing a weighted power mean (also called weighted Hölder mean) in terms of these eigenvalues for every map point, each of the above methods is represented by a certain power p. Because of the latter, this unified approach will be called Power Beamforming throughout this paper. Going from the limiting case p=1 of Standard Beamforming to lower power values results in the attenuation of side lobes and sharpening of the main lobes in the corresponding beamforming map. We demonstrate this effect using simulations and several real-world measurements.
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Leng, Kaijing, and Leilei Deng. "Direction of arrival and target scale estimation based on split beamforming algorithm." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2290, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2290/1/012110.
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Abstract Based on the theory of split beamforming algorithm and the experimental data collected by circular array, this paper analyzes the characteristics of DOA and target size estimation. In this paper, the signal receiving model of planar circular array and the split beamforming algorithm are studied. Then, based on the data collected from the lake experiment, the DOA estimation results of conventional beamforming algorithm, multiple signal classification algorithm and split beamforming algorithm are analyzed, and the target scale estimation results of split beamforming algorithm is analyzed. The experimental data analysis shows that the split beamforming algorithm has good direction finding stability, and the target scale estimation error based on the split beamforming algorithm is small.
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Hamid, Shahid, Shakti Raj Chopra, Akhil Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Bogdan Cristian Florea, Dragos Daniel Taralunga, Osama Alfarraj, and Ahmed M. Shehata. "Hybrid Beamforming in Massive MIMO for Next-Generation Communication Technology." Sensors 23, no. 16 (August 21, 2023): 7294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23167294.
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Hybrid beamforming is a viable method for lowering the complexity and expense of massive multiple-input multiple-output systems while achieving high data rates on track with digital beamforming. To this end, the purpose of the research reported in this paper is to assess the effectiveness of the three architectural beamforming techniques (Analog, Digital, and Hybrid beamforming) in massive multiple-input multiple-output systems, especially hybrid beamforming. In hybrid beamforming, the antennas are connected to a single radio frequency chain, unlike digital beamforming, where each antenna has a separate radio frequency chain. The beam formation toward a particular angle depends on the channel state information. Further, massive multiple-input multiple-output is discussed in detail along with the performance parameters like bit error rate, signal-to-noise ratio, achievable sum rate, power consumption in massive multiple-input multiple-output, and energy efficiency. Finally, a comparison has been established between the three beamforming techniques.
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Lan, Hualin, Xueqi Zhang, Ruonan Li, Suyu Jin, and Na Li. "Assessment of multi-target distinguishing using deconvolved conventional beamforming." MATEC Web of Conferences 283 (2019): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928304005.
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Multi-target distinguishing based on beamforming is a popular topic in array signal processing. Conventional beamforming as a frequently used method is robust but constrained by the Rayleigh limit. Deconvolved conventional beamforming is a better choice since point scattering function could be derived by deconvolution based on Lucy-Richardson, with narrower beam width and lower sidelobe levels. Besides, the robustness of the conventional beamforming is maintained. In this paper, a new method of combined deconvolved conventional beamforming with Dolph-Chebyshev weights is proposed. The proposed method could overcome the deficit of deconvolved conventional beamforming on low mainlobe of weak target caused by iteration. Firstly, principles of the method are given including conventional beamforming, deconvolved conventional beamforming and the proposed algorithm combined deconvolved conventional beamforming with Dolph-Chebyshev weights. Then, performance of the proposed method for bi-target signals with the equivalent strength, in terms of the effect of signal frequency on distinguishing performance of two closed spaced targets coexisted is analysed. For weak target detection existed strong interference, the superiority of the proposed algorithm is analysed. Finally, proposed method is validated with sea trial data of two ship target noise recorded by a 48-element array.
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Londhe, Gayatri D., and Vaibhav S. Hendre. "An Effective Kalman Based Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO System by Using 2D Overlapped Partially Connected Sub-Array Structure." Traitement du Signal 39, no. 6 (December 31, 2022): 2141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ts.390627.
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In 5G mobile communication networks, millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology plays a key role. To deal with the problem of path loss that happens in the mmWave band, competent beamforming employing a large antenna array is required. Fully digital beamforming approaches currently require separate radio frequency chains (RF chains) for each antenna, which adds to the computational complexity and hardware expense. In a multi-user environment, fully digital beamforming suffers from a larger antenna array layout, whereas analog beamforming solutions are prone to numerous performance concerns. Hybrid beamforming, on the other hand, offers a promising solution for multi-user mmWave communication. This work proposes a two-dimensional overlapping partially connected (2D-OPC) sub-array structure to reduce the antenna structure's hardware complexity and cost. The suggested technique comprises several sub-arrays that are overlapped in 2D space in the form of a Uniform Planar Array (UPA). The suggested scheme's performance is assessed using Kalman-based hybrid beamforming, which exhibits a considerable increase in spectral efficiency when compared to existing hybrid beamforming techniques. The suggested technique, which uses Kalman based hybrid beamforming and 2D-OPC provides 3.14% and 4.96% improvement over the MMSE hybrid beamforming and ZF pre-coding technique respectively.
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Zhang, Ding, Panneer Selvam Santhalingam, Parth Pathak, and Zizhan Zheng. "CoBF: Coordinated Beamforming in Dense mmWave Networks." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 51, no. 1 (June 26, 2023): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3606376.3593531.
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With MIMO and enhanced beamforming features, IEEE 802.11ay is poised to create the next generation of mmWave WLANs that can provide over 100 Gbps data rate. However, beamforming between densely deployed APs and clients incurs unacceptable overhead. On the other hand, the absence of up-to-date beamforming information restricts the diversity gains available through MIMO and multi-users, reducing the overall network capacity. This paper presents a novel approach of "coordinated beamforming" (called CoBF) where only a small subset of APs are selected for beamforming in the 802.11ay mmWave WLANs. Based on the concept of uncertainty, CoBF predicts the APs whose beamforming information is likely outdated and needs updating. The proposed approach complements existing per-link beamforming solutions and extends their effectiveness from link-level to network-level. Furthermore, CoBF leverages the AP uncertainty to create MU-MIMO groups through interference-aware scheduling in 802.11ay WLANs. With extensive experimentation and simulations, we show that CoBF can significantly reduce beamforming overhead and improve network capacity for 802.11ay WLANs.
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Zhang, Ding, Panneer Selvam Santhalingam, Parth Pathak, and Zizhan Zheng. "CoBF: Coordinated Beamforming in Dense mmWave Networks." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 7, no. 2 (May 19, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3589975.
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With MIMO and enhanced beamforming features, IEEE 802.11ay is poised to create the next generation of mmWave WLANs that can provide over 100 Gbps data rate. However, beamforming between densely deployed APs and clients incurs unacceptable overhead. On the other hand, the absence of up-to-date beamforming information restricts the diversity gains available through MIMO and multi-users, reducing the overall network capacity. This paper presents a novel approach of "coordinated beamforming" (called CoBF) where only a small subset of APs are selected for beamforming in the 802.11ay mmWave WLANs. Based on the concept of uncertainty, CoBF predicts the APs whose beamforming information is likely outdated and needs updating. The proposed approach complements the existing per-link beamforming solutions and extends their effectiveness from link-level to network-level. Furthermore, CoBF leverages the AP uncertainty to create MU-MIMO groups through interference-aware scheduling in 802.11ay WLANs. With extensive experimentation and simulations, we show that CoBF can significantly reduce beamforming overhead and improve network capacity for 802.11ay WLANs.
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Yan, Shengli. "Research on 5G-Oriented Wireless Sensor Array of Millimeter Hybrid Beam Sensing Terminal." Journal of Sensors 2021 (September 18, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/2716475.
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With the rapid development of information technology, facing the problems and new challenges brought by mobile Internet and Internet of things technology, as one of the key technologies of 5G, millimeter-wave mobile communication (28/38/60/70 GHz) which can realize gigabit (GB/s, or even higher) data transmission rate has also attracted extensive attention of wireless researchers all over the world, it has quickly become a research hotspot in the field of wireless communication. In the millimeter-wave massive MIMO downlink wireless sensor system, a block diagonal beamforming algorithm based on the approximate inverse of Neumann series is improved to obtain complete digital beamforming. Then, when designing hybrid beamforming, channel estimation and high-dimensional singular value decomposition are required for traditional analog and digital hybrid beamforming. A low complexity hybrid beamforming scheme is designed. An improved gradient projection algorithm is proposed in the design of analog beamforming, which can solve the problem of high computational complexity and less damage to guarantee and rate. Simulation results show that the hybrid beam terminal of the sensor reduces the number of RF links required for full digital beamforming and is as close to the spectral efficiency performance of full digital beamforming as possible. The results show that the performance of the designed hybrid beamforming scheme can still be close to that of the pure digital beamforming scheme without involving channel estimation and SVD decomposition.
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Cantero-Chinchilla, Sergio, Gerardo Aranguren, Muhammad Khalid Malik, Josu Etxaniz, and Federico Martín de la Escalera. "An Empirical Study on Transmission Beamforming for Ultrasonic Guided-Wave Based Structural Health Monitoring." Sensors 20, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051445.
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The development of reliable structural health monitoring techniques is enabling a healthy transition from preventive to condition-based maintenance, hence leading to safer and more efficient operation of different industries. Ultrasonic guided-wave based beamforming is one of the most promising techniques, which supports the monitoring of large thin-walled structures. However, beamforming has been typically applied to the post-processing stage (also known as virtual or receiver beamforming) because transmission or physical beamforming requires complex hardware configurations. This paper introduces an electronic structural health monitoring system that carries out transmission beamforming experiments by simultaneously emitting and receiving ultrasonic guided-waves using several transducers. An empirical characterization of the transmission beamforming technique for monitoring an aluminum plate is provided in this work. The high signal-to-noise ratio and accurate angular precision of the physical signal obtained in the experiments suggest that transmission beamforming can increase the reliability and robustnessof this monitoring technique for large structures and in real-world noisy environments.
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Gerald Chukwudi Eze and Mamilus Aginwa Ahaneku. "Sub-System Architecture for millimeter-wave massive MIMO systems." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 22, no. 2 (May 30, 2024): 306–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.22.2.1352.
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In this paper, we study the hybrid beamforming design for millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems. The designing of hybrid beamforming for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is tasking since its analog beamforming is shared among all subcarriers. We adopt a two-step technique for designing the analog and digital beamforming separately in order to maximize the average achievable energy and spectral efficiency of frequency-selective mmWave mMIMO-OFDM systems. Firstly, the analog beamforming design is based on the viewpoint of sub-systems (SS) and the goal is to optimize the array gain and radio frequency chains. Secondly, the digital beamforming design is carried out by using the regularized channel diagonalization (RCD) and block diagonalization (BD) solutions. On the other hand, the BD solution is modified for single-user. Thus, we propose the use of SS-RCD for multi-user and SS-BD for single-user hybrid beamforming designs. The solutions provide interference suppression but differ in low-SNR performance when communicating to many mobile users via data streams. Simulation results present that our hybrid beamforming design outperforms several other designs.
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Yang, Jin, Xiaodong Chen, Huaiyu Cai, and Yi Wang. "Generalized sidelobe canceler beamforming combined with Eigenspace-Wiener postfilter for medical ultrasound imaging." Technology and Health Care 30 (February 25, 2022): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/thc-thc228046.
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BACKGROUND: The beamforming algorithm is key to the image quality of the medical ultrasound system. The generalized sidelobe canceler (GSC) beamforming can improve the image quality in lateral resolution, but the contrast is not improved correspondingly. OBJECTIVE: In our research, we try to optimize the generalized sidelobe canceler to obtain images that achieve an improvement in both lateral resolution and contrast. METHODS: We put forward a new beamforming algorithm which combines the generalized sidelobe canceler and Eigenspace-Wiener postfilter. According to eigenspace decomposition of the covariance matrix of the received data, the components of the Wiener postfilter can be calculated from the signal matrix and the noise matrix. Then, the adaptive weight vector of GSC is further constrained by the Eigenspace-Wiener postfilter, which make the output energy of the receiving array closer to the desired signal than the conventional GSC output. RESULTS: We compare the new beamforming algorithm with delay-and-sum (DS) beamforming, synthetic aperture (SA) beamforming, and GSC beamforming using the simulated and experimental data sets. The quantitative results show that our method reduces the FWHM by 85.5%, 80.5%, and 38.9% while improving the CR by 123.6%, 47.7%, 84.4% on basis of DS, SA, and GSC beamforming, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The new beamforming algorithm can obviously improve the imaging quality of medical ultrasound imaging systems in both lateral resolution and contrast.
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Yang, Ze-Kun, Cong-Cong Cheng, Zhaobin Wang, and Hong-Wei Yang. "Detection of breast cancer using ultra-wide band beamforming algorithm." Modern Physics Letters B 31, no. 09 (March 30, 2017): 1750091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984917500919.
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This paper is based on the general principle of beamforming algorithm of array signal processing. It gives a kind of high precision adaptive time-domain beamforming algorithm, uses ultra-wide band (UWB) microwave signal as an emission source applied to the human body in early breast cancer detection. In this paper, we build a two-dimensional, semicircle breast tissue model, use numerical simulation with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method for detection. The result shows the superiority of beamforming algorithm compared with that of confocal imaging algorithms and beamforming algorithms, especially to the Capon beamforming algorithm.
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Uthansakul, Peerapong, Apinya Innok, and Monthippa Uthansakul. "Open-Loop Beamforming Technique for MIMO System and Its Practical Realization." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/723719.
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The concept of close-loop beamforming for MIMO system was well known proposed the singular value decomposition on channel matrix. This technique can improve the capacity performance, but the cost of feedback channel and the complexity processing discard the interest of implementation. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the benefit of using an open-loop beamforming for MIMO system in practical approaches. The low-profile concept of open-loop beamforming which is convenient for implementation is proposed by just inserting Butler matrices at both transmitter and receiver. The simulation and measurement results indicate that the open-loop beamforming with Butler matrix outperforms the conventional MIMO system. Although, the close-loop beamforming offers a better performance than open-loop beamforming technique, the proposed system is attractive because it is low cost, uncomplicated, and easy to implement.
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Noh, Song, and Chun Hyunchae. "Beamforming Algorithms." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 31, no. 8 (August 2020): 701–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2020.31.8.006.
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Rodriguez-Molares, Alfonso, Ali Fatemi, Lasse Lovstakken, and Hans Torp. "Specular Beamforming." IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control 64, no. 9 (September 2017): 1285–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tuffc.2017.2709038.
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Floquet, Julien, Richard Combes, and Zwi Altman. "Hierarchical Beamforming." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 46, no. 3 (January 25, 2019): 70–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3308897.3308929.
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Lo, T., H. Leung, and J. Litva. "Nonlinear beamforming." Electronics Letters 27, no. 4 (1991): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19910222.
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Xenaki, Angeliki, Peter Gerstoft, and Klaus Mosegaard. "Compressive beamforming." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 136, no. 1 (July 2014): 260–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4883360.
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Steinhardt, Allan O., and Barry D. Van Veen. "Adaptive beamforming." International Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 253–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acs.4480030304.
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Peng, Ming, Dengyi Wang, Liu Liu, Chengcheng Liu, Zhenming Shi, Fuan Ma, and Jian Shen. "Near-Surface Geological Structure Seismic Wave Imaging Using the Minimum Variance Spatial Smoothing Beamforming Method." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 10827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210827.
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Erecting underground structures in regions with unidentified weak layers, cavities, and faults is highly dangerous and potentially disastrous. An efficient and accurate near-surface exploration method is thus of great significance for guiding construction. In near-surface detection, imaging methods suffer from artifacts that the complex structure caused and a lack of efficiency. In order to realize a rapid, accurate, robust near-surface seismic imaging, a minimum variance spatial smoothing (MVSS) beamforming method is proposed for the seismic detection and imaging of underground geological structures under a homogeneous assumption. Algorithms such as minimum variance (MV) and spatial smoothing (SS), the coherence factor (CF) matrix, and the diagonal loading (DL) methods were used to improve imaging quality. Furthermore, it was found that a signal advance correction helped improve the focusing effect in near-surface situations. The feasibility and imaging quality of MVSS beamforming are verified in cave models, layer models, and cave-layer models by numerical simulations, confirming that the MVSS beamforming method can be adapted for seismic imaging. The performance of MVSS beamforming is evaluated in the comparison with Kirchhoff migration, the DAS beamforming method, and reverse time migration. MVSS beamforming has a high computational efficiency and a higher imaging resolution. MVSS beamforming also significantly suppresses the unnecessary components in seismic signals such as S-waves, surface waves, and white noise. Moreover, compared with basic delay and sum (DAS) beamforming, MVSS beamforming has a higher vertical resolution and adaptively suppresses interferences. The results show that the MVSS beamforming imaging method might be helpful for detecting near-surface underground structures and for guiding engineering construction.
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Bhatta, Ayush, Md Kamrojjaman, Sanghoon Sim, and Jeong-Geun Kim. "A 5G NR FR2 Beamforming System with Integrated Transceiver Module." Sensors 24, no. 6 (March 20, 2024): 1983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061983.
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This paper presents a 5G new radio (NR) FR2 beamforming system with an integrated transceiver module. A real-time operating module providing enhanced flexibility and capability has been proposed. The integrated RF beamforming system with an integrated transceiver module can be operated in 8Tx-8Rx mode configuration simultaneously. A series-fed structure 8 × 7 microstrip antenna array for compact size and improved directivity is employed in the RF beamforming module. The RF beamforming module incorporates a custom 28 GHz, eight-channel fully differential beamforming IC (BFIC). An eight-channel BFIC in a phased-array beamforming system offers advantages in terms of increased antenna density and improved beam steering precision. The RF beamforming module is integrated with an RF transceiver module that enables the simultaneous up-conversion and down-conversion of the baseband signal. The RF transmitter module consists of a transmitter, a receiver, a signal generator, a power supply, and a control unit. The RF beamforming system can scan horizontally from −50° to +50° with a step of 10°. To achieve an optimized beam pattern, a calibration was conducted. The transmit and receive conversion gain of around 20 dB is achieved with the transceiver module. To verify the communication performance of the manufactured integrated RF beamforming system, a real-time wireless video transmission/reception test was performed at a frequency of 28 GHz, and the video file was transmitted smoothly in real time without interruption within a range of ±50°.
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Huang, JianLi, Yu Wang, ZaiXiao Gong, Jun Wang, and HaiBin Wang. "Beam-domain deconvolution beamforming algorithm based on compressive sensing." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (October 1, 2023): A306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0023615.
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Deconvolution beamforming is often used to improve the azimuth resolution in target detection. However, most traditional deconvolution beamforming algorithms require the array directivity function to be shift-invariant, which are suitable for specific arrays such as linear arrays and circular arrays. A beam-domain deconvolution beamforming method suitable for arbitrary array is proposed based on compressive sensing. First, conventional beamforming is used to obtain several complex beam outputs, then the Sparse Bayesian Learning (SBL) reconstruction algorithm is applied to the beam-domain model to achieve deconvolution of complex beam outputs. The deconvolution process leads to more accurate estimation for the Direction Of Arrival (DOA) for target signals. The proposed method can also effectively reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm by controlling the number of output beams from the conventional beamforming and is applicable for both non coherent and coherent signals. The simulation and experiment results show that the proposed algorithm has azimuth resolution performance comparable to the traditional element-domain SBL beamforming algorithm, and is superior to the conventional beamforming and Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) algorithms. When applied to short and dense arrays, the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm is significantly lower than that of the traditional element-domain SBL beamforming algorithm.
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Kaboutari, Keivan, Abdelghafour Abraray, and Stanislav Maslovski. "Numerically Optimized Fourier Transform-Based Beamforming Accelerated by Neural Networks." Applied Sciences 14, no. 7 (March 28, 2024): 2866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14072866.
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Conventional beamforming methods for reconfigurable reflector antennas assume full control over the amplitude and phase of the reflected field. Here, we develop a novel beamforming methodology for reflecting Programmable Metasurfaces (PMS) with capacitive memory. Although utilizing such fully reactive PMS simplifies antenna design and reduces energy consumption, the PMS reflection magnitude is unity and thus a global optimization of the reflection phases over the PMS unit cells is required in each beamforming scenario. We propose an implementation of such an optimization method rooted in the traditional Fourier transform-based beamforming and evaluate its performance. Additionally, we show that a pair of trained feed-forward neural networks (FFNN) with one input, one hidden, and one output layer can replace time-consuming global optimizations in the case of a PMS comprising 3×10 unit cells. We train the FFNNs on a dataset obtained for typical single- and dual-beam beamforming scenarios. After training, the FFNNs perform requested beamforming tasks within a fraction of second and with about the same accuracy as the original optimization algorithm. The proposed methodology may find applications in future mobile telecommunication systems that require real-time beamforming on low-end hardware. The same beamforming methodology can be also employed in short-range wireless power transfer systems.
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Jovanović, Ana, Luka Lazović, and Vesna Rubežić. "Adaptive Array Beamforming Using a Chaotic Beamforming Algorithm." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8354204.
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The Chaotic beamforming adaptive algorithm is new adaptive method for antenna array’s radiation pattern synthesis. This adaptive method based on the optimization of the Least Mean Square algorithm using Chaos theory enables fast adaptation of antenna array radiation pattern, reduction of the noisy reference signal’s impact, and the improvement of the tracking capabilities. We performed simulations for linear and circular antenna arrays. We also compared the performances of the used and existing algorithms in terms of the radiation pattern comparison.
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Shim, Seong-Joon, Seulgi Lee, Won-Seok Lee, Jae-Hyun Ro, Jung-In Baik, and Hyoung-Kyu Song. "Advanced Hybrid Beamforming Technique in MU-MIMO Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 28, 2020): 5961. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175961.
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This paper proposes a high performance wireless commmunication technology in MU-MIMO systems. The millimeter wave (mmWave) communication technology was considered for the future wireless communication systems such as the fifth-generation new radio (5G NR). In 5G NR, the mmWave communication technology was studied to increase the use of wide bandwidth and the data rate. Therefore, MU-MIMO systems can be used in mmWave. To decrease the complexity of conventional digital beamforming system, the hybrid beamforming system was studied. In particular, the proposed hybrid beamforming system improves the error performance and average sum rate in partially connected structure (PCS) hybrid beamforming system. The proposed PCS hybrid beamforming system forms variously combined beam patterns using the information of azimuth and elevation angles for the multi-paths according to the number of bits. In addition, the azimuth and elevation angles among the formed beam patterns are estimated according to the received signal strength (RSS). In the simulation results, the proposed PCS hybrid beamforming system has better error performance and the average sum rate than the conventional hybrid beamforming system.
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Lee, Jeung-Hoon, Yongsung Park, and Peter Gerstoft. "Compressive frequency-difference direction-of-arrival estimation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0020053.
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Direction-of-arrival estimation is difficult for signals spatially undersampled by more than half the wavelength. Frequency-difference beamforming [Abadi, Song, and Dowling (2012). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 3018–3029] offers an alternative approach to avoid such spatial aliasing by using multifrequency signals and processing them at a lower frequency, the difference-frequency. As with the conventional beamforming method, lowering the processing frequency sacrifices spatial resolution due to a beam broadening. Thus, unconventional beamforming is detrimental to the ability to distinguish between closely spaced targets. To overcome spatial resolution deterioration, we propose a simple yet effective method by formulating the frequency-difference beamforming as a sparse signal reconstruction problem. Similar to compressive beamforming, the improvement (compressive frequency-difference beamforming) promotes sparse nonzero elements to obtain a sharp estimate of the spatial direction-of-arrival spectrum. Analysis of the resolution limit demonstrates that the proposed method outperforms the conventional frequency-difference beamforming in terms of separation if the signal-to-noise ratio exceeds 4 dB. Ocean data from the FAF06 experiment support the validity.
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Lee, Jihun, Hun Kim, and Jaewoo So. "Reinforcement Learning-Based Joint Beamwidth and Beam Alignment Interval Optimization in V2I Communications." Sensors 24, no. 3 (January 27, 2024): 837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24030837.
Full textAbstract:
The directional antenna combined with beamforming is one of the attractive solutions to accommodate high data rate applications in 5G vehicle communications. However, the directional nature of beamforming requires beam alignment between the transmitter and the receiver, which incurs significant signaling overhead. Hence, we need to find the optimal parameters for directional beamforming, i.e., the antenna beamwidth and beam alignment interval, that maximize the throughput, taking the beam alignment overhead into consideration. In this paper, we propose a reinforcement learning (RL)-based beamforming scheme in a vehicle-to-infrastructure system, where we jointly determine the antenna beamwidth and the beam alignment interval, taking into account the past and future rewards. The simulation results show that the proposed RL-based joint beamforming scheme outperforms conventional beamforming schemes in terms of the average throughput and the average link stability ratio.
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Guo, Ming, Zixuan Shen, Yuee Zhou, and Shenghui Li. "Improved Convolutional Neural Network for Wideband Space-Time Beamforming." Electronics 13, no. 13 (June 26, 2024): 2492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13132492.
Full textAbstract:
Wideband beamforming technology is an effective solution in millimeter-wave (mmWave) massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems to compensate for severe path loss through beamforming gain. However, traditional adaptive wideband digital beamforming (AWDBF) algorithms suffer from serious performance degradation when there are insufficient signal snapshots, and the training process of the existing neural network-based wideband beamforming network is slow and unstable. To address the above issues, an AWDBF method based on the convolutional neural network (CNN) structure, the improved wideband beamforming prediction network (IWBPNet), is proposed. The proposed method increases the network’s feature extraction capability for array signals through deep convolutional layers, thus alleviating the problem of insufficient network feature extraction capabilities. In addition, the pooling layers are introduced into the IWBPNet to solve the problem that the fully connected layer of the existing neural network-based wideband beamforming algorithm is too large, resulting in slow network training, and the pooling operation increases the generalization ability of the network. Furthermore, the IWBPNet has good wideband beamforming performance with low signal snapshots, including beam pattern performance and output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) performance. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has superior performance compared with the traditional wideband beamformer with low signal snapshots. Compared with the wideband beamforming algorithm based on the neural network, the training time of IWBPNet is only 10.6% of the original neural network-based wideband beamformer, while the beamforming performance is slightly improved. Simulations and numerical analyses demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed wideband beamformer.
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Zhang, Yinan, Guangxue Wang, Shirui Peng, Yi Leng, Guowen Yu, and Bingqie Wang. "Near-Field Beamforming Algorithms for UAVs." Sensors 23, no. 13 (July 5, 2023): 6172. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136172.
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This study presents three distributed beamforming algorithms to address the challenges of positioning and signal phase errors in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) arrays that hinder effective beamforming. Firstly, the array’s received signal phase error model was analyzed under near-field conditions. In the absence of navigation data, a beamforming algorithm based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) was proposed. In cases where navigation data were available, Taylor expansion was utilized to simplify the model, the non-Gaussian noise of the compensated received signal phase was approximated to Gaussian noise, and the noise covariance matrix in the Kalman Filter (KF) was estimated. Then, a beamforming algorithm based on KF was developed. To further estimate the Gaussian noise distribution of the received signal phase, the noise covariance matrix was iteratively estimated using unscented transformation (UT), and here, a beamforming algorithm based on the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) was proposed. The proposed algorithms were validated through simulations, illustrating their ability to suppress the malign effects of errors on near-field UAV array beamforming. This study provides a reference for the implementation of UAV array beamforming under varying conditions.
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Hui, Juan, Shao Juan Wen, An Bang Zhao, and Fang Niu. "The Measurement Method of Echo Highlights in Low Frequency." Applied Mechanics and Materials 541-542 (March 2014): 1360–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.541-542.1360.
Full textAbstract:
Methods which are MVDR beam-forming, STMV beamforming and a method using MVDR beamforming with copy correlation are using to measure highlight of targets echoes at low frequency. Compared with conventional beam-forming, the three methods restrain noise and resist reverberation better. To reduce calculation, firstly, as the azimuth measured by using Split array cross-correlation beamforming the center, and then the neighboring area scanned using MVDR focused beamforming. Therefore, this highlight of echoes research measures have high precision and practical.
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Goldman, Geoffrey H. "Analysis of turbulence and scattering effects on detecting elevated sources with a microphone array." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (April 2022): A135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010897.
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Sound waves propagating in urban environments are affected by turbulence, scattering from numerous structures, and atmospheric refraction. These effects can be incorporated into beamforming algorithms but at the cost of increased processing time and algorithm complexity. An analysis of incorporating refraction effects into the beamformers for a simplified scenario is performed on detection algorithms based on four generalized beamforming algorithms. Simulated results for beamforming algorithms implemented with no model mismatch error are compared to results for classical beamforming algorithms implemented with model mismatch errors generated by atmospheric refraction. Their relative performance is evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve statistic calculated with Monte Carlo simulations. The results processed with data that include effects from turbulence and rough surface scattering show that there is no significant improvement in detection performance obtained by including refraction effects into the beamforming algorithms over a wide range of frequencies. The results indicate that complex beamforming algorithms are not required for many urban acoustic applications.
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Minggan Ye, Minggan Ye, Wei Hu Minggan Ye, Yifeng Zhao Wei Hu, Lianfen Huang Yifeng Zhao, and Zhiyuan Shi Lianfen Huang. "Beamforming Design for OFDM Joint Sensing and Communication System." 網際網路技術學刊 23, no. 7 (December 2022): 1449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/160792642022122307001.
Full textAbstract:
<p>In this paper, we discussed the beamforming schemes for OFDM-based joint sensing and communication (OFDM-JSC) system, which enable JSC system to use directional beams to detect directions of interest, while communicating with one or more downlink users, thus further enhancing the practicability of JSC system. Specifically, we equip OFDM-JSC transmitter with hybrid beamforming structure and digital beamforming structure in SU-MIMO and MU-MISO scenarios, respectively. For SU-MIMO JSC, we separately considered the hybrid beamforming design with partially connected structure and fully connected structure. For MU-MISO JSC, we separately consider the beamforming design with total antenna array transmit power constraint, and per antenna transmit power constraint. For the four non-convex problems in above two scenarios, we have designed corresponding low-complexity JSC beamforming algorithms and we verified the effectiveness of proposed schemes through numerical simulation.</p> <p> </p>
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Xiao, Yuteng, Jihang Yin, Honggang Qi, Hongsheng Yin, and Gang Hua. "MVDR Algorithm Based on Estimated Diagonal Loading for Beamforming." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7904356.
Full textAbstract:
Beamforming algorithm is widely used in many signal processing fields. At present, the typical beamforming algorithm is MVDR (Minimum Variance Distortionless Response). However, the performance of MVDR algorithm relies on the accurate covariance matrix. The MVDR algorithm declines dramatically with the inaccurate covariance matrix. To solve the problem, studying the beamforming array signal model and beamforming MVDR algorithm, we improve MVDR algorithm based on estimated diagonal loading for beamforming. MVDR optimization model based on diagonal loading compensation is established and the interval of the diagonal loading compensation value is deduced on the basis of the matrix theory. The optimal diagonal loading value in the interval is also determined through the experimental method. The experimental results show that the algorithm compared with existing algorithms is practical and effective.
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Ryazantsev R. O., Alexandrin A. M., Erokhin A. A., Gafarov E. R., Polenga S. V., Salomatov Yu. P., and LitinskayaE. A. "Phased array beamforming networks." Technical Physics Letters 48, no. 12 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tpl.2022.12.54934.19315.
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The work is devoted to studying multibeam phased array beamforming networks based on the Butler matrix and Rotman lens. The study was performed under conditions similar to those in the telecommunication satellite service area. The microstrip circuit pattern was developed; the amplitude and phase frequency responses were investigated taking into account losses in materials. Array directional patterns for beamforming variants were calculated. Evaluation of adjacent ray overlay within the service area was carried out. Conclusions about acceptability of the proposed beamforming networks were made. Keywords: beamforming network, antenna array, Butler matrix, Rotman lens.
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Hou, Zuoxun, Ruichen Yuan, Zihao Wang, Xiaorui Wei, Chujian Ren, Jiale Zhou, and Xiaolei Qu. "Ultrasound Computed Tomography Reflection Imaging with Coherence-Factor Beamforming for Breast Tumor Early Detection." Mathematics 12, no. 7 (April 7, 2024): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math12071106.
Full textAbstract:
Breast cancer is a global health concern, emphasizing the need for early detection. However, current mammography struggles to effectively image dense breasts. Breast ultrasound can be an adjunctive method, but it is highly dependent on operator skill. Ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) reflection imaging provides high-quality 3D images, but often uses delay-and-sum (DAS) beamforming, which limits its image quality. This article proposes the integration of coherence-factor (CF) beamforming into ultrasound computed tomography (USCT) reflection imaging to enhance image quality. CF assesses the focus quality of beamforming by analyzing the signal coherence across different channels, assigning higher weights to high-quality focus points and thereby improving overall image quality. Numerical simulations and phantom experiments using our built USCT prototype were conducted to optimize the imaging parameters and assess and compare the image quality of CF and DAS beamforming. Numerical simulations demonstrated that CF beamforming can significantly enhance image quality. Phantom experiments with our prototype revealed that CF beamforming significantly improves image resolution (from 0.35 mm to 0.14 mm) and increases contrast ratio (from 24.54 dB to 63.28 dB). The integration of CF beamforming into USCT reflection imaging represents a substantial improvement in image quality, offering promise for enhanced breast cancer detection and imaging capabilities.
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Abadi, Shima, David R. Dowling, Heechun Song, and Kevin J. Haworth. "The origins of frequency-difference and frequency-sum beamforming." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (March 1, 2024): A125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027033.
Full textAbstract:
Beamforming the signals recorded by an array enables the determination of sound source location(s) or the arrival directions of ray paths between a sound source and the receiving array. Frequency-difference and frequency-sum beamforming are beamforming techniques that provide out-of-band information from in-band signal frequencies. Interestingly, the out-of-band frequencies can be chosen by the user, within limits set by the signal recordings, to achieve desired properties of the beamformed output, such as: increased resolution, reduced sidelobes, or greater robustness to random scattering. Both techniques are general and are not limited to any particular acoustic environment, frequency range, or array geometry. Frequency-sum beamforming, generates higher-frequency information from lower frequency signal components, enhancing beamforming results in scenarios with random scattering between the source and the receivers. However, it is limited by artifacts arising from cross-terms when multiple source signals are present in the same bandwidth. Conversely, frequency-difference beamforming manufactures lower-frequency information from higher frequency signal components, effectively mitigating the impact of spatial aliasing in situations where the receiving array is sparse. This presentation delves into the origins of frequency-difference and frequency-sum beamforming, presents the fundamental mathematics underlying their algorithms, and showcases their performance via simulations and experimental results. [Work supported by ONR.]
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Zhao, Lulu, Guang Liang, and Huijie Liu. "An Improved Robust Beamforming Design for Cognitive Multiantenna Relay Networks." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2719543.
Full textAbstract:
This paper investigates the robust relay beamforming design for the multiantenna nonregenerative cognitive relay networks (CRNs). Firstly, it is proved that the optimal beamforming matrix could be simplified as the product of a variable vector and the conjugate transposition of a known channel response vector. Then, by exploiting the optimal beamforming matrix with simplified structure, an improved robust beamforming design is proposed. Analysis and simulation results show that, compared with the existing suboptimal scheme, the proposed method can achieve higher worst-case channel capacity with lower computational complexity.
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Yoo, Junhyuk, Wonjin Sung, and In-Kyung Kim. "2D-OPC Subarray Structure for Efficient Hybrid Beamforming over Sparse mmWave Channels." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6680566.
Full textAbstract:
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication is a key technology of 5G new radio (NR) mobile communication systems. Efficient beamforming using a large antenna array is important to cope with the significant path loss experienced in the mmWave spectrum. The existing fully digital beamforming scheme requires a separate radio frequency (RF) chain for each antenna, which results in an excessive hardware cost and consumption power. Under these circumstances, hybrid beamforming which approaches the performance of fully digital beamforming while reducing the complexity is a promising solution for the mmWave multiuser transmission. By extending the existing hybrid beamforming strategies, this paper proposes a novel architecture which effectively reduces the hardware cost and complexity for large antenna arrays. The proposed scheme includes multiple subarrays in the form of uniform planar array (UPA) which are allowed to be overlapped in the two-dimensional space. The corresponding antenna structure is referred to as the two-dimensional overlapped partially connected (2D-OPC) subarray structure. We evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme to suggest performance-complexity trade-offs in designing versatile antenna arrays for efficient beamforming over the mmWave channel.
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Karstensen, Anders, Wei Fan, Fengchun Zhang, Jesper Ø. Nielsen, and Gert F. Pedersen. "Analysis of Simulated and Measured Indoor Channels for mm-Wave Beamforming Applications." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2018 (2018): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2642904.
Full textAbstract:
Ray tracing- (RT-) assisted beamforming, where beams are directly steered to dominant paths tracked by ray tracing simulations, is a promising beamforming strategy, since it avoids the time-consuming exhaustive beam searching adopted in conventional beam steering strategies. The performance of RT-assisted beamforming depends directly on how accurate the spatial profiles of the radio environment can be predicted by the RT simulation. In this paper, we investigate how ray tracing-assisted beamforming performs in both poorly furnished and richly furnished indoor environments. Single-user beamforming performance was investigated using both single beam and multiple beams, with two different power allocation schemes applied to multibeamforming. Channel measurements were performed at 28–30 GHz using a vector network analyzer equipped with a biconical antenna as the transmit antenna and a rotated horn antenna as the receive antenna. 3D ray tracing simulations were carried out in the same replicated propagation environments. Based on measurement and ray tracing simulation data, it is shown that RT-assisted beamforming performs well both for single and multibeamforming in these two representative indoor propagation environments.
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Li, Zhannan, and Tao Chen. "Hybrid Beamforming for Multi-User Millimeter-Wave Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 11, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 4221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11244221.
Full textAbstract:
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications are a critical technique with next-generation network characteristics such as ultra-dense small cells can meet the skyrocketing demand for mobile data. Hybrid precoding, which combines analog and digital processing to provide both spatial diversity gains and beamforming, is commonly studied for mmWave communications to lower the power and cost consumption of radio frequency (RF) networks. However, the combination of ultra-dense small cells and ever-increasing data traffic results in massive interference. In this paper, we propose a minimum mean square error (MMSE)-based hybrid beamforming strategy for downlink mmWave MIMO two-tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets). The analog beamforming is generalized by an orthogonal matching pursuit technique. The analog beamforming problem is formulated as a sparse signal recovery problem. An MMSE-based digital beamforming algorithm is proposed to minimize the sum MSE of the user-intended data streams so that the inter- and intra-tier interferences are mitigated iteratively. The simulation results demonstrate the advantageous performance of the proposed hybrid beamforming schemes under different cellular cooperation and data transmission scenarios when hardware constraints are taken into account.
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Zhao, Tianxiao, Chunbo Luo, Jianming Zhou, Dechun Guo, Ning Chen, and Pablo Casaseca-de-la-Higuera. "DoA Prediction Based Beamforming with Low Training Overhead for Highly-Mobile UAV Communication with Cellular Networks." Applied Sciences 10, no. 13 (June 27, 2020): 4420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10134420.
Full textAbstract:
In supporting communications with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) as aerial user equipments (aUEs) in cellular systems, the current beamforming schemes based on channel state estimation are facing severe challenges from the pilot contamination effect, especially in 5G and future networks where the cell size becomes small and the user density is high. Beamforming schemes based on signal direction of arrival (DoA) are regarded as a highly promising alternative to solve this problem. However, to achieve optimal performance for DoA-based beamforming, the error to DoA estimation during pilot signal intervals, caused by the high mobility of UAVs, must be addressed. In the meantime, the training overheads of traditional DoA estimation algorithms must be reduced to save the bandwidth for data communication. This paper investigates uplink beamforming performance enhancement based on signal DoA estimation to support UAV-cellular network communication. We propose a novel DoA estimation algorithm to predict angle variations during the intervals, which achieves high precision even when UAVs are at high mobility. The prediction process requires no pilot signals and enables timely adjustment of the steering vector when calculating the beamforming weight vector. The proposed algorithm contributes to the realisation of a beamforming scheme with real-time steering vector updates, which simultaneously maintains high beamforming gains and low training overheads. Simulation results show that, compared with the conventional DoA-based beamforming scheme, the proposed method yields more accurate DoA estimation output and higher gains. Furthermore, simulation experiments also suggests that applying the proposed scheme can reduce up to 100 pilot signal transmissions per second.
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Green, Tim, Gaston Hilkhuysen, Mark Huckvale, Stuart Rosen, Mike Brookes, Alastair Moore, Patrick Naylor, Leo Lightburn, and Wei Xue. "Speech recognition with a hearing-aid processing scheme combining beamforming with mask-informed speech enhancement." Trends in Hearing 26 (January 2022): 233121652110686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211068629.
Full textAbstract:
A signal processing approach combining beamforming with mask-informed speech enhancement was assessed by measuring sentence recognition in listeners with mild-to-moderate hearing impairment in adverse listening conditions that simulated the output of behind-the-ear hearing aids in a noisy classroom. Two types of beamforming were compared: binaural, with the two microphones of each aid treated as a single array, and bilateral, where independent left and right beamformers were derived. Binaural beamforming produces a narrower beam, maximising improvement in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), but eliminates the spatial diversity that is preserved in bilateral beamforming. Each beamformer type was optimised for the true target position and implemented with and without additional speech enhancement in which spectral features extracted from the beamformer output were passed to a deep neural network trained to identify time-frequency regions dominated by target speech. Additional conditions comprising binaural beamforming combined with speech enhancement implemented using Wiener filtering or modulation-domain Kalman filtering were tested in normally-hearing (NH) listeners. Both beamformer types gave substantial improvements relative to no processing, with significantly greater benefit for binaural beamforming. Performance with additional mask-informed enhancement was poorer than with beamforming alone, for both beamformer types and both listener groups. In NH listeners the addition of mask-informed enhancement produced significantly poorer performance than both other forms of enhancement, neither of which differed from the beamformer alone. In summary, the additional improvement in SNR provided by binaural beamforming appeared to outweigh loss of spatial information, while speech understanding was not further improved by the mask-informed enhancement method implemented here.
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Wongchampa, Paleerat. "Reduction of interference using Orthogonal Vertical Beamforming in an indoor communication." MATEC Web of Conferences 277 (2019): 02013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927702013.
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The interference between users is one of the factors that limit the achievable user throughput in the current indoor communication. In this paper, an evaluation of transmit beamforming contribution is analyzed in the context of an indoor environment. The technique of the Orthogonal Vertical Beamforming (OVB) has been proposed to reduce interference in an indoor communication. The proposed concept is validated through computer simulation in term of Signal Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). The obtained results show that the OVB provides higher performance over the conventional vertical beamforming and Orthogonal Beamforming (OBFM) in an only vertical plane.
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Hefnawi, Mostafa. "Hybrid Beamforming for Millimeter-Wave Heterogeneous Networks." Electronics 8, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020133.
Full textAbstract:
Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) employing massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and millimeter-wave (mmWave) technologies have emerged as a promising solution to enhance the network capacity and coverage of next-generation 5G cellular networks. However, the use of traditional fully-digital MIMO beamforming methods, which require one radio frequency (RF) chain per antenna element, is not practical for large-scale antenna arrays, due to the high cost and high power consumption. To reduce the number of RF chains, hybrid analog and digital beamforming has been proposed as an alternative structure. In this paper, therefore, we consider a HetNet formed with one macro-cell base station (MBS) and multiple small-cell base stations (SBSs) equipped with large-scale antenna arrays that employ hybrid analog and digital beamforming. The analog beamforming weight vectors of the MBS and the SBSs correspond to the the best-fixed multi-beams obtained by eigendecomposition schemes. On the other hand, digital beamforming weights are optimized to maximize the receive signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the effective channels consisting of the cascade of the analog beamforming weights and the actual channel. The performance is evaluated in terms of the beampatterns and the ergodic channel capacity and shows that the proposed hybrid beamforming scheme achieves near-optimal performance with only four RF chains while requiring considerably less computational complexity.
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Jiang, Jing, and Deting Kong. "Joint User Scheduling and MU-MIMO Hybrid Beamforming Algorithm for mmWave FDMA Massive MIMO System." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4341068.
Full textAbstract:
The large bandwidth and multipath in millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular system assure the existence of frequency selective channels; it is necessary that mmWave system remains with frequency division multiple access (FDMA) and user scheduling. But for the hybrid beamforming system, the analog beamforming is implemented by the same phase shifts in the entire frequency band, and the wideband phase shifts may not be harmonious with all users scheduled in frequency resources. This paper proposes a joint user scheduling and multiuser hybrid beamforming algorithm for downlink massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. In the first step of user scheduling, the users with identical optimal beams form an OFDMA user group and multiplex the entire frequency resource. Then base station (BS) allocates the frequency resources for each member of OFDMA user group. An OFDMA user group can be regarded as a virtual user; thus it can support arbitrary MU-MIMO user selection and beamforming algorithms. Further, the analog beamforming vectors employ the best beam of each selected MU-MIMO user and the digital beamforming algorithm is solved by weight MMSE to acquire the best performance gain and mitigate the interuser inference. Simulation results show that hybrid beamforming together with user scheduling can greatly improve the performance of mmWave OFDMA massive MU-MIMO system.
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Chang, Lin, Hao Zhang, Hua Yang, Tingting Lv, and Ning Tang. "Virtual covariance matrix reconstruction-based adaptive beamforming for small aperture array." PLOS ONE 18, no. 10 (October 19, 2023): e0293012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293012.
Full textAbstract:
Recently, many robust adaptive beamforming (RAB) algorithms have been proposed to improve beamforming performance when model mismatches occur. For a uniform linear array, a larger aperture array can obtain higher array gain for beamforming when the inter-sensor spacing is fixed. However, only the small aperture array can be used in the equipment limited by platform installation space, significantly weakening beamforming output performance. This paper proposes two beamforming methods for improving beamforming output in small aperture sensor arrays. The first method employs an integration algorithm that combines angular sector and gradient vector search to reconstruct the interference covariance matrix (ICM). Then, the interference-plus-noise covariance matrix (INCM) is reconstructed combined with the estimated noise power. The INCM and ICM are used to optimize the desired signal steering vector (SV) by solving a quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) problem. The second method proposes a beamforming algorithm based on a virtual extended array to increase the degree of freedom of the beamformer. First, the virtual conjugated array element is designed based on the structural characteristics of a uniform linear array, and received data at the virtual array element are obtained using a linear prediction method. Then, the extended INCM is reconstructed, and the desired signal SV is optimized using an algorithm similar to the actual array. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods under different conditions.